1 50 763 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/d9af052793730953f4cc37b715bcab92.pdf 6ec3ea09b34a0213154f3e4436e95f9b PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XLV 2021 N UMBERS 84-85 A scholarl y annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLAR IK Uni versity of Ottawa Editorial Board ROB ERT K. EVAN SON Uni versity of Mi ssouri GR EGORY C. FERENCE Sali sbury Uni versity JAMES R. FELAK Uni versity of Washington PETER PETRO Uni versity of British Columbi a CA ROLS . LEFF Uni versity of Illi nois PATRI CIA KRA FC IK The Evergreen State Co llege Published by the Slova k League of America with the support of the Chair in Slova k History and C ulture at th e University of Ottawa 205 Madi son Street Passa ic, J 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions shou ld be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is$ I 0.00. Manuscripts fo r poss ibl e publicati on and books for rev iew should be sent to the editor at 22 Bren-Ma ur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 32 7 stolarik@uottawa.ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES Milan Rastis lav Stefanik ( 1880-1919) : The Man Who Spoke to the Stars Michal Ksinan ...... ........ ..... .......... .... .... .... ... ... ..... ... .... ... ........ ...... .. 7 Envi sioning a Homeland : Carpatho-Rusyn Immigrants in the USA and the Czechoslovak Option Richard D. Custer .... ... .. .... .... ...... .......... .. .... ... ......... .. .. .... ........... 27 Reconsidering Slovak-A merican Religious Commitment: Thomas Bell 's Out ofthis Furnace in Historiographical Contex t Frederic Hale ...... ........ .. ....... ..... .... ............. ...... .............. ............ 53 On the Road to Nationalist Totalitarianism: Slovaki a in the Turmoi l of 1938 as Seen by the United States Foreign Service Roman Licko .. ..... ... ..... ... ... ..... ..... ..... .... ....... ....................... ... ..... 70 Picturing a Nation : Slovak Doc umentary Fi lm from its Birth Until 1950 Nicholas Hudac ... ........ ...... ..... .... ....... ... ...... ...... ... ..... ...... ...... ...... 92 "The Russians are In vad ing Us!" Presov, I 968 M. Mark Stolarik .. ........... ....... .... ...... .. ...... ...... ... ... ..... ... ..... .. ..... 121 REVIEWS Diana Duchonova, Palatin Mikulas Esterhazy Peter Mariassy ............... .... .. ......... ...... ............ .... ... ...... .... .... ... . I 5 I Zora Mintalova Zubercova, Ako sme kedysi i ili Lenka Stolarik ................. .................................................. ....... 153 �4 SLOV AKIA-2021 Daniela Kodajova et. al., Zivena: 150 rokov Spolku slovenskych i ien Edita Bosak .... ..... ................ ...... .............. .... .... .. .. .. ...... ..... .. ....... 154 Jan Raska, Czech Refi,gees in Cold War Canada M. Mark Stolarik ........ ......... ............ .. .... .... .... ............ .... .... .. .. .... 157 Miroslav Londak et. al. , Dubcek Marty Manor Mullins .. ..... .. .. ... .... ..... .. .... ..... .. .. ............... ...... .... 159 Miroslav Mojzita, Knaiko. Demes, Knai ko Ju raj Hocman ........ .. .... .. ......... ...... ... ......... ......... .. .... .... ... .... .... .. 162 Contributors ...... .............. ...... ..... .. .......... ............ .... ... ...... .......... 165 Guidelines for Manuscripts ....... ... ........ ........ ..... ................... .. .. 167 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XLV 2021 N UMBERS 84-85 A scholarl y annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLAR IK Uni versity of Ottawa Editorial Board ROB ERT K. EVAN SON Uni versity of Mi ssouri GR EGORY C. FERENCE Sali sbury Uni versity JAMES R. FELAK Uni versity of Washington PETER PETRO Uni versity of British Columbi a CA ROLS . LEFF Uni versity of Illi nois PATRI CIA KRA FC IK The Evergreen State Co llege Published by the Slova k League of America with the support of the Chair in Slova k History and C ulture at th e University of Ottawa 205 Madi son Street Passa ic, J 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions shou ld be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is$ I 0.00. Manuscripts fo r poss ibl e publicati on and books for rev iew should be sent to the editor at 22 Bren-Ma ur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 32 7 stolarik@uottawa.ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES Milan Rastis lav Stefanik ( 1880-1919) : The Man Who Spoke to the Stars Michal Ksinan ...... ........ ..... .......... .... .... .... ... ... ..... ... .... ... ........ ...... .. 7 Envi sioning a Homeland : Carpatho-Rusyn Immigrants in the USA and the Czechoslovak Option Richard D. Custer .... ... .. .... .... ...... .......... .. .... ... ......... .. .. .... ........... 27 Reconsidering Slovak-A merican Religious Commitment: Thomas Bell 's Out ofthis Furnace in Historiographical Contex t Frederic Hale ...... ........ .. ....... ..... .... ............. ...... .............. ............ 53 On the Road to Nationalist Totalitarianism: Slovaki a in the Turmoi l of 1938 as Seen by the United States Foreign Service Roman Licko .. ..... ... ..... ... ... ..... ..... ..... .... ....... ....................... ... ..... 70 Picturing a Nation : Slovak Doc umentary Fi lm from its Birth Until 1950 Nicholas Hudac ... ........ ...... ..... .... ....... ... ...... ...... ... ..... ...... ...... ...... 92 "The Russians are In vad ing Us!" Presov, I 968 M. Mark Stolarik .. ........... ....... .... ...... .. ...... ...... ... ... ..... ... ..... .. ..... 121 REVIEWS Diana Duchonova, Palatin Mikulas Esterhazy Peter Mariassy ............... .... .. ......... ...... ............ .... ... ...... .... .... ... . I 5 I Zora Mintalova Zubercova, Ako sme kedysi i ili Lenka Stolarik ................. .................................................. ....... 153 �4 SLOV AKIA-2021 Daniela Kodajova et. al., Zivena: 150 rokov Spolku slovenskych i ien Edita Bosak .... ..... ................ ...... .............. .... .... .. .. .. ...... ..... .. ....... 154 Jan Raska, Czech Refi,gees in Cold War Canada M. Mark Stolarik ........ ......... ............ .. .... .... .... ............ .... .... .. .. .... 157 Miroslav Londak et. al. , Dubcek Marty Manor Mullins .. ..... .. .. ... .... ..... .. .... ..... .. .. ............... ...... .... 159 Miroslav Mojzita, Knaiko. Demes, Knai ko Ju raj Hocman ........ .. .... .. ......... ...... ... ......... ......... .. .... .... ... .... .... .. 162 Contributors ...... .............. ...... ..... .. .......... ............ .... ... ...... .......... 165 Guidelines for Manuscripts ....... ... ........ ........ ..... ................... .. .. 167 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021, Vol. 45 Description An account of the resource Vol. 45 (No. 84-85), 2021. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XLV 2021 N UMBERS 84-85 A scholarl y annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLAR IK Uni versity of Ottawa Editorial Board ROB ERT K. EVAN SON Uni versity of Mi ssouri GR EGORY C. FERENCE Sali sbury Uni versity JAMES R. FELAK Uni versity of Washington PETER PETRO Uni versity of British Columbi a CA ROLS . LEFF Uni versity of Illi nois PATRI CIA KRA FC IK The Evergreen State Co llege Published by the Slova k League of America with the support of the Chair in Slova k History and C ulture at th e University of Ottawa 205 Madi son Street Passa ic, J 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions shou ld be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is$ I 0.00. Manuscripts fo r poss ibl e publicati on and books for rev iew should be sent to the editor at 22 Bren-Ma ur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 32 7 stolarik@uottawa.ca Table of Contents ARTICLES Milan Rastis lav Stefanik ( 1880-1919) : The Man Who Spoke to the Stars Michal Ksinan ...... ........ ..... .......... .... .... .... ... ... ..... ... .... ... ........ ...... .. 7 Envi sioning a Homeland : Carpatho-Rusyn Immigrants in the USA and the Czechoslovak Option Richard D. Custer .... ... .. .... .... ...... .......... .. .... ... ......... .. .. .... ........... 27 Reconsidering Slovak-A merican Religious Commitment: Thomas Bell 's Out ofthis Furnace in Historiographical Contex t Frederic Hale ...... ........ .. ....... ..... .... ............. ...... .............. ............ 53 On the Road to Nationalist Totalitarianism: Slovaki a in the Turmoi l of 1938 as Seen by the United States Foreign Service Roman Licko .. ..... ... ..... ... ... ..... ..... ..... .... ....... ....................... ... ..... 70 Picturing a Nation : Slovak Doc umentary Fi lm from its Birth Until 1950 Nicholas Hudac ... ........ ...... ..... .... ....... ... ...... ...... ... ..... ...... ...... ...... 92 "The Russians are In vad ing Us!" Presov, I 968 M. Mark Stolarik .. ........... ....... .... ...... .. ...... ...... ... ... ..... ... ..... .. ..... 121 REVIEWS Diana Duchonova, Palatin Mikulas Esterhazy Peter Mariassy ............... .... .. ......... ...... ............ .... ... ...... .... .... ... . I 5 I Zora Mintalova Zubercova, Ako sme kedysi i ili Lenka Stolarik ................. .................................................. ....... 153 4 SLOV AKIA-2021 Daniela Kodajova et. al., Zivena: 150 rokov Spolku slovenskych i ien Edita Bosak .... ..... ................ ...... .............. .... .... .. .. .. ...... ..... .. ....... 154 Jan Raska, Czech Refi,gees in Cold War Canada M. Mark Stolarik ........ ......... ............ .. .... .... .... ............ .... .... .. .. .... 157 Miroslav Londak et. al. , Dubcek Marty Manor Mullins .. ..... .. .. ... .... ..... .. .... ..... .. .. ............... ...... .... 159 Miroslav Mojzita, Knaiko. Demes, Knai ko Ju raj Hocman ........ .. .... .. ......... ...... ... ......... ......... .. .... .... ... .... .... .. 162 Contributors ...... .............. ...... ..... .. .......... ............ .... ... ...... .......... 165 Guidelines for Manuscripts ....... ... ........ ........ ..... ................... .. .. 167 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 45 (No. 84-85) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/91748c99a5834b903fa4c7b2a7002bf2.pdf bd85cb4b2e9651aa4f79e9f008eee20b PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 2021 165 CONTRIBUTORS RICHARD D. CUSTER is a founder of the Carpatho-Rusyn Society ( 1994) and served as editor of its newsletter, The New Rusyn Times, from 1994-2016. He compiled and edited the Rusy n-American Almanac ofthe Carpatho-Rusy n Society 2004-2005. He has presented papers on the topic of Rusyn American history at conventions of the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies (ASEEES) and genealogical and Carpatho-Rusyn conferences. He coauthored the monograph Prikra about his Rusyn grandmother's native village, published in Presov, Slovakia, in 2006. He holds a B.S. degree (Computer Engineering) from Penn State University and MBA and MA (Eastern Europe area studies) degrees from the University of Pittsburgh. He works for the U.S. government as a web communications manager in Washington, D.C. FREDERICK HALE is an international theologian, historian, and literary scholar. He earned his doctorates at Johns Hopkins University and eight universities in Scandinavia and South Africa. His career has encompassed teaching and research appointments at universities in the USA, Norway, Sweden, England, China, and South Africa. To date he has published approximately 260 books and journal articles about topics in his main fields and also in music and linguistics. Presently he is Extraordinary Professor at North-West University in South Africa and a fellow of Liverpool Hope University. NICHOLAS HUDAC is a lecturer in film studies and cultural history at the Film and Television Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague and Charles University's Department of Film Studies, where he successfull y defended his PhD thesis, "Picturing the Nation : Slovak National Identity in the Age of the Mass - Produced Image" in June of 2020. He has contributed artic les to The Eastern European Film Bulletin and I 6x9, as well as presenting his work on Slovak ethnic identity, mass media, contemporary Czechoslovak cultural history, and Czech and Slovak photography at various Slavic and film �166 SLOVAKIA 2021 studies conferences such as ASEEES, BA SEES, AA TSE EL, and N ECS among others. MICHAL KSINAN received his PhD from the University of Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne, where he later also lectured (2018- 2019), and from the Institute of History of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava, where he currently works. He wrote several books about Milan Rastislav Stefanik and dozens of scholarly papers. Most recently he published l 'homme qui parfait avec !es etoiles. Milan Rastislav Stefanik, heros .franco-slovaque de la Grande Guerre (Paris, EUR'Orbem, 2019). His research focuses on memory studies, historiography, international relations and military history. He has received several prestigious scholarships and awards, including " Student Personality of Slovakia" in 2011 and a Fulbright Grant in 2014. ROMAN LICKO teaches in the Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He was a Fulbri ght scholar in the United States in 2002 - 2003 , and wrote his dissertation on U.S.- Slovak relations during WWII. Among his publications are two monographs on the war-time attitudes of the United States government towards Slovakia: Pod dohl'adom spravodajskych slui ieb - americka vlada a slo venska otcizka v rokoch I 939 - I 945 (2008) and Nevftany host - Milan Hodia v dokumentoch americkej vlady v rokoch 1941 1944. MARJAN MARK STOLARIK, Ph.D. (Minnesota, 1974), is Professor of History and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Culture at the University of Ottawa. He has published or edited ten books and over 60 articles, including The Czech and Slovak Republics: Twenty Years of Independence, /993-2003 (Budapest: CEU Press, 20 I 6). Founder of the Slovak Studies Association ( 1977), he also founded and edited the Slovak Studies Newsletter ( 1977-1987), heedits the scholarly annual Slo vakia (since 1982); and he also serves on the editorial boards of The Journal of American Ethnic History (Detroit), the Historicky casopis (Bratislava), and Theologos (Presov). �SLOVAKIA 2021 167 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to theeditor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted in electronic format to stolarik@uottawa .ca, using either MicrosoftWord or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. All articles will be sent to an outside reader for evaluation. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. ���THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak Ancestiy Organized in 1907 DANIEL F. TANZONE President Dr. Mikulas A. Halko 1st Vice President W. NINA HOLY Secretary - Treasurer Vice Presidents Justine Wesnak 2 nd Vice President Gabriel Kovac 3 rd Vice President Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W. Nina Holy, Dr. Mikulas A. Halko, Eileen S. Wilson , Stephanie Seigel, Cynthia M. Maleski, Andrew M. Rajec, Michael J. Horvath, Theresa M. Kluchinski , David M. Blazek, Sue Ann . M. Seich, Kenneth A. Arendt, Scott T. Pogorelec, Linda M. Stran, Mary Jo Savidge Milan Cuba, Youth Director Dr. Ladislav Korcek, Joseph Goda, Auditors SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood , Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S.A. AND CANArn Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. McMurray, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania THE SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue � SLOVAKIA 2021 165 CONTRIBUTORS RICHARD D. CUSTER is a founder of the Carpatho-Rusyn Society ( 1994) and served as editor of its newsletter, The New Rusyn Times, from 1994-2016. He compiled and edited the Rusy n-American Almanac ofthe Carpatho-Rusy n Society 2004-2005. He has presented papers on the topic of Rusyn American history at conventions of the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies (ASEEES) and genealogical and Carpatho-Rusyn conferences. He coauthored the monograph Prikra about his Rusyn grandmother's native village, published in Presov, Slovakia, in 2006. He holds a B.S. degree (Computer Engineering) from Penn State University and MBA and MA (Eastern Europe area studies) degrees from the University of Pittsburgh. He works for the U.S. government as a web communications manager in Washington, D.C. FREDERICK HALE is an international theologian, historian, and literary scholar. He earned his doctorates at Johns Hopkins University and eight universities in Scandinavia and South Africa. His career has encompassed teaching and research appointments at universities in the USA, Norway, Sweden, England, China, and South Africa. To date he has published approximately 260 books and journal articles about topics in his main fields and also in music and linguistics. Presently he is Extraordinary Professor at North-West University in South Africa and a fellow of Liverpool Hope University. NICHOLAS HUDAC is a lecturer in film studies and cultural history at the Film and Television Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague and Charles University's Department of Film Studies, where he successfull y defended his PhD thesis, "Picturing the Nation : Slovak National Identity in the Age of the Mass - Produced Image" in June of 2020. He has contributed artic les to The Eastern European Film Bulletin and I 6x9, as well as presenting his work on Slovak ethnic identity, mass media, contemporary Czechoslovak cultural history, and Czech and Slovak photography at various Slavic and film �166 SLOVAKIA 2021 studies conferences such as ASEEES, BA SEES, AA TSE EL, and N ECS among others. MICHAL KSINAN received his PhD from the University of Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne, where he later also lectured (2018- 2019), and from the Institute of History of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava, where he currently works. He wrote several books about Milan Rastislav Stefanik and dozens of scholarly papers. Most recently he published l 'homme qui parfait avec !es etoiles. Milan Rastislav Stefanik, heros .franco-slovaque de la Grande Guerre (Paris, EUR'Orbem, 2019). His research focuses on memory studies, historiography, international relations and military history. He has received several prestigious scholarships and awards, including " Student Personality of Slovakia" in 2011 and a Fulbright Grant in 2014. ROMAN LICKO teaches in the Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He was a Fulbri ght scholar in the United States in 2002 - 2003 , and wrote his dissertation on U.S.- Slovak relations during WWII. Among his publications are two monographs on the war-time attitudes of the United States government towards Slovakia: Pod dohl'adom spravodajskych slui ieb - americka vlada a slo venska otcizka v rokoch I 939 - I 945 (2008) and Nevftany host - Milan Hodia v dokumentoch americkej vlady v rokoch 1941 1944. MARJAN MARK STOLARIK, Ph.D. (Minnesota, 1974), is Professor of History and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Culture at the University of Ottawa. He has published or edited ten books and over 60 articles, including The Czech and Slovak Republics: Twenty Years of Independence, /993-2003 (Budapest: CEU Press, 20 I 6). Founder of the Slovak Studies Association ( 1977), he also founded and edited the Slovak Studies Newsletter ( 1977-1987), heedits the scholarly annual Slo vakia (since 1982); and he also serves on the editorial boards of The Journal of American Ethnic History (Detroit), the Historicky casopis (Bratislava), and Theologos (Presov). �SLOVAKIA 2021 167 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to theeditor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted in electronic format to stolarik@uottawa .ca, using either MicrosoftWord or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. All articles will be sent to an outside reader for evaluation. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. ���THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak Ancestiy Organized in 1907 DANIEL F. TANZONE President Dr. Mikulas A. Halko 1st Vice President W. NINA HOLY Secretary - Treasurer Vice Presidents Justine Wesnak 2 nd Vice President Gabriel Kovac 3 rd Vice President Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W. Nina Holy, Dr. Mikulas A. Halko, Eileen S. Wilson , Stephanie Seigel, Cynthia M. Maleski, Andrew M. Rajec, Michael J. Horvath, Theresa M. Kluchinski , David M. Blazek, Sue Ann . M. Seich, Kenneth A. Arendt, Scott T. Pogorelec, Linda M. Stran, Mary Jo Savidge Milan Cuba, Youth Director Dr. Ladislav Korcek, Joseph Goda, Auditors SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood , Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S.A. AND CANArn Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. McMurray, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania THE SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2021, Vol. 45 Description An account of the resource Vol. 45 (No. 84-85), 2021. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 2021 165 CONTRIBUTORS RICHARD D. CUSTER is a founder of the Carpatho-Rusyn Society ( 1994) and served as editor of its newsletter, The New Rusyn Times, from 1994-2016. He compiled and edited the Rusy n-American Almanac ofthe Carpatho-Rusy n Society 2004-2005. He has presented papers on the topic of Rusyn American history at conventions of the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies (ASEEES) and genealogical and Carpatho-Rusyn conferences. He coauthored the monograph Prikra about his Rusyn grandmother's native village, published in Presov, Slovakia, in 2006. He holds a B.S. degree (Computer Engineering) from Penn State University and MBA and MA (Eastern Europe area studies) degrees from the University of Pittsburgh. He works for the U.S. government as a web communications manager in Washington, D.C. FREDERICK HALE is an international theologian, historian, and literary scholar. He earned his doctorates at Johns Hopkins University and eight universities in Scandinavia and South Africa. His career has encompassed teaching and research appointments at universities in the USA, Norway, Sweden, England, China, and South Africa. To date he has published approximately 260 books and journal articles about topics in his main fields and also in music and linguistics. Presently he is Extraordinary Professor at North-West University in South Africa and a fellow of Liverpool Hope University. NICHOLAS HUDAC is a lecturer in film studies and cultural history at the Film and Television Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague and Charles University's Department of Film Studies, where he successfull y defended his PhD thesis, "Picturing the Nation : Slovak National Identity in the Age of the Mass - Produced Image" in June of 2020. He has contributed artic les to The Eastern European Film Bulletin and I 6x9, as well as presenting his work on Slovak ethnic identity, mass media, contemporary Czechoslovak cultural history, and Czech and Slovak photography at various Slavic and film 166 SLOVAKIA 2021 studies conferences such as ASEEES, BA SEES, AA TSE EL, and N ECS among others. MICHAL KSINAN received his PhD from the University of Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne, where he later also lectured (2018- 2019), and from the Institute of History of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava, where he currently works. He wrote several books about Milan Rastislav Stefanik and dozens of scholarly papers. Most recently he published l 'homme qui parfait avec !es etoiles. Milan Rastislav Stefanik, heros .franco-slovaque de la Grande Guerre (Paris, EUR'Orbem, 2019). His research focuses on memory studies, historiography, international relations and military history. He has received several prestigious scholarships and awards, including " Student Personality of Slovakia" in 2011 and a Fulbright Grant in 2014. ROMAN LICKO teaches in the Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He was a Fulbri ght scholar in the United States in 2002 - 2003 , and wrote his dissertation on U.S.- Slovak relations during WWII. Among his publications are two monographs on the war-time attitudes of the United States government towards Slovakia: Pod dohl'adom spravodajskych slui ieb - americka vlada a slo venska otcizka v rokoch I 939 - I 945 (2008) and Nevftany host - Milan Hodia v dokumentoch americkej vlady v rokoch 1941 1944. MARJAN MARK STOLARIK, Ph.D. (Minnesota, 1974), is Professor of History and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Culture at the University of Ottawa. He has published or edited ten books and over 60 articles, including The Czech and Slovak Republics: Twenty Years of Independence, /993-2003 (Budapest: CEU Press, 20 I 6). Founder of the Slovak Studies Association ( 1977), he also founded and edited the Slovak Studies Newsletter ( 1977-1987), heedits the scholarly annual Slo vakia (since 1982); and he also serves on the editorial boards of The Journal of American Ethnic History (Detroit), the Historicky casopis (Bratislava), and Theologos (Presov). SLOVAKIA 2021 167 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to theeditor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted in electronic format to stolarik@uottawa .ca, using either MicrosoftWord or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. All articles will be sent to an outside reader for evaluation. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak Ancestiy Organized in 1907 DANIEL F. TANZONE President Dr. Mikulas A. Halko 1st Vice President W. NINA HOLY Secretary - Treasurer Vice Presidents Justine Wesnak 2 nd Vice President Gabriel Kovac 3 rd Vice President Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W. Nina Holy, Dr. Mikulas A. Halko, Eileen S. Wilson , Stephanie Seigel, Cynthia M. Maleski, Andrew M. Rajec, Michael J. Horvath, Theresa M. Kluchinski , David M. Blazek, Sue Ann . M. Seich, Kenneth A. Arendt, Scott T. Pogorelec, Linda M. Stran, Mary Jo Savidge Milan Cuba, Youth Director Dr. Ladislav Korcek, Joseph Goda, Auditors SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood , Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S.A. AND CANArn Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. McMurray, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania THE SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 45 (No. 84-85) Description An account of the resource includes Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2021 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/c97c679af730353a337e4d5f611ea38c.pdf 355a2abe7e3006d0f4e1a803db45e6b6 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUMEXLIV 2019 NUMBERS 82-83 A scholarly annual devoted to the hi story, literature and cu lture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Ed itorial Board GREGO RY C. FERENCE Salisbury University ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Mi ssouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETE R PETRO Un iversity of British Co lumbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinoi s PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State Co ll ege Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055 , USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is $10.00. Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review shou ld be sent to the editor at 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa.ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES Disputed Diversity: "Guardians of the Nation" and the Multilingual Urban Spaces of Kassa/Kos ice in the Second Half th of the 19 Century Frank Henschel .... .. ....... ...... ... ........ ...... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .. .. .. .. ...... 7 The Transatlantic Slovak Question during the Interwar Years Michael Cude ... ........ ........... ... ...... ... .... ... ........ .. ... .. ..... .. .... .. .. .. .... 18 Imagining a Separate Slovakia : Anti-Communi st Slovak Exiles ' Struggle for an Independent Homeland Ellen L. Paul .. .. ... ........ ........ .. .. ...... .. .. .. ..... ............................... .. . 55 Slovak Emigres in the Reports of the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs- Actions against Ferdinand Durcansky and Jozef Kirschbaum ( 1961-1966/68) Petr Kubik ....................... .. .... .. ..... .. .. ... .... .... .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. ..... .... 72 Russophiles without Russia Vladimir Bauamgarten .............. ... ......... ............ .......... ... .... ..... ... 83 REVIEWS Tiinde Lengyelova, Zivot na s/'achtickom dvore Peter Mariassy ......... .. ............. ..... .... ............ .. ........ .... .. .. .... .. .. .. 133 Kenneth Janda, Th e Emperor and the Peasant M. Mark Stolarik .. .. .... .... .. .. ...................... ........... .. ................... 134 John Palka, My Slovakia, My Family Kenn eth Janda ........ ..... ........ ..... .... ..... ...... .... .... ... .. ...... .... ...... .... 136 Jan Hirka, Pod ochranou Marie Daniel Cerny .. ............ ... ........ ...... .. .... .. ...... .. ...... ....................... 140 �4 SLOV AKIA-2017 Michal Machacek, Gustav Husak Jozef Hyria ........... .................................................... ................ . 143 Contributors .............................................................................. 147 Guidelines for Manuscripts ..... .... .... ......................................... 148 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUMEXLIV 2019 NUMBERS 82-83 A scholarly annual devoted to the hi story, literature and cu lture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Ed itorial Board GREGO RY C. FERENCE Salisbury University ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Mi ssouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETE R PETRO Un iversity of British Co lumbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinoi s PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State Co ll ege Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055 , USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is $10.00. Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review shou ld be sent to the editor at 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa.ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES Disputed Diversity: "Guardians of the Nation" and the Multilingual Urban Spaces of Kassa/Kos ice in the Second Half th of the 19 Century Frank Henschel .... .. ....... ...... ... ........ ...... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .. .. .. .. ...... 7 The Transatlantic Slovak Question during the Interwar Years Michael Cude ... ........ ........... ... ...... ... .... ... ........ .. ... .. ..... .. .... .. .. .. .... 18 Imagining a Separate Slovakia : Anti-Communi st Slovak Exiles ' Struggle for an Independent Homeland Ellen L. Paul .. .. ... ........ ........ .. .. ...... .. .. .. ..... ............................... .. . 55 Slovak Emigres in the Reports of the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs- Actions against Ferdinand Durcansky and Jozef Kirschbaum ( 1961-1966/68) Petr Kubik ....................... .. .... .. ..... .. .. ... .... .... .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. ..... .... 72 Russophiles without Russia Vladimir Bauamgarten .............. ... ......... ............ .......... ... .... ..... ... 83 REVIEWS Tiinde Lengyelova, Zivot na s/'achtickom dvore Peter Mariassy ......... .. ............. ..... .... ............ .. ........ .... .. .. .... .. .. .. 133 Kenneth Janda, Th e Emperor and the Peasant M. Mark Stolarik .. .. .... .... .. .. ...................... ........... .. ................... 134 John Palka, My Slovakia, My Family Kenn eth Janda ........ ..... ........ ..... .... ..... ...... .... .... ... .. ...... .... ...... .... 136 Jan Hirka, Pod ochranou Marie Daniel Cerny .. ............ ... ........ ...... .. .... .. ...... .. ...... ....................... 140 �4 SLOV AKIA-2017 Michal Machacek, Gustav Husak Jozef Hyria ........... .................................................... ................ . 143 Contributors .............................................................................. 147 Guidelines for Manuscripts ..... .... .... ......................................... 148 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2019, Vol. 44 Description An account of the resource Vol. 44 (No. 82-83), 2019. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUMEXLIV 2019 NUMBERS 82-83 A scholarly annual devoted to the hi story, literature and cu lture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Ed itorial Board GREGO RY C. FERENCE Salisbury University ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Mi ssouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETE R PETRO Un iversity of British Co lumbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinoi s PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State Co ll ege Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055 , USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is $10.00. Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review shou ld be sent to the editor at 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa.ca Table of Contents ARTICLES Disputed Diversity: "Guardians of the Nation" and the Multilingual Urban Spaces of Kassa/Kos ice in the Second Half th of the 19 Century Frank Henschel .... .. ....... ...... ... ........ ...... ... .... .... .... .... ... .... .. .. .. .. ...... 7 The Transatlantic Slovak Question during the Interwar Years Michael Cude ... ........ ........... ... ...... ... .... ... ........ .. ... .. ..... .. .... .. .. .. .... 18 Imagining a Separate Slovakia : Anti-Communi st Slovak Exiles ' Struggle for an Independent Homeland Ellen L. Paul .. .. ... ........ ........ .. .. ...... .. .. .. ..... ............................... .. . 55 Slovak Emigres in the Reports of the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs- Actions against Ferdinand Durcansky and Jozef Kirschbaum ( 1961-1966/68) Petr Kubik ....................... .. .... .. ..... .. .. ... .... .... .... .. .. .... .. ...... .. ..... .... 72 Russophiles without Russia Vladimir Bauamgarten .............. ... ......... ............ .......... ... .... ..... ... 83 REVIEWS Tiinde Lengyelova, Zivot na s/'achtickom dvore Peter Mariassy ......... .. ............. ..... .... ............ .. ........ .... .. .. .... .. .. .. 133 Kenneth Janda, Th e Emperor and the Peasant M. Mark Stolarik .. .. .... .... .. .. ...................... ........... .. ................... 134 John Palka, My Slovakia, My Family Kenn eth Janda ........ ..... ........ ..... .... ..... ...... .... .... ... .. ...... .... ...... .... 136 Jan Hirka, Pod ochranou Marie Daniel Cerny .. ............ ... ........ ...... .. .... .. ...... .. ...... ....................... 140 4 SLOV AKIA-2017 Michal Machacek, Gustav Husak Jozef Hyria ........... .................................................... ................ . 143 Contributors .............................................................................. 147 Guidelines for Manuscripts ..... .... .... ......................................... 148 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 44 (No. 82-83) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/56ea22ad8d0078dc9b4b9c7da02c584a.pdf 12ef72988562beccc44139ee467ae92e PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 2019 147 CONTRIBUTORS R. VLADIMIR BAUMGARTEN (Ph.D., Florida State University), is an independent scholar in Florida. He is co-author (with Joseph Stefka) of The National Slovak Society, a JOO Year History, 18901990 (Pittsburgh, 1990) as well as articles in popular and scholarly journals. MICHAEL CUDE (Ph.D. , Colorado) is an Assistant Professor in the history department at Schreiner University in Kerrville, Texas. He does research on Central and Eastern Europe and transatlantic migration, particularly on transatlantic Slovak national identity. FRANK HENSCHEL (Ph.D. , University of Leipzig) wrote his dissertation on multilingualism and magyarization in Kassa/Kosice in the period of dualism in Hungary, and it was published by the Collegium Carolinum in 2017. He is now doing post-doctoral research on the biopolitics of childhood in socialist Czehoslovakia at the University of Kiel. PETR KUBIK (Ph.D., Charles University, Prague) is an independent historian in the Czech Republic who focuses on the Second World War and Czechs and Slovaks in exile. He has published books on Soviet War Crimes (Prague, 2003) and Slovak-Italian Relationships, 1939-1945 (Bratislava, 2009). ELLEN L. PAUL (Ph.D. , University of Kansas), is an Associate Professor of History at Fort Lewis College in Durango, Colorado, where she teaches modem European history. �148 SLOVAKIA 2019 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted in electronic format (stolarik@uottawa.ca), using either MicrosoftWord or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. All articles wi ll be sent to an outside reader for evaluation . Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unso li cited book reviews are not encouraged. ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak Ancestry Organized in 1907 W. NINA HOLY Secretary - Treasurer DANIEL F. TANZONE President Dr. Mikulas A. Halko st 1 Vice President Vice Presidents Justine Wesnak 2 nd Vice President Gabriel Kovac 3'd Vice President Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W. Nina Holy, Dr. Mikulas A. Halko, Eileen S. Wilson, Stephanie Seigel, John A. Holy, Cynthia M. Maleski , Andrew M. Rajec, Michael J. Horvath, Theresa M. Kluchinski, David M. Blazek, Sue Ann. M. Seich , Kenneth A. Arendt, Scott T. Pogorelec, Linda M. Strom , Mary Jo Savidge Milan Cuba, Youth Director Martha Catalano, Dr. Ladislav Korcek, Joseph Goda, Auditors SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S.A. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. McMurray, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania THE SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue � SLOVAKIA 2019 147 CONTRIBUTORS R. VLADIMIR BAUMGARTEN (Ph.D., Florida State University), is an independent scholar in Florida. He is co-author (with Joseph Stefka) of The National Slovak Society, a JOO Year History, 18901990 (Pittsburgh, 1990) as well as articles in popular and scholarly journals. MICHAEL CUDE (Ph.D. , Colorado) is an Assistant Professor in the history department at Schreiner University in Kerrville, Texas. He does research on Central and Eastern Europe and transatlantic migration, particularly on transatlantic Slovak national identity. FRANK HENSCHEL (Ph.D. , University of Leipzig) wrote his dissertation on multilingualism and magyarization in Kassa/Kosice in the period of dualism in Hungary, and it was published by the Collegium Carolinum in 2017. He is now doing post-doctoral research on the biopolitics of childhood in socialist Czehoslovakia at the University of Kiel. PETR KUBIK (Ph.D., Charles University, Prague) is an independent historian in the Czech Republic who focuses on the Second World War and Czechs and Slovaks in exile. He has published books on Soviet War Crimes (Prague, 2003) and Slovak-Italian Relationships, 1939-1945 (Bratislava, 2009). ELLEN L. PAUL (Ph.D. , University of Kansas), is an Associate Professor of History at Fort Lewis College in Durango, Colorado, where she teaches modem European history. �148 SLOVAKIA 2019 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted in electronic format (stolarik@uottawa.ca), using either MicrosoftWord or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. All articles wi ll be sent to an outside reader for evaluation . Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unso li cited book reviews are not encouraged. ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak Ancestry Organized in 1907 W. NINA HOLY Secretary - Treasurer DANIEL F. TANZONE President Dr. Mikulas A. Halko st 1 Vice President Vice Presidents Justine Wesnak 2 nd Vice President Gabriel Kovac 3'd Vice President Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W. Nina Holy, Dr. Mikulas A. Halko, Eileen S. Wilson, Stephanie Seigel, John A. Holy, Cynthia M. Maleski , Andrew M. Rajec, Michael J. Horvath, Theresa M. Kluchinski, David M. Blazek, Sue Ann. M. Seich , Kenneth A. Arendt, Scott T. Pogorelec, Linda M. Strom , Mary Jo Savidge Milan Cuba, Youth Director Martha Catalano, Dr. Ladislav Korcek, Joseph Goda, Auditors SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S.A. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. McMurray, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania THE SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2019, Vol. 44 Description An account of the resource Vol. 44 (No. 82-83), 2019. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 2019 147 CONTRIBUTORS R. VLADIMIR BAUMGARTEN (Ph.D., Florida State University), is an independent scholar in Florida. He is co-author (with Joseph Stefka) of The National Slovak Society, a JOO Year History, 18901990 (Pittsburgh, 1990) as well as articles in popular and scholarly journals. MICHAEL CUDE (Ph.D. , Colorado) is an Assistant Professor in the history department at Schreiner University in Kerrville, Texas. He does research on Central and Eastern Europe and transatlantic migration, particularly on transatlantic Slovak national identity. FRANK HENSCHEL (Ph.D. , University of Leipzig) wrote his dissertation on multilingualism and magyarization in Kassa/Kosice in the period of dualism in Hungary, and it was published by the Collegium Carolinum in 2017. He is now doing post-doctoral research on the biopolitics of childhood in socialist Czehoslovakia at the University of Kiel. PETR KUBIK (Ph.D., Charles University, Prague) is an independent historian in the Czech Republic who focuses on the Second World War and Czechs and Slovaks in exile. He has published books on Soviet War Crimes (Prague, 2003) and Slovak-Italian Relationships, 1939-1945 (Bratislava, 2009). ELLEN L. PAUL (Ph.D. , University of Kansas), is an Associate Professor of History at Fort Lewis College in Durango, Colorado, where she teaches modem European history. 148 SLOVAKIA 2019 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted in electronic format (stolarik@uottawa.ca), using either MicrosoftWord or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. All articles wi ll be sent to an outside reader for evaluation . Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unso li cited book reviews are not encouraged. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak Ancestry Organized in 1907 W. NINA HOLY Secretary - Treasurer DANIEL F. TANZONE President Dr. Mikulas A. Halko st 1 Vice President Vice Presidents Justine Wesnak 2 nd Vice President Gabriel Kovac 3'd Vice President Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W. Nina Holy, Dr. Mikulas A. Halko, Eileen S. Wilson, Stephanie Seigel, John A. Holy, Cynthia M. Maleski , Andrew M. Rajec, Michael J. Horvath, Theresa M. Kluchinski, David M. Blazek, Sue Ann. M. Seich , Kenneth A. Arendt, Scott T. Pogorelec, Linda M. Strom , Mary Jo Savidge Milan Cuba, Youth Director Martha Catalano, Dr. Ladislav Korcek, Joseph Goda, Auditors SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S.A. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. McMurray, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania THE SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 44 (No. 82-83) Description An account of the resource includes Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/14e533e17dbaf61aa52c3879dc28ee80.pdf 334a3f974c44765c01acae8e2bd879da PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA 2017 VOLUME XLIII NUMBERS 80-81 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERTK . EVANSON University of Missouri I MICHAEL NOV AK I American Enterprise Institute JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinois PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to the editor at 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa.ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES More Slovaks in the U.S. than Czechs? Who Says? When and Where? Kenneth Janda ..... ..... .... .... ... ..... ........ ... .. ...... ...... ... ........................ 7 A Survey of Slovak Communities of the Byzantine Rite in Canada before they Received their Own Bishopric Daniel Cerny .. ... .... ... .. .. ...... ... .... ..... .. ... ........ ..... ... ... ..... ... ..... ..... .. 28 The Slovak Army on the Eastern Front During World War II Jan Rychlik ...... ................... ...... ... ... .... .... .. ....... ...... ... ... ........ ....... 61 Kicked Out: Czechoslovakia' s Postwar Policy Toward Ethnic Minorities and its Unintended Outcomes Marty Manor Mullins ....... .......... .... ... ......... .......... ............... ....... 81 Invoking the Nation, Strengthening Devotion: National Discourse at the Slovak National Pilgrimage Alexander Bie/icky ........ ................................... .. ...... .. .......... .... 105 LITERATURE Siberia: A Slovak Folk Tale R. Vladimir Baumgarten ..... ....... ...... ... ....... .................. ............ 133 REVIEWS Jozef Klempa, Maje skusenosti za svetovej vojny. M Mark Stolarik .......... .. .. ...... ........... ..... .......................... ........ 151 Rebekah Klein-Pejsova, Mapping Jewish Loyalties in Interwar Slovakia. Jan Lanicek .. .. .... ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .......... .. ............................. .... .. .... 152 �4 SLOVAKIA-2017 Paul Robert Magosci, With Their Backs to the Mountains. Keith P. Dyrud ......... ........ ......................................................... 156 Valerian Bystricky, Zahranicnopoliticke suvislosti vzniku Slovenskeho statu. Gregory C. Ference ......... .... .................................... .. ........... .... 15 8 Pal'o Carnogursky, Suboj s komunizmom. Jan Rychlik ..... .. ................................... ............................. ....... . 161 James Krapfl , Revolution with a human Face. Jura) Hocman ....... .................................................................... 166 Contributors ........................................... .... ..... ..... ........... ............... .. 169 Guidelines for Manuscripts .............. ............................................ ... 171 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA 2017 VOLUME XLIII NUMBERS 80-81 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERTK . EVANSON University of Missouri I MICHAEL NOV AK I American Enterprise Institute JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinois PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to the editor at 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa.ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES More Slovaks in the U.S. than Czechs? Who Says? When and Where? Kenneth Janda ..... ..... .... .... ... ..... ........ ... .. ...... ...... ... ........................ 7 A Survey of Slovak Communities of the Byzantine Rite in Canada before they Received their Own Bishopric Daniel Cerny .. ... .... ... .. .. ...... ... .... ..... .. ... ........ ..... ... ... ..... ... ..... ..... .. 28 The Slovak Army on the Eastern Front During World War II Jan Rychlik ...... ................... ...... ... ... .... .... .. ....... ...... ... ... ........ ....... 61 Kicked Out: Czechoslovakia' s Postwar Policy Toward Ethnic Minorities and its Unintended Outcomes Marty Manor Mullins ....... .......... .... ... ......... .......... ............... ....... 81 Invoking the Nation, Strengthening Devotion: National Discourse at the Slovak National Pilgrimage Alexander Bie/icky ........ ................................... .. ...... .. .......... .... 105 LITERATURE Siberia: A Slovak Folk Tale R. Vladimir Baumgarten ..... ....... ...... ... ....... .................. ............ 133 REVIEWS Jozef Klempa, Maje skusenosti za svetovej vojny. M Mark Stolarik .......... .. .. ...... ........... ..... .......................... ........ 151 Rebekah Klein-Pejsova, Mapping Jewish Loyalties in Interwar Slovakia. Jan Lanicek .. .. .... ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .......... .. ............................. .... .. .... 152 �4 SLOVAKIA-2017 Paul Robert Magosci, With Their Backs to the Mountains. Keith P. Dyrud ......... ........ ......................................................... 156 Valerian Bystricky, Zahranicnopoliticke suvislosti vzniku Slovenskeho statu. Gregory C. Ference ......... .... .................................... .. ........... .... 15 8 Pal'o Carnogursky, Suboj s komunizmom. Jan Rychlik ..... .. ................................... ............................. ....... . 161 James Krapfl , Revolution with a human Face. Jura) Hocman ....... .................................................................... 166 Contributors ........................................... .... ..... ..... ........... ............... .. 169 Guidelines for Manuscripts .............. ............................................ ... 171 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017, Vol. 43 Description An account of the resource Vol. 43 (No. 80-81), 2017. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA 2017 VOLUME XLIII NUMBERS 80-81 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERTK . EVANSON University of Missouri I MICHAEL NOV AK I American Enterprise Institute JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinois PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to the editor at 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa.ca Table of Contents ARTICLES More Slovaks in the U.S. than Czechs? Who Says? When and Where? Kenneth Janda ..... ..... .... .... ... ..... ........ ... .. ...... ...... ... ........................ 7 A Survey of Slovak Communities of the Byzantine Rite in Canada before they Received their Own Bishopric Daniel Cerny .. ... .... ... .. .. ...... ... .... ..... .. ... ........ ..... ... ... ..... ... ..... ..... .. 28 The Slovak Army on the Eastern Front During World War II Jan Rychlik ...... ................... ...... ... ... .... .... .. ....... ...... ... ... ........ ....... 61 Kicked Out: Czechoslovakia' s Postwar Policy Toward Ethnic Minorities and its Unintended Outcomes Marty Manor Mullins ....... .......... .... ... ......... .......... ............... ....... 81 Invoking the Nation, Strengthening Devotion: National Discourse at the Slovak National Pilgrimage Alexander Bie/icky ........ ................................... .. ...... .. .......... .... 105 LITERATURE Siberia: A Slovak Folk Tale R. Vladimir Baumgarten ..... ....... ...... ... ....... .................. ............ 133 REVIEWS Jozef Klempa, Maje skusenosti za svetovej vojny. M Mark Stolarik .......... .. .. ...... ........... ..... .......................... ........ 151 Rebekah Klein-Pejsova, Mapping Jewish Loyalties in Interwar Slovakia. Jan Lanicek .. .. .... ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .......... .. ............................. .... .. .... 152 4 SLOVAKIA-2017 Paul Robert Magosci, With Their Backs to the Mountains. Keith P. Dyrud ......... ........ ......................................................... 156 Valerian Bystricky, Zahranicnopoliticke suvislosti vzniku Slovenskeho statu. Gregory C. Ference ......... .... .................................... .. ........... .... 15 8 Pal'o Carnogursky, Suboj s komunizmom. Jan Rychlik ..... .. ................................... ............................. ....... . 161 James Krapfl , Revolution with a human Face. Jura) Hocman ....... .................................................................... 166 Contributors ........................................... .... ..... ..... ........... ............... .. 169 Guidelines for Manuscripts .............. ............................................ ... 171 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 43 (No. 80-81) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/9b7b2d97fa591717a181b318eaf4b08f.pdf 4c337dc78bfb1987f164a8649be19d65 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA-2017 169 CONTRIBUTORS R. VLADIMIR BAUMGARTEN, the grandson of a Czechoslovak Legionnaire, received his Ph.D. from Florida State University in 1982. He wrote his dissertation on "S lovakia's Role in the 1848 Revolutions," which won third prize in the Stephen B. Roman Scholarship competition. His subsequent research on the Polereczky Hussars aroused the interest of the Hungarian government, which gave him a grant to do research in Budapest in 1988. In partnership with Jan Shekitka, Baumgarten so-founded a small cultural foundation known as the "Friends of the Dukla Pass." He taught courses at the Florida State University until 2011 when government cutbacks ended this part of his career. Afterwards, he became disabled and lives on a small pension in Tallahassee, Florida. ALEXANDER BIELICKI is currently the Program Director and lead instructor of Th e New Norway: Globalization, National Identity and the Politics of Belonging, a study-abroad program based at the University of Oslo. He holds degrees in Anthropology (B.A. University of Pittsburgh), Nationalism Studies (M .A. Central European University) and Cultural History/History of Religions (Ph.D. University of Oslo). Having previously focused on Central Europe, especially Slovakia, Bielicki now mainly teaches courses on national identity and belonging, Norwegian society and the Scandinavian Welfare States. DANIEL CERNY finished his doctoral studies at the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome, where in 2014 he defended his thesis "The History of the Slovak Greek Catholic Church in Canada until the Creation of the Eparchy of Sts. Cyril and Methodius. " His main interest is Slovak immigration abroad. For his thesis, he gathered materials in archives in Toronto, Rome, and the Vatican, Prague, and other places . He participated in several scholarly conferences (East Central Europe in Exile Volume, proceedings published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013) and published a few articles, most recently in Slavica Slovaca 2/2015. He helped translate Andrej Bacinsky - Mukacevsky biskup (Kosice, 2015). While working for a private company, he continues as an independent historian. �170 SLOVAKIA-2017 MARTY MANOR MULLINS completed her Ph.D. in East Central European History at the University of Washington in 2013. With funding provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation in conjunction with the Fulbright Program , she conducted research for her dissertation in Kosice, Slovakia, where she has lived and worked for seven years. Her published work focuses on Kosice and Eastern Slovakia's experience of Czechoslovakia's 1948 Communist takeover, the 1968 Soviet invasion, and the 1989 Velvet Revolution. Dr. Mullins currently teaches at Flathead Community College in Kalispell, Montana and serves as a Research Associate for the John Jay Institute. KENNETH JANDA is the Payson S. Wild Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Northwestern University. He has published in comparative party politics, research methodology, and early use of computer technology in teaching and research, for which he received support from Apple Computer. In 2009, he won the Frank J. Goodnow Award for distinguished service to the American Political Science Association. His most recent books are American Parties in Context (with others, Routledge, 2016) and The Challenge of Democracy (with others, Cengage Learning, 2017). His historical narrative, The Emperor and the Peasant: The Start of the Great War and End of a Great Empire, is schedule to be published by McFarland Books in 2018. It intertwines the lives of Emperor Franz Joseph and Samuel Mozolak, his wife's Slovak grandfather who died in 1918 during the Battle of the Piave River in Italy. JAN RYCHLIK is Professor of Modern Czech and Slovak History at Charles University in Prague and also an External Professor of Modern World History at the Technical University in Liberec. He is also a Senior Researcher at the Masaryk Institute and Archives of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. His principal publications include R. W. Seton-Watson and His Relations with Czechs and Slovaks. Documents 1906-1951 (two Vols., with Thomas D. Marzik and Miroslav Bielik, 1995-1996), The End of Czechoslovakia (with Jifi Musil and others, 1995), Th e Czechs and Slovaks in the 20th Century (in Czech - 3 editions, Bratislava and Prague, 19971998), and A History of Bulgaria (with Vladimir Pencev, in Czech, 2000,2002,2016) �SLOVAKIA-2017 171 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted in electronic format (stolarik@uottawa.ca), using either MicrosoftWord or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. All articles will be sent to an outside reader for evaluation. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. �172 NOTES ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak ancestry Organized in 1907 DANIEL F. TANZONE President Dr. Mikulas A. Halko 1st Vice President W.NINAHOLY Secretary-Treasurer Vice Presidents Justine Wesnak 2nd Vice President Jozef Kovac 3rd Vice President Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W.Nina Holy, Dr. Mikulas A. Halko, Eileen S. Wilson , John G. Duch, Esq., Stephanie Seigel , John A. Holy Cynthia M. Maleski, Andrew M. Rajec, Michael J. Horvath, Theresa M. Kluchinski, David M. Blazek, Sue Ann M. Seich , Kenneth A. Arendt, Scott T. Pogorelec, Linda M. Strom, Mary Jo Savidge Milan Cuba, Youth Director Dr. Ladislav Korcek, Martha Catalano, Joseph Goda, Auditors SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association Beachwood, Ohio First Catholic Slovak Union of the U.S. and Canada Independence, Ohio Slovak Catholic Sokol Passaic, New Jersey National Slovak Society of the U.S.A McMurray, Pennsylvania Ladies Pennsylvania Slovak Catholic Union Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania The Slovak Newspapermen's Association of America SLOVAKIA $10.00 per issue � SLOVAKIA-2017 169 CONTRIBUTORS R. VLADIMIR BAUMGARTEN, the grandson of a Czechoslovak Legionnaire, received his Ph.D. from Florida State University in 1982. He wrote his dissertation on "S lovakia's Role in the 1848 Revolutions," which won third prize in the Stephen B. Roman Scholarship competition. His subsequent research on the Polereczky Hussars aroused the interest of the Hungarian government, which gave him a grant to do research in Budapest in 1988. In partnership with Jan Shekitka, Baumgarten so-founded a small cultural foundation known as the "Friends of the Dukla Pass." He taught courses at the Florida State University until 2011 when government cutbacks ended this part of his career. Afterwards, he became disabled and lives on a small pension in Tallahassee, Florida. ALEXANDER BIELICKI is currently the Program Director and lead instructor of Th e New Norway: Globalization, National Identity and the Politics of Belonging, a study-abroad program based at the University of Oslo. He holds degrees in Anthropology (B.A. University of Pittsburgh), Nationalism Studies (M .A. Central European University) and Cultural History/History of Religions (Ph.D. University of Oslo). Having previously focused on Central Europe, especially Slovakia, Bielicki now mainly teaches courses on national identity and belonging, Norwegian society and the Scandinavian Welfare States. DANIEL CERNY finished his doctoral studies at the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome, where in 2014 he defended his thesis "The History of the Slovak Greek Catholic Church in Canada until the Creation of the Eparchy of Sts. Cyril and Methodius. " His main interest is Slovak immigration abroad. For his thesis, he gathered materials in archives in Toronto, Rome, and the Vatican, Prague, and other places . He participated in several scholarly conferences (East Central Europe in Exile Volume, proceedings published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013) and published a few articles, most recently in Slavica Slovaca 2/2015. He helped translate Andrej Bacinsky - Mukacevsky biskup (Kosice, 2015). While working for a private company, he continues as an independent historian. �170 SLOVAKIA-2017 MARTY MANOR MULLINS completed her Ph.D. in East Central European History at the University of Washington in 2013. With funding provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation in conjunction with the Fulbright Program , she conducted research for her dissertation in Kosice, Slovakia, where she has lived and worked for seven years. Her published work focuses on Kosice and Eastern Slovakia's experience of Czechoslovakia's 1948 Communist takeover, the 1968 Soviet invasion, and the 1989 Velvet Revolution. Dr. Mullins currently teaches at Flathead Community College in Kalispell, Montana and serves as a Research Associate for the John Jay Institute. KENNETH JANDA is the Payson S. Wild Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Northwestern University. He has published in comparative party politics, research methodology, and early use of computer technology in teaching and research, for which he received support from Apple Computer. In 2009, he won the Frank J. Goodnow Award for distinguished service to the American Political Science Association. His most recent books are American Parties in Context (with others, Routledge, 2016) and The Challenge of Democracy (with others, Cengage Learning, 2017). His historical narrative, The Emperor and the Peasant: The Start of the Great War and End of a Great Empire, is schedule to be published by McFarland Books in 2018. It intertwines the lives of Emperor Franz Joseph and Samuel Mozolak, his wife's Slovak grandfather who died in 1918 during the Battle of the Piave River in Italy. JAN RYCHLIK is Professor of Modern Czech and Slovak History at Charles University in Prague and also an External Professor of Modern World History at the Technical University in Liberec. He is also a Senior Researcher at the Masaryk Institute and Archives of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. His principal publications include R. W. Seton-Watson and His Relations with Czechs and Slovaks. Documents 1906-1951 (two Vols., with Thomas D. Marzik and Miroslav Bielik, 1995-1996), The End of Czechoslovakia (with Jifi Musil and others, 1995), Th e Czechs and Slovaks in the 20th Century (in Czech - 3 editions, Bratislava and Prague, 19971998), and A History of Bulgaria (with Vladimir Pencev, in Czech, 2000,2002,2016) �SLOVAKIA-2017 171 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted in electronic format (stolarik@uottawa.ca), using either MicrosoftWord or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. All articles will be sent to an outside reader for evaluation. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. �172 NOTES ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak ancestry Organized in 1907 DANIEL F. TANZONE President Dr. Mikulas A. Halko 1st Vice President W.NINAHOLY Secretary-Treasurer Vice Presidents Justine Wesnak 2nd Vice President Jozef Kovac 3rd Vice President Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W.Nina Holy, Dr. Mikulas A. Halko, Eileen S. Wilson , John G. Duch, Esq., Stephanie Seigel , John A. Holy Cynthia M. Maleski, Andrew M. Rajec, Michael J. Horvath, Theresa M. Kluchinski, David M. Blazek, Sue Ann M. Seich , Kenneth A. Arendt, Scott T. Pogorelec, Linda M. Strom, Mary Jo Savidge Milan Cuba, Youth Director Dr. Ladislav Korcek, Martha Catalano, Joseph Goda, Auditors SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association Beachwood, Ohio First Catholic Slovak Union of the U.S. and Canada Independence, Ohio Slovak Catholic Sokol Passaic, New Jersey National Slovak Society of the U.S.A McMurray, Pennsylvania Ladies Pennsylvania Slovak Catholic Union Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania The Slovak Newspapermen's Association of America SLOVAKIA $10.00 per issue � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2017, Vol. 43 Description An account of the resource Vol. 43 (No. 80-81), 2017. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA-2017 169 CONTRIBUTORS R. VLADIMIR BAUMGARTEN, the grandson of a Czechoslovak Legionnaire, received his Ph.D. from Florida State University in 1982. He wrote his dissertation on "S lovakia's Role in the 1848 Revolutions," which won third prize in the Stephen B. Roman Scholarship competition. His subsequent research on the Polereczky Hussars aroused the interest of the Hungarian government, which gave him a grant to do research in Budapest in 1988. In partnership with Jan Shekitka, Baumgarten so-founded a small cultural foundation known as the "Friends of the Dukla Pass." He taught courses at the Florida State University until 2011 when government cutbacks ended this part of his career. Afterwards, he became disabled and lives on a small pension in Tallahassee, Florida. ALEXANDER BIELICKI is currently the Program Director and lead instructor of Th e New Norway: Globalization, National Identity and the Politics of Belonging, a study-abroad program based at the University of Oslo. He holds degrees in Anthropology (B.A. University of Pittsburgh), Nationalism Studies (M .A. Central European University) and Cultural History/History of Religions (Ph.D. University of Oslo). Having previously focused on Central Europe, especially Slovakia, Bielicki now mainly teaches courses on national identity and belonging, Norwegian society and the Scandinavian Welfare States. DANIEL CERNY finished his doctoral studies at the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome, where in 2014 he defended his thesis "The History of the Slovak Greek Catholic Church in Canada until the Creation of the Eparchy of Sts. Cyril and Methodius. " His main interest is Slovak immigration abroad. For his thesis, he gathered materials in archives in Toronto, Rome, and the Vatican, Prague, and other places . He participated in several scholarly conferences (East Central Europe in Exile Volume, proceedings published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013) and published a few articles, most recently in Slavica Slovaca 2/2015. He helped translate Andrej Bacinsky - Mukacevsky biskup (Kosice, 2015). While working for a private company, he continues as an independent historian. 170 SLOVAKIA-2017 MARTY MANOR MULLINS completed her Ph.D. in East Central European History at the University of Washington in 2013. With funding provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation in conjunction with the Fulbright Program , she conducted research for her dissertation in Kosice, Slovakia, where she has lived and worked for seven years. Her published work focuses on Kosice and Eastern Slovakia's experience of Czechoslovakia's 1948 Communist takeover, the 1968 Soviet invasion, and the 1989 Velvet Revolution. Dr. Mullins currently teaches at Flathead Community College in Kalispell, Montana and serves as a Research Associate for the John Jay Institute. KENNETH JANDA is the Payson S. Wild Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Northwestern University. He has published in comparative party politics, research methodology, and early use of computer technology in teaching and research, for which he received support from Apple Computer. In 2009, he won the Frank J. Goodnow Award for distinguished service to the American Political Science Association. His most recent books are American Parties in Context (with others, Routledge, 2016) and The Challenge of Democracy (with others, Cengage Learning, 2017). His historical narrative, The Emperor and the Peasant: The Start of the Great War and End of a Great Empire, is schedule to be published by McFarland Books in 2018. It intertwines the lives of Emperor Franz Joseph and Samuel Mozolak, his wife's Slovak grandfather who died in 1918 during the Battle of the Piave River in Italy. JAN RYCHLIK is Professor of Modern Czech and Slovak History at Charles University in Prague and also an External Professor of Modern World History at the Technical University in Liberec. He is also a Senior Researcher at the Masaryk Institute and Archives of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. His principal publications include R. W. Seton-Watson and His Relations with Czechs and Slovaks. Documents 1906-1951 (two Vols., with Thomas D. Marzik and Miroslav Bielik, 1995-1996), The End of Czechoslovakia (with Jifi Musil and others, 1995), Th e Czechs and Slovaks in the 20th Century (in Czech - 3 editions, Bratislava and Prague, 19971998), and A History of Bulgaria (with Vladimir Pencev, in Czech, 2000,2002,2016) SLOVAKIA-2017 171 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted in electronic format (stolarik@uottawa.ca), using either MicrosoftWord or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. All articles will be sent to an outside reader for evaluation. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. 172 NOTES THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak ancestry Organized in 1907 DANIEL F. TANZONE President Dr. Mikulas A. Halko 1st Vice President W.NINAHOLY Secretary-Treasurer Vice Presidents Justine Wesnak 2nd Vice President Jozef Kovac 3rd Vice President Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W.Nina Holy, Dr. Mikulas A. Halko, Eileen S. Wilson , John G. Duch, Esq., Stephanie Seigel , John A. Holy Cynthia M. Maleski, Andrew M. Rajec, Michael J. Horvath, Theresa M. Kluchinski, David M. Blazek, Sue Ann M. Seich , Kenneth A. Arendt, Scott T. Pogorelec, Linda M. Strom, Mary Jo Savidge Milan Cuba, Youth Director Dr. Ladislav Korcek, Martha Catalano, Joseph Goda, Auditors SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association Beachwood, Ohio First Catholic Slovak Union of the U.S. and Canada Independence, Ohio Slovak Catholic Sokol Passaic, New Jersey National Slovak Society of the U.S.A McMurray, Pennsylvania Ladies Pennsylvania Slovak Catholic Union Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania The Slovak Newspapermen's Association of America SLOVAKIA $10.00 per issue  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 43 (No. 80-81) Description An account of the resource includes Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/1b6aa8b60ef2073de9fe05b9e503ffae.pdf 0bb63d00d817c93fde2ecfc3ae9b90ef PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XLII NUMBERS 78- 79 2015 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinois PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa .ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The 1919 Census on the Territory of Slovakia Rebekah Klein-Pejsova ... .......... ..... ...... .... ..... ... ............ .... ........ .... 7 The Journey of Four Slovak Catholic Bi shops to the USA in 1926 Stefan Kucik .. ............. ................ ............ ........ ............................ 3 5 The Birth of Lexicographic Works in North America with Special Emphasis on J. J. Konus Dalibor Mikula§ .. ..... .. .... ... .... .. ... ...... .... ... ......... ...... ... .. ... .......... .. 50 The Development of Cu ltural Cooperation between the Slovak Republic and the Independent State of Croatia, 1941-1945 Miroslav Michela ....................... ... ..... .. ........ ........ .... .... .... .... .. .... 66 My Rocky Relationship with the Matica slovenska During the Second Era of Communism in Czechoslovakia, 1970-1989: A Personal Memoir M. Mark Stolarik .... ........ .. .. ... ...... ............... ......... ..... .......... ........ 87 Corruption in Slovakia: Time to Reclaim the State Tom Nicholson ........... .......... .... ... .......... ................. ........ ... ... .. .. 11 2 REVIEWS Jan Rychlik, Magdalena Rychlikova, Podkarpatska Rus 1919-1939 C. Winston Chrislock ... ........ ...... ......... ................. ... ....... ..... ... .. 129 David Doellinger, Turning Prayers into Protests Jam es Ramon Felak ........... ...... ...... .. ... ... .. ............... ..... .... ..... ... 132 James Mace Ward, Priest, Politician, Collaborator Gregory C. Ference .. ............ ............. .... ....................... .. .. ....... 134 �4 SLOV AKIA-2015 Miroslav Londak, Ekonomicke reformy Martin Pospisil ...... ............ ........... ....... ..... ............ ....... ....... ...... 13 7 Jan Carnogursky, Dennik, 1994-2007 Jan Rychlik ......... ................. .. .... .. .............. ............. .. .... ........ .... 141 Robert M. Zecker, Race and America 's Immigrant Press M Mark Stolarik .......... .......... ..... ......... .... ........ ..... ... .... ....... ..... . 143 M. Mark Stolarik, Where is my Home ? William J Galush .......... .. ... .. ...... ..... .... ..... .. ......... ....... ....... ..... ... .. 145 Contributors .. ...... .... ............ ........... ....................... ... ...... .. .... ... .... .... . 148 Guidelines for Manuscripts ... ... ............... ....... .... .. ... .... ..... ...... ....... .. 150 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XLII NUMBERS 78- 79 2015 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinois PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa .ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The 1919 Census on the Territory of Slovakia Rebekah Klein-Pejsova ... .......... ..... ...... .... ..... ... ............ .... ........ .... 7 The Journey of Four Slovak Catholic Bi shops to the USA in 1926 Stefan Kucik .. ............. ................ ............ ........ ............................ 3 5 The Birth of Lexicographic Works in North America with Special Emphasis on J. J. Konus Dalibor Mikula§ .. ..... .. .... ... .... .. ... ...... .... ... ......... ...... ... .. ... .......... .. 50 The Development of Cu ltural Cooperation between the Slovak Republic and the Independent State of Croatia, 1941-1945 Miroslav Michela ....................... ... ..... .. ........ ........ .... .... .... .... .. .... 66 My Rocky Relationship with the Matica slovenska During the Second Era of Communism in Czechoslovakia, 1970-1989: A Personal Memoir M. Mark Stolarik .... ........ .. .. ... ...... ............... ......... ..... .......... ........ 87 Corruption in Slovakia: Time to Reclaim the State Tom Nicholson ........... .......... .... ... .......... ................. ........ ... ... .. .. 11 2 REVIEWS Jan Rychlik, Magdalena Rychlikova, Podkarpatska Rus 1919-1939 C. Winston Chrislock ... ........ ...... ......... ................. ... ....... ..... ... .. 129 David Doellinger, Turning Prayers into Protests Jam es Ramon Felak ........... ...... ...... .. ... ... .. ............... ..... .... ..... ... 132 James Mace Ward, Priest, Politician, Collaborator Gregory C. Ference .. ............ ............. .... ....................... .. .. ....... 134 �4 SLOV AKIA-2015 Miroslav Londak, Ekonomicke reformy Martin Pospisil ...... ............ ........... ....... ..... ............ ....... ....... ...... 13 7 Jan Carnogursky, Dennik, 1994-2007 Jan Rychlik ......... ................. .. .... .. .............. ............. .. .... ........ .... 141 Robert M. Zecker, Race and America 's Immigrant Press M Mark Stolarik .......... .......... ..... ......... .... ........ ..... ... .... ....... ..... . 143 M. Mark Stolarik, Where is my Home ? William J Galush .......... .. ... .. ...... ..... .... ..... .. ......... ....... ....... ..... ... .. 145 Contributors .. ...... .... ............ ........... ....................... ... ...... .. .... ... .... .... . 148 Guidelines for Manuscripts ... ... ............... ....... .... .. ... .... ..... ...... ....... .. 150 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2015, Vol. 42 Description An account of the resource Vol. 42 (No. 78-79), 2015. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XLII NUMBERS 78- 79 2015 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinois PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa .ca Table of Contents ARTICLES The 1919 Census on the Territory of Slovakia Rebekah Klein-Pejsova ... .......... ..... ...... .... ..... ... ............ .... ........ .... 7 The Journey of Four Slovak Catholic Bi shops to the USA in 1926 Stefan Kucik .. ............. ................ ............ ........ ............................ 3 5 The Birth of Lexicographic Works in North America with Special Emphasis on J. J. Konus Dalibor Mikula§ .. ..... .. .... ... .... .. ... ...... .... ... ......... ...... ... .. ... .......... .. 50 The Development of Cu ltural Cooperation between the Slovak Republic and the Independent State of Croatia, 1941-1945 Miroslav Michela ....................... ... ..... .. ........ ........ .... .... .... .... .. .... 66 My Rocky Relationship with the Matica slovenska During the Second Era of Communism in Czechoslovakia, 1970-1989: A Personal Memoir M. Mark Stolarik .... ........ .. .. ... ...... ............... ......... ..... .......... ........ 87 Corruption in Slovakia: Time to Reclaim the State Tom Nicholson ........... .......... .... ... .......... ................. ........ ... ... .. .. 11 2 REVIEWS Jan Rychlik, Magdalena Rychlikova, Podkarpatska Rus 1919-1939 C. Winston Chrislock ... ........ ...... ......... ................. ... ....... ..... ... .. 129 David Doellinger, Turning Prayers into Protests Jam es Ramon Felak ........... ...... ...... .. ... ... .. ............... ..... .... ..... ... 132 James Mace Ward, Priest, Politician, Collaborator Gregory C. Ference .. ............ ............. .... ....................... .. .. ....... 134 4 SLOV AKIA-2015 Miroslav Londak, Ekonomicke reformy Martin Pospisil ...... ............ ........... ....... ..... ............ ....... ....... ...... 13 7 Jan Carnogursky, Dennik, 1994-2007 Jan Rychlik ......... ................. .. .... .. .............. ............. .. .... ........ .... 141 Robert M. Zecker, Race and America 's Immigrant Press M Mark Stolarik .......... .......... ..... ......... .... ........ ..... ... .... ....... ..... . 143 M. Mark Stolarik, Where is my Home ? William J Galush .......... .. ... .. ...... ..... .... ..... .. ......... ....... ....... ..... ... .. 145 Contributors .. ...... .... ............ ........... ....................... ... ...... .. .... ... .... .... . 148 Guidelines for Manuscripts ... ... ............... ....... .... .. ... .... ..... ...... ....... .. 150 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 42 (No. 78-79) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/aeda756a5fcd1d40a85e0e254f46199a.pdf 23aed8587408ab251913c8486a378df0 PDF Text Text 148 SLOV AKIA-2015 CONTRIBUTORS REBEKAH KLEIN-PEJSOV A is an Assistant Professor of History at Purdue University specializing in modem Jewish and East Central European History. She is the author of Mapping Jewish Loyalties in lnterwar Slovakia (Indiana University Press, 2015), and articles in the Austrian History Yearbook, and the AJS Review. She received her Ph.D. from Columbia University. Her research interests span transnational approaches to the social and political history of East Central European Jewry, comparative nationalism, and refugee studies. STEFAN KUCiK (Ph.D., Presov) is an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Education, Catholic University in Ruzomberok. He is the editor of Mytus a realita : Zbornik prispevkov z medzinarodnej vedeckej konferencie organizovanej Historickym ustavom Katolickej univerzity v Ruiomberku pri prileiitosti steho vyrocia Cernovskej tragedie (Ruzomberok, 2008), the author of Podiel americkych Slovakov na autonomistickom hnuti na Slovensku (1918 - 1938) (Martin, 2011) and co-author of Slovenske a ceske krajanske hnutie v USA (do roku 1918) (Presov, 2014). He has also published a number of articles in scholarly journals. MIROSLAV MICHELA (Ph.D., Komarno) is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Czech and Slovak History at Charles University in Prague and a Senior Researcher at the Institute of History, Slovak Academy of sciences in Bratislava. His research interests include the politics of memory and nationalism in Czechoslovakia and East-Central Europe. He has written many scholarly articles and chapters in books and the monograph Pod hes/om integrity: Slovenska otazka v politike Mad'arska 1918-1921 (Bratislava: Kalligram, 2009). DALIBOR MIKULAS, (PhD . Comenius University) is a linguist who specializes in English. He teaches in the Department of English Language and Literature, University of Zilina. He research interests are in English lexicology and lexicography. He has pub- �SLOVAKIA-2015 149 lished over thirty articles and book chapters in his area of expertise. Recently, he has focused his attention on lexicographic works published by Slovak authors in North America. TOM NICHOLSON (M.A. Queen' s University) is an investigative journalist for the daily Sme (Bratislava). He is author of the best-selling non-fiction book Gori/a (2012) and co-editor of the Global Report on Slovakia (1999-2008) . Mr. Nicholson has taught English at various Slovak universities, and teaches investigative journalism and history at the Pan-European University and the University of Economics in Bratislava. He was editor-in-chief and publisher of The Slovak Spectator (Bratislava) from 1998 through 2007. MARIAN MARK STOLARIK, (Ph.D., Minnesota), is Professor of History and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Culture at the University of Ottawa. From 1979 to 1991 he was President and CEO of the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies in Philadelphia, and director of its press. He specializes in the history of Slovak immigration to North America. He has published nine books and over sixty articles in the field, including Where is my Hom e? Slovak Immigration to North America, 1870-2010 (Berne: Peter Lang, 2012). �150 SLOVAKIA-2015 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted in electronic format (stolarik@uottawa.ca), using either Microsofl:Word or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. All submitted articles will be sent to an outside reader for evaluation. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. �Notes �Notes ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak ancestry Organized in 1907 DANIEL F. TANZONE President Dr. Mikulas A. Halko 1st Vice President W.NINAHOLY Secretary-Treasurer Vice Presidents Justine Wesnak 2nd Vice President Jozef Kovac 3rd Vice President Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W.Nina Holy, Dr. Mikulas A. Halko, Eileen S. Wilson , John G. Duch , Esq ., Stephanie Seigel , John A. Holy Cynthia M. Maleski , Andrew M. Rajec, Michael J. Horvath, Theresa M. Kluchinski , David M. Blazek, Sue Ann M. Seich , Kenneth A. Arendt, Scott T. Pogorelec, Linda M. Strom , Mary Jo Savidge Milan Cuba, Youth Director Dr. Ladislav Korcek, Martha Catalano , Joseph Goda , Auditors SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association Beachwood , Ohio First Catholic Slovak Union of the U.S. and Canada Independence, Ohio Slovak Catholic Sokol Passaic, New Jersey National Slovak Society of the U.S.A McMurray, Pennsylvania Ladies Pennsylvania Slovak Catholic Union Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania The Slovak Newspapermen's Association of America SLOVAKIA $10.00 per issue � 148 SLOV AKIA-2015 CONTRIBUTORS REBEKAH KLEIN-PEJSOV A is an Assistant Professor of History at Purdue University specializing in modem Jewish and East Central European History. She is the author of Mapping Jewish Loyalties in lnterwar Slovakia (Indiana University Press, 2015), and articles in the Austrian History Yearbook, and the AJS Review. She received her Ph.D. from Columbia University. Her research interests span transnational approaches to the social and political history of East Central European Jewry, comparative nationalism, and refugee studies. STEFAN KUCiK (Ph.D., Presov) is an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Education, Catholic University in Ruzomberok. He is the editor of Mytus a realita : Zbornik prispevkov z medzinarodnej vedeckej konferencie organizovanej Historickym ustavom Katolickej univerzity v Ruiomberku pri prileiitosti steho vyrocia Cernovskej tragedie (Ruzomberok, 2008), the author of Podiel americkych Slovakov na autonomistickom hnuti na Slovensku (1918 - 1938) (Martin, 2011) and co-author of Slovenske a ceske krajanske hnutie v USA (do roku 1918) (Presov, 2014). He has also published a number of articles in scholarly journals. MIROSLAV MICHELA (Ph.D., Komarno) is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Czech and Slovak History at Charles University in Prague and a Senior Researcher at the Institute of History, Slovak Academy of sciences in Bratislava. His research interests include the politics of memory and nationalism in Czechoslovakia and East-Central Europe. He has written many scholarly articles and chapters in books and the monograph Pod hes/om integrity: Slovenska otazka v politike Mad'arska 1918-1921 (Bratislava: Kalligram, 2009). DALIBOR MIKULAS, (PhD . Comenius University) is a linguist who specializes in English. He teaches in the Department of English Language and Literature, University of Zilina. He research interests are in English lexicology and lexicography. He has pub- �SLOVAKIA-2015 149 lished over thirty articles and book chapters in his area of expertise. Recently, he has focused his attention on lexicographic works published by Slovak authors in North America. TOM NICHOLSON (M.A. Queen' s University) is an investigative journalist for the daily Sme (Bratislava). He is author of the best-selling non-fiction book Gori/a (2012) and co-editor of the Global Report on Slovakia (1999-2008) . Mr. Nicholson has taught English at various Slovak universities, and teaches investigative journalism and history at the Pan-European University and the University of Economics in Bratislava. He was editor-in-chief and publisher of The Slovak Spectator (Bratislava) from 1998 through 2007. MARIAN MARK STOLARIK, (Ph.D., Minnesota), is Professor of History and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Culture at the University of Ottawa. From 1979 to 1991 he was President and CEO of the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies in Philadelphia, and director of its press. He specializes in the history of Slovak immigration to North America. He has published nine books and over sixty articles in the field, including Where is my Hom e? Slovak Immigration to North America, 1870-2010 (Berne: Peter Lang, 2012). �150 SLOVAKIA-2015 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted in electronic format (stolarik@uottawa.ca), using either Microsofl:Word or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. All submitted articles will be sent to an outside reader for evaluation. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. �Notes �Notes ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak ancestry Organized in 1907 DANIEL F. TANZONE President Dr. Mikulas A. Halko 1st Vice President W.NINAHOLY Secretary-Treasurer Vice Presidents Justine Wesnak 2nd Vice President Jozef Kovac 3rd Vice President Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W.Nina Holy, Dr. Mikulas A. Halko, Eileen S. Wilson , John G. Duch , Esq ., Stephanie Seigel , John A. Holy Cynthia M. Maleski , Andrew M. Rajec, Michael J. Horvath, Theresa M. Kluchinski , David M. Blazek, Sue Ann M. Seich , Kenneth A. Arendt, Scott T. Pogorelec, Linda M. Strom , Mary Jo Savidge Milan Cuba, Youth Director Dr. Ladislav Korcek, Martha Catalano , Joseph Goda , Auditors SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association Beachwood , Ohio First Catholic Slovak Union of the U.S. and Canada Independence, Ohio Slovak Catholic Sokol Passaic, New Jersey National Slovak Society of the U.S.A McMurray, Pennsylvania Ladies Pennsylvania Slovak Catholic Union Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania The Slovak Newspapermen's Association of America SLOVAKIA $10.00 per issue � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2015, Vol. 42 Description An account of the resource Vol. 42 (No. 78-79), 2015. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 148 SLOV AKIA-2015 CONTRIBUTORS REBEKAH KLEIN-PEJSOV A is an Assistant Professor of History at Purdue University specializing in modem Jewish and East Central European History. She is the author of Mapping Jewish Loyalties in lnterwar Slovakia (Indiana University Press, 2015), and articles in the Austrian History Yearbook, and the AJS Review. She received her Ph.D. from Columbia University. Her research interests span transnational approaches to the social and political history of East Central European Jewry, comparative nationalism, and refugee studies. STEFAN KUCiK (Ph.D., Presov) is an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Education, Catholic University in Ruzomberok. He is the editor of Mytus a realita : Zbornik prispevkov z medzinarodnej vedeckej konferencie organizovanej Historickym ustavom Katolickej univerzity v Ruiomberku pri prileiitosti steho vyrocia Cernovskej tragedie (Ruzomberok, 2008), the author of Podiel americkych Slovakov na autonomistickom hnuti na Slovensku (1918 - 1938) (Martin, 2011) and co-author of Slovenske a ceske krajanske hnutie v USA (do roku 1918) (Presov, 2014). He has also published a number of articles in scholarly journals. MIROSLAV MICHELA (Ph.D., Komarno) is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Czech and Slovak History at Charles University in Prague and a Senior Researcher at the Institute of History, Slovak Academy of sciences in Bratislava. His research interests include the politics of memory and nationalism in Czechoslovakia and East-Central Europe. He has written many scholarly articles and chapters in books and the monograph Pod hes/om integrity: Slovenska otazka v politike Mad'arska 1918-1921 (Bratislava: Kalligram, 2009). DALIBOR MIKULAS, (PhD . Comenius University) is a linguist who specializes in English. He teaches in the Department of English Language and Literature, University of Zilina. He research interests are in English lexicology and lexicography. He has pub- SLOVAKIA-2015 149 lished over thirty articles and book chapters in his area of expertise. Recently, he has focused his attention on lexicographic works published by Slovak authors in North America. TOM NICHOLSON (M.A. Queen' s University) is an investigative journalist for the daily Sme (Bratislava). He is author of the best-selling non-fiction book Gori/a (2012) and co-editor of the Global Report on Slovakia (1999-2008) . Mr. Nicholson has taught English at various Slovak universities, and teaches investigative journalism and history at the Pan-European University and the University of Economics in Bratislava. He was editor-in-chief and publisher of The Slovak Spectator (Bratislava) from 1998 through 2007. MARIAN MARK STOLARIK, (Ph.D., Minnesota), is Professor of History and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Culture at the University of Ottawa. From 1979 to 1991 he was President and CEO of the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies in Philadelphia, and director of its press. He specializes in the history of Slovak immigration to North America. He has published nine books and over sixty articles in the field, including Where is my Hom e? Slovak Immigration to North America, 1870-2010 (Berne: Peter Lang, 2012). 150 SLOVAKIA-2015 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted in electronic format (stolarik@uottawa.ca), using either Microsofl:Word or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. All submitted articles will be sent to an outside reader for evaluation. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Notes Notes THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak ancestry Organized in 1907 DANIEL F. TANZONE President Dr. Mikulas A. Halko 1st Vice President W.NINAHOLY Secretary-Treasurer Vice Presidents Justine Wesnak 2nd Vice President Jozef Kovac 3rd Vice President Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W.Nina Holy, Dr. Mikulas A. Halko, Eileen S. Wilson , John G. Duch , Esq ., Stephanie Seigel , John A. Holy Cynthia M. Maleski , Andrew M. Rajec, Michael J. Horvath, Theresa M. Kluchinski , David M. Blazek, Sue Ann M. Seich , Kenneth A. Arendt, Scott T. Pogorelec, Linda M. Strom , Mary Jo Savidge Milan Cuba, Youth Director Dr. Ladislav Korcek, Martha Catalano , Joseph Goda , Auditors SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association Beachwood , Ohio First Catholic Slovak Union of the U.S. and Canada Independence, Ohio Slovak Catholic Sokol Passaic, New Jersey National Slovak Society of the U.S.A McMurray, Pennsylvania Ladies Pennsylvania Slovak Catholic Union Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania The Slovak Newspapermen's Association of America SLOVAKIA $10.00 per issue  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 42 (No. 78-79) Description An account of the resource includes Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/f7f6eb6179eda6cadc47a27c860b9cb4.pdf 968ea5dbf41a3aec290ab96c620a5066 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUMEXLI NUMBERS 76-77 2013 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROLS . LEFF University of Illinois PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa.ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Struggle for the Hearts and Minds of American Slovaks: Bishop Jan Vojtassak's Aborted Journey to the USA in 1923 Stefan Kucik .............. ... ...... ...... .. ........ ... ........ ........ .......... ... .. ... .. ... 7 An Unwelcome Guest: Milan Hodza in American Documents Between 1941 and 1944 Roman Licko ..... ............... .... ............................ ....... .... ..... .... ...... 37 Seeming and Being: Contextualizing the History of PostCommunist Slovakia Juraj Hocman ......... ..................................................... ...... ... ...... 73 Vladimir Meciar and the Politics of Privatization, 1992-1998 John A. Gould ............................ ... ................................... .. ...... 102 Hungarian Minority Politics in Slovakia: Under Fico, After EU Accession Carol Skalnik Leff ........... .. ............ ... .................. ........ ...... ........ 145 Slovakia 2010 Election and Its Aftermath Kevin Deegan-Krause ... ............. ... ... ...... ....... .. ...... .. ... ......... .... . 164 DOCUMENTATION The Military Missions of Milan R. Stefanik in Russia on Behalf of the Czech and Slovak Cause Evgeny F. Firsov .............. .... ... ... .... .... ... ........... ........ ..... .... ....... 179 REVIEWS Robert M. Zecker, Streetcar Parishes M Mark Stolarik .................... .................................... ........ ...... 195 �4 SLOVAKIA Valerian Bystricky et al., Rozbi tie alebo rozpad Stanis/av J. Kirschbaum ... ... ........ ...... ........ ..... ......... ...... ........... 197 Martin Lacko a Jan Sabo, iandar troch reiimov Yeshayahu J. Jelinek ......... ... ....... ....... ......... ..... .......... .. .... ......... 200 Michal Smigel a Stefan Krusko, Opcia a presidlenie Rusinov Paul R. Magocsi .. ....... ... ..... ... ... ... ................. ....... ....... .......... .... 203 M. Mark Stolarik, comp and ed., The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Gregory C. Ference ........ ........ .............. .............. ......... ... .. ...... ..206 Contributors ........... .... ....... ..... .... ..... .......... ..... .. .. .. ........... ..... ... ..209 Guidelines for Manuscripts .... ... .... ............. ..... ........ ...... ... ... .....211 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUMEXLI NUMBERS 76-77 2013 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROLS . LEFF University of Illinois PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa.ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Struggle for the Hearts and Minds of American Slovaks: Bishop Jan Vojtassak's Aborted Journey to the USA in 1923 Stefan Kucik .............. ... ...... ...... .. ........ ... ........ ........ .......... ... .. ... .. ... 7 An Unwelcome Guest: Milan Hodza in American Documents Between 1941 and 1944 Roman Licko ..... ............... .... ............................ ....... .... ..... .... ...... 37 Seeming and Being: Contextualizing the History of PostCommunist Slovakia Juraj Hocman ......... ..................................................... ...... ... ...... 73 Vladimir Meciar and the Politics of Privatization, 1992-1998 John A. Gould ............................ ... ................................... .. ...... 102 Hungarian Minority Politics in Slovakia: Under Fico, After EU Accession Carol Skalnik Leff ........... .. ............ ... .................. ........ ...... ........ 145 Slovakia 2010 Election and Its Aftermath Kevin Deegan-Krause ... ............. ... ... ...... ....... .. ...... .. ... ......... .... . 164 DOCUMENTATION The Military Missions of Milan R. Stefanik in Russia on Behalf of the Czech and Slovak Cause Evgeny F. Firsov .............. .... ... ... .... .... ... ........... ........ ..... .... ....... 179 REVIEWS Robert M. Zecker, Streetcar Parishes M Mark Stolarik .................... .................................... ........ ...... 195 �4 SLOVAKIA Valerian Bystricky et al., Rozbi tie alebo rozpad Stanis/av J. Kirschbaum ... ... ........ ...... ........ ..... ......... ...... ........... 197 Martin Lacko a Jan Sabo, iandar troch reiimov Yeshayahu J. Jelinek ......... ... ....... ....... ......... ..... .......... .. .... ......... 200 Michal Smigel a Stefan Krusko, Opcia a presidlenie Rusinov Paul R. Magocsi .. ....... ... ..... ... ... ... ................. ....... ....... .......... .... 203 M. Mark Stolarik, comp and ed., The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Gregory C. Ference ........ ........ .............. .............. ......... ... .. ...... ..206 Contributors ........... .... ....... ..... .... ..... .......... ..... .. .. .. ........... ..... ... ..209 Guidelines for Manuscripts .... ... .... ............. ..... ........ ...... ... ... .....211 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2013, Vol. 41 Description An account of the resource Vol. 41 (No. 76-77), 2013. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUMEXLI NUMBERS 76-77 2013 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROLS . LEFF University of Illinois PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa.ca Table of Contents ARTICLES The Struggle for the Hearts and Minds of American Slovaks: Bishop Jan Vojtassak's Aborted Journey to the USA in 1923 Stefan Kucik .............. ... ...... ...... .. ........ ... ........ ........ .......... ... .. ... .. ... 7 An Unwelcome Guest: Milan Hodza in American Documents Between 1941 and 1944 Roman Licko ..... ............... .... ............................ ....... .... ..... .... ...... 37 Seeming and Being: Contextualizing the History of PostCommunist Slovakia Juraj Hocman ......... ..................................................... ...... ... ...... 73 Vladimir Meciar and the Politics of Privatization, 1992-1998 John A. Gould ............................ ... ................................... .. ...... 102 Hungarian Minority Politics in Slovakia: Under Fico, After EU Accession Carol Skalnik Leff ........... .. ............ ... .................. ........ ...... ........ 145 Slovakia 2010 Election and Its Aftermath Kevin Deegan-Krause ... ............. ... ... ...... ....... .. ...... .. ... ......... .... . 164 DOCUMENTATION The Military Missions of Milan R. Stefanik in Russia on Behalf of the Czech and Slovak Cause Evgeny F. Firsov .............. .... ... ... .... .... ... ........... ........ ..... .... ....... 179 REVIEWS Robert M. Zecker, Streetcar Parishes M Mark Stolarik .................... .................................... ........ ...... 195 4 SLOVAKIA Valerian Bystricky et al., Rozbi tie alebo rozpad Stanis/av J. Kirschbaum ... ... ........ ...... ........ ..... ......... ...... ........... 197 Martin Lacko a Jan Sabo, iandar troch reiimov Yeshayahu J. Jelinek ......... ... ....... ....... ......... ..... .......... .. .... ......... 200 Michal Smigel a Stefan Krusko, Opcia a presidlenie Rusinov Paul R. Magocsi .. ....... ... ..... ... ... ... ................. ....... ....... .......... .... 203 M. Mark Stolarik, comp and ed., The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Gregory C. Ference ........ ........ .............. .............. ......... ... .. ...... ..206 Contributors ........... .... ....... ..... .... ..... .......... ..... .. .. .. ........... ..... ... ..209 Guidelines for Manuscripts .... ... .... ............. ..... ........ ...... ... ... .....211 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 41 (No. 76-77) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/9d5223666f35faa038e0e3f587566135.pdf e56bc10a6691bf808b66e2627d2cc241 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 209 CONTRIBUTORS KEVIN DEEGAN-KRAUSE has a Ph.D. in Government from the University of Notre Dame and is Associate Professor of Political Science at Wayne State University. He is the author of Elected Affinities: Democracy and Party Competition in Slovakia and the Czech Republic, (Stanford University Press, 2006), co-editor of The Structure of Political Competition in Western Europe (Routledge, 2010) and co-editor of the European Journal of Political Research 's Political Data Yearbook, with responsibility for its development as an interactive data-driven website. EVGENY F. FIRSOV graduated in history from the Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1975 and in 1979 was awarded the Candidate in Science degree. He is currently Professor of History at the same university. His research interests include T.G. Masaryk and M.R. Stefanik in Russia, the Czech and Slovak cause in Russia during the First World War, parliamentary democracy in the first Czechoslovak Republic and so on. He is the author of more than 140 articles and book chapters on Czech and Slovak history and some monographs, including Opy t demokratii v CSR pri Tomase Masaryke: koalicionnyj pluralism (1997); and T. G. Masaryk i rossijskaja intellektual'naja sreda. 1-11 (2005 , 2012). JOHN A. GOULD is Associate Professor of Political Science and Department Chair at Colorado College. He is author of The Politics of Privatization: Wealth and Power in Postcommunist Europe (Lynne Rienner, 2011 ). He has published articles in Business and Politics, Europe-Asia Studies, Comparative European Politics, Review of International Political Economy and Global Governance. Gould is an associate editor at the Journal of International Relations and Development and a member of the academic advisory board of the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. JURAJ HOCMAN, J.D. international law, Safarik University (Kosice), and M.A. , Comenius University (Bratislava), history and archival science; postgraduate diploma in international relations. �210 SLOVAKIA Posted as a diplomat in Rome. M.A., Carleton University (Ottawa), Ph.D. University of Ottawa. He recently published Slovakia from the Downfall of Communism to its Accession into the European Union, 1989-2004: The Re-Emergence of Political Parties and Democratic Institutions (Frankfurt am Main & New York: Peter Lang, 2011). He teaches at the Pan-European University in Bratislava. STEFAN KUCiK, is an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Education, Catholic University of Rufomberok. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of Presov. He is the author of Podiel americkych Slow:ikov na autonomistickom hnuti na Slovensku (1918 - 1938) (Martin, 201 I), as well as several articles in scholarly journals. Currently he is working on the international project Slovak and Czech Compatriot Movements in the USA in collaboration with Czech historians. ROMAN LICKO , Ph.D., Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. In 1997 he joined the Department of English and American Studies at the same university. A visiting Fulbright scholar at the University of Illinois (2002-2003), he researched the U.S. government's attitudes towards Slovakia and American Slovaks during WWII. In 2008 he published his dissertation- Pod dohl'adom spravodajskych slui ieb: Americka vlada a slovenska otazka v USA v rokoch 1939 - 1945. His second book, Nevitany host': Milan Hodia v dokumentoch americkej vlady 1941 - 1944 was published in 2010. CAROL SKALNIK LEFF is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois, Urbana. She received her Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University in 1979. Among her many publications are National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: the Making and Remaking of a State, 1918-1987 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988) and The Czech and Slovak Republics: Nation versus State (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997). �SLOVAKIA 211 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted in electronic format (stolarik@uottawa.ca), using either MicrosoftWord or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. ���THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak Ancestry Organized in 1907 DANIEL F. TANZONE President Dr. Mikulas A. Halko 1st Vice President W. NINA HOLY Secretary - Treasurer Vice Presidents Justine Wesnak 2nd Vice President Gabriel Kovac 3rd Vice President Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W. Nina Holy, John A. Holy, Eileen S. Wilson, John G. Duch, Esq., Stephanie Seigel, Dr. Ludovit J. Pavlo, Cynthia M. Maleski, Esq., Andrew M. Rajec, Larry M. Glugosh, Theresa M. Kluchinski, Sue Ann. M. Seich, David M. Blazek, Kenneth A. Arendt, Steven M. Pogorelec, F.I.C., Linda M. Strom, Mary Jo Savidge Milan Cuba, Youth Director Martha Catalano, Dr. Ladislav Korcek, Joseph Goda, Auditors SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S.A. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. McMurray, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania THE SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue � SLOVAKIA 209 CONTRIBUTORS KEVIN DEEGAN-KRAUSE has a Ph.D. in Government from the University of Notre Dame and is Associate Professor of Political Science at Wayne State University. He is the author of Elected Affinities: Democracy and Party Competition in Slovakia and the Czech Republic, (Stanford University Press, 2006), co-editor of The Structure of Political Competition in Western Europe (Routledge, 2010) and co-editor of the European Journal of Political Research 's Political Data Yearbook, with responsibility for its development as an interactive data-driven website. EVGENY F. FIRSOV graduated in history from the Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1975 and in 1979 was awarded the Candidate in Science degree. He is currently Professor of History at the same university. His research interests include T.G. Masaryk and M.R. Stefanik in Russia, the Czech and Slovak cause in Russia during the First World War, parliamentary democracy in the first Czechoslovak Republic and so on. He is the author of more than 140 articles and book chapters on Czech and Slovak history and some monographs, including Opy t demokratii v CSR pri Tomase Masaryke: koalicionnyj pluralism (1997); and T. G. Masaryk i rossijskaja intellektual'naja sreda. 1-11 (2005 , 2012). JOHN A. GOULD is Associate Professor of Political Science and Department Chair at Colorado College. He is author of The Politics of Privatization: Wealth and Power in Postcommunist Europe (Lynne Rienner, 2011 ). He has published articles in Business and Politics, Europe-Asia Studies, Comparative European Politics, Review of International Political Economy and Global Governance. Gould is an associate editor at the Journal of International Relations and Development and a member of the academic advisory board of the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. JURAJ HOCMAN, J.D. international law, Safarik University (Kosice), and M.A. , Comenius University (Bratislava), history and archival science; postgraduate diploma in international relations. �210 SLOVAKIA Posted as a diplomat in Rome. M.A., Carleton University (Ottawa), Ph.D. University of Ottawa. He recently published Slovakia from the Downfall of Communism to its Accession into the European Union, 1989-2004: The Re-Emergence of Political Parties and Democratic Institutions (Frankfurt am Main & New York: Peter Lang, 2011). He teaches at the Pan-European University in Bratislava. STEFAN KUCiK, is an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Education, Catholic University of Rufomberok. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of Presov. He is the author of Podiel americkych Slow:ikov na autonomistickom hnuti na Slovensku (1918 - 1938) (Martin, 201 I), as well as several articles in scholarly journals. Currently he is working on the international project Slovak and Czech Compatriot Movements in the USA in collaboration with Czech historians. ROMAN LICKO , Ph.D., Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. In 1997 he joined the Department of English and American Studies at the same university. A visiting Fulbright scholar at the University of Illinois (2002-2003), he researched the U.S. government's attitudes towards Slovakia and American Slovaks during WWII. In 2008 he published his dissertation- Pod dohl'adom spravodajskych slui ieb: Americka vlada a slovenska otazka v USA v rokoch 1939 - 1945. His second book, Nevitany host': Milan Hodia v dokumentoch americkej vlady 1941 - 1944 was published in 2010. CAROL SKALNIK LEFF is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois, Urbana. She received her Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University in 1979. Among her many publications are National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: the Making and Remaking of a State, 1918-1987 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988) and The Czech and Slovak Republics: Nation versus State (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997). �SLOVAKIA 211 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted in electronic format (stolarik@uottawa.ca), using either MicrosoftWord or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. ���THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak Ancestry Organized in 1907 DANIEL F. TANZONE President Dr. Mikulas A. Halko 1st Vice President W. NINA HOLY Secretary - Treasurer Vice Presidents Justine Wesnak 2nd Vice President Gabriel Kovac 3rd Vice President Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W. Nina Holy, John A. Holy, Eileen S. Wilson, John G. Duch, Esq., Stephanie Seigel, Dr. Ludovit J. Pavlo, Cynthia M. Maleski, Esq., Andrew M. Rajec, Larry M. Glugosh, Theresa M. Kluchinski, Sue Ann. M. Seich, David M. Blazek, Kenneth A. Arendt, Steven M. Pogorelec, F.I.C., Linda M. Strom, Mary Jo Savidge Milan Cuba, Youth Director Martha Catalano, Dr. Ladislav Korcek, Joseph Goda, Auditors SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S.A. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. McMurray, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania THE SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2013, Vol. 41 Description An account of the resource Vol. 41 (No. 76-77), 2013. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 209 CONTRIBUTORS KEVIN DEEGAN-KRAUSE has a Ph.D. in Government from the University of Notre Dame and is Associate Professor of Political Science at Wayne State University. He is the author of Elected Affinities: Democracy and Party Competition in Slovakia and the Czech Republic, (Stanford University Press, 2006), co-editor of The Structure of Political Competition in Western Europe (Routledge, 2010) and co-editor of the European Journal of Political Research 's Political Data Yearbook, with responsibility for its development as an interactive data-driven website. EVGENY F. FIRSOV graduated in history from the Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1975 and in 1979 was awarded the Candidate in Science degree. He is currently Professor of History at the same university. His research interests include T.G. Masaryk and M.R. Stefanik in Russia, the Czech and Slovak cause in Russia during the First World War, parliamentary democracy in the first Czechoslovak Republic and so on. He is the author of more than 140 articles and book chapters on Czech and Slovak history and some monographs, including Opy t demokratii v CSR pri Tomase Masaryke: koalicionnyj pluralism (1997); and T. G. Masaryk i rossijskaja intellektual'naja sreda. 1-11 (2005 , 2012). JOHN A. GOULD is Associate Professor of Political Science and Department Chair at Colorado College. He is author of The Politics of Privatization: Wealth and Power in Postcommunist Europe (Lynne Rienner, 2011 ). He has published articles in Business and Politics, Europe-Asia Studies, Comparative European Politics, Review of International Political Economy and Global Governance. Gould is an associate editor at the Journal of International Relations and Development and a member of the academic advisory board of the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. JURAJ HOCMAN, J.D. international law, Safarik University (Kosice), and M.A. , Comenius University (Bratislava), history and archival science; postgraduate diploma in international relations. 210 SLOVAKIA Posted as a diplomat in Rome. M.A., Carleton University (Ottawa), Ph.D. University of Ottawa. He recently published Slovakia from the Downfall of Communism to its Accession into the European Union, 1989-2004: The Re-Emergence of Political Parties and Democratic Institutions (Frankfurt am Main & New York: Peter Lang, 2011). He teaches at the Pan-European University in Bratislava. STEFAN KUCiK, is an Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Education, Catholic University of Rufomberok. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of Presov. He is the author of Podiel americkych Slow:ikov na autonomistickom hnuti na Slovensku (1918 - 1938) (Martin, 201 I), as well as several articles in scholarly journals. Currently he is working on the international project Slovak and Czech Compatriot Movements in the USA in collaboration with Czech historians. ROMAN LICKO , Ph.D., Matej Bel University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. In 1997 he joined the Department of English and American Studies at the same university. A visiting Fulbright scholar at the University of Illinois (2002-2003), he researched the U.S. government's attitudes towards Slovakia and American Slovaks during WWII. In 2008 he published his dissertation- Pod dohl'adom spravodajskych slui ieb: Americka vlada a slovenska otazka v USA v rokoch 1939 - 1945. His second book, Nevitany host': Milan Hodia v dokumentoch americkej vlady 1941 - 1944 was published in 2010. CAROL SKALNIK LEFF is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois, Urbana. She received her Ph.D. in Government from Harvard University in 1979. Among her many publications are National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: the Making and Remaking of a State, 1918-1987 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988) and The Czech and Slovak Republics: Nation versus State (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997). SLOVAKIA 211 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted in electronic format (stolarik@uottawa.ca), using either MicrosoftWord or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak Ancestry Organized in 1907 DANIEL F. TANZONE President Dr. Mikulas A. Halko 1st Vice President W. NINA HOLY Secretary - Treasurer Vice Presidents Justine Wesnak 2nd Vice President Gabriel Kovac 3rd Vice President Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W. Nina Holy, John A. Holy, Eileen S. Wilson, John G. Duch, Esq., Stephanie Seigel, Dr. Ludovit J. Pavlo, Cynthia M. Maleski, Esq., Andrew M. Rajec, Larry M. Glugosh, Theresa M. Kluchinski, Sue Ann. M. Seich, David M. Blazek, Kenneth A. Arendt, Steven M. Pogorelec, F.I.C., Linda M. Strom, Mary Jo Savidge Milan Cuba, Youth Director Martha Catalano, Dr. Ladislav Korcek, Joseph Goda, Auditors SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S.A. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. McMurray, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania THE SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 41 (No. 76-77) Description An account of the resource includes Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/cc7123542f80466fc86cc2b01b73390c.pdf f3ff830665ae007adbc865cdb11ab61e PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XL NUMBERS 74-75 2010 A scholarl y annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Ed itoria l Board MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinois PA TRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak Leag ue of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055 , USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions shou ld be sent to the above address . The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Ed itor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa .ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Cemova Massacre: Magyar Miscalculation, Slovak Gain Edita Bosak .............. ... .. ... ... .. .... ..... ..... ....... .. ..................... .......... . 7 Gustav Marshall-Petrovsky ( 1862-1916) Jan Petrovsky .. ..... ..... ............. ...... ....... .......... ........ .......... ........... 24 Andrej Hlinka's Journey to the USA in 1926 Stefan Kucik .. .... ....... ... .... ...... ... .. ........................ .. ......... ...... ....... 32 Jozef Stasko ( 1917-1999): His Life and Achievements Miroslav Chromek ... .................................... ........ ....................... 47 Rising Against Stalinism: De-Stalinization and the Reinterpretation of the Slovak National Uprising in Slovak Historiography of the 1960's Scott Brown ..... ........ ................ ....... ..... ........ ..... .. ....... .. .. ... .......... 60 Myths Regarding the Anti-Communist Resistance in Slovakia Jan Carnogursky ....................................... .. .. .. .... .......... .. .... .. .. ... 81 REVIEW ESSAY Slovak-Polish Relations Marcel Jesensky .................. ........... .... .... .......... ...... .. ..... ....... .. .... 95 REVIEWS Ludevit Stur, Nauka reci slovenskej Gerald J. Sabo ..... .... ....... ........ ................ .................................. 103 Andras Gero, The Jewish Criterion in Hungary Yeshayahu Jelinek ..................................................... ..... .. ....... . 106 �4 SLOVAKIA Miroslav Fabricius, Ladislav Susko and Katarina Hradska, eds., Tiso, Jozef Prejavy a clcinky Daniel E. Miller ........... ...... .............. ... ............ ......... ...... .... ....... l 08 Max Domarus, The Complete Hitler Vasil/is Vourkoutiotis .. ..................... ........ ....... ...... ....... ............ 113 James R. Pelak, After Hitler, Before Stalin M Mark Stolarik .. ............ ... ..... .... ....... ........ ......... ...... ... .. .......... 114 Edward Snajdr, Nature Protests Jura) Hocman .......... .. ..................... .. ........... .. .. ......................... 117 Contributors .... ... .. .............. ................... ............... ............ .. .............. 120 Guidelines for Manuscripts ........ ......... ... ......... ......... .... .. .. ........... .... 122 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XL NUMBERS 74-75 2010 A scholarl y annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Ed itoria l Board MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinois PA TRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak Leag ue of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055 , USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions shou ld be sent to the above address . The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Ed itor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa .ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Cemova Massacre: Magyar Miscalculation, Slovak Gain Edita Bosak .............. ... .. ... ... .. .... ..... ..... ....... .. ..................... .......... . 7 Gustav Marshall-Petrovsky ( 1862-1916) Jan Petrovsky .. ..... ..... ............. ...... ....... .......... ........ .......... ........... 24 Andrej Hlinka's Journey to the USA in 1926 Stefan Kucik .. .... ....... ... .... ...... ... .. ........................ .. ......... ...... ....... 32 Jozef Stasko ( 1917-1999): His Life and Achievements Miroslav Chromek ... .................................... ........ ....................... 47 Rising Against Stalinism: De-Stalinization and the Reinterpretation of the Slovak National Uprising in Slovak Historiography of the 1960's Scott Brown ..... ........ ................ ....... ..... ........ ..... .. ....... .. .. ... .......... 60 Myths Regarding the Anti-Communist Resistance in Slovakia Jan Carnogursky ....................................... .. .. .. .... .......... .. .... .. .. ... 81 REVIEW ESSAY Slovak-Polish Relations Marcel Jesensky .................. ........... .... .... .......... ...... .. ..... ....... .. .... 95 REVIEWS Ludevit Stur, Nauka reci slovenskej Gerald J. Sabo ..... .... ....... ........ ................ .................................. 103 Andras Gero, The Jewish Criterion in Hungary Yeshayahu Jelinek ..................................................... ..... .. ....... . 106 �4 SLOVAKIA Miroslav Fabricius, Ladislav Susko and Katarina Hradska, eds., Tiso, Jozef Prejavy a clcinky Daniel E. Miller ........... ...... .............. ... ............ ......... ...... .... ....... l 08 Max Domarus, The Complete Hitler Vasil/is Vourkoutiotis .. ..................... ........ ....... ...... ....... ............ 113 James R. Pelak, After Hitler, Before Stalin M Mark Stolarik .. ............ ... ..... .... ....... ........ ......... ...... ... .. .......... 114 Edward Snajdr, Nature Protests Jura) Hocman .......... .. ..................... .. ........... .. .. ......................... 117 Contributors .... ... .. .............. ................... ............... ............ .. .............. 120 Guidelines for Manuscripts ........ ......... ... ......... ......... .... .. .. ........... .... 122 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2010, Vol. 40 Description An account of the resource Vol. 40 (No. 74-75), 2010. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XL NUMBERS 74-75 2010 A scholarl y annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Ed itoria l Board MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinois PA TRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak Leag ue of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055 , USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions shou ld be sent to the above address . The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Ed itor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa .ca Table of Contents ARTICLES The Cemova Massacre: Magyar Miscalculation, Slovak Gain Edita Bosak .............. ... .. ... ... .. .... ..... ..... ....... .. ..................... .......... . 7 Gustav Marshall-Petrovsky ( 1862-1916) Jan Petrovsky .. ..... ..... ............. ...... ....... .......... ........ .......... ........... 24 Andrej Hlinka's Journey to the USA in 1926 Stefan Kucik .. .... ....... ... .... ...... ... .. ........................ .. ......... ...... ....... 32 Jozef Stasko ( 1917-1999): His Life and Achievements Miroslav Chromek ... .................................... ........ ....................... 47 Rising Against Stalinism: De-Stalinization and the Reinterpretation of the Slovak National Uprising in Slovak Historiography of the 1960's Scott Brown ..... ........ ................ ....... ..... ........ ..... .. ....... .. .. ... .......... 60 Myths Regarding the Anti-Communist Resistance in Slovakia Jan Carnogursky ....................................... .. .. .. .... .......... .. .... .. .. ... 81 REVIEW ESSAY Slovak-Polish Relations Marcel Jesensky .................. ........... .... .... .......... ...... .. ..... ....... .. .... 95 REVIEWS Ludevit Stur, Nauka reci slovenskej Gerald J. Sabo ..... .... ....... ........ ................ .................................. 103 Andras Gero, The Jewish Criterion in Hungary Yeshayahu Jelinek ..................................................... ..... .. ....... . 106 4 SLOVAKIA Miroslav Fabricius, Ladislav Susko and Katarina Hradska, eds., Tiso, Jozef Prejavy a clcinky Daniel E. Miller ........... ...... .............. ... ............ ......... ...... .... ....... l 08 Max Domarus, The Complete Hitler Vasil/is Vourkoutiotis .. ..................... ........ ....... ...... ....... ............ 113 James R. Pelak, After Hitler, Before Stalin M Mark Stolarik .. ............ ... ..... .... ....... ........ ......... ...... ... .. .......... 114 Edward Snajdr, Nature Protests Jura) Hocman .......... .. ..................... .. ........... .. .. ......................... 117 Contributors .... ... .. .............. ................... ............... ............ .. .............. 120 Guidelines for Manuscripts ........ ......... ... ......... ......... .... .. .. ........... .... 122 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 40 (No. 74-75) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/b4134cbe012ed95da160e500b7f956ce.pdf 5a5fd563ab9b0ecff7c73ad92c80a00b PDF Text Text 120 SLOVAKIA CONTRIBUTORS EDITA BOSAK is an Associate Professor of History at Memorial University of Newfoundland. She is a specialist in I 8th and 19 th Slovak and Central European history, and she has published many articles in this field, as well as on the contemporary Czech and Slovak Roma. At present she is preparing a monograph on Slovak nationalism and Czech-Slovak relations . SCOTT BROWN received his Ph.D. in history from the University of Washington in 2010. He specializes in the Slovak question in the 1960's. He has published articles on such topics as the federalization debate of 1968 and the parallels between the Czechoslovak Spring and the Velvet Divorce. His current research is focused on Communist-era political cartoons in East-Central Europe. JAN CARNOGURSKY was Minister of Justice of the Slovak Republic from 1998 to 2002. Educated as an attorney (Comenius University, Bratislava, 1971), he specialized in defending political prisoners in communist Czechoslovakia. Disbarred for political reasons in 1981 , Carnogursky became a taxi driver but in 1987 the government forbade him to do even that. In 1988 he started to publish the underground weekly Bratislavske listy, for which he was arrested in 1989. Freed during the "Velet Revolution" of 1989, he was catapulted to the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia. In March of 1990 he founded the Christian Democratic Movement in Slovakia and Chaired that party until 2002. Meanwhile, he served as Deputy Prime Minister of the Slovak Republic in 1990-1991 and as Prime Minister from 1991 to 1992. During 19921998 he served (in opposition) as a deputy in the Slovak Parliament. He is now retired from politics and practices law in Bratislava. �SLOVAKIA 121 MIROSLA V CHROMEK received his M.A. from Comenius University in Bratislava in 2008. He wrote his thesis on the Slovak intellectual and politician Jozef Stasko. He hopes to continue doing research on Slovak emigres in the West after World War II. STEFAN KUCIK, Paed.Dr., is a Lecturer in the Faculty of Education, Catholic University of Ruzomberok, Slovak Republic. He specializes in Slovak history and the history of American and Canadian Slovaks. He is currently completing his Ph.D. at the University of Presov on "The Participation of American and Canadian Slovaks in the Autonomist Movement in Slovakia in 1918 - 1938." JAN PETROVSKY, is an Assistant Lecturer at the Catholic University of Ruzomberok. He wrote his M.A. thesis on Slovak Emigration to North America in the late 19 th and Early 20 th centuries. He is currently teaching English and history at the same university. �122 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted as one hard copy and one in electronic format, using either MicrosoftWord or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak Ancestry Organized in 1907 DANIEL F. TANZONE President W. NINA HOLY Secretary - Treasurer Vice Presidents Gabriel Kovac Martha Kona Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W. Nina Holy, John A. Holy, Eileen S. Wilson, John G. Duch, Esq., Stephanie Seigel, Dr. Ludwig J. Pavlo, Andrew M. Rajec, Mary Ann S. Johanek, Esq., Larry M. Glugosh, Theresa M. Kluchinski, David M. Blazek, Kenneth A. Arendt, Steven M. Pogorelec, Irene J. Drotleff, Justine Wesnak Milan Cuba Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S.A. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. McMurray, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania THE SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue � 120 SLOVAKIA CONTRIBUTORS EDITA BOSAK is an Associate Professor of History at Memorial University of Newfoundland. She is a specialist in I 8th and 19 th Slovak and Central European history, and she has published many articles in this field, as well as on the contemporary Czech and Slovak Roma. At present she is preparing a monograph on Slovak nationalism and Czech-Slovak relations . SCOTT BROWN received his Ph.D. in history from the University of Washington in 2010. He specializes in the Slovak question in the 1960's. He has published articles on such topics as the federalization debate of 1968 and the parallels between the Czechoslovak Spring and the Velvet Divorce. His current research is focused on Communist-era political cartoons in East-Central Europe. JAN CARNOGURSKY was Minister of Justice of the Slovak Republic from 1998 to 2002. Educated as an attorney (Comenius University, Bratislava, 1971), he specialized in defending political prisoners in communist Czechoslovakia. Disbarred for political reasons in 1981 , Carnogursky became a taxi driver but in 1987 the government forbade him to do even that. In 1988 he started to publish the underground weekly Bratislavske listy, for which he was arrested in 1989. Freed during the "Velet Revolution" of 1989, he was catapulted to the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia. In March of 1990 he founded the Christian Democratic Movement in Slovakia and Chaired that party until 2002. Meanwhile, he served as Deputy Prime Minister of the Slovak Republic in 1990-1991 and as Prime Minister from 1991 to 1992. During 19921998 he served (in opposition) as a deputy in the Slovak Parliament. He is now retired from politics and practices law in Bratislava. �SLOVAKIA 121 MIROSLA V CHROMEK received his M.A. from Comenius University in Bratislava in 2008. He wrote his thesis on the Slovak intellectual and politician Jozef Stasko. He hopes to continue doing research on Slovak emigres in the West after World War II. STEFAN KUCIK, Paed.Dr., is a Lecturer in the Faculty of Education, Catholic University of Ruzomberok, Slovak Republic. He specializes in Slovak history and the history of American and Canadian Slovaks. He is currently completing his Ph.D. at the University of Presov on "The Participation of American and Canadian Slovaks in the Autonomist Movement in Slovakia in 1918 - 1938." JAN PETROVSKY, is an Assistant Lecturer at the Catholic University of Ruzomberok. He wrote his M.A. thesis on Slovak Emigration to North America in the late 19 th and Early 20 th centuries. He is currently teaching English and history at the same university. �122 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted as one hard copy and one in electronic format, using either MicrosoftWord or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak Ancestry Organized in 1907 DANIEL F. TANZONE President W. NINA HOLY Secretary - Treasurer Vice Presidents Gabriel Kovac Martha Kona Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W. Nina Holy, John A. Holy, Eileen S. Wilson, John G. Duch, Esq., Stephanie Seigel, Dr. Ludwig J. Pavlo, Andrew M. Rajec, Mary Ann S. Johanek, Esq., Larry M. Glugosh, Theresa M. Kluchinski, David M. Blazek, Kenneth A. Arendt, Steven M. Pogorelec, Irene J. Drotleff, Justine Wesnak Milan Cuba Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S.A. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. McMurray, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania THE SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2010, Vol. 40 Description An account of the resource Vol. 40 (No. 74-75), 2010. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 120 SLOVAKIA CONTRIBUTORS EDITA BOSAK is an Associate Professor of History at Memorial University of Newfoundland. She is a specialist in I 8th and 19 th Slovak and Central European history, and she has published many articles in this field, as well as on the contemporary Czech and Slovak Roma. At present she is preparing a monograph on Slovak nationalism and Czech-Slovak relations . SCOTT BROWN received his Ph.D. in history from the University of Washington in 2010. He specializes in the Slovak question in the 1960's. He has published articles on such topics as the federalization debate of 1968 and the parallels between the Czechoslovak Spring and the Velvet Divorce. His current research is focused on Communist-era political cartoons in East-Central Europe. JAN CARNOGURSKY was Minister of Justice of the Slovak Republic from 1998 to 2002. Educated as an attorney (Comenius University, Bratislava, 1971), he specialized in defending political prisoners in communist Czechoslovakia. Disbarred for political reasons in 1981 , Carnogursky became a taxi driver but in 1987 the government forbade him to do even that. In 1988 he started to publish the underground weekly Bratislavske listy, for which he was arrested in 1989. Freed during the "Velet Revolution" of 1989, he was catapulted to the position of Deputy Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia. In March of 1990 he founded the Christian Democratic Movement in Slovakia and Chaired that party until 2002. Meanwhile, he served as Deputy Prime Minister of the Slovak Republic in 1990-1991 and as Prime Minister from 1991 to 1992. During 19921998 he served (in opposition) as a deputy in the Slovak Parliament. He is now retired from politics and practices law in Bratislava. SLOVAKIA 121 MIROSLA V CHROMEK received his M.A. from Comenius University in Bratislava in 2008. He wrote his thesis on the Slovak intellectual and politician Jozef Stasko. He hopes to continue doing research on Slovak emigres in the West after World War II. STEFAN KUCIK, Paed.Dr., is a Lecturer in the Faculty of Education, Catholic University of Ruzomberok, Slovak Republic. He specializes in Slovak history and the history of American and Canadian Slovaks. He is currently completing his Ph.D. at the University of Presov on "The Participation of American and Canadian Slovaks in the Autonomist Movement in Slovakia in 1918 - 1938." JAN PETROVSKY, is an Assistant Lecturer at the Catholic University of Ruzomberok. He wrote his M.A. thesis on Slovak Emigration to North America in the late 19 th and Early 20 th centuries. He is currently teaching English and history at the same university. 122 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be typed double-spaced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted as one hard copy and one in electronic format, using either MicrosoftWord or WordPerfect. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak Ancestry Organized in 1907 DANIEL F. TANZONE President W. NINA HOLY Secretary - Treasurer Vice Presidents Gabriel Kovac Martha Kona Executive Board Daniel F. Tanzone, W. Nina Holy, John A. Holy, Eileen S. Wilson, John G. Duch, Esq., Stephanie Seigel, Dr. Ludwig J. Pavlo, Andrew M. Rajec, Mary Ann S. Johanek, Esq., Larry M. Glugosh, Theresa M. Kluchinski, David M. Blazek, Kenneth A. Arendt, Steven M. Pogorelec, Irene J. Drotleff, Justine Wesnak Milan Cuba Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S.A. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. McMurray, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania THE SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 40 (No. 74-75) Description An account of the resource includes Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/f0178ed3bde688ca66bfd471db259fb7.pdf 7ce99fb1536f60761be9983cd8ba8cb4 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA NUMBERS 72-73 2007 VOLUME XXXIX A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLAR IK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROB ERT K. EV ANSON Uni ve rsity of Mi ssouri MI C HAEL NOVAK American Enterpri se Institute PETER PETRO Uni ve rsity of Briti sh Co lumbi a JAM ES R. FELAK Uni ve rsity of Washington PATRICIA KRAFC IK The Evergreen State Co llege C AROLS . LEFF University of Illinoi s Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madi son Street Passa ic, NJ 07055 , USA Inquiries regardin g subscripti ons should be sent to the above address. The cost of a sing le issue is $ 10.00 Manuscripts fo r possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, epean, Ontario, Canada , K2J 3Z7 sto larik@ uot tawa.ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Slovak League of America and the Canadian Slovak League in the Struggle for the Self-Determination of the Nation , 1907-1992 M. M ark Stolarik ....... ..... ........................... ......... .......... .......... ...... ... 7 Slovak Partizan Commanders in World War II: The Case of Josef Trojan R. Vladimir Baumgarten .......................... ......... ................... ... ...... 36 Czechoslovakia 1945-1950: A Failure of Intelligence Igor Lukes ................. .. .. ........................... ............................... ....... 50 Janosfk as a Symbol of Freedom in Communist Slovakia Patricia A. Krafcik ............. .............................. .......................... .... 63 A Highway man' s Life: Extant Documents About Janosfk Martin Votruba .. ..... .... .......... ............ .. ............. ... .. ...... ................... 81 The I 988 Pilgrimage at Velehrad : Slovak Catholics and the Creation of a Public Space David Doe/linger ......................... ......................... ................ ......... 99 REVIEW ESSAYS Subcarpathian Rus' and the New Slovak Historiography Paul Robert Magocsi ....................... .................. ................. ......... 119 Zbornfk Filozofickej fakulty Univerzity Komenskeho, PHILOLOGICA LX Jan Simko ..... ............ .. ............................. .. ...... ... ...... ............... ..... 123 �4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Jan Steinhtibel, Nitriansk e knieiatstvo M. Mark Stolarik ................................ .... .. .... ... ... .................... ..... 131 Dusan Kovac et. al. , Na zaciatku storocia, 1901-1 914 Gregory C. Ference ....... .... ................ .................. .... .................... 132 Ivan A. Petransky, Stat a katolfcka cirkev na Slovensku, 1945- 1946 Jam es Ram on Pelak ............ ...................... ............... .............. ...... 134 Anton Hykisch, Ak o chutf politika Marcel Jesenskf ............. .............. .......... .... ..... ... ........ ................ . 136 Jan Rychlik, R ozpad Ceskoslovenska Jura} Hocman ........ ......... ....... ................................... ....... ..... .. ...... 138 Contributors ........ ............. ...... ....... .... .... ...... ... ................... .... .............. 14 1 Guidelines for Manuscripts ........... ........................ .. .......... ................. 143 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA NUMBERS 72-73 2007 VOLUME XXXIX A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLAR IK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROB ERT K. EV ANSON Uni ve rsity of Mi ssouri MI C HAEL NOVAK American Enterpri se Institute PETER PETRO Uni ve rsity of Briti sh Co lumbi a JAM ES R. FELAK Uni ve rsity of Washington PATRICIA KRAFC IK The Evergreen State Co llege C AROLS . LEFF University of Illinoi s Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madi son Street Passa ic, NJ 07055 , USA Inquiries regardin g subscripti ons should be sent to the above address. The cost of a sing le issue is $ 10.00 Manuscripts fo r possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, epean, Ontario, Canada , K2J 3Z7 sto larik@ uot tawa.ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Slovak League of America and the Canadian Slovak League in the Struggle for the Self-Determination of the Nation , 1907-1992 M. M ark Stolarik ....... ..... ........................... ......... .......... .......... ...... ... 7 Slovak Partizan Commanders in World War II: The Case of Josef Trojan R. Vladimir Baumgarten .......................... ......... ................... ... ...... 36 Czechoslovakia 1945-1950: A Failure of Intelligence Igor Lukes ................. .. .. ........................... ............................... ....... 50 Janosfk as a Symbol of Freedom in Communist Slovakia Patricia A. Krafcik ............. .............................. .......................... .... 63 A Highway man' s Life: Extant Documents About Janosfk Martin Votruba .. ..... .... .......... ............ .. ............. ... .. ...... ................... 81 The I 988 Pilgrimage at Velehrad : Slovak Catholics and the Creation of a Public Space David Doe/linger ......................... ......................... ................ ......... 99 REVIEW ESSAYS Subcarpathian Rus' and the New Slovak Historiography Paul Robert Magocsi ....................... .................. ................. ......... 119 Zbornfk Filozofickej fakulty Univerzity Komenskeho, PHILOLOGICA LX Jan Simko ..... ............ .. ............................. .. ...... ... ...... ............... ..... 123 �4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Jan Steinhtibel, Nitriansk e knieiatstvo M. Mark Stolarik ................................ .... .. .... ... ... .................... ..... 131 Dusan Kovac et. al. , Na zaciatku storocia, 1901-1 914 Gregory C. Ference ....... .... ................ .................. .... .................... 132 Ivan A. Petransky, Stat a katolfcka cirkev na Slovensku, 1945- 1946 Jam es Ram on Pelak ............ ...................... ............... .............. ...... 134 Anton Hykisch, Ak o chutf politika Marcel Jesenskf ............. .............. .......... .... ..... ... ........ ................ . 136 Jan Rychlik, R ozpad Ceskoslovenska Jura} Hocman ........ ......... ....... ................................... ....... ..... .. ...... 138 Contributors ........ ............. ...... ....... .... .... ...... ... ................... .... .............. 14 1 Guidelines for Manuscripts ........... ........................ .. .......... ................. 143 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2007, Vol. 39 Description An account of the resource Vol. 39 (No. 72-73), 2007. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA NUMBERS 72-73 2007 VOLUME XXXIX A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLAR IK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROB ERT K. EV ANSON Uni ve rsity of Mi ssouri MI C HAEL NOVAK American Enterpri se Institute PETER PETRO Uni ve rsity of Briti sh Co lumbi a JAM ES R. FELAK Uni ve rsity of Washington PATRICIA KRAFC IK The Evergreen State Co llege C AROLS . LEFF University of Illinoi s Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madi son Street Passa ic, NJ 07055 , USA Inquiries regardin g subscripti ons should be sent to the above address. The cost of a sing le issue is $ 10.00 Manuscripts fo r possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, epean, Ontario, Canada , K2J 3Z7 sto larik@ uot tawa.ca Table of Contents ARTICLES The Slovak League of America and the Canadian Slovak League in the Struggle for the Self-Determination of the Nation , 1907-1992 M. M ark Stolarik ....... ..... ........................... ......... .......... .......... ...... ... 7 Slovak Partizan Commanders in World War II: The Case of Josef Trojan R. Vladimir Baumgarten .......................... ......... ................... ... ...... 36 Czechoslovakia 1945-1950: A Failure of Intelligence Igor Lukes ................. .. .. ........................... ............................... ....... 50 Janosfk as a Symbol of Freedom in Communist Slovakia Patricia A. Krafcik ............. .............................. .......................... .... 63 A Highway man' s Life: Extant Documents About Janosfk Martin Votruba .. ..... .... .......... ............ .. ............. ... .. ...... ................... 81 The I 988 Pilgrimage at Velehrad : Slovak Catholics and the Creation of a Public Space David Doe/linger ......................... ......................... ................ ......... 99 REVIEW ESSAYS Subcarpathian Rus' and the New Slovak Historiography Paul Robert Magocsi ....................... .................. ................. ......... 119 Zbornfk Filozofickej fakulty Univerzity Komenskeho, PHILOLOGICA LX Jan Simko ..... ............ .. ............................. .. ...... ... ...... ............... ..... 123 4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Jan Steinhtibel, Nitriansk e knieiatstvo M. Mark Stolarik ................................ .... .. .... ... ... .................... ..... 131 Dusan Kovac et. al. , Na zaciatku storocia, 1901-1 914 Gregory C. Ference ....... .... ................ .................. .... .................... 132 Ivan A. Petransky, Stat a katolfcka cirkev na Slovensku, 1945- 1946 Jam es Ram on Pelak ............ ...................... ............... .............. ...... 134 Anton Hykisch, Ak o chutf politika Marcel Jesenskf ............. .............. .......... .... ..... ... ........ ................ . 136 Jan Rychlik, R ozpad Ceskoslovenska Jura} Hocman ........ ......... ....... ................................... ....... ..... .. ...... 138 Contributors ........ ............. ...... ....... .... .... ...... ... ................... .... .............. 14 1 Guidelines for Manuscripts ........... ........................ .. .......... ................. 143 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 39 (No. 72-73) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/6f28d140a4a7671aa310bb9eb9cdca00.pdf 32c11d50197ea3dea58a565151e1be3a PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 141 CONTRIBUTORS R. VLADIMIR BAUMGARTEN earned his Ph .D. in the history of East Central Europe from the Florida State University. He is an independent scholar who co-authored The National Slovak Society: a JOO Year History (Pittsburgh, 1990), and has published articles on the Slovak role in the Revolutions of 1848-49 and on the Slovak National Uprising. DAVID DOELLINGER is an Assistant Professor of History at Western Oregon University. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh in 2002. He is currently revising for publication his dissertation: From Prayers to Protests: The Impact of Religiousbased Dissent in the Emergence of Civil Society in Slovakia and the German Democratic Republic. PATRICIA A. KRAFCIK is Associate Professor of Russian Language and Literature at the Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington. Her scholarly presentations and publications have been in Slavic folklore, particularly Russian, Slovak, and Carpatho-Rusyn . IGOR LUKES is a University Professor and a Professor of History and International Affairs at Boston University. He is also an Associate of the Davis Center at Harvard University. Among his many publications is the award-wi nning Czechoslovakia Between Stalin and Hitler: The Diplomacy of Edvard Benes in the 193O's (New York: Oxford , I 996) and, more recently, Rudolf Slansky: His Trials and Trial (Washington , DC: Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars, 2006). PAUL ROBERT MAGOCSI is Professor of History and Political Science and holder of the Chair in Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto. He is the foremost expert on Ru sy ns in the world, having published numerous books and articles about them. He was also research editor of the Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1975-1978), and editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples ( 1999). �142 SLOVAKIA JAN SIMKO received hi s PhDr. in English from the Slovak University in 1944, and taught this subject, with brief interruptions, at the renamed Comenius University until 1967 . He studied at the Folger Shakespeare Library and, after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, he remained in the United States, where he taught Slovak at various educational institutions. He is the author of the comprehensive English Slovak Dictionary (Wauconda, II, 1989) and of numerous artic les in Narodny Kalendar (Pittsburgh). M. MARK STOLARIK is Professor of History and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Cu lture at the University of Ottawa. He specializes in the hi story of Slovak immigration to North America and has published many books and articles in thi s field, including Growing Up on the South Side: Three Generations of Slovaks in Bethlehem, Penn sylvania , 1880-1976 ( 1985 ) and Immigra tion and Urbanization: The Slovak Experience , 1870-1918 ( 1989). He is c urrent ly writing Where i s my Homeland ? A Slovak Odyssey Thmugh the 2(Jh Centwy. MARTIN VOTRUBA is Director of the Slovak Studies Program in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of Pittsburgh. The image of Janosik is part of hi s current research and teaching projects, which include editing a special iss ue on Slovak filmmaking for KinoKultura and a dictionary for American learners of Slovak. �SLOVAKIA 143 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manu scripts for poss ible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normall y not exceed twenty-five pages in length , should be typed doubl e-s paced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted as one hard copy and one in e lectronic format, using e ither MicrosoftWord or WordPerfec t. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago M anual of Style. Proper orthography and di acritical marks mu st be supplied for all foreign words. Manu sc ripts wi ll not be returned unle ss specifical ly requested and postage is provided. Boo ks for review are to be se nt to the editor. Unsolicited book rev iews are not encouraged. ���THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak Ancestry Organized in 1907 W. NINA HOLY Secretary - Treasurer DANIEL F. TANZONE President Vice Presidents Dr. L. P. Hinterbuchner Martha Kana Gabriel Kovac Executive Board Daniel F, Tanzone , W. Nina Holy, John A. Holy, Eileen S. Wilson, John G. Duch , Esq ., Stephanie Seigel , Dr. Ludwig J. Pavlo, Andrew M. Rajec, Mary Ann S. Johanek, Esq. , Larry M. Glugosh , Theresa M. Kluchinski, David M. Blazek, John Yuhas, Kenneth A. Arendt, Steven M. Pogorelec, Irene J. Drotleff, Dr. L. P. Hinterbuchner Milan Cuba Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood , Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S.A. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. McMurray, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania THE SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN 'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue � SLOVAKIA 141 CONTRIBUTORS R. VLADIMIR BAUMGARTEN earned his Ph .D. in the history of East Central Europe from the Florida State University. He is an independent scholar who co-authored The National Slovak Society: a JOO Year History (Pittsburgh, 1990), and has published articles on the Slovak role in the Revolutions of 1848-49 and on the Slovak National Uprising. DAVID DOELLINGER is an Assistant Professor of History at Western Oregon University. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh in 2002. He is currently revising for publication his dissertation: From Prayers to Protests: The Impact of Religiousbased Dissent in the Emergence of Civil Society in Slovakia and the German Democratic Republic. PATRICIA A. KRAFCIK is Associate Professor of Russian Language and Literature at the Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington. Her scholarly presentations and publications have been in Slavic folklore, particularly Russian, Slovak, and Carpatho-Rusyn . IGOR LUKES is a University Professor and a Professor of History and International Affairs at Boston University. He is also an Associate of the Davis Center at Harvard University. Among his many publications is the award-wi nning Czechoslovakia Between Stalin and Hitler: The Diplomacy of Edvard Benes in the 193O's (New York: Oxford , I 996) and, more recently, Rudolf Slansky: His Trials and Trial (Washington , DC: Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars, 2006). PAUL ROBERT MAGOCSI is Professor of History and Political Science and holder of the Chair in Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto. He is the foremost expert on Ru sy ns in the world, having published numerous books and articles about them. He was also research editor of the Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1975-1978), and editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples ( 1999). �142 SLOVAKIA JAN SIMKO received hi s PhDr. in English from the Slovak University in 1944, and taught this subject, with brief interruptions, at the renamed Comenius University until 1967 . He studied at the Folger Shakespeare Library and, after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, he remained in the United States, where he taught Slovak at various educational institutions. He is the author of the comprehensive English Slovak Dictionary (Wauconda, II, 1989) and of numerous artic les in Narodny Kalendar (Pittsburgh). M. MARK STOLARIK is Professor of History and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Cu lture at the University of Ottawa. He specializes in the hi story of Slovak immigration to North America and has published many books and articles in thi s field, including Growing Up on the South Side: Three Generations of Slovaks in Bethlehem, Penn sylvania , 1880-1976 ( 1985 ) and Immigra tion and Urbanization: The Slovak Experience , 1870-1918 ( 1989). He is c urrent ly writing Where i s my Homeland ? A Slovak Odyssey Thmugh the 2(Jh Centwy. MARTIN VOTRUBA is Director of the Slovak Studies Program in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of Pittsburgh. The image of Janosik is part of hi s current research and teaching projects, which include editing a special iss ue on Slovak filmmaking for KinoKultura and a dictionary for American learners of Slovak. �SLOVAKIA 143 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manu scripts for poss ible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normall y not exceed twenty-five pages in length , should be typed doubl e-s paced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted as one hard copy and one in e lectronic format, using e ither MicrosoftWord or WordPerfec t. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago M anual of Style. Proper orthography and di acritical marks mu st be supplied for all foreign words. Manu sc ripts wi ll not be returned unle ss specifical ly requested and postage is provided. Boo ks for review are to be se nt to the editor. Unsolicited book rev iews are not encouraged. ���THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak Ancestry Organized in 1907 W. NINA HOLY Secretary - Treasurer DANIEL F. TANZONE President Vice Presidents Dr. L. P. Hinterbuchner Martha Kana Gabriel Kovac Executive Board Daniel F, Tanzone , W. Nina Holy, John A. Holy, Eileen S. Wilson, John G. Duch , Esq ., Stephanie Seigel , Dr. Ludwig J. Pavlo, Andrew M. Rajec, Mary Ann S. Johanek, Esq. , Larry M. Glugosh , Theresa M. Kluchinski, David M. Blazek, John Yuhas, Kenneth A. Arendt, Steven M. Pogorelec, Irene J. Drotleff, Dr. L. P. Hinterbuchner Milan Cuba Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood , Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S.A. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. McMurray, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania THE SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN 'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2007, Vol. 39 Description An account of the resource Vol. 39 (No. 72-73), 2007. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 141 CONTRIBUTORS R. VLADIMIR BAUMGARTEN earned his Ph .D. in the history of East Central Europe from the Florida State University. He is an independent scholar who co-authored The National Slovak Society: a JOO Year History (Pittsburgh, 1990), and has published articles on the Slovak role in the Revolutions of 1848-49 and on the Slovak National Uprising. DAVID DOELLINGER is an Assistant Professor of History at Western Oregon University. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh in 2002. He is currently revising for publication his dissertation: From Prayers to Protests: The Impact of Religiousbased Dissent in the Emergence of Civil Society in Slovakia and the German Democratic Republic. PATRICIA A. KRAFCIK is Associate Professor of Russian Language and Literature at the Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington. Her scholarly presentations and publications have been in Slavic folklore, particularly Russian, Slovak, and Carpatho-Rusyn . IGOR LUKES is a University Professor and a Professor of History and International Affairs at Boston University. He is also an Associate of the Davis Center at Harvard University. Among his many publications is the award-wi nning Czechoslovakia Between Stalin and Hitler: The Diplomacy of Edvard Benes in the 193O's (New York: Oxford , I 996) and, more recently, Rudolf Slansky: His Trials and Trial (Washington , DC: Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars, 2006). PAUL ROBERT MAGOCSI is Professor of History and Political Science and holder of the Chair in Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto. He is the foremost expert on Ru sy ns in the world, having published numerous books and articles about them. He was also research editor of the Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1975-1978), and editor-in-chief of the Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples ( 1999). 142 SLOVAKIA JAN SIMKO received hi s PhDr. in English from the Slovak University in 1944, and taught this subject, with brief interruptions, at the renamed Comenius University until 1967 . He studied at the Folger Shakespeare Library and, after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, he remained in the United States, where he taught Slovak at various educational institutions. He is the author of the comprehensive English Slovak Dictionary (Wauconda, II, 1989) and of numerous artic les in Narodny Kalendar (Pittsburgh). M. MARK STOLARIK is Professor of History and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Cu lture at the University of Ottawa. He specializes in the hi story of Slovak immigration to North America and has published many books and articles in thi s field, including Growing Up on the South Side: Three Generations of Slovaks in Bethlehem, Penn sylvania , 1880-1976 ( 1985 ) and Immigra tion and Urbanization: The Slovak Experience , 1870-1918 ( 1989). He is c urrent ly writing Where i s my Homeland ? A Slovak Odyssey Thmugh the 2(Jh Centwy. MARTIN VOTRUBA is Director of the Slovak Studies Program in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures at the University of Pittsburgh. The image of Janosik is part of hi s current research and teaching projects, which include editing a special iss ue on Slovak filmmaking for KinoKultura and a dictionary for American learners of Slovak. SLOVAKIA 143 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manu scripts for poss ible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normall y not exceed twenty-five pages in length , should be typed doubl e-s paced, should include footnotes at the bottom of the page, and should be submitted as one hard copy and one in e lectronic format, using e ither MicrosoftWord or WordPerfec t. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago M anual of Style. Proper orthography and di acritical marks mu st be supplied for all foreign words. Manu sc ripts wi ll not be returned unle ss specifical ly requested and postage is provided. Boo ks for review are to be se nt to the editor. Unsolicited book rev iews are not encouraged. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA A civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak Ancestry Organized in 1907 W. NINA HOLY Secretary - Treasurer DANIEL F. TANZONE President Vice Presidents Dr. L. P. Hinterbuchner Martha Kana Gabriel Kovac Executive Board Daniel F, Tanzone , W. Nina Holy, John A. Holy, Eileen S. Wilson, John G. Duch , Esq ., Stephanie Seigel , Dr. Ludwig J. Pavlo, Andrew M. Rajec, Mary Ann S. Johanek, Esq. , Larry M. Glugosh , Theresa M. Kluchinski, David M. Blazek, John Yuhas, Kenneth A. Arendt, Steven M. Pogorelec, Irene J. Drotleff, Dr. L. P. Hinterbuchner Milan Cuba Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood , Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S.A. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. McMurray, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes - Barre, Pennsylvania THE SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN 'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 39 (No. 72-73) Description An account of the resource includes Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/0b2415ed1b61d4bf0561f761618c2207.pdf 3c22ea88b7ad0043e61efa6ed647ef36 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXVIII 2005 NUMBERS 70-71 A schol arl y annu al devoted to the hi story, literature and c ulture of the Slovaks the wo rld over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EV ANSON Univers ity of Mi ssouri PET ER PETRO University of Briti sh Columbia MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise In stitute CAROLS . LEFF Uni vers ity of Illino is JAMES R. FELAK Uni ve rsity of Washingto n PATRICIA KR A FCIK The Evergreen State Co llege Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Mad ison Street Passa ic, NJ 07055 Inquiries regarding subscriptio ns sho uld be sent to the above address . The cost of a sing le issue is $ 10.00 Manuscripts for possib le publication and books for review shou ld be sen t to M. Mark Sto larik , Edi tor, Slo vakia 22 Bren-Maur Road , Nepean, Ontario , Canada . K2J 327 ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Origin and Development of the Slovak Literary Language Konstantin V. Lifanov .......................... .... .. .. ... ................. ........ ....... 7 The Democratic Party and the Execution of Jozef Tiso James R. Pelak ............ .. ... ..... .. .............. ... ..... .... ..... ............ .... ........ 33 The Autonomy Discourse in Parliamentary Debates during the First Czechoslovak Republic and after the Velvet Revolution Elisabeth Bakke .. ........ .... ............. ................................. .... ............. 52 From Brau· nas to At'jdou - Slovakia, the Slovaks and Slovak Nationali sm Seen from Prague Paa/ Sigurd Hilde... .................. .. .................................................... 81 " Ungrateful Younger Brothers" versus "Arrogant Atheists". CzechSlovak Stereotypes in a Collective Memory Perspective Lone Sarauw ............. .. .............. ........... .............. .. ...... ... .... ..... .... .. l 04 Separate Paths: Czech and Slovak Fore ign Policies Since 1993 James W. Peterson .................... ....................... ..... ... .................... 121 REVIEWS Peter Zenouch, M edzi vychodom a zapadom: Byzantsko-slovanska tradfcia, kulttira a jazyk na vychodnom Slovensku Robert A. Orr ....... ..................... ................ .... ................... .. ........ .. 149 Marian Hronsky , The Struggle for Slovakia and the Treaty of Trianon 1918-1920 Gregory C. Ference .. .. ...... ... .. ..... ......... .... ........... ... ..... .... ............. 152 �SLOVAKIA 4 Jni o kapitanovi Janovi Nalepkovi. Edited by Jozef Nalepka Vladimir Baumgarten ..... .. ... .... .... .... ......... ................................... 154 Zoltan G. Mesko, The Silent Conspiracy L. P. Hinterbuchner ...... .. .......... .................. .. ...... .......................... 157 Maria Dziakova- Bohmova, Dusa na d/ani: Spomienky od Kosfc do New Yorku M. Mark Stolarik ...... .. .. .. ... ................... .. ... ................ ........ ........... 159 Karen Henderson, Slovakia: The Escape from Invisibility Juraj Hocman ............... .................... ........ .... ..... ............. ........ ...... 162 The Slovak Republic: A Decade of Independence ( 1993-2002). Edited by M. Mark Stolarik Carol Skalnik Leff ... ...... ................. ...... ........ .... .... ... ..... .... .. .. .... ... 165 Thomas J. Shell ey, Slovaks on the Hudson Daniel F. Tanzone ............. ..... .. ..... .... .... ........ ..... ........... .... .... ....... 167 June Granatir Alexander, Ethnic Pride, American Patriotism M. Mark Stolarik ....................... ............ ........ ......... .......... ............ 169 Contributors ......... ... .. ... .................... ........ ............ .... .......... ... ... ..... ... .. . 17 I G uidelines for Manuscripts ......... ...... ... .... .. ..... .... ......................... ... .. . 173 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXVIII 2005 NUMBERS 70-71 A schol arl y annu al devoted to the hi story, literature and c ulture of the Slovaks the wo rld over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EV ANSON Univers ity of Mi ssouri PET ER PETRO University of Briti sh Columbia MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise In stitute CAROLS . LEFF Uni vers ity of Illino is JAMES R. FELAK Uni ve rsity of Washingto n PATRICIA KR A FCIK The Evergreen State Co llege Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Mad ison Street Passa ic, NJ 07055 Inquiries regarding subscriptio ns sho uld be sent to the above address . The cost of a sing le issue is $ 10.00 Manuscripts for possib le publication and books for review shou ld be sen t to M. Mark Sto larik , Edi tor, Slo vakia 22 Bren-Maur Road , Nepean, Ontario , Canada . K2J 327 ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Origin and Development of the Slovak Literary Language Konstantin V. Lifanov .......................... .... .. .. ... ................. ........ ....... 7 The Democratic Party and the Execution of Jozef Tiso James R. Pelak ............ .. ... ..... .. .............. ... ..... .... ..... ............ .... ........ 33 The Autonomy Discourse in Parliamentary Debates during the First Czechoslovak Republic and after the Velvet Revolution Elisabeth Bakke .. ........ .... ............. ................................. .... ............. 52 From Brau· nas to At'jdou - Slovakia, the Slovaks and Slovak Nationali sm Seen from Prague Paa/ Sigurd Hilde... .................. .. .................................................... 81 " Ungrateful Younger Brothers" versus "Arrogant Atheists". CzechSlovak Stereotypes in a Collective Memory Perspective Lone Sarauw ............. .. .............. ........... .............. .. ...... ... .... ..... .... .. l 04 Separate Paths: Czech and Slovak Fore ign Policies Since 1993 James W. Peterson .................... ....................... ..... ... .................... 121 REVIEWS Peter Zenouch, M edzi vychodom a zapadom: Byzantsko-slovanska tradfcia, kulttira a jazyk na vychodnom Slovensku Robert A. Orr ....... ..................... ................ .... ................... .. ........ .. 149 Marian Hronsky , The Struggle for Slovakia and the Treaty of Trianon 1918-1920 Gregory C. Ference .. .. ...... ... .. ..... ......... .... ........... ... ..... .... ............. 152 �SLOVAKIA 4 Jni o kapitanovi Janovi Nalepkovi. Edited by Jozef Nalepka Vladimir Baumgarten ..... .. ... .... .... .... ......... ................................... 154 Zoltan G. Mesko, The Silent Conspiracy L. P. Hinterbuchner ...... .. .......... .................. .. ...... .......................... 157 Maria Dziakova- Bohmova, Dusa na d/ani: Spomienky od Kosfc do New Yorku M. Mark Stolarik ...... .. .. .. ... ................... .. ... ................ ........ ........... 159 Karen Henderson, Slovakia: The Escape from Invisibility Juraj Hocman ............... .................... ........ .... ..... ............. ........ ...... 162 The Slovak Republic: A Decade of Independence ( 1993-2002). Edited by M. Mark Stolarik Carol Skalnik Leff ... ...... ................. ...... ........ .... .... ... ..... .... .. .. .... ... 165 Thomas J. Shell ey, Slovaks on the Hudson Daniel F. Tanzone ............. ..... .. ..... .... .... ........ ..... ........... .... .... ....... 167 June Granatir Alexander, Ethnic Pride, American Patriotism M. Mark Stolarik ....................... ............ ........ ......... .......... ............ 169 Contributors ......... ... .. ... .................... ........ ............ .... .......... ... ... ..... ... .. . 17 I G uidelines for Manuscripts ......... ...... ... .... .. ..... .... ......................... ... .. . 173 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2005, Vol. 38 Description An account of the resource Vol. 38 (No. 70-71), 2005. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXVIII 2005 NUMBERS 70-71 A schol arl y annu al devoted to the hi story, literature and c ulture of the Slovaks the wo rld over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EV ANSON Univers ity of Mi ssouri PET ER PETRO University of Briti sh Columbia MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise In stitute CAROLS . LEFF Uni vers ity of Illino is JAMES R. FELAK Uni ve rsity of Washingto n PATRICIA KR A FCIK The Evergreen State Co llege Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Mad ison Street Passa ic, NJ 07055 Inquiries regarding subscriptio ns sho uld be sent to the above address . The cost of a sing le issue is $ 10.00 Manuscripts for possib le publication and books for review shou ld be sen t to M. Mark Sto larik , Edi tor, Slo vakia 22 Bren-Maur Road , Nepean, Ontario , Canada . K2J 327 Table of Contents ARTICLES The Origin and Development of the Slovak Literary Language Konstantin V. Lifanov .......................... .... .. .. ... ................. ........ ....... 7 The Democratic Party and the Execution of Jozef Tiso James R. Pelak ............ .. ... ..... .. .............. ... ..... .... ..... ............ .... ........ 33 The Autonomy Discourse in Parliamentary Debates during the First Czechoslovak Republic and after the Velvet Revolution Elisabeth Bakke .. ........ .... ............. ................................. .... ............. 52 From Brau· nas to At'jdou - Slovakia, the Slovaks and Slovak Nationali sm Seen from Prague Paa/ Sigurd Hilde... .................. .. .................................................... 81 " Ungrateful Younger Brothers" versus "Arrogant Atheists". CzechSlovak Stereotypes in a Collective Memory Perspective Lone Sarauw ............. .. .............. ........... .............. .. ...... ... .... ..... .... .. l 04 Separate Paths: Czech and Slovak Fore ign Policies Since 1993 James W. Peterson .................... ....................... ..... ... .................... 121 REVIEWS Peter Zenouch, M edzi vychodom a zapadom: Byzantsko-slovanska tradfcia, kulttira a jazyk na vychodnom Slovensku Robert A. Orr ....... ..................... ................ .... ................... .. ........ .. 149 Marian Hronsky , The Struggle for Slovakia and the Treaty of Trianon 1918-1920 Gregory C. Ference .. .. ...... ... .. ..... ......... .... ........... ... ..... .... ............. 152 SLOVAKIA 4 Jni o kapitanovi Janovi Nalepkovi. Edited by Jozef Nalepka Vladimir Baumgarten ..... .. ... .... .... .... ......... ................................... 154 Zoltan G. Mesko, The Silent Conspiracy L. P. Hinterbuchner ...... .. .......... .................. .. ...... .......................... 157 Maria Dziakova- Bohmova, Dusa na d/ani: Spomienky od Kosfc do New Yorku M. Mark Stolarik ...... .. .. .. ... ................... .. ... ................ ........ ........... 159 Karen Henderson, Slovakia: The Escape from Invisibility Juraj Hocman ............... .................... ........ .... ..... ............. ........ ...... 162 The Slovak Republic: A Decade of Independence ( 1993-2002). Edited by M. Mark Stolarik Carol Skalnik Leff ... ...... ................. ...... ........ .... .... ... ..... .... .. .. .... ... 165 Thomas J. Shell ey, Slovaks on the Hudson Daniel F. Tanzone ............. ..... .. ..... .... .... ........ ..... ........... .... .... ....... 167 June Granatir Alexander, Ethnic Pride, American Patriotism M. Mark Stolarik ....................... ............ ........ ......... .......... ............ 169 Contributors ......... ... .. ... .................... ........ ............ .... .......... ... ... ..... ... .. . 17 I G uidelines for Manuscripts ......... ...... ... .... .. ..... .... ......................... ... .. . 173 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 38 (No. 70-71) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/d9eb9389ef2312723a33acdc8b4e013e.pdf 0f8601081a9f36ecd9e39e74568a7055 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 171 CONTRIBUTORS ELISABETH BAKKE is c urre ntl y e mp loyed as a Post-Doctoral Resea rch Fe ll ow in the Department of Politica l Scie nce, Univers ity of Oslo. She successfully de fe nded her thes is " Doomed To Failure? The C zec hoslovak Nation Project and the Slovak Autonom ist Reaction , 1918- 1938" in Jun e of 1999. She teac hes " Nation ali sm and Centra l European Politi cs" at the postgrad uate leve l. Bakke has publi shed severa l arti c les on Czechoslovak, Czech and Slovak question s, a nd ha s rece ntl y ed ited a book in Norwegian o n co nte mporary Central European and Ba lti c politics (2002). JAMES FELAK is Associate Professor of Hi story at th e University of Was hin gton . He is the author of ' A t the Price of the R epublic': Hlinka "s Slovak People's Party, I 929-1938, winner of the 1996 Book Pri ze of the S lovak Studies Assoc iation and the Book Prize for Czech and S lovak Studies. He has contributed artic les to Nation alities Papers. East Centra l Europe and East European Quarterly. PAAL SIGURD HILDE rece ived hi s Ph .D . from the Univers ity of O xford in 2003 . Hi s di sse rtation dea lt with the e me rge nce of nationa li sm in Slovakia betwee n 1989 a nd 1992. He has publi shed severa l arti c les o n thi s subject in leadin g sc hol arl y journa ls. He is c urrentl y e mpl oyed by the Norwegian Mini stry of Defe nse. KONSTANTIN V . LIFANOV is Professor of Slovak Linguistics at the Lo monosov Univers ity of Moscow. He specia li zes in the hi story of Slovak , in c luding the Slovak lang uage in the USA , and mode rn Slovak. He is the author of S lovak M orphology (Moscow, 1999) [in Ru ss ian l, Th e Language of Spiritual Literature of S lovak Catholics from the I 6 th to the 18th Cen twy and B ernolak 's Codification (Moscow , 2000) [in Ru ss ian], Genesis of the S lovak Litera1y L anguage �172 SLOVAKIA (Munich, 2001) [in Russian] and The Language of Eastern Slo vak Publications in the USA from the End of the I <Jh to the Beginning of the 2(/h Century (M unich, 2005) [in Russian]. JAMES W. PETERSON is Professor and Head of the Department of Political Science at Valdosta State University in Valdosta, Georgia. His publications and conference papers center on Czec h and Slovak politics, NATO, and the common foreign and security policy of the EU. He is also editor of The Czech and Slovak History Newsletter. LONE SARAUW rece ived her Ph .D from the University of Aarhus (Denmark) in 2004. Her di ssertation was entitled "Together We Part. Collective Memory , Political Culture and the Breakup of Czechoslovakia." She is now raising two daughters. �SLOVAKIA 173 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manu sc ripts for poss ible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should not normally exceed twenty-five pages in length , should be submitted in duplicate and typed double-spaced, with generous marg ins fo r copy-editin g. Footnotes should be numbered consec uti ve ly and pl aced at the bottom of each page. A copy of the paper sho uld also be submitted on a floppy di sc, either in WordPerfect or MicrosoftWord format. Tex t and format should ad here to the "Chicago Manual of Sty le". Proper orthography and diacritical marks mu st be suppli ed for a ll foreign words. Manu scripts will not be returned unl ess spec ifically requested and postage is provided. Books fo r rev iew are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book rev iews are not enco uraged. Individual s who wi sh to rev iew books should request them from the editor. �����THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 Dr. LUDWIG J. PAVLO President W. NINA HOLY Secretary-Treasurer Vice-presidents: MIKULAS BENO ANNE Z. SAROSY JUSTINE WESNAK Executive Board: Dr. Ludwig J. Pavlo, W. Nina Holy, Dr. L. P. Hinterbuchner, Daniel F. Tanzone, Dr. John Karch , John A. Holy, Mary Ann S. Johanek, Esq., Thomas M. Hricik, Sue Ann M. Seich , Theresa M. Kluchinski, David G. Balzek, John Yuhas Milan Cuba, Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE US AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida ©SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue � SLOVAKIA 171 CONTRIBUTORS ELISABETH BAKKE is c urre ntl y e mp loyed as a Post-Doctoral Resea rch Fe ll ow in the Department of Politica l Scie nce, Univers ity of Oslo. She successfully de fe nded her thes is " Doomed To Failure? The C zec hoslovak Nation Project and the Slovak Autonom ist Reaction , 1918- 1938" in Jun e of 1999. She teac hes " Nation ali sm and Centra l European Politi cs" at the postgrad uate leve l. Bakke has publi shed severa l arti c les on Czechoslovak, Czech and Slovak question s, a nd ha s rece ntl y ed ited a book in Norwegian o n co nte mporary Central European and Ba lti c politics (2002). JAMES FELAK is Associate Professor of Hi story at th e University of Was hin gton . He is the author of ' A t the Price of the R epublic': Hlinka "s Slovak People's Party, I 929-1938, winner of the 1996 Book Pri ze of the S lovak Studies Assoc iation and the Book Prize for Czech and S lovak Studies. He has contributed artic les to Nation alities Papers. East Centra l Europe and East European Quarterly. PAAL SIGURD HILDE rece ived hi s Ph .D . from the Univers ity of O xford in 2003 . Hi s di sse rtation dea lt with the e me rge nce of nationa li sm in Slovakia betwee n 1989 a nd 1992. He has publi shed severa l arti c les o n thi s subject in leadin g sc hol arl y journa ls. He is c urrentl y e mpl oyed by the Norwegian Mini stry of Defe nse. KONSTANTIN V . LIFANOV is Professor of Slovak Linguistics at the Lo monosov Univers ity of Moscow. He specia li zes in the hi story of Slovak , in c luding the Slovak lang uage in the USA , and mode rn Slovak. He is the author of S lovak M orphology (Moscow, 1999) [in Ru ss ian l, Th e Language of Spiritual Literature of S lovak Catholics from the I 6 th to the 18th Cen twy and B ernolak 's Codification (Moscow , 2000) [in Ru ss ian], Genesis of the S lovak Litera1y L anguage �172 SLOVAKIA (Munich, 2001) [in Russian] and The Language of Eastern Slo vak Publications in the USA from the End of the I <Jh to the Beginning of the 2(/h Century (M unich, 2005) [in Russian]. JAMES W. PETERSON is Professor and Head of the Department of Political Science at Valdosta State University in Valdosta, Georgia. His publications and conference papers center on Czec h and Slovak politics, NATO, and the common foreign and security policy of the EU. He is also editor of The Czech and Slovak History Newsletter. LONE SARAUW rece ived her Ph .D from the University of Aarhus (Denmark) in 2004. Her di ssertation was entitled "Together We Part. Collective Memory , Political Culture and the Breakup of Czechoslovakia." She is now raising two daughters. �SLOVAKIA 173 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manu sc ripts for poss ible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should not normally exceed twenty-five pages in length , should be submitted in duplicate and typed double-spaced, with generous marg ins fo r copy-editin g. Footnotes should be numbered consec uti ve ly and pl aced at the bottom of each page. A copy of the paper sho uld also be submitted on a floppy di sc, either in WordPerfect or MicrosoftWord format. Tex t and format should ad here to the "Chicago Manual of Sty le". Proper orthography and diacritical marks mu st be suppli ed for a ll foreign words. Manu scripts will not be returned unl ess spec ifically requested and postage is provided. Books fo r rev iew are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book rev iews are not enco uraged. Individual s who wi sh to rev iew books should request them from the editor. �����THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 Dr. LUDWIG J. PAVLO President W. NINA HOLY Secretary-Treasurer Vice-presidents: MIKULAS BENO ANNE Z. SAROSY JUSTINE WESNAK Executive Board: Dr. Ludwig J. Pavlo, W. Nina Holy, Dr. L. P. Hinterbuchner, Daniel F. Tanzone, Dr. John Karch , John A. Holy, Mary Ann S. Johanek, Esq., Thomas M. Hricik, Sue Ann M. Seich , Theresa M. Kluchinski, David G. Balzek, John Yuhas Milan Cuba, Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE US AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida ©SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2005, Vol. 38 Description An account of the resource Vol. 38 (No. 70-71), 2005. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 171 CONTRIBUTORS ELISABETH BAKKE is c urre ntl y e mp loyed as a Post-Doctoral Resea rch Fe ll ow in the Department of Politica l Scie nce, Univers ity of Oslo. She successfully de fe nded her thes is " Doomed To Failure? The C zec hoslovak Nation Project and the Slovak Autonom ist Reaction , 1918- 1938" in Jun e of 1999. She teac hes " Nation ali sm and Centra l European Politi cs" at the postgrad uate leve l. Bakke has publi shed severa l arti c les on Czechoslovak, Czech and Slovak question s, a nd ha s rece ntl y ed ited a book in Norwegian o n co nte mporary Central European and Ba lti c politics (2002). JAMES FELAK is Associate Professor of Hi story at th e University of Was hin gton . He is the author of ' A t the Price of the R epublic': Hlinka "s Slovak People's Party, I 929-1938, winner of the 1996 Book Pri ze of the S lovak Studies Assoc iation and the Book Prize for Czech and S lovak Studies. He has contributed artic les to Nation alities Papers. East Centra l Europe and East European Quarterly. PAAL SIGURD HILDE rece ived hi s Ph .D . from the Univers ity of O xford in 2003 . Hi s di sse rtation dea lt with the e me rge nce of nationa li sm in Slovakia betwee n 1989 a nd 1992. He has publi shed severa l arti c les o n thi s subject in leadin g sc hol arl y journa ls. He is c urrentl y e mpl oyed by the Norwegian Mini stry of Defe nse. KONSTANTIN V . LIFANOV is Professor of Slovak Linguistics at the Lo monosov Univers ity of Moscow. He specia li zes in the hi story of Slovak , in c luding the Slovak lang uage in the USA , and mode rn Slovak. He is the author of S lovak M orphology (Moscow, 1999) [in Ru ss ian l, Th e Language of Spiritual Literature of S lovak Catholics from the I 6 th to the 18th Cen twy and B ernolak 's Codification (Moscow , 2000) [in Ru ss ian], Genesis of the S lovak Litera1y L anguage 172 SLOVAKIA (Munich, 2001) [in Russian] and The Language of Eastern Slo vak Publications in the USA from the End of the I <Jh to the Beginning of the 2(/h Century (M unich, 2005) [in Russian]. JAMES W. PETERSON is Professor and Head of the Department of Political Science at Valdosta State University in Valdosta, Georgia. His publications and conference papers center on Czec h and Slovak politics, NATO, and the common foreign and security policy of the EU. He is also editor of The Czech and Slovak History Newsletter. LONE SARAUW rece ived her Ph .D from the University of Aarhus (Denmark) in 2004. Her di ssertation was entitled "Together We Part. Collective Memory , Political Culture and the Breakup of Czechoslovakia." She is now raising two daughters. SLOVAKIA 173 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manu sc ripts for poss ible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should not normally exceed twenty-five pages in length , should be submitted in duplicate and typed double-spaced, with generous marg ins fo r copy-editin g. Footnotes should be numbered consec uti ve ly and pl aced at the bottom of each page. A copy of the paper sho uld also be submitted on a floppy di sc, either in WordPerfect or MicrosoftWord format. Tex t and format should ad here to the "Chicago Manual of Sty le". Proper orthography and diacritical marks mu st be suppli ed for a ll foreign words. Manu scripts will not be returned unl ess spec ifically requested and postage is provided. Books fo r rev iew are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book rev iews are not enco uraged. Individual s who wi sh to rev iew books should request them from the editor. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 Dr. LUDWIG J. PAVLO President W. NINA HOLY Secretary-Treasurer Vice-presidents: MIKULAS BENO ANNE Z. SAROSY JUSTINE WESNAK Executive Board: Dr. Ludwig J. Pavlo, W. Nina Holy, Dr. L. P. Hinterbuchner, Daniel F. Tanzone, Dr. John Karch , John A. Holy, Mary Ann S. Johanek, Esq., Thomas M. Hricik, Sue Ann M. Seich , Theresa M. Kluchinski, David G. Balzek, John Yuhas Milan Cuba, Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE US AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida ©SLOVAKIA $ 10.00 per issue  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 38 (No. 70-71) Description An account of the resource includes Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/90f56c4ca7321a1486c0a713952b72ee.pdf 54df99dee04ce3534055921e37d4af78 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME 2003 XXXVII NUMBERS 68-69 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMA L. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Str. Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible spublication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7. ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Slovak Question in the lnterwar (1918-1938) and Post-War ( 1945-1948) Czechoslovak Republics James R . Pelak.... ... ..... .. ... ... ...... ......... ........................... .... ... ... .... . 7 Slovak som a Slovak budem: Explaining Nationalism in PostCommunist Slovakia Paa/ Sigurd Hilde .................. ........... .............. ... ..... ........ ... ........ 2 8 Reversing the Trend : Central Europe from Dictatorship to Democracy Jan Carnogursky .... ........ .. ....... ....... ... .. ...... ........... ....... ... ........... 5 7 Trends in 20th Century Slovak Filmmaking Martin Votruba ........ ....... ....... ... .. ....... ................... ..... .... .. ......... 71 DOCUMENTATION Sketches from a Slovak Catholic Parish in Pittston , PA [ 1900) Mattis Jankola ..... .... ...... ..... ...... .. ... ......... ..... .............. ..... ... ...... IO I Konstantfn Culen 's Long Journey from Italy to Canada as Illustrated by His Correspondence with Juraj Rondos Susumu Nagayo ... ...... ..... .. .......... .... ....... ............. .................. .. 112 The Political , Economic, and Cultural Situation in the Slovak Republic (As of May, 1995) M. Mark Stolarik .. ...... ............ .............. ...... ......... ..... ......... ...... l 72 �4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Stephen L. Crane, Survivor from an Unknown War: The Life of Isakjan Narzikul Vladimir Baumgarten ............ ............ ....... .... ..... ... .... ... .. .. .... .... 20 l Konstantin V. Lifanov, Jazyk duchovnoj literatury slovackich katolikov 16-18 vv. i kodifikacija A. Bemo/aka. Martin Votruba ... .. .. .. ...... .... .. .. ........ ..... .. ..... ....... ... .... ......... ..... 204 Contributors .......... ...... .... .... ........ .. .. .............. ... ..... ............. .... ..... .. 208 Guidelines for Manuscripts .......... ........ ................. ................. ..... ... 2 l 0 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME 2003 XXXVII NUMBERS 68-69 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMA L. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Str. Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible spublication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7. ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Slovak Question in the lnterwar (1918-1938) and Post-War ( 1945-1948) Czechoslovak Republics James R . Pelak.... ... ..... .. ... ... ...... ......... ........................... .... ... ... .... . 7 Slovak som a Slovak budem: Explaining Nationalism in PostCommunist Slovakia Paa/ Sigurd Hilde .................. ........... .............. ... ..... ........ ... ........ 2 8 Reversing the Trend : Central Europe from Dictatorship to Democracy Jan Carnogursky .... ........ .. ....... ....... ... .. ...... ........... ....... ... ........... 5 7 Trends in 20th Century Slovak Filmmaking Martin Votruba ........ ....... ....... ... .. ....... ................... ..... .... .. ......... 71 DOCUMENTATION Sketches from a Slovak Catholic Parish in Pittston , PA [ 1900) Mattis Jankola ..... .... ...... ..... ...... .. ... ......... ..... .............. ..... ... ...... IO I Konstantfn Culen 's Long Journey from Italy to Canada as Illustrated by His Correspondence with Juraj Rondos Susumu Nagayo ... ...... ..... .. .......... .... ....... ............. .................. .. 112 The Political , Economic, and Cultural Situation in the Slovak Republic (As of May, 1995) M. Mark Stolarik .. ...... ............ .............. ...... ......... ..... ......... ...... l 72 �4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Stephen L. Crane, Survivor from an Unknown War: The Life of Isakjan Narzikul Vladimir Baumgarten ............ ............ ....... .... ..... ... .... ... .. .. .... .... 20 l Konstantin V. Lifanov, Jazyk duchovnoj literatury slovackich katolikov 16-18 vv. i kodifikacija A. Bemo/aka. Martin Votruba ... .. .. .. ...... .... .. .. ........ ..... .. ..... ....... ... .... ......... ..... 204 Contributors .......... ...... .... .... ........ .. .. .............. ... ..... ............. .... ..... .. 208 Guidelines for Manuscripts .......... ........ ................. ................. ..... ... 2 l 0 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2003, Vol. 37 Description An account of the resource Vol. 37 (No. 68-69), 2003. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME 2003 XXXVII NUMBERS 68-69 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMA L. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Str. Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible spublication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7. Table of Contents ARTICLES The Slovak Question in the lnterwar (1918-1938) and Post-War ( 1945-1948) Czechoslovak Republics James R . Pelak.... ... ..... .. ... ... ...... ......... ........................... .... ... ... .... . 7 Slovak som a Slovak budem: Explaining Nationalism in PostCommunist Slovakia Paa/ Sigurd Hilde .................. ........... .............. ... ..... ........ ... ........ 2 8 Reversing the Trend : Central Europe from Dictatorship to Democracy Jan Carnogursky .... ........ .. ....... ....... ... .. ...... ........... ....... ... ........... 5 7 Trends in 20th Century Slovak Filmmaking Martin Votruba ........ ....... ....... ... .. ....... ................... ..... .... .. ......... 71 DOCUMENTATION Sketches from a Slovak Catholic Parish in Pittston , PA [ 1900) Mattis Jankola ..... .... ...... ..... ...... .. ... ......... ..... .............. ..... ... ...... IO I Konstantfn Culen 's Long Journey from Italy to Canada as Illustrated by His Correspondence with Juraj Rondos Susumu Nagayo ... ...... ..... .. .......... .... ....... ............. .................. .. 112 The Political , Economic, and Cultural Situation in the Slovak Republic (As of May, 1995) M. Mark Stolarik .. ...... ............ .............. ...... ......... ..... ......... ...... l 72 4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Stephen L. Crane, Survivor from an Unknown War: The Life of Isakjan Narzikul Vladimir Baumgarten ............ ............ ....... .... ..... ... .... ... .. .. .... .... 20 l Konstantin V. Lifanov, Jazyk duchovnoj literatury slovackich katolikov 16-18 vv. i kodifikacija A. Bemo/aka. Martin Votruba ... .. .. .. ...... .... .. .. ........ ..... .. ..... ....... ... .... ......... ..... 204 Contributors .......... ...... .... .... ........ .. .. .............. ... ..... ............. .... ..... .. 208 Guidelines for Manuscripts .......... ........ ................. ................. ..... ... 2 l 0 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 37 (No. 68-69) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/5a2fafd7139eef1d2eec0d44618b498c.pdf 7887d46da9598e2b36037e9965fb5875 PDF Text Text 208 SLOVAKIA CONTRIBUTORS JAMES R. FELAK is Associate Professor of History at the University of Washington. He is the author of 'At the Price of the Republic': Hlinka 's Slovak People's Party, 1929-/938 (Pittsburgh , 1994) which won the 1996 Slovak Studies Association Prize, as well as the Orbis Prize of the British Association for Slavonic and East European Studies. He has al so published many articles in scholarly journals. He specializes in the history of East Central Europe in the 20th century, with a focus on nationalism, communism, and religion. JAN CARNOGURSKY was Slovakia's leading Catholic dissident in the era of 'Normalization ' ( 1969-1989). As an attor- ney he defended fellow -dissidents in communist courts , and , from 1980 on , he published the underground newspaper Bratislavskc listy. Freed from jail during the 'Velvet Revolution' of 1989, Carnog ursky was propelled to the position of Deputy Prime Minister o f the non-communist federal government. He founded and Chaired (until 2002) the Christian Democratic Movement in the spring of 1990. After the June, 1990 elections Carnogursky became Deputy Prime Minister of the Slovak government and in the spring of I 991 Prime Minister. After the June, 1992 elections he was a Member of Parliament in opposition to the Meciar government. After the 1998 elections he served as Minister of Justice in the Dzurinda government active politics in September of 2002 . until his retirement from �SLOVAKIA 209 PAAL SIGURD HILDE is a doctoral candidate at St. Anthony ' s College, Oxford University . He is writing his dissertation on Slovak nationalism after the collapse of Communism and has published "Slovak Nationalism and the Breakup of Czechoslovakia" . Europe-Asia Studies, 5 (No.2, 1998), 54 7-65. SUSUMU NAGA YO is Associate Professor of Political Science and Economics at Waseda University in Tokyo. He has published numerous articles about the Slovak language, literature, history and politics in Japanese, Slovak and American sc holarly journals. He is fluent in Russ ian and Slovak and also teaches those languages at his university . M. MARK STOLARIK is Professor of Hi story and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Culture at the University of Ottawa. He specializes in the history of Slovak immigration to North America and has published many books and articles in the field. including Growing Up on the South Side: Three Genera- tions of Slovaks in Bethlehem. Pennsylvania. I 880-1976 (1985) and I111111igration a11(/ Urbani7.ation : The Slovak Experience. I 870- I 9 / 8 ( 1989). MARTIN VOTRUBA 1s Director of the Slovak Studies Programme in the Slavic Department of the University of Pittsburgh. He teaches courses in Slovak lan g uage , literature, film. and history. In the past he worked for Radio Free Europe and is still its U.S. correspondent. �210 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for poss ible publication sho uld be sent to th e editor. Articles sho uld not normally exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be submitted in duplicate and typed double -s paced, with generou s margins for copy-editing. Footnotes shou ld be numbered , entered consecutively and placed at the end of the paper. A copy of the paper s ho uld also be submitted on a flopp y disc, either in WordPerfect or MicrosoftWord format. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks mu st be s upplied for all foreign words . Manuscripts will no t be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review arc to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged . Individuals who wish to review books should request th e m from the editor . ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 Dr. LUDWIG J. PAVLO President W. NINA HOLY Secretary-Treasurer Vice-presidents: MIKULAS BENO ANNE Z. SAROSY JUSTINE WESNAK Executive Board: Dr. Ludwig J. Pavlo, W. Nina Holy, Dr. L. P. Hinterbuchner, Daniel F. Tanzone, Dr. John Karch, John A Holy, Mary Ann S. Johanek, Esq., Thomas M. Hricik, Sue Ann M. Seich, Rita M. Simalchik, David G. Balzek, Frank Rudzik Milan Cuba Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $10.00 per issue � 208 SLOVAKIA CONTRIBUTORS JAMES R. FELAK is Associate Professor of History at the University of Washington. He is the author of 'At the Price of the Republic': Hlinka 's Slovak People's Party, 1929-/938 (Pittsburgh , 1994) which won the 1996 Slovak Studies Association Prize, as well as the Orbis Prize of the British Association for Slavonic and East European Studies. He has al so published many articles in scholarly journals. He specializes in the history of East Central Europe in the 20th century, with a focus on nationalism, communism, and religion. JAN CARNOGURSKY was Slovakia's leading Catholic dissident in the era of 'Normalization ' ( 1969-1989). As an attor- ney he defended fellow -dissidents in communist courts , and , from 1980 on , he published the underground newspaper Bratislavskc listy. Freed from jail during the 'Velvet Revolution' of 1989, Carnog ursky was propelled to the position of Deputy Prime Minister o f the non-communist federal government. He founded and Chaired (until 2002) the Christian Democratic Movement in the spring of 1990. After the June, 1990 elections Carnogursky became Deputy Prime Minister of the Slovak government and in the spring of I 991 Prime Minister. After the June, 1992 elections he was a Member of Parliament in opposition to the Meciar government. After the 1998 elections he served as Minister of Justice in the Dzurinda government active politics in September of 2002 . until his retirement from �SLOVAKIA 209 PAAL SIGURD HILDE is a doctoral candidate at St. Anthony ' s College, Oxford University . He is writing his dissertation on Slovak nationalism after the collapse of Communism and has published "Slovak Nationalism and the Breakup of Czechoslovakia" . Europe-Asia Studies, 5 (No.2, 1998), 54 7-65. SUSUMU NAGA YO is Associate Professor of Political Science and Economics at Waseda University in Tokyo. He has published numerous articles about the Slovak language, literature, history and politics in Japanese, Slovak and American sc holarly journals. He is fluent in Russ ian and Slovak and also teaches those languages at his university . M. MARK STOLARIK is Professor of Hi story and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Culture at the University of Ottawa. He specializes in the history of Slovak immigration to North America and has published many books and articles in the field. including Growing Up on the South Side: Three Genera- tions of Slovaks in Bethlehem. Pennsylvania. I 880-1976 (1985) and I111111igration a11(/ Urbani7.ation : The Slovak Experience. I 870- I 9 / 8 ( 1989). MARTIN VOTRUBA 1s Director of the Slovak Studies Programme in the Slavic Department of the University of Pittsburgh. He teaches courses in Slovak lan g uage , literature, film. and history. In the past he worked for Radio Free Europe and is still its U.S. correspondent. �210 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for poss ible publication sho uld be sent to th e editor. Articles sho uld not normally exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be submitted in duplicate and typed double -s paced, with generou s margins for copy-editing. Footnotes shou ld be numbered , entered consecutively and placed at the end of the paper. A copy of the paper s ho uld also be submitted on a flopp y disc, either in WordPerfect or MicrosoftWord format. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks mu st be s upplied for all foreign words . Manuscripts will no t be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review arc to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged . Individuals who wish to review books should request th e m from the editor . ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 Dr. LUDWIG J. PAVLO President W. NINA HOLY Secretary-Treasurer Vice-presidents: MIKULAS BENO ANNE Z. SAROSY JUSTINE WESNAK Executive Board: Dr. Ludwig J. Pavlo, W. Nina Holy, Dr. L. P. Hinterbuchner, Daniel F. Tanzone, Dr. John Karch, John A Holy, Mary Ann S. Johanek, Esq., Thomas M. Hricik, Sue Ann M. Seich, Rita M. Simalchik, David G. Balzek, Frank Rudzik Milan Cuba Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $10.00 per issue � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2003, Vol. 37 Description An account of the resource Vol. 37 (No. 68-69), 2003. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 208 SLOVAKIA CONTRIBUTORS JAMES R. FELAK is Associate Professor of History at the University of Washington. He is the author of 'At the Price of the Republic': Hlinka 's Slovak People's Party, 1929-/938 (Pittsburgh , 1994) which won the 1996 Slovak Studies Association Prize, as well as the Orbis Prize of the British Association for Slavonic and East European Studies. He has al so published many articles in scholarly journals. He specializes in the history of East Central Europe in the 20th century, with a focus on nationalism, communism, and religion. JAN CARNOGURSKY was Slovakia's leading Catholic dissident in the era of 'Normalization ' ( 1969-1989). As an attor- ney he defended fellow -dissidents in communist courts , and , from 1980 on , he published the underground newspaper Bratislavskc listy. Freed from jail during the 'Velvet Revolution' of 1989, Carnog ursky was propelled to the position of Deputy Prime Minister o f the non-communist federal government. He founded and Chaired (until 2002) the Christian Democratic Movement in the spring of 1990. After the June, 1990 elections Carnogursky became Deputy Prime Minister of the Slovak government and in the spring of I 991 Prime Minister. After the June, 1992 elections he was a Member of Parliament in opposition to the Meciar government. After the 1998 elections he served as Minister of Justice in the Dzurinda government active politics in September of 2002 . until his retirement from SLOVAKIA 209 PAAL SIGURD HILDE is a doctoral candidate at St. Anthony ' s College, Oxford University . He is writing his dissertation on Slovak nationalism after the collapse of Communism and has published "Slovak Nationalism and the Breakup of Czechoslovakia" . Europe-Asia Studies, 5 (No.2, 1998), 54 7-65. SUSUMU NAGA YO is Associate Professor of Political Science and Economics at Waseda University in Tokyo. He has published numerous articles about the Slovak language, literature, history and politics in Japanese, Slovak and American sc holarly journals. He is fluent in Russ ian and Slovak and also teaches those languages at his university . M. MARK STOLARIK is Professor of Hi story and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Culture at the University of Ottawa. He specializes in the history of Slovak immigration to North America and has published many books and articles in the field. including Growing Up on the South Side: Three Genera- tions of Slovaks in Bethlehem. Pennsylvania. I 880-1976 (1985) and I111111igration a11(/ Urbani7.ation : The Slovak Experience. I 870- I 9 / 8 ( 1989). MARTIN VOTRUBA 1s Director of the Slovak Studies Programme in the Slavic Department of the University of Pittsburgh. He teaches courses in Slovak lan g uage , literature, film. and history. In the past he worked for Radio Free Europe and is still its U.S. correspondent. 210 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts for poss ible publication sho uld be sent to th e editor. Articles sho uld not normally exceed twenty-five pages in length, should be submitted in duplicate and typed double -s paced, with generou s margins for copy-editing. Footnotes shou ld be numbered , entered consecutively and placed at the end of the paper. A copy of the paper s ho uld also be submitted on a flopp y disc, either in WordPerfect or MicrosoftWord format. Text and format should adhere to the Chicago Manual of Style. Proper orthography and diacritical marks mu st be s upplied for all foreign words . Manuscripts will no t be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review arc to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged . Individuals who wish to review books should request th e m from the editor . THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 Dr. LUDWIG J. PAVLO President W. NINA HOLY Secretary-Treasurer Vice-presidents: MIKULAS BENO ANNE Z. SAROSY JUSTINE WESNAK Executive Board: Dr. Ludwig J. Pavlo, W. Nina Holy, Dr. L. P. Hinterbuchner, Daniel F. Tanzone, Dr. John Karch, John A Holy, Mary Ann S. Johanek, Esq., Thomas M. Hricik, Sue Ann M. Seich, Rita M. Simalchik, David G. Balzek, Frank Rudzik Milan Cuba Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $10.00 per issue  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 37 (No. 68-69) Description An account of the resource includes Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/d56fd6074c3661cf914ed03573d66881.pdf 5ce335b13322a29391c25ad02763435a PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXVI NUMBERS 66-67 1998 A scholarly annual devot ed to the history, literature, and culture o f the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ott awa Editorial Board ...{)A YID P. DANIEL Slovak Academic Informatio n Agency MICHAEL NOVAK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Str. Passaic, NJ 07055 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $8.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7. ��Table of Contents ARTICLES Slovak Fraternal-Benefit Societies in North America: An Overview (18831993) M. Mark Stolarik .... .. ... .... .......... .. ... .. ... ... ........ .... ...... ...... .... .. ....... ... 7 The Roma of Slovakia Since 1939 David M. Crowe ..... ... .... ............ ......... .. ...... .... ...... ... .. ....... .... .... .. .. 26 Reflections on the Downfall of Communism and the Transition to Capitalism......_ Jan Chryzostom Cardinal Korec ...... .... ................ .. ............. .. .... ... ..... 56 The Battle Over Presidential Power in Slovakia Spencer tifcak ........ ...... .... ............ ............ ... ..... ..... .... ...... .. ........... 70 The Cleveland and Pittsburgh Documents Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ....... ..... .. ....... ........ .. ...... .. .. .... .. ..... .... ........ . 81 Une oraison de messe: monument culture! europeen Stefan Polako vic ..... ..... ....................... .. ......... ... ...... ..... ..... ..... ...... . 98 REVIEWS Paul R. Magocsi, Historical A das of East Central Europe George J. Demko ... .. ..... ... ... ... .. ... ............ ........ ...... ..... .. ..... .......... . 119 Anton Spiesz, Dejiny Slovenska na ceste k sebauvedomeniu Gregory C. Ference .. .. .......... .... .... .. ... ............ ..... ....... ................. .. 121 Richard Marsina a kolektfv, Slovenske dejiny R . Vladimir Baumgarten ... ..................... .. ... ...................... ....... ..... 123 �4 SLOVAKIA Katarfna Sultrajerova, comp., Najstarsie rody na Slovensku Duncan B . Gardiner .... .... ...... .. .... ...... .... ... .... .... ..... ...... .. ... ....... .... . 125 Emil Krapka and Vojtech Mikula, eds., Dejiny Spolocnosti Jeiisovej na Slovensku Gerald J. Sabo ... .... ....... ........ ....... .... .... ........ ... .. ... .. .. ........ .... .. .. .. . 129 James Felak, "A t the Price of the Republic." Hlinka ' s Slovak People's Party Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ............ ....... .. ........ .... .......... .... .... ... ........ . 13 I Jiff Hochman, ed., Hope Dies Last: The Autobiogra[Xly of Alexander Dubcek Robert K. Evanson .................. .. .. ... ........ .. .. .......... ................... ... . 134 Paul R. Magocsi, The Rusyns of Slovakia Keith P. Dyrud .............. ........ ... .......... .. ..... ..... .... ...... ......... ...... ... 140 Ann L. Pawliczko, ed., Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World Paul R. Magocsi .. ..... .... .. .... ... .... ... .... .. .... .... .... .......... .... .. .... ... .... . 142 Nina Trnka, Slovak-English/English-Slovak Dictionary John M . Kochik ......................... ... .... ........ .. ........ ...... ..... ......... .... 144 Contributors ... .. .... ... .... ........ ............. ............ ... .... .... ......... .......... .1 - .. 148 Guidelines for Manuscripts ...... ......... .. .. ........ .. ...... ......................... ...... 150 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXVI NUMBERS 66-67 1998 A scholarly annual devot ed to the history, literature, and culture o f the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ott awa Editorial Board ...{)A YID P. DANIEL Slovak Academic Informatio n Agency MICHAEL NOVAK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Str. Passaic, NJ 07055 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $8.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7. ��Table of Contents ARTICLES Slovak Fraternal-Benefit Societies in North America: An Overview (18831993) M. Mark Stolarik .... .. ... .... .......... .. ... .. ... ... ........ .... ...... ...... .... .. ....... ... 7 The Roma of Slovakia Since 1939 David M. Crowe ..... ... .... ............ ......... .. ...... .... ...... ... .. ....... .... .... .. .. 26 Reflections on the Downfall of Communism and the Transition to Capitalism......_ Jan Chryzostom Cardinal Korec ...... .... ................ .. ............. .. .... ... ..... 56 The Battle Over Presidential Power in Slovakia Spencer tifcak ........ ...... .... ............ ............ ... ..... ..... .... ...... .. ........... 70 The Cleveland and Pittsburgh Documents Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ....... ..... .. ....... ........ .. ...... .. .. .... .. ..... .... ........ . 81 Une oraison de messe: monument culture! europeen Stefan Polako vic ..... ..... ....................... .. ......... ... ...... ..... ..... ..... ...... . 98 REVIEWS Paul R. Magocsi, Historical A das of East Central Europe George J. Demko ... .. ..... ... ... ... .. ... ............ ........ ...... ..... .. ..... .......... . 119 Anton Spiesz, Dejiny Slovenska na ceste k sebauvedomeniu Gregory C. Ference .. .. .......... .... .... .. ... ............ ..... ....... ................. .. 121 Richard Marsina a kolektfv, Slovenske dejiny R . Vladimir Baumgarten ... ..................... .. ... ...................... ....... ..... 123 �4 SLOVAKIA Katarfna Sultrajerova, comp., Najstarsie rody na Slovensku Duncan B . Gardiner .... .... ...... .. .... ...... .... ... .... .... ..... ...... .. ... ....... .... . 125 Emil Krapka and Vojtech Mikula, eds., Dejiny Spolocnosti Jeiisovej na Slovensku Gerald J. Sabo ... .... ....... ........ ....... .... .... ........ ... .. ... .. .. ........ .... .. .. .. . 129 James Felak, "A t the Price of the Republic." Hlinka ' s Slovak People's Party Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ............ ....... .. ........ .... .......... .... .... ... ........ . 13 I Jiff Hochman, ed., Hope Dies Last: The Autobiogra[Xly of Alexander Dubcek Robert K. Evanson .................. .. .. ... ........ .. .. .......... ................... ... . 134 Paul R. Magocsi, The Rusyns of Slovakia Keith P. Dyrud .............. ........ ... .......... .. ..... ..... .... ...... ......... ...... ... 140 Ann L. Pawliczko, ed., Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World Paul R. Magocsi .. ..... .... .. .... ... .... ... .... .. .... .... .... .......... .... .. .... ... .... . 142 Nina Trnka, Slovak-English/English-Slovak Dictionary John M . Kochik ......................... ... .... ........ .. ........ ...... ..... ......... .... 144 Contributors ... .. .... ... .... ........ ............. ............ ... .... .... ......... .......... .1 - .. 148 Guidelines for Manuscripts ...... ......... .. .. ........ .. ...... ......................... ...... 150 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1998, Vol. 36 Description An account of the resource Vol. 36 (No. 66-67), 1998. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1998 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXVI NUMBERS 66-67 1998 A scholarly annual devot ed to the history, literature, and culture o f the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ott awa Editorial Board ...{)A YID P. DANIEL Slovak Academic Informatio n Agency MICHAEL NOVAK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Str. Passaic, NJ 07055 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $8.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7. Table of Contents ARTICLES Slovak Fraternal-Benefit Societies in North America: An Overview (18831993) M. Mark Stolarik .... .. ... .... .......... .. ... .. ... ... ........ .... ...... ...... .... .. ....... ... 7 The Roma of Slovakia Since 1939 David M. Crowe ..... ... .... ............ ......... .. ...... .... ...... ... .. ....... .... .... .. .. 26 Reflections on the Downfall of Communism and the Transition to Capitalism......_ Jan Chryzostom Cardinal Korec ...... .... ................ .. ............. .. .... ... ..... 56 The Battle Over Presidential Power in Slovakia Spencer tifcak ........ ...... .... ............ ............ ... ..... ..... .... ...... .. ........... 70 The Cleveland and Pittsburgh Documents Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ....... ..... .. ....... ........ .. ...... .. .. .... .. ..... .... ........ . 81 Une oraison de messe: monument culture! europeen Stefan Polako vic ..... ..... ....................... .. ......... ... ...... ..... ..... ..... ...... . 98 REVIEWS Paul R. Magocsi, Historical A das of East Central Europe George J. Demko ... .. ..... ... ... ... .. ... ............ ........ ...... ..... .. ..... .......... . 119 Anton Spiesz, Dejiny Slovenska na ceste k sebauvedomeniu Gregory C. Ference .. .. .......... .... .... .. ... ............ ..... ....... ................. .. 121 Richard Marsina a kolektfv, Slovenske dejiny R . Vladimir Baumgarten ... ..................... .. ... ...................... ....... ..... 123 4 SLOVAKIA Katarfna Sultrajerova, comp., Najstarsie rody na Slovensku Duncan B . Gardiner .... .... ...... .. .... ...... .... ... .... .... ..... ...... .. ... ....... .... . 125 Emil Krapka and Vojtech Mikula, eds., Dejiny Spolocnosti Jeiisovej na Slovensku Gerald J. Sabo ... .... ....... ........ ....... .... .... ........ ... .. ... .. .. ........ .... .. .. .. . 129 James Felak, "A t the Price of the Republic." Hlinka ' s Slovak People's Party Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ............ ....... .. ........ .... .......... .... .... ... ........ . 13 I Jiff Hochman, ed., Hope Dies Last: The Autobiogra[Xly of Alexander Dubcek Robert K. Evanson .................. .. .. ... ........ .. .. .......... ................... ... . 134 Paul R. Magocsi, The Rusyns of Slovakia Keith P. Dyrud .............. ........ ... .......... .. ..... ..... .... ...... ......... ...... ... 140 Ann L. Pawliczko, ed., Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World Paul R. Magocsi .. ..... .... .. .... ... .... ... .... .. .... .... .... .......... .... .. .... ... .... . 142 Nina Trnka, Slovak-English/English-Slovak Dictionary John M . Kochik ......................... ... .... ........ .. ........ ...... ..... ......... .... 144 Contributors ... .. .... ... .... ........ ............. ............ ... .... .... ......... .......... .1 - .. 148 Guidelines for Manuscripts ...... ......... .. .. ........ .. ...... ......................... ...... 150 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 36 (No. 66-67) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1998 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/87da2d2d23b263fabccfae7eb79587b3.pdf 0b569feae6c5e2f174c2b5c8a09e6ca6 PDF Text Text 148 SLOVAKIA CONTRIBUTORS DAVID M. CROWE is Professor of History at Elon College in North Carolina. He is a specialist in the history of Eastern Europe and his most recent books include A History of the Gypsies in Eastern Europe and Russia (1994) and The Baltic States and the Great Powers: Foreign Relations, 1938-1940 (1993). JAN CHRYZOSTOM CARDINAL KOREC, S.J., is Roman Catholic Bishop of Nitra, Slovakia. Secretly ordained as a Bishop at the tender age of 28 in 1950, he helped create an underground Church during the Communist regime that ruled his homeland from 1948 to 1989. Arrested by the secret police in 1960, he was sentenced to 12 years in jail for his religious activities. Persecuted for many years, and forced to work as a manual labourer, Cardinal Korec outlasted his tormentors and is now working hard to rejuvenate the Roman Catholic Church in Slovakia. STEFAN POLAKOVIC received his Ph.D. from the Lateran University in Rome and was a Professor of Philosophy at the Slovak University in Bratislava during the first Slovak Republic. After the collapse of the Republic, he emigrated to Argentina where he became a successful business entrepreneur. Meanwhile, he published many books and articles pertaining to Slovak national identity and independence, he continued with such activities after the war, and still publishes, whether in the new Slovak Republic, or abroad. �SLOVAKIA 149 M. MARK STOLARIK is Professor of History and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Culture at the University of Ottawa. He specializes in the history of Slovak immigration to North America and has published widely in the field, including Growing Up on the South Side: Slovaks in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1880-1976 (Lewisburg, PA 1976) and Immigration and Urbanization: The Slovak Experience, 1870-1918 (New York, 1989). SPENCER ZIFCAK is Associate Professor of Law and Legal Studies at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia. In 1995 he was Visiting Professor at the UNESCO Centre for Human Rights Education at Comenius University in Bratislava. He has written extensively in the general fields of Constitutional and Administrative Law and, more recently, on the role of Constitutional Courts in Central Europe. STANISLAV J. KIRSCHBAUM is Professor of International Studies and Political Science at York University, Glendon College, in Toronto, Canada. A specialist on Slovak and Central European politics, he is the author of A History of Slovakia. The Struggle for Survival (New York, 1995, 1996), A Historical Dictionary of Slovakia (Lanham, MD, 1998), and many other books and articles. �150 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles should be sent to the editor. Articles should not normally exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed double-spaced, numbered consecutively, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writer.s . Proper ortography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK, K.S .G., Honorary President Dr. LUDWIG J. PAVLO President JOSEPH J. TALAFOUS, Esq. Vice-President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President MICHAL BUCKO Vice-President Executive Board Dr. Ludwig J. Pavlo, John A Holy, Daniel F. Tanzone, Dr. John Karch, Dr. L. P. Hinterbuchner, Thomas M. Hricik, Mary Ann S. Johanek, Esq., George J. Kostelnik, Rita M. Simalchik, David G. Balzek, Frank Rudzik Milan Cuba Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATE[ WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $ 8.00 per issue � 148 SLOVAKIA CONTRIBUTORS DAVID M. CROWE is Professor of History at Elon College in North Carolina. He is a specialist in the history of Eastern Europe and his most recent books include A History of the Gypsies in Eastern Europe and Russia (1994) and The Baltic States and the Great Powers: Foreign Relations, 1938-1940 (1993). JAN CHRYZOSTOM CARDINAL KOREC, S.J., is Roman Catholic Bishop of Nitra, Slovakia. Secretly ordained as a Bishop at the tender age of 28 in 1950, he helped create an underground Church during the Communist regime that ruled his homeland from 1948 to 1989. Arrested by the secret police in 1960, he was sentenced to 12 years in jail for his religious activities. Persecuted for many years, and forced to work as a manual labourer, Cardinal Korec outlasted his tormentors and is now working hard to rejuvenate the Roman Catholic Church in Slovakia. STEFAN POLAKOVIC received his Ph.D. from the Lateran University in Rome and was a Professor of Philosophy at the Slovak University in Bratislava during the first Slovak Republic. After the collapse of the Republic, he emigrated to Argentina where he became a successful business entrepreneur. Meanwhile, he published many books and articles pertaining to Slovak national identity and independence, he continued with such activities after the war, and still publishes, whether in the new Slovak Republic, or abroad. �SLOVAKIA 149 M. MARK STOLARIK is Professor of History and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Culture at the University of Ottawa. He specializes in the history of Slovak immigration to North America and has published widely in the field, including Growing Up on the South Side: Slovaks in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1880-1976 (Lewisburg, PA 1976) and Immigration and Urbanization: The Slovak Experience, 1870-1918 (New York, 1989). SPENCER ZIFCAK is Associate Professor of Law and Legal Studies at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia. In 1995 he was Visiting Professor at the UNESCO Centre for Human Rights Education at Comenius University in Bratislava. He has written extensively in the general fields of Constitutional and Administrative Law and, more recently, on the role of Constitutional Courts in Central Europe. STANISLAV J. KIRSCHBAUM is Professor of International Studies and Political Science at York University, Glendon College, in Toronto, Canada. A specialist on Slovak and Central European politics, he is the author of A History of Slovakia. The Struggle for Survival (New York, 1995, 1996), A Historical Dictionary of Slovakia (Lanham, MD, 1998), and many other books and articles. �150 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles should be sent to the editor. Articles should not normally exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed double-spaced, numbered consecutively, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writer.s . Proper ortography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK, K.S .G., Honorary President Dr. LUDWIG J. PAVLO President JOSEPH J. TALAFOUS, Esq. Vice-President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President MICHAL BUCKO Vice-President Executive Board Dr. Ludwig J. Pavlo, John A Holy, Daniel F. Tanzone, Dr. John Karch, Dr. L. P. Hinterbuchner, Thomas M. Hricik, Mary Ann S. Johanek, Esq., George J. Kostelnik, Rita M. Simalchik, David G. Balzek, Frank Rudzik Milan Cuba Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATE[ WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $ 8.00 per issue � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1998, Vol. 36 Description An account of the resource Vol. 36 (No. 66-67), 1998. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1998 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 148 SLOVAKIA CONTRIBUTORS DAVID M. CROWE is Professor of History at Elon College in North Carolina. He is a specialist in the history of Eastern Europe and his most recent books include A History of the Gypsies in Eastern Europe and Russia (1994) and The Baltic States and the Great Powers: Foreign Relations, 1938-1940 (1993). JAN CHRYZOSTOM CARDINAL KOREC, S.J., is Roman Catholic Bishop of Nitra, Slovakia. Secretly ordained as a Bishop at the tender age of 28 in 1950, he helped create an underground Church during the Communist regime that ruled his homeland from 1948 to 1989. Arrested by the secret police in 1960, he was sentenced to 12 years in jail for his religious activities. Persecuted for many years, and forced to work as a manual labourer, Cardinal Korec outlasted his tormentors and is now working hard to rejuvenate the Roman Catholic Church in Slovakia. STEFAN POLAKOVIC received his Ph.D. from the Lateran University in Rome and was a Professor of Philosophy at the Slovak University in Bratislava during the first Slovak Republic. After the collapse of the Republic, he emigrated to Argentina where he became a successful business entrepreneur. Meanwhile, he published many books and articles pertaining to Slovak national identity and independence, he continued with such activities after the war, and still publishes, whether in the new Slovak Republic, or abroad. SLOVAKIA 149 M. MARK STOLARIK is Professor of History and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Culture at the University of Ottawa. He specializes in the history of Slovak immigration to North America and has published widely in the field, including Growing Up on the South Side: Slovaks in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1880-1976 (Lewisburg, PA 1976) and Immigration and Urbanization: The Slovak Experience, 1870-1918 (New York, 1989). SPENCER ZIFCAK is Associate Professor of Law and Legal Studies at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia. In 1995 he was Visiting Professor at the UNESCO Centre for Human Rights Education at Comenius University in Bratislava. He has written extensively in the general fields of Constitutional and Administrative Law and, more recently, on the role of Constitutional Courts in Central Europe. STANISLAV J. KIRSCHBAUM is Professor of International Studies and Political Science at York University, Glendon College, in Toronto, Canada. A specialist on Slovak and Central European politics, he is the author of A History of Slovakia. The Struggle for Survival (New York, 1995, 1996), A Historical Dictionary of Slovakia (Lanham, MD, 1998), and many other books and articles. 150 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles should be sent to the editor. Articles should not normally exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed double-spaced, numbered consecutively, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writer.s . Proper ortography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK, K.S .G., Honorary President Dr. LUDWIG J. PAVLO President JOSEPH J. TALAFOUS, Esq. Vice-President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President MICHAL BUCKO Vice-President Executive Board Dr. Ludwig J. Pavlo, John A Holy, Daniel F. Tanzone, Dr. John Karch, Dr. L. P. Hinterbuchner, Thomas M. Hricik, Mary Ann S. Johanek, Esq., George J. Kostelnik, Rita M. Simalchik, David G. Balzek, Frank Rudzik Milan Cuba Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATE[ WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Independence, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, New Jersey NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $ 8.00 per issue  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 36 (No. 66-67) Description An account of the resource includes Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1998 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/adb2438bee25c23f9619366e4ab6014c.pdf b40d2ab3ed191610cc63071ca3dde090 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXV NUMBERS 64-65 1991-1992 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board DA YID P. DANIEL Bratislava, Slcvakia MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. T ANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN. A HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $7.00 Manuscripts for possible spublication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 327. ��Table of Contents ARTICLES Slovak Emigrants in Canada as Reflected in Diplomatic Documents (1920- I 938) Elena Jakesova .... ................. ...... .. ................. ... ... ........ .................... 7 Carpatho-Rusyns: Their Current Status and Future Perspectives Paul R. Magocsi .. ... ..... ... ............... ..... .. ... ................ .. ......... .. ..... ... . 36 SYMPOSIUM A Century and a half of Czech-Slovak Relations: A Slovak Perspective Edited by Stanis/av J. Kirschbaum .... .... .................................. .......... 61 Czech-Slovak Relations from the 1840's to 1914 Edita Bosak ... ......................... ................... ..... .. ... .............. ...... .... 63 Relations Between Slovaks and Czechs in the first CSR Susan Mikula .................... .... ... .... .. .. .............................. ... ........... 78 The Czech Question in Slovakia in the Post-War Years Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ......... ... ..... ..... .... ..................... ... ....... .. ..... .967 Slovak-Czech Relations: An Assessment Carol Skalnik Leff ............ .............. .... ..... ... .. ............. ... ................ 109 REVIEW ESSAY Marxist Historians in Search of Slovak History: Milan Podrimavsky et. al., Dejiny Slovenska, m M. Mark Stolarik .......... ...... .............. .... ......................... ...... .... .... .119 �4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Hugolfn Gavlovic , Valaska Skala, edited by Gerald J. Sabo Jan F. Frjdeckj .. ..... .. .. ... ..... ..... .. .... ... ..... ........ ..... ... .. .... ..... ... ....... 125 Max Domarus , ed., Hitler, Speeches and Proclamations Brian L . Villa .... .. .............. .. ... ....... .. ... .. ..... ............. ... ................ ..126 Jozef Jablonicky, Povstanie bez legiend Stanislav J. Kirschbaum .. .... .. ..... .... .............. ... .. ... .. .. ............ .. ....... .128 Bohus Chnoupek, A Breaking of Seals R. Vladimir Baumgarten . .. .... .... ...... .. ........ ..... ......... ..... ..... .. .... ...... .130 Jan Smolec et.al., Proces s dr. J. Tisom: Spomienky James R . Pelak ................................................... ...... ... .. ...... ........ 132 Athanasius Pekar, History of the Church in Carpathian Rus' Keith P. Dyrud ............................................................................ .134 Volodymyr Fedynysynec', Our Peaceful Rusyn Way Patricia A. Krafcik ....... ...... ... ............................. .... .......... .. ..... ..... .136 Norma Rudinsky, Incipient Feminists and That Alluring Land Maria Furimsky-Lackova .......... ..... .. ............... ....... ........... ........ .. ... 138 Jan Simko, English-Slovak Dictionary Louise B. Hammer................................... ... ...... .. ............... ...... .... .141 Contributors ...... ......................... .... ...... ... .. ..... ... ... .. .. .... .. .. ... ........ .. .... 145 Guidelines for Manuscripts .......... .. ........... ....... ........ ... .... ... ..... ...... ........ 148 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXV NUMBERS 64-65 1991-1992 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board DA YID P. DANIEL Bratislava, Slcvakia MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. T ANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN. A HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $7.00 Manuscripts for possible spublication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 327. ��Table of Contents ARTICLES Slovak Emigrants in Canada as Reflected in Diplomatic Documents (1920- I 938) Elena Jakesova .... ................. ...... .. ................. ... ... ........ .................... 7 Carpatho-Rusyns: Their Current Status and Future Perspectives Paul R. Magocsi .. ... ..... ... ............... ..... .. ... ................ .. ......... .. ..... ... . 36 SYMPOSIUM A Century and a half of Czech-Slovak Relations: A Slovak Perspective Edited by Stanis/av J. Kirschbaum .... .... .................................. .......... 61 Czech-Slovak Relations from the 1840's to 1914 Edita Bosak ... ......................... ................... ..... .. ... .............. ...... .... 63 Relations Between Slovaks and Czechs in the first CSR Susan Mikula .................... .... ... .... .. .. .............................. ... ........... 78 The Czech Question in Slovakia in the Post-War Years Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ......... ... ..... ..... .... ..................... ... ....... .. ..... .967 Slovak-Czech Relations: An Assessment Carol Skalnik Leff ............ .............. .... ..... ... .. ............. ... ................ 109 REVIEW ESSAY Marxist Historians in Search of Slovak History: Milan Podrimavsky et. al., Dejiny Slovenska, m M. Mark Stolarik .......... ...... .............. .... ......................... ...... .... .... .119 �4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Hugolfn Gavlovic , Valaska Skala, edited by Gerald J. Sabo Jan F. Frjdeckj .. ..... .. .. ... ..... ..... .. .... ... ..... ........ ..... ... .. .... ..... ... ....... 125 Max Domarus , ed., Hitler, Speeches and Proclamations Brian L . Villa .... .. .............. .. ... ....... .. ... .. ..... ............. ... ................ ..126 Jozef Jablonicky, Povstanie bez legiend Stanislav J. Kirschbaum .. .... .. ..... .... .............. ... .. ... .. .. ............ .. ....... .128 Bohus Chnoupek, A Breaking of Seals R. Vladimir Baumgarten . .. .... .... ...... .. ........ ..... ......... ..... ..... .. .... ...... .130 Jan Smolec et.al., Proces s dr. J. Tisom: Spomienky James R . Pelak ................................................... ...... ... .. ...... ........ 132 Athanasius Pekar, History of the Church in Carpathian Rus' Keith P. Dyrud ............................................................................ .134 Volodymyr Fedynysynec', Our Peaceful Rusyn Way Patricia A. Krafcik ....... ...... ... ............................. .... .......... .. ..... ..... .136 Norma Rudinsky, Incipient Feminists and That Alluring Land Maria Furimsky-Lackova .......... ..... .. ............... ....... ........... ........ .. ... 138 Jan Simko, English-Slovak Dictionary Louise B. Hammer................................... ... ...... .. ............... ...... .... .141 Contributors ...... ......................... .... ...... ... .. ..... ... ... .. .. .... .. .. ... ........ .. .... 145 Guidelines for Manuscripts .......... .. ........... ....... ........ ... .... ... ..... ...... ........ 148 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1991-92, Vol. 35 Description An account of the resource Vol. 35 (No. 64-65), 1991-92. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Slovak League of America Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available 1991-92 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXV NUMBERS 64-65 1991-1992 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board DA YID P. DANIEL Bratislava, Slcvakia MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. T ANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN. A HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $7.00 Manuscripts for possible spublication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 327. Table of Contents ARTICLES Slovak Emigrants in Canada as Reflected in Diplomatic Documents (1920- I 938) Elena Jakesova .... ................. ...... .. ................. ... ... ........ .................... 7 Carpatho-Rusyns: Their Current Status and Future Perspectives Paul R. Magocsi .. ... ..... ... ............... ..... .. ... ................ .. ......... .. ..... ... . 36 SYMPOSIUM A Century and a half of Czech-Slovak Relations: A Slovak Perspective Edited by Stanis/av J. Kirschbaum .... .... .................................. .......... 61 Czech-Slovak Relations from the 1840's to 1914 Edita Bosak ... ......................... ................... ..... .. ... .............. ...... .... 63 Relations Between Slovaks and Czechs in the first CSR Susan Mikula .................... .... ... .... .. .. .............................. ... ........... 78 The Czech Question in Slovakia in the Post-War Years Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ......... ... ..... ..... .... ..................... ... ....... .. ..... .967 Slovak-Czech Relations: An Assessment Carol Skalnik Leff ............ .............. .... ..... ... .. ............. ... ................ 109 REVIEW ESSAY Marxist Historians in Search of Slovak History: Milan Podrimavsky et. al., Dejiny Slovenska, m M. Mark Stolarik .......... ...... .............. .... ......................... ...... .... .... .119 4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Hugolfn Gavlovic , Valaska Skala, edited by Gerald J. Sabo Jan F. Frjdeckj .. ..... .. .. ... ..... ..... .. .... ... ..... ........ ..... ... .. .... ..... ... ....... 125 Max Domarus , ed., Hitler, Speeches and Proclamations Brian L . Villa .... .. .............. .. ... ....... .. ... .. ..... ............. ... ................ ..126 Jozef Jablonicky, Povstanie bez legiend Stanislav J. Kirschbaum .. .... .. ..... .... .............. ... .. ... .. .. ............ .. ....... .128 Bohus Chnoupek, A Breaking of Seals R. Vladimir Baumgarten . .. .... .... ...... .. ........ ..... ......... ..... ..... .. .... ...... .130 Jan Smolec et.al., Proces s dr. J. Tisom: Spomienky James R . Pelak ................................................... ...... ... .. ...... ........ 132 Athanasius Pekar, History of the Church in Carpathian Rus' Keith P. Dyrud ............................................................................ .134 Volodymyr Fedynysynec', Our Peaceful Rusyn Way Patricia A. Krafcik ....... ...... ... ............................. .... .......... .. ..... ..... .136 Norma Rudinsky, Incipient Feminists and That Alluring Land Maria Furimsky-Lackova .......... ..... .. ............... ....... ........... ........ .. ... 138 Jan Simko, English-Slovak Dictionary Louise B. Hammer................................... ... ...... .. ............... ...... .... .141 Contributors ...... ......................... .... ...... ... .. ..... ... ... .. .. .... .. .. ... ........ .. .... 145 Guidelines for Manuscripts .......... .. ........... ....... ........ ... .... ... ..... ...... ........ 148 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 35 (No. 64-65) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-92 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/732811ad1b158d5290b7367e3a6a84f0.pdf 940e5e5a013deb7e553bfe516ec6d314 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 145 CONTRIBUTORS EDIT A BOSAK is Assistant Professor of History, Memorial University, St. John 1s, Newfoundland. She specializes in 19th century Slovak and Central European history, has published numerous articles in the field and is preparing a monograph on CzechSlovak relations. ELENA JAKESOV A is a member of the Historical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava. Her specialty is Slovak immigration to Canada, about which she has published many articles and the book Vysfahovalectvo Slovakov do Kanady (Bratislava, 1981). STANISLA V J. KIRSCHBAUM is Professor of Political Science and International Studies at York University, Glendon College, in Toronto, Canada. A specialist on contemporary Slovak and Central European politics, he has published many articles on this subject as well as Slovaques et Tcheques (Lausanne, 1987). CAROL SKALNIK LEFF is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois, Urbana. She is the author of National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: The Making and Remaking of a State, 1918-1987(Princeton, 1988). PAUL R. MAGOCSI is Professor of History and Political Science at the University of Toronto, where he holds the Chair in Ukrainian Studies. He is also Director of the Multicultural History Society of Ontario. He has published The Shaping of a National Identity: Subcarpathian Rus', 1848-1948 (Cambridge, Mass: 1978) �146 SLOVAKIA and Our People: Carpatho-Rusyns and their Descendants in America (Toronto, 1984), and many other books and articles. SUSAN MIKULA is Professor of History and Chair of the Division of Humanities at Illinois Benedictine College in Lisle, Illinois. She specializes in 20th century Slovakia, has published several articles on this subject, and is preparing a study of Milan Hodfa. M. MARK STOLARIK is Professor of History and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Culture at the University of Ottawa. He specializes in the history of Slovak immigration to North America, and has published widely in the field, including Growing Up on the South Side: Slovaks in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18801976 (Lewisburg, PA, 1985) and Immigration and Urbanization: The Slovak Experience, 1870-1918 (New York, 1989) . ��148 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. If the article/review was composed on a computer, a copy of the disk used should be supplied as well. Manuscripts (and disks) will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review should be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK, K.S.G., Honorary President JOHN A HOLY Secretary-Treasurer DANIEL F. TANZONE President JOSEPH J. TALAFOUS, Esq. Vice-President ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President MICHAL BUCKO Vice-President Executive Committee Daniel F. Tanzone, Edward J. Behuncik, John A Holy, Anna S. Granchay Joseph R. Kristofik, Steve J. Hruska, Cecilia Sarocky, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., Joseph Stefka, Justine Wesnak, Edward A Zelenak, Anna M. Vizza, President, Ladies Auxiliary Patrick Zelenak Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland , Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J. NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pa. LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn. SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $7.00 per issue Printed By SLOVAK PRINT, Reg. Montreal, Quebec Canada � SLOVAKIA 145 CONTRIBUTORS EDIT A BOSAK is Assistant Professor of History, Memorial University, St. John 1s, Newfoundland. She specializes in 19th century Slovak and Central European history, has published numerous articles in the field and is preparing a monograph on CzechSlovak relations. ELENA JAKESOV A is a member of the Historical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava. Her specialty is Slovak immigration to Canada, about which she has published many articles and the book Vysfahovalectvo Slovakov do Kanady (Bratislava, 1981). STANISLA V J. KIRSCHBAUM is Professor of Political Science and International Studies at York University, Glendon College, in Toronto, Canada. A specialist on contemporary Slovak and Central European politics, he has published many articles on this subject as well as Slovaques et Tcheques (Lausanne, 1987). CAROL SKALNIK LEFF is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois, Urbana. She is the author of National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: The Making and Remaking of a State, 1918-1987(Princeton, 1988). PAUL R. MAGOCSI is Professor of History and Political Science at the University of Toronto, where he holds the Chair in Ukrainian Studies. He is also Director of the Multicultural History Society of Ontario. He has published The Shaping of a National Identity: Subcarpathian Rus', 1848-1948 (Cambridge, Mass: 1978) �146 SLOVAKIA and Our People: Carpatho-Rusyns and their Descendants in America (Toronto, 1984), and many other books and articles. SUSAN MIKULA is Professor of History and Chair of the Division of Humanities at Illinois Benedictine College in Lisle, Illinois. She specializes in 20th century Slovakia, has published several articles on this subject, and is preparing a study of Milan Hodfa. M. MARK STOLARIK is Professor of History and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Culture at the University of Ottawa. He specializes in the history of Slovak immigration to North America, and has published widely in the field, including Growing Up on the South Side: Slovaks in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18801976 (Lewisburg, PA, 1985) and Immigration and Urbanization: The Slovak Experience, 1870-1918 (New York, 1989) . ��148 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. If the article/review was composed on a computer, a copy of the disk used should be supplied as well. Manuscripts (and disks) will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review should be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK, K.S.G., Honorary President JOHN A HOLY Secretary-Treasurer DANIEL F. TANZONE President JOSEPH J. TALAFOUS, Esq. Vice-President ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President MICHAL BUCKO Vice-President Executive Committee Daniel F. Tanzone, Edward J. Behuncik, John A Holy, Anna S. Granchay Joseph R. Kristofik, Steve J. Hruska, Cecilia Sarocky, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., Joseph Stefka, Justine Wesnak, Edward A Zelenak, Anna M. Vizza, President, Ladies Auxiliary Patrick Zelenak Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland , Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J. NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pa. LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn. SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $7.00 per issue Printed By SLOVAK PRINT, Reg. Montreal, Quebec Canada � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1991-92, Vol. 35 Description An account of the resource Vol. 35 (No. 64-65), 1991-92. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Slovak League of America Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available 1991-92 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 145 CONTRIBUTORS EDIT A BOSAK is Assistant Professor of History, Memorial University, St. John 1s, Newfoundland. She specializes in 19th century Slovak and Central European history, has published numerous articles in the field and is preparing a monograph on CzechSlovak relations. ELENA JAKESOV A is a member of the Historical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava. Her specialty is Slovak immigration to Canada, about which she has published many articles and the book Vysfahovalectvo Slovakov do Kanady (Bratislava, 1981). STANISLA V J. KIRSCHBAUM is Professor of Political Science and International Studies at York University, Glendon College, in Toronto, Canada. A specialist on contemporary Slovak and Central European politics, he has published many articles on this subject as well as Slovaques et Tcheques (Lausanne, 1987). CAROL SKALNIK LEFF is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Illinois, Urbana. She is the author of National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: The Making and Remaking of a State, 1918-1987(Princeton, 1988). PAUL R. MAGOCSI is Professor of History and Political Science at the University of Toronto, where he holds the Chair in Ukrainian Studies. He is also Director of the Multicultural History Society of Ontario. He has published The Shaping of a National Identity: Subcarpathian Rus', 1848-1948 (Cambridge, Mass: 1978) 146 SLOVAKIA and Our People: Carpatho-Rusyns and their Descendants in America (Toronto, 1984), and many other books and articles. SUSAN MIKULA is Professor of History and Chair of the Division of Humanities at Illinois Benedictine College in Lisle, Illinois. She specializes in 20th century Slovakia, has published several articles on this subject, and is preparing a study of Milan Hodfa. M. MARK STOLARIK is Professor of History and holder of the Chair in Slovak History and Culture at the University of Ottawa. He specializes in the history of Slovak immigration to North America, and has published widely in the field, including Growing Up on the South Side: Slovaks in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18801976 (Lewisburg, PA, 1985) and Immigration and Urbanization: The Slovak Experience, 1870-1918 (New York, 1989) . 148 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. If the article/review was composed on a computer, a copy of the disk used should be supplied as well. Manuscripts (and disks) will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review should be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK, K.S.G., Honorary President JOHN A HOLY Secretary-Treasurer DANIEL F. TANZONE President JOSEPH J. TALAFOUS, Esq. Vice-President ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President MICHAL BUCKO Vice-President Executive Committee Daniel F. Tanzone, Edward J. Behuncik, John A Holy, Anna S. Granchay Joseph R. Kristofik, Steve J. Hruska, Cecilia Sarocky, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., Joseph Stefka, Justine Wesnak, Edward A Zelenak, Anna M. Vizza, President, Ladies Auxiliary Patrick Zelenak Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland , Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J. NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pa. LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn. SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $7.00 per issue Printed By SLOVAK PRINT, Reg. Montreal, Quebec Canada  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 35 (No. 64-65) Description An account of the resource includes Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-92 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/ad2a7aff18974b3ca9393692aa64eef2.pdf 545bb39afd0cd2a6bbf8d014db00df3e PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 182 BOOKS AND ARTICLES RECEIVED (a) From Eastern Europe Baranovsky, Michal, "K niektorym otazkam spolocenskeho vyvoja Ceskoslovenska v sest'desiatych rokoch," Historicky easopis ., 37 (No. 5, 1989). Bartalska, tubica, "K problematike vydavania americko-slovenskej mladeznfckej tlace," Slovrici v zah ranicf, 15 (1989). Bartl, Julius, " Mesta a mestecka Trencianskej stolice v stredoveku ," He., (No. 5, 1988). Bartlova, Alena, "K dejinam potravinarskeho priemyslu na Slovensku v rokoch 1918-1938," He., 37 (No . 2, 1989). Bielik, Frantisek, "Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo v rokoch 1880-1914 a pramene jeho poznavania," Slovrici v zahranicf, 15 (1989). Bobrik, Miroslav, "Nemecke telovychovne organizacie a spolky na Slovensku v rokoch 1918-1928," He. , 36 (no. 4, 1988). Bodnarova, Miloslava, "Majetkova struktura obyvatel' stva Kosfc v 16. storocf," Historica Carpatica., 18 (1987). Bokesova-Uherova, Maria, Dejiny zdravotnictva na Slovensku (Martin: Osveta, 1989). Borgul'a, Michal, Rozprrivanie z Dolnej zeme (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988). Bosic, Mila, Narodna nosnja Slovaka u Vojvodini (Novi sad : Vojvodanski muzej, 1987) Botik, Jan, ed., Hant. Tradicie /'udovej kultury (Martin: Osveta, 1988). Cambel, Samuel, "Otazka vzt'ahu revolucie v ceskych krajinach a na Slovensku v rokoch 1944-1948," He. , 37 (No. 3, 1989). Cepan, Oskar, ed., Jonas Zriborsky, I & II, (Bratislava: Tatran, 1989). Chropovsky, Bohuslav & Alexander Ruttkay, "Archaologische Erforschung und Genese des slowakischen Etnikums," Studia Historica Slovaca, XVI (1988). Daniel, David P., "Vyskum obdobia reformacie na Slovensku," He. , 37 (No. 4, 1989). Danis, Miroslav, " Husarske pluky na Ukrajine v 18. storocf a Slovensko, " He. , 37 (No. 2, 1989). Elias, Michal ed., Z pramenov nriroda. Na pamiatku stodvadsiateho piateho vyrocia vzniku Memoranda slovenskeho nriroda z roku 1861 (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988). Fabian, Juraj , "Od Klebelsbergovho Memoranda k 'Americkej akcif,' " Slovrici v zahranici, 14 (1988). Fabricius, Miroslav, Hospodrirsky vyvoj Slovenska do konca predmnichovskej republiky (Bratislava: Ekonomicky ustav SAV, 1987). Fodor, Zoltan, Nrirodnostne skolstvo v Slovenskej socialistickej republike (Bratislava: SPN, 1988). Gajdos, Marian, ed ., Vyvoj a postavenie ukrajinskej nrirodnosti na Slovensku v obdobi vystavby socializmu (Kosice: Spolocenskovedny ustav SAV, 1989). Gasparikova, Viera ed. , Jrinosfk: obraz zbojnika v nrirodnej kulture (Bratislava: Tatran, 1988). �SLOVAKIA 183 Gecelovsky, Vladimir, "Socialno-politicke postavenie a perzekucie Ciganov na Gemeri v rokoch 1918-1945," Historica Carpatica, 18 (1987). Gegus, Ivan, Kultumopolitickti orientticia Matice slovenskej v rokoch 1919-1938 (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988). Gresik, Ladislav, "Medzinarodne suvislosti a vyvin vnutropolitickych pomerov v Ceskoslovenskuv 60. rokoch," He. , 36 (No . 5, 1988). Habovstiak, Alojz, Stredovekti dedina na Slovensku (Bratislava : Slovenske narodne muzeum, 1985) Halaga, Ondrej, " ' Dvojite Kosice ' a ich opevnenie," He., 37 (No. 4, 1989). Hapak, Pavel, " K niektorym problemom dejfn robotnfckeho hnutia na Slovensku do roku 1918, " He., 37 (No . 4, 1989). Holec, Roman, " Mechanizacia ako sucast' pol' nohospodarskej revolucie na Slovensku v druhej polovici 19 . storocia," He. , 36 (No . 4, 1988). Horvath, Pavel, "Zbytocny pokus o revfziu autorstva slovenskych narodnych obran z rokov 1821-1834," He., 38 (No. 1, 1990). Hrnko, Anton, " Prejavy krfzy l'udackeho rezimu na Slovensku v lete roku 1943," He., 37 (no . 3, 1989). Hubenak, Ladislav, " Vznik Ceskoslovenska - zahranicny odboj a krajania," Slovtici v zahranicf, 14 (1988). Jakesova, Elena, "Reemigracia a vyst'ahovalectvo obyvatel'stva Slovenska v obdobf po vzniku Ceskoslovenskej republiky, " Slovtici v zahranicf, 14 (1988). _ _ _ _ , "Americkf Slovaci, zahranicny odboj a ceskoslove nska statnost' (1914-1918)," He., 37 (No. 5, 1989). Jakubikova, Kornelia, "The Participation of the Local Community in the Wedding in Slovakia," Ethnologia Slavica, 18 (1986). Kartous, Peter, "Narodne kulturne pamiatky v archfvoch SSR, " He., 37 (No . 5, 1989). Klimko, Jozef, Tretia nsa a l'udacky rezim na Slovensku (Bratislava: Obzor, 1986) Kollarova-Svorcova, Zuzana, "K problematike ciganskej otazky na Spisi (1918-1938)," Slovensky ntirodopis, 36 (No. 1, 1988). Kovac, Andrej, 'Vzt'ahy a riesenie agrarnej a ukrajinskej otazky v severovychodnych okresoch vychodneho Slovenska v rokoch 1944-1960," Histocia Carpatica, 18 (1987). Kovac, Dusan, "Slovenskf Nemci v rfsskonemeckej a sudetonemeckej politike," He., 37 (No. 6, 1989). _ _ _ _ & tubomfr Liptak, Kapitoly z dejfn (pre stredne skoly) (Bratislava: SPN, 1990). Krajfovic, Milan, 'Slovania Podunajska v protirakuskom hnutf porevolucnej ernigracie," He., 37 (No. 5, 1989). Krajfovic, Rudolf, " The Language in Great Moravia and Its Continuity with Slovak," Studia Historica Slovaca, XVI (1988). Krajfovifova, Natalia, " Prejavy nespokoj nosti s realizaciou pozemkovej reformy v prvej polovici dvadsiatych rokov, " He. , 37 (No . 6, 1989). Kucera, Matus, " Grossmahren und die Anfange unserer nationalen Geschichte, " Studia Historica Slovaca , XVI (1988) . �184 SLOVAKIA Kuzmik, Jozef, Kniznti kultura na Slovensku v stredoveku a renesancii (Martin : Matica slovenska, 1987). Lukacka, Jan, " Majetky a postavenia Ludanickovcov na Slovensku do zaciatku 14. storocia, " He., 38 (No. 1, 1990). Magdolenova, Anna, " Ceskoslovensky kontext v slovenskom hudobnom umeni v medzivojnovom obdobi (1918-1939)," He., 37 (No. 4, 1989). Magula, Rudolph, "Banicke skoly na vychodnom Slovensku pred rokom 1918," Historica Carpatica, 18 (1987). Mannova, Elena, "Spolky a ich miesta v zivote spolocnosti na Slovensku v 19. stor. Stav a problemy vyskumu," He., 38 (No . 1, 1990). Marsina, Richard, " Uber die Besiedlung der Slowakei vom 11. bis in die Halfte des 13. Jahrhunderts," Studia Historica Slovaca , XVI (1988). _ _ _ _ , " K najstarsfm dejinam Zvolena," He., 37 (No. 6, 1989). Mistrik, Jozef, Modernti sloveneina, 2nd ed. (Bratislava: SPN, 1988). _ _ _ _ , A Grammar of Contemporary Slovak (Bratislava : SPN, 1988). Oravec, Jan & Jozef Prokop, Sloveneina pre krajanov hovoriacich po anglicky (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1986). Pleva, Jan, " Ideologicka praca Komunistickej stra ny Ceskoslovenska v prvej polovici dvadsiatych rokov," He., 36 (No. 5, 1988). Podolak, Jan, " Organizational Forms of Pastoral Farming in Slovakia," Ethnologia Slavica, 15 (1983) . Podolak, Jan, " Traditional Utilization of the Production of Sheep Milk," Ethnologia Slavica, 16 (1984). Potremra, Michal, " Niektore otazky dejin juzneho Slovenska v rokoch 1938-1945," He ., 37 (No. 6, 1989). Pranda, Adam, " Die Slowakisch Rastelbinderei, Ethnologia Slavica, 17 (1985). Ratkos, Peter, " The Territorial Development of Great Moravia (Fiction and Reality), Studia Historica S/ovaca, XVI (1988). _ _ _ _ , Slovensko v dobe vel'komoravskej (Kosice: Vychodoslovenske vydavatel' stvo, 1988). Roharik, pave!, Termino/6gia remeseln{ckej vyroby v Nadlaku (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988). Ruman, Ladislav, "Ceskoslovenska socialna demokracia v obdobi docasnej stabilizacie kapitalizmu (1924-1929), He. , 38 (No. 1, 1990). Rychlik, Jan, " K otazke postavenia ceskeho obyvatel'stva na Slovensku v rokoch 1938-1945, " He ., 37 (No. 3, 1989). _ _ _ _ " Prfprava a priebeh pozemkovej reformy na Slovensku v rokoch 1938-1945," Agricultura, 22 (1989) . Sedlak, lmrich ed ., Pavo/ Jozef Saftirik a slovenske ntirodne obroden ie (Martin : Matica slovenska, 1989). Sedlak, Vincent, " Nichtmagyarische Einflusse in den Anfangen des ungarischen Staates," Studia Historica S/ovaca , XVI (1988). Sikora, Stanislav, " Problemy rozvoja socialistickeho demokratizmu v cinnosti narodnych vyborov na Slovensku na zaciatku 50. rokov," He., 37 (No. 6, 1989). �SLOVAKIA 185 Simoncic, Jozef & Jozef Watzka eds., Dejiny Trnavy (Bratislava : Obzor, 1988). Skvarna, Dusan, " Prfpravy septembroveho ozbrojeneho povstania v roku 1848, " He., 36 (No . 5, 1988). _ _ _ _ , "Priebeh a vysledky septembroveho ozbrojeneho povstania roku 1848," He., 37 (No. 2, 1989). Slavkovsky, Peter, " Die Migration zur landwirtschiftlichen Saisonarbiet und ihre Bedeutung fur die Entwicklung der Volkskultur in der Slowakei,'' Ethnologia Slavica, 15 (1983). Slovensky biograficky slovnfk (od roku 833 do roku 1990), Ill (K-1), (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1989). Smatlak, Stanislav, Dejiny slovenskej literatury od stredoveku po sueasnost' (Bratislava: Tatran, 1988). Sopko, Julius, "Questions of Cultural Influences and Level of Learning During the First Centuries of the Hungarian State, " Studia Historica Slovaca , XVI (1988) . Spiesz, Anton, Bratislava v 18. storocf (Bratislava : Tatran , 1987). Spira, Gyorgy, " Stretnutie Jana Rotaridesa s revoluciou a kontrarevoluciou," He., 36 (No. 5, 1988). Stevcek, Juraj, ed ., Dejiny slovenskeho romanu (Bratislava : Tatran, 1989). Stilla, Milos, " Paradesantna brigada v partizanskej voj ne," He., 37 (No. 3, 1989). Stolarik, M. Mark, " Slovenski prist'ahovalci a ich postoje v rokoch 1885-1919," He., 37 (No . 6, 1989). Strelko, Amon, " Vnutropoliticky vyvoj l' udackeho tabora v rokoch 1941-1942," He., 37 (No . 3, 1989). Tajtak, Ladislav, " Vznfk Robotnfckeho vzdelavacieho spolku v Kosiciach," Historica Carpatica, 18 (1987) . _ _ _ _ , " K otazke I' avicovej opozfcie v uhorskej a slovenskej socialnej demokracii a vzniku tzv . Hornouhorskej socialnodemokratickej strany, " He., 36 (No. 4, 1988). Tibensky, Jan et. al. , Priekopnfci vedy a techniky na Slovensku II (Bratislava: Obzor, 1988). Tichy, Miloslav, " K dejinam Lekarskej fakulty v Bratislave v rokoch 1919-1939, " He. , 37 (No. 5, 1989). Ulicny, Ferdinand, " Vyvoj osfdlenia horneho povodia Ondavy do zaciatku 17. storocia," Historica Carpatica, 18 (1987). Visvader, Frantisek, Maly album vel'kych osobnos tf (Portrety vyznamnych cinite/'ov eeskoslovenskeho kom unistickeho hnutia (Bratislava: SPN, 1988). Vozar, Jozef, " Zaciatky banickeho vysokeho skolstva na uzemi Ceskoslovenska, " He., 36 (No. 5, 1988). Winters, Stanley B., " Vyvoj badani o dejinach Ceskoslovenska ve Spojenych statech," Casopis Matice moravske, CVIII (No . 2, 1989). Zatkuliak, Jozef, " Narodne vybory na Slovensku pri riadeni pol'noh ospodarstva po zasadani 0V KSC v juni 1955," He., 36 (No. 4, 1988). Zubercova, Magdalena M. , Tisfcrocie m6dy. Z dejin odievania na Slovensku (Martin: Osveta, 1988). �186 SLOVAKIA (b) from the West Baumgarten, R. Vladimir, "T.G. Masaryk: The Making of a Founding Father, " The Central European Forum, 2 (No . 4, 1989). Baumgarten, R. Vladimir & Joseph Stefka, The National Slovak Society: 100 Year History, 1890-1990 (Pittsburgh: National Slovak Society, 1990). Borchert, James & Susan, Lakewood: The First Hundred Years (Norfolk, VA: Donning publishing Co., 1989). Brown, Janice, Conscience and Captivity: Religion in Eastern Europe (Washington, D.C. : Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1989). Deak, Istvan, " Uncovering Eastern Europe' s Dark History," Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs, 34 (No. 1, 1990). _ _ _ _ , Beyond Nationalism : A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1848-1918 (New York, Oxford University Press, 1990). Drobena, Thomas John, "The Influence of Irish-Keltic Church Architecture on the Slavic Church Buildings of the Great Moravian Period, " Slovak Studies, XXII (1982) . Durica, Milan S., " The Political Activities of Dr. Jozef Kirschbaum in 1939-1945 (As Described in Secret German Documents}, " Slovak Studies, XXV (1985). Durovic, tubomir, "The Language of the Walaska Sskola," in Gerald J. Sabo ed ., Hugolfn Gavlovic's Valaska Skala (Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers, 1988). Glettler, Monika, "Die Slowaken in Pressburg und Budapest um 1900," Slowakei, XXVI (1989) . Grebert, Arved, " Der Selbstandikeitswille der Slowaken in den Jahren 1919-1920," Slowakei, XXVI (1989). Havel, Vaclav, "New Year's Addres, " Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs, 34 (No . 2, 1990). Hnilica, Jan, "Sts . Cyril and Methodius and Their Attitudes Towards the Holy Scripture and Rome," Slovak Studies, XXII (1982) . Hodos, George H ., Stalinist Purges in Eastern Europe, 1948-1954 (New York: Praeger, 1987). Hoensch, Joerg K., A History of Modern Hungary, 1867-1986 (London and New York: Longman, 1988). Hrabovec, Anton, " Slowaken in bsterreich," S/owakei, XXV (1988). Jelinek, Yeshayahu, " Slovaks and the Holocaust: Attempts at Reconciliation," Soviet Jewish Affairs, 19 (No . 1, 1989). _ _ _ _ , " Slovaks, Germans, the 'Satellites', and Jews, " Cross Currents: A Yearbook of Central European Culture, 9 (1990) . Johnson, Owen V., " Newspapers and Nation-Building : The Slovak Press in Pre-1918 Slovakia, " in Hans Lemberg et. al ., Bildungsgeschichte, Bevolkerungsgeschichte und Gesel/schaftsgeschichte in den bohemischer Uindern und in Europa (Wien: Verlag fur Geschichte und Politik, 1988). _ _ _ _ , " Clio Among the Ethnic Media," Ethnic Fo rum, 8 (No . 1, 1988). �SLOVAKIA 187 Kalvoda, Josef, "Federalist thought in Czechoslovakia During the Interwar Years," Slovakia , XXXIII (1987-88). _ _ _ _ , " National Minorities Under Communism : The Case of Czechoslovakia," Nationalities Papers, XVI (No. 1, 1988). _ _ _ _ , "Czechoslovak-Ukrainian Relations," The Ukrainian Quarterly, XLN (Nos. 1-2, 1988). _ _ _ _ , "The Czechoslovak Army in the Civil War in Russia," The Ukrainian Quarterly, XLV (No. 1, 1989). _ _ _ _ , "The Origins of Czechoslovakia (Russia - The Home Front), " in Norman Stone & Edward Strouhal eds., Czechoslovakia : Crossroads and Crises, 1918-1988 (New York: St. Martin 's Press, 1989). Keller, Hans, "Meine funf Jahre in der Slowakei, 1939-1945," Slowakei, XXV (1988). Kirschbaum, J.M., "Fur ein neues Mitteleuropa," Slowakei, XXVI (1989) . Kirschbaum, Stanislav J., "Slovak Nationalism in the First Czechoslovak Republic of 1918-1938, " Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, XVI (Nos. 1-2, 1989). Komlos, John, Nutrition and Economic Development in the 18th-Century Habsburg Monarchy: An Anthropometric History (Princeton, N .J.: Princeton University Press, 1989). Kona, Martha M. & William, Arcibiskup Dr. Karol Kmet'ko (Cambridge, Ontario: Dobra kniha, 1989). Kopanic, Michael J., Jr. , "Sjednocovanie socialno-demokratickych odborovych organizacii na Slovensku v rokoch 1918-1920," Premeny, 24 (No . 4, 1987). _ _ _ _ , " Conflict and Cooperation Among East Central European Immigrants: Slovak Prespectives on Relations with Magyars in Cleveland, 1880-1930," in Western Reserve Studies Symposium (Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1989). Korec, Jan (Bishop), "Letter to Rude Pravo (October, 1987)," Furdek, XXVIIl (1989) . Kovtun, Jiff, Masaryku v triumf: Prfbeh konce velkevalky (Toronto : Sixty-Eight Publishers, 1987). Krafcik, Patricia A., "Janosil<: Unraveling the Man from the Legend," Slovakia, XXXIII (1987-88) . Kupke, Raymond J., 'The Slovak National Catholic Church, Passaic, New Jersey, and the Jeczusko Affair," Slovakia , XXXIII (1987-88). Kutnik, Jozef, " Benedictine Missionaries in Slovakia in the 9th-11th Centuries, " Slovak Studies, XXII (1982). Litva, Felix J ., "Bibliography of the Cyrillo-Methodian Mission in Great Moravia, " Slovak Studies, XXII (1982) . Mamatey, Victor S., "The Change of Presidential Guard, 1935: Masaryk's Abdication - Benes's Election," Kosmas, VII (No. 2, 1988). _ _ _ _ , " The United States and Czechoslovak Independence," in Czechoslovakia : Crossroads and Crises, 1918-1988, ed. by Norman Stone & Eduard Strouhal (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989). McCagg, William 0 ., A History of the Habsburg Jews, 1670-1988 (Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Press, 1988). �188 SLOVAKIA Molenda, Danuta, " Technological Innovation in Central Europe between the XNth and the XVIIth Centuries," Journal of European Economic History, 17 (No . 1, 1988). Pastor, Peter, ed., Revolutions and Interoentions in Hungary and Its Neighboring States, 1918-1919 (Highland Lakes, N.J.: Atlantic Studies on Society in Change, 1988 [E. European Monographs, #240)) . Pehe, Jiri, ed., The Prague Spring: A Mixed Legacy (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988). Rynsent, Robert B., ed. , Decadence and Innovation : Austro-Hungarian Life and Art at the Tum of the Cen tury (London: Weidenfeld, 1989). _ _ _ _ , "Narodnosti juzneho Slovenska v Habajovych a Bellekovych dielach," Romboid, XXIV (1989). _ _ _ _ , ed. , T. G. Masaryk (1850-1937), II: Thinker and Critic (New York : St. Martin 's Press, 1989). Rothschild, Joseph, Return to Diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). Rydlo, Jozef M., " Helvetus Peregrinus, William Ritter et la Slovaquie: une page inconnue de nos relatons avec l'etranger," HISPO (Berne), 10 (1989). _ _ _ _ , Publishing Activity of the Slovak Institute of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Rome, 1963-1988 (Rome: Slovak Institute, 1989). Sabo, Gerald J., ed., Hugolfn Gavlovic's Valaska Skala (Columbus: Slavica Publishers, 1988). Sama!, Mary Hrabik & Zdenka Brodska, "The Lukavica Notebooks, " Cross Currents, 9 (1990) . Sked, Alan, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815-1918 (London and New York: Longman, 1989). Skilling, H. Gordon, "Czechoslovakia Between East and West, " in William W. Griffith ed ., Central and Eastern Europe: The Opening Curtain? (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989). Spetko, Jozef, " Bah, Hospodin, Jahve, Allah v nasom case a priestore . Prispevok k poznaniu slovenskej cirkevno-historickej a konfesionalno-historickej literatury," Most, XXXVI (No. 3-4, 1989). _ _ _ _ , "Religious Cults in Slovakia Before [the] Arrival of [the] Slavs," Slovak Studies, XXII (1982). Stolarik, M. Mark, "Slovak Immigration to the United States and Its Relation to the American Socialist and Labor Movements," Slovakia, XXXIII (1987-88) . _ _ __ , (pseud. Leo Carpenter), "Looking for Mr. Glasnost: Scenes from Today's [1988) Czechoslovakia, " Crisis: A Journal of Lay Catholic Opinion , 7 (No . 7, 1989). _ _ _ _ , Immigration and Urbanization: Th e Slovak Experience, 1870-1918 (New York: AMS Press, 1989). _ _ _ _ , " Slovak Easter Customs in the United States," The World & I, V (No . 4, 1990). Stolicna, Rastislava, "The Ways of Food Preservation in Slovakia," in Astri Riddervold & Andreas Ropeid eds., Food Conseroation (London: Prospect Books, 1988). �SLOVAKIA 189 Sutherland, Anthony X., "Studies Into the Intellectual History of Slovak Nationalism (lS00's-1914)," Slovak Studies, XXV (1985). Tatarka, Dominik et. al., " Deportations of Jews from Slovakia: [A) Declaration," (translated by F.W. Galan), Cross Currents, 9 (1990). Unterberger, Betty M., The United States, Revolutionary Russia and the Rise of Czechoslovakia (Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 1989). Wandycz, Piotr S., The Twilight of the French Eastern Alliance, 1926-1936: FrenchCzechoslovak-Polish Relations from Locarno to the Remilitarization of the Rhineland (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988). Winters, Stanley B. , ed., T.G. Masaryk (1850-1937) . I: Thinker and Politician (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990). �190 SLOVAKIA CONTRIBUTORS DAVID P. DANIEL, Ph.D. (The Pennsylvania State University), is a specialist in the history of Slovakia and the Austrian Empire during the early modern era. He has published numerous articles and several books on the Reformation and on Slovakia during the sixteenth century. He was a Senior Fulbright Researcher in Bratislava in 1988-1990, and he also served as a special consultant to the Slovak Ministry of Culture and Education after the "velvet revolution" of November, 1989. STANISLAV J. KIRSCHBAUM, D. Rech. (Paris), is Professor of International Studies at Glendon College, York University, Toronto. A specialist on modern Slovakia (1939-1990), he has published many articles on this subject, edited two books and most recently published Slovaques et Tcheques. Essai sur un nouvel aperru de leur histoire politique (1987). JAN CHRYZOSTOM KOREC, S.J., is Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Nitra, Slovakia. He was one of four Jesuits secretly ordained as a Bishop in 1950 after the Communists suppressed all religious orders as a part of their all-out war against religion in Czechoslovakia. In the 1950's Bishop Karee worked as a manual laborer and, wherever possible, he secretly ordained priests and helped to educate them. In 1960 the secret police arrested him and he was sentenced to 12 years in prison. Freed in 1968, and fully rehabilitated in 1969, he had to return to manual labor after the "consolidation" process of 1970. Constantly harrassed by the secret police in the 1970' s and 1980' s, Bishop Karee nevertheless participated in the Catholic opposition to the new Stalinist regime and helped plan various pilgrimages and demonstrations, notably the March 25, 1988 [Good Friday] candlelight procession in Bratislava, which was broken up by police using water cannons and trun- �SLOVAKIA 191 cheons and was the first public demonstration against the Stalinist regime since 1969. He was also a co-signer of the "Declaration Regarding the Deportation of Jews from Slovakia" in the fall of 1987, which was initiated by his friend Dominik Tatarka. Bishop Korec brought Tatarka back to the Roman Catholic faith as this dissident writer's health began to fail. Pope John Paul II appointed Korec Bishop of Nitra, Slovakia's oldest Diocese, on February 6, 1990. MICHAEL KRAUS, Ph.D. (Princeton University) is Associate Professor of Political Science at Middlebury College, Vermont. He was a Ford Foundation Fellow at the Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, in 1982-83, and a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Harriman Institute for Advanced Soviet Studies, Columbia University, 1986-87. He has written on Soviet and East European Affairs in both contemporary and historical contexts. Most recently, he is editor (along with Ronald Liebowitz) of Perestroika and East-West Economic Relations: Prospects for the 1990's (New York University Press, 1990) . EWA KOWALSKA, Ph.D. (Comenius University), is a member of the Historical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Division for late Feudal History. She specializes in the history of education in Slovakia during the Enlightenment and has published a number of articles and the monograph Sttitne l'udove skolstvo na Slovensku na prelome 18. a 19. storocia (1987). She has also taught at Comenius University and has participated in various international scholarly conferences. JAN SIMKO, Ph.D. (Comenius University), was a Professor of English at Comenius until 1967. After the Soviet-led invasion of 1968 he decided to remain in the West. He is a specialist on Shakespeare and the author of over 100 articles. His most notable achievement was the publication of the English-Slovak Dictionary (3 editions, 1967, 1968 and 1971) in Bratislava, Slovakia. A revised and updated version of this dictionary is about to be published by the Slovak World Congress . Dr. Simko was the first Scholar in Residence and Visiting Professor of English at West Virginia University in Parkesburg, where he spent the 1989-1990 academic year. �192 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles for publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed double-spaced, with generous margins for copyediting. Footnotes should also be double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian' s A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK, K.S.G., Honorary President JOHN A. HOLY Sec reta ry-T reasu rer DANIEL F. TANZONE President JOSEPH J. TALAFOUS, Esq. Vice-President ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President PHILIP R. TUHY Vice-President Executive Committee Daniel F. Tanzone, Edward J. Behuncik, John A. Holy, Anna S. Granchay Joseph R. Kristofik, Steve J. Hruska, Cecilia Sarocky, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., Joseph Stefka, Stephen J. Kavulich, Justine Wesnak, Edward A. Zelenak, M. Mark Stolarik, Ph.D., Igor Uhrik Anna M. Vizza, President, Ladies Auxiliary Patrick Zelenak Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J. NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pa . LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn . SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $6.00 per issue Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A. � SLOVAKIA 182 BOOKS AND ARTICLES RECEIVED (a) From Eastern Europe Baranovsky, Michal, "K niektorym otazkam spolocenskeho vyvoja Ceskoslovenska v sest'desiatych rokoch," Historicky easopis ., 37 (No. 5, 1989). Bartalska, tubica, "K problematike vydavania americko-slovenskej mladeznfckej tlace," Slovrici v zah ranicf, 15 (1989). Bartl, Julius, " Mesta a mestecka Trencianskej stolice v stredoveku ," He., (No. 5, 1988). Bartlova, Alena, "K dejinam potravinarskeho priemyslu na Slovensku v rokoch 1918-1938," He., 37 (No . 2, 1989). Bielik, Frantisek, "Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo v rokoch 1880-1914 a pramene jeho poznavania," Slovrici v zahranicf, 15 (1989). Bobrik, Miroslav, "Nemecke telovychovne organizacie a spolky na Slovensku v rokoch 1918-1928," He. , 36 (no. 4, 1988). Bodnarova, Miloslava, "Majetkova struktura obyvatel' stva Kosfc v 16. storocf," Historica Carpatica., 18 (1987). Bokesova-Uherova, Maria, Dejiny zdravotnictva na Slovensku (Martin: Osveta, 1989). Borgul'a, Michal, Rozprrivanie z Dolnej zeme (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988). Bosic, Mila, Narodna nosnja Slovaka u Vojvodini (Novi sad : Vojvodanski muzej, 1987) Botik, Jan, ed., Hant. Tradicie /'udovej kultury (Martin: Osveta, 1988). Cambel, Samuel, "Otazka vzt'ahu revolucie v ceskych krajinach a na Slovensku v rokoch 1944-1948," He. , 37 (No. 3, 1989). Cepan, Oskar, ed., Jonas Zriborsky, I & II, (Bratislava: Tatran, 1989). Chropovsky, Bohuslav & Alexander Ruttkay, "Archaologische Erforschung und Genese des slowakischen Etnikums," Studia Historica Slovaca, XVI (1988). Daniel, David P., "Vyskum obdobia reformacie na Slovensku," He. , 37 (No. 4, 1989). Danis, Miroslav, " Husarske pluky na Ukrajine v 18. storocf a Slovensko, " He. , 37 (No. 2, 1989). Elias, Michal ed., Z pramenov nriroda. Na pamiatku stodvadsiateho piateho vyrocia vzniku Memoranda slovenskeho nriroda z roku 1861 (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988). Fabian, Juraj , "Od Klebelsbergovho Memoranda k 'Americkej akcif,' " Slovrici v zahranici, 14 (1988). Fabricius, Miroslav, Hospodrirsky vyvoj Slovenska do konca predmnichovskej republiky (Bratislava: Ekonomicky ustav SAV, 1987). Fodor, Zoltan, Nrirodnostne skolstvo v Slovenskej socialistickej republike (Bratislava: SPN, 1988). Gajdos, Marian, ed ., Vyvoj a postavenie ukrajinskej nrirodnosti na Slovensku v obdobi vystavby socializmu (Kosice: Spolocenskovedny ustav SAV, 1989). Gasparikova, Viera ed. , Jrinosfk: obraz zbojnika v nrirodnej kulture (Bratislava: Tatran, 1988). �SLOVAKIA 183 Gecelovsky, Vladimir, "Socialno-politicke postavenie a perzekucie Ciganov na Gemeri v rokoch 1918-1945," Historica Carpatica, 18 (1987). Gegus, Ivan, Kultumopolitickti orientticia Matice slovenskej v rokoch 1919-1938 (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988). Gresik, Ladislav, "Medzinarodne suvislosti a vyvin vnutropolitickych pomerov v Ceskoslovenskuv 60. rokoch," He. , 36 (No . 5, 1988). Habovstiak, Alojz, Stredovekti dedina na Slovensku (Bratislava : Slovenske narodne muzeum, 1985) Halaga, Ondrej, " ' Dvojite Kosice ' a ich opevnenie," He., 37 (No. 4, 1989). Hapak, Pavel, " K niektorym problemom dejfn robotnfckeho hnutia na Slovensku do roku 1918, " He., 37 (No . 4, 1989). Holec, Roman, " Mechanizacia ako sucast' pol' nohospodarskej revolucie na Slovensku v druhej polovici 19 . storocia," He. , 36 (No . 4, 1988). Horvath, Pavel, "Zbytocny pokus o revfziu autorstva slovenskych narodnych obran z rokov 1821-1834," He., 38 (No. 1, 1990). Hrnko, Anton, " Prejavy krfzy l'udackeho rezimu na Slovensku v lete roku 1943," He., 37 (no . 3, 1989). Hubenak, Ladislav, " Vznik Ceskoslovenska - zahranicny odboj a krajania," Slovtici v zahranicf, 14 (1988). Jakesova, Elena, "Reemigracia a vyst'ahovalectvo obyvatel'stva Slovenska v obdobf po vzniku Ceskoslovenskej republiky, " Slovtici v zahranicf, 14 (1988). _ _ _ _ , "Americkf Slovaci, zahranicny odboj a ceskoslove nska statnost' (1914-1918)," He., 37 (No. 5, 1989). Jakubikova, Kornelia, "The Participation of the Local Community in the Wedding in Slovakia," Ethnologia Slavica, 18 (1986). Kartous, Peter, "Narodne kulturne pamiatky v archfvoch SSR, " He., 37 (No . 5, 1989). Klimko, Jozef, Tretia nsa a l'udacky rezim na Slovensku (Bratislava: Obzor, 1986) Kollarova-Svorcova, Zuzana, "K problematike ciganskej otazky na Spisi (1918-1938)," Slovensky ntirodopis, 36 (No. 1, 1988). Kovac, Andrej, 'Vzt'ahy a riesenie agrarnej a ukrajinskej otazky v severovychodnych okresoch vychodneho Slovenska v rokoch 1944-1960," Histocia Carpatica, 18 (1987). Kovac, Dusan, "Slovenskf Nemci v rfsskonemeckej a sudetonemeckej politike," He., 37 (No. 6, 1989). _ _ _ _ & tubomfr Liptak, Kapitoly z dejfn (pre stredne skoly) (Bratislava: SPN, 1990). Krajfovic, Milan, 'Slovania Podunajska v protirakuskom hnutf porevolucnej ernigracie," He., 37 (No. 5, 1989). Krajfovic, Rudolf, " The Language in Great Moravia and Its Continuity with Slovak," Studia Historica Slovaca, XVI (1988). Krajfovifova, Natalia, " Prejavy nespokoj nosti s realizaciou pozemkovej reformy v prvej polovici dvadsiatych rokov, " He. , 37 (No . 6, 1989). Kucera, Matus, " Grossmahren und die Anfange unserer nationalen Geschichte, " Studia Historica Slovaca , XVI (1988) . �184 SLOVAKIA Kuzmik, Jozef, Kniznti kultura na Slovensku v stredoveku a renesancii (Martin : Matica slovenska, 1987). Lukacka, Jan, " Majetky a postavenia Ludanickovcov na Slovensku do zaciatku 14. storocia, " He., 38 (No. 1, 1990). Magdolenova, Anna, " Ceskoslovensky kontext v slovenskom hudobnom umeni v medzivojnovom obdobi (1918-1939)," He., 37 (No. 4, 1989). Magula, Rudolph, "Banicke skoly na vychodnom Slovensku pred rokom 1918," Historica Carpatica, 18 (1987). Mannova, Elena, "Spolky a ich miesta v zivote spolocnosti na Slovensku v 19. stor. Stav a problemy vyskumu," He., 38 (No . 1, 1990). Marsina, Richard, " Uber die Besiedlung der Slowakei vom 11. bis in die Halfte des 13. Jahrhunderts," Studia Historica Slovaca , XVI (1988). _ _ _ _ , " K najstarsfm dejinam Zvolena," He., 37 (No. 6, 1989). Mistrik, Jozef, Modernti sloveneina, 2nd ed. (Bratislava: SPN, 1988). _ _ _ _ , A Grammar of Contemporary Slovak (Bratislava : SPN, 1988). Oravec, Jan & Jozef Prokop, Sloveneina pre krajanov hovoriacich po anglicky (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1986). Pleva, Jan, " Ideologicka praca Komunistickej stra ny Ceskoslovenska v prvej polovici dvadsiatych rokov," He., 36 (No. 5, 1988). Podolak, Jan, " Organizational Forms of Pastoral Farming in Slovakia," Ethnologia Slavica, 15 (1983) . Podolak, Jan, " Traditional Utilization of the Production of Sheep Milk," Ethnologia Slavica, 16 (1984). Potremra, Michal, " Niektore otazky dejin juzneho Slovenska v rokoch 1938-1945," He ., 37 (No. 6, 1989). Pranda, Adam, " Die Slowakisch Rastelbinderei, Ethnologia Slavica, 17 (1985). Ratkos, Peter, " The Territorial Development of Great Moravia (Fiction and Reality), Studia Historica S/ovaca, XVI (1988). _ _ _ _ , Slovensko v dobe vel'komoravskej (Kosice: Vychodoslovenske vydavatel' stvo, 1988). Roharik, pave!, Termino/6gia remeseln{ckej vyroby v Nadlaku (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988). Ruman, Ladislav, "Ceskoslovenska socialna demokracia v obdobi docasnej stabilizacie kapitalizmu (1924-1929), He. , 38 (No. 1, 1990). Rychlik, Jan, " K otazke postavenia ceskeho obyvatel'stva na Slovensku v rokoch 1938-1945, " He ., 37 (No. 3, 1989). _ _ _ _ " Prfprava a priebeh pozemkovej reformy na Slovensku v rokoch 1938-1945," Agricultura, 22 (1989) . Sedlak, lmrich ed ., Pavo/ Jozef Saftirik a slovenske ntirodne obroden ie (Martin : Matica slovenska, 1989). Sedlak, Vincent, " Nichtmagyarische Einflusse in den Anfangen des ungarischen Staates," Studia Historica S/ovaca , XVI (1988). Sikora, Stanislav, " Problemy rozvoja socialistickeho demokratizmu v cinnosti narodnych vyborov na Slovensku na zaciatku 50. rokov," He., 37 (No. 6, 1989). �SLOVAKIA 185 Simoncic, Jozef & Jozef Watzka eds., Dejiny Trnavy (Bratislava : Obzor, 1988). Skvarna, Dusan, " Prfpravy septembroveho ozbrojeneho povstania v roku 1848, " He., 36 (No . 5, 1988). _ _ _ _ , "Priebeh a vysledky septembroveho ozbrojeneho povstania roku 1848," He., 37 (No. 2, 1989). Slavkovsky, Peter, " Die Migration zur landwirtschiftlichen Saisonarbiet und ihre Bedeutung fur die Entwicklung der Volkskultur in der Slowakei,'' Ethnologia Slavica, 15 (1983). Slovensky biograficky slovnfk (od roku 833 do roku 1990), Ill (K-1), (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1989). Smatlak, Stanislav, Dejiny slovenskej literatury od stredoveku po sueasnost' (Bratislava: Tatran, 1988). Sopko, Julius, "Questions of Cultural Influences and Level of Learning During the First Centuries of the Hungarian State, " Studia Historica Slovaca , XVI (1988) . Spiesz, Anton, Bratislava v 18. storocf (Bratislava : Tatran , 1987). Spira, Gyorgy, " Stretnutie Jana Rotaridesa s revoluciou a kontrarevoluciou," He., 36 (No. 5, 1988). Stevcek, Juraj, ed ., Dejiny slovenskeho romanu (Bratislava : Tatran, 1989). Stilla, Milos, " Paradesantna brigada v partizanskej voj ne," He., 37 (No. 3, 1989). Stolarik, M. Mark, " Slovenski prist'ahovalci a ich postoje v rokoch 1885-1919," He., 37 (No . 6, 1989). Strelko, Amon, " Vnutropoliticky vyvoj l' udackeho tabora v rokoch 1941-1942," He., 37 (No . 3, 1989). Tajtak, Ladislav, " Vznfk Robotnfckeho vzdelavacieho spolku v Kosiciach," Historica Carpatica, 18 (1987) . _ _ _ _ , " K otazke I' avicovej opozfcie v uhorskej a slovenskej socialnej demokracii a vzniku tzv . Hornouhorskej socialnodemokratickej strany, " He., 36 (No. 4, 1988). Tibensky, Jan et. al. , Priekopnfci vedy a techniky na Slovensku II (Bratislava: Obzor, 1988). Tichy, Miloslav, " K dejinam Lekarskej fakulty v Bratislave v rokoch 1919-1939, " He. , 37 (No. 5, 1989). Ulicny, Ferdinand, " Vyvoj osfdlenia horneho povodia Ondavy do zaciatku 17. storocia," Historica Carpatica, 18 (1987). Visvader, Frantisek, Maly album vel'kych osobnos tf (Portrety vyznamnych cinite/'ov eeskoslovenskeho kom unistickeho hnutia (Bratislava: SPN, 1988). Vozar, Jozef, " Zaciatky banickeho vysokeho skolstva na uzemi Ceskoslovenska, " He., 36 (No. 5, 1988). Winters, Stanley B., " Vyvoj badani o dejinach Ceskoslovenska ve Spojenych statech," Casopis Matice moravske, CVIII (No . 2, 1989). Zatkuliak, Jozef, " Narodne vybory na Slovensku pri riadeni pol'noh ospodarstva po zasadani 0V KSC v juni 1955," He., 36 (No. 4, 1988). Zubercova, Magdalena M. , Tisfcrocie m6dy. Z dejin odievania na Slovensku (Martin: Osveta, 1988). �186 SLOVAKIA (b) from the West Baumgarten, R. Vladimir, "T.G. Masaryk: The Making of a Founding Father, " The Central European Forum, 2 (No . 4, 1989). Baumgarten, R. Vladimir & Joseph Stefka, The National Slovak Society: 100 Year History, 1890-1990 (Pittsburgh: National Slovak Society, 1990). Borchert, James & Susan, Lakewood: The First Hundred Years (Norfolk, VA: Donning publishing Co., 1989). Brown, Janice, Conscience and Captivity: Religion in Eastern Europe (Washington, D.C. : Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1989). Deak, Istvan, " Uncovering Eastern Europe' s Dark History," Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs, 34 (No. 1, 1990). _ _ _ _ , Beyond Nationalism : A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1848-1918 (New York, Oxford University Press, 1990). Drobena, Thomas John, "The Influence of Irish-Keltic Church Architecture on the Slavic Church Buildings of the Great Moravian Period, " Slovak Studies, XXII (1982) . Durica, Milan S., " The Political Activities of Dr. Jozef Kirschbaum in 1939-1945 (As Described in Secret German Documents}, " Slovak Studies, XXV (1985). Durovic, tubomir, "The Language of the Walaska Sskola," in Gerald J. Sabo ed ., Hugolfn Gavlovic's Valaska Skala (Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers, 1988). Glettler, Monika, "Die Slowaken in Pressburg und Budapest um 1900," Slowakei, XXVI (1989) . Grebert, Arved, " Der Selbstandikeitswille der Slowaken in den Jahren 1919-1920," Slowakei, XXVI (1989). Havel, Vaclav, "New Year's Addres, " Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs, 34 (No . 2, 1990). Hnilica, Jan, "Sts . Cyril and Methodius and Their Attitudes Towards the Holy Scripture and Rome," Slovak Studies, XXII (1982) . Hodos, George H ., Stalinist Purges in Eastern Europe, 1948-1954 (New York: Praeger, 1987). Hoensch, Joerg K., A History of Modern Hungary, 1867-1986 (London and New York: Longman, 1988). Hrabovec, Anton, " Slowaken in bsterreich," S/owakei, XXV (1988). Jelinek, Yeshayahu, " Slovaks and the Holocaust: Attempts at Reconciliation," Soviet Jewish Affairs, 19 (No . 1, 1989). _ _ _ _ , " Slovaks, Germans, the 'Satellites', and Jews, " Cross Currents: A Yearbook of Central European Culture, 9 (1990) . Johnson, Owen V., " Newspapers and Nation-Building : The Slovak Press in Pre-1918 Slovakia, " in Hans Lemberg et. al ., Bildungsgeschichte, Bevolkerungsgeschichte und Gesel/schaftsgeschichte in den bohemischer Uindern und in Europa (Wien: Verlag fur Geschichte und Politik, 1988). _ _ _ _ , " Clio Among the Ethnic Media," Ethnic Fo rum, 8 (No . 1, 1988). �SLOVAKIA 187 Kalvoda, Josef, "Federalist thought in Czechoslovakia During the Interwar Years," Slovakia , XXXIII (1987-88). _ _ _ _ , " National Minorities Under Communism : The Case of Czechoslovakia," Nationalities Papers, XVI (No. 1, 1988). _ _ _ _ , "Czechoslovak-Ukrainian Relations," The Ukrainian Quarterly, XLN (Nos. 1-2, 1988). _ _ _ _ , "The Czechoslovak Army in the Civil War in Russia," The Ukrainian Quarterly, XLV (No. 1, 1989). _ _ _ _ , "The Origins of Czechoslovakia (Russia - The Home Front), " in Norman Stone & Edward Strouhal eds., Czechoslovakia : Crossroads and Crises, 1918-1988 (New York: St. Martin 's Press, 1989). Keller, Hans, "Meine funf Jahre in der Slowakei, 1939-1945," Slowakei, XXV (1988). Kirschbaum, J.M., "Fur ein neues Mitteleuropa," Slowakei, XXVI (1989) . Kirschbaum, Stanislav J., "Slovak Nationalism in the First Czechoslovak Republic of 1918-1938, " Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, XVI (Nos. 1-2, 1989). Komlos, John, Nutrition and Economic Development in the 18th-Century Habsburg Monarchy: An Anthropometric History (Princeton, N .J.: Princeton University Press, 1989). Kona, Martha M. & William, Arcibiskup Dr. Karol Kmet'ko (Cambridge, Ontario: Dobra kniha, 1989). Kopanic, Michael J., Jr. , "Sjednocovanie socialno-demokratickych odborovych organizacii na Slovensku v rokoch 1918-1920," Premeny, 24 (No . 4, 1987). _ _ _ _ , " Conflict and Cooperation Among East Central European Immigrants: Slovak Prespectives on Relations with Magyars in Cleveland, 1880-1930," in Western Reserve Studies Symposium (Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1989). Korec, Jan (Bishop), "Letter to Rude Pravo (October, 1987)," Furdek, XXVIIl (1989) . Kovtun, Jiff, Masaryku v triumf: Prfbeh konce velkevalky (Toronto : Sixty-Eight Publishers, 1987). Krafcik, Patricia A., "Janosil<: Unraveling the Man from the Legend," Slovakia, XXXIII (1987-88) . Kupke, Raymond J., 'The Slovak National Catholic Church, Passaic, New Jersey, and the Jeczusko Affair," Slovakia , XXXIII (1987-88). Kutnik, Jozef, " Benedictine Missionaries in Slovakia in the 9th-11th Centuries, " Slovak Studies, XXII (1982). Litva, Felix J ., "Bibliography of the Cyrillo-Methodian Mission in Great Moravia, " Slovak Studies, XXII (1982) . Mamatey, Victor S., "The Change of Presidential Guard, 1935: Masaryk's Abdication - Benes's Election," Kosmas, VII (No. 2, 1988). _ _ _ _ , " The United States and Czechoslovak Independence," in Czechoslovakia : Crossroads and Crises, 1918-1988, ed. by Norman Stone & Eduard Strouhal (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989). McCagg, William 0 ., A History of the Habsburg Jews, 1670-1988 (Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Press, 1988). �188 SLOVAKIA Molenda, Danuta, " Technological Innovation in Central Europe between the XNth and the XVIIth Centuries," Journal of European Economic History, 17 (No . 1, 1988). Pastor, Peter, ed., Revolutions and Interoentions in Hungary and Its Neighboring States, 1918-1919 (Highland Lakes, N.J.: Atlantic Studies on Society in Change, 1988 [E. European Monographs, #240)) . Pehe, Jiri, ed., The Prague Spring: A Mixed Legacy (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988). Rynsent, Robert B., ed. , Decadence and Innovation : Austro-Hungarian Life and Art at the Tum of the Cen tury (London: Weidenfeld, 1989). _ _ _ _ , "Narodnosti juzneho Slovenska v Habajovych a Bellekovych dielach," Romboid, XXIV (1989). _ _ _ _ , ed. , T. G. Masaryk (1850-1937), II: Thinker and Critic (New York : St. Martin 's Press, 1989). Rothschild, Joseph, Return to Diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). Rydlo, Jozef M., " Helvetus Peregrinus, William Ritter et la Slovaquie: une page inconnue de nos relatons avec l'etranger," HISPO (Berne), 10 (1989). _ _ _ _ , Publishing Activity of the Slovak Institute of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Rome, 1963-1988 (Rome: Slovak Institute, 1989). Sabo, Gerald J., ed., Hugolfn Gavlovic's Valaska Skala (Columbus: Slavica Publishers, 1988). Sama!, Mary Hrabik & Zdenka Brodska, "The Lukavica Notebooks, " Cross Currents, 9 (1990) . Sked, Alan, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815-1918 (London and New York: Longman, 1989). Skilling, H. Gordon, "Czechoslovakia Between East and West, " in William W. Griffith ed ., Central and Eastern Europe: The Opening Curtain? (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989). Spetko, Jozef, " Bah, Hospodin, Jahve, Allah v nasom case a priestore . Prispevok k poznaniu slovenskej cirkevno-historickej a konfesionalno-historickej literatury," Most, XXXVI (No. 3-4, 1989). _ _ _ _ , "Religious Cults in Slovakia Before [the] Arrival of [the] Slavs," Slovak Studies, XXII (1982). Stolarik, M. Mark, "Slovak Immigration to the United States and Its Relation to the American Socialist and Labor Movements," Slovakia, XXXIII (1987-88) . _ _ __ , (pseud. Leo Carpenter), "Looking for Mr. Glasnost: Scenes from Today's [1988) Czechoslovakia, " Crisis: A Journal of Lay Catholic Opinion , 7 (No . 7, 1989). _ _ _ _ , Immigration and Urbanization: Th e Slovak Experience, 1870-1918 (New York: AMS Press, 1989). _ _ _ _ , " Slovak Easter Customs in the United States," The World & I, V (No . 4, 1990). Stolicna, Rastislava, "The Ways of Food Preservation in Slovakia," in Astri Riddervold & Andreas Ropeid eds., Food Conseroation (London: Prospect Books, 1988). �SLOVAKIA 189 Sutherland, Anthony X., "Studies Into the Intellectual History of Slovak Nationalism (lS00's-1914)," Slovak Studies, XXV (1985). Tatarka, Dominik et. al., " Deportations of Jews from Slovakia: [A) Declaration," (translated by F.W. Galan), Cross Currents, 9 (1990). Unterberger, Betty M., The United States, Revolutionary Russia and the Rise of Czechoslovakia (Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 1989). Wandycz, Piotr S., The Twilight of the French Eastern Alliance, 1926-1936: FrenchCzechoslovak-Polish Relations from Locarno to the Remilitarization of the Rhineland (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988). Winters, Stanley B. , ed., T.G. Masaryk (1850-1937) . I: Thinker and Politician (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990). �190 SLOVAKIA CONTRIBUTORS DAVID P. DANIEL, Ph.D. (The Pennsylvania State University), is a specialist in the history of Slovakia and the Austrian Empire during the early modern era. He has published numerous articles and several books on the Reformation and on Slovakia during the sixteenth century. He was a Senior Fulbright Researcher in Bratislava in 1988-1990, and he also served as a special consultant to the Slovak Ministry of Culture and Education after the "velvet revolution" of November, 1989. STANISLAV J. KIRSCHBAUM, D. Rech. (Paris), is Professor of International Studies at Glendon College, York University, Toronto. A specialist on modern Slovakia (1939-1990), he has published many articles on this subject, edited two books and most recently published Slovaques et Tcheques. Essai sur un nouvel aperru de leur histoire politique (1987). JAN CHRYZOSTOM KOREC, S.J., is Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Nitra, Slovakia. He was one of four Jesuits secretly ordained as a Bishop in 1950 after the Communists suppressed all religious orders as a part of their all-out war against religion in Czechoslovakia. In the 1950's Bishop Karee worked as a manual laborer and, wherever possible, he secretly ordained priests and helped to educate them. In 1960 the secret police arrested him and he was sentenced to 12 years in prison. Freed in 1968, and fully rehabilitated in 1969, he had to return to manual labor after the "consolidation" process of 1970. Constantly harrassed by the secret police in the 1970' s and 1980' s, Bishop Karee nevertheless participated in the Catholic opposition to the new Stalinist regime and helped plan various pilgrimages and demonstrations, notably the March 25, 1988 [Good Friday] candlelight procession in Bratislava, which was broken up by police using water cannons and trun- �SLOVAKIA 191 cheons and was the first public demonstration against the Stalinist regime since 1969. He was also a co-signer of the "Declaration Regarding the Deportation of Jews from Slovakia" in the fall of 1987, which was initiated by his friend Dominik Tatarka. Bishop Korec brought Tatarka back to the Roman Catholic faith as this dissident writer's health began to fail. Pope John Paul II appointed Korec Bishop of Nitra, Slovakia's oldest Diocese, on February 6, 1990. MICHAEL KRAUS, Ph.D. (Princeton University) is Associate Professor of Political Science at Middlebury College, Vermont. He was a Ford Foundation Fellow at the Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, in 1982-83, and a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Harriman Institute for Advanced Soviet Studies, Columbia University, 1986-87. He has written on Soviet and East European Affairs in both contemporary and historical contexts. Most recently, he is editor (along with Ronald Liebowitz) of Perestroika and East-West Economic Relations: Prospects for the 1990's (New York University Press, 1990) . EWA KOWALSKA, Ph.D. (Comenius University), is a member of the Historical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Division for late Feudal History. She specializes in the history of education in Slovakia during the Enlightenment and has published a number of articles and the monograph Sttitne l'udove skolstvo na Slovensku na prelome 18. a 19. storocia (1987). She has also taught at Comenius University and has participated in various international scholarly conferences. JAN SIMKO, Ph.D. (Comenius University), was a Professor of English at Comenius until 1967. After the Soviet-led invasion of 1968 he decided to remain in the West. He is a specialist on Shakespeare and the author of over 100 articles. His most notable achievement was the publication of the English-Slovak Dictionary (3 editions, 1967, 1968 and 1971) in Bratislava, Slovakia. A revised and updated version of this dictionary is about to be published by the Slovak World Congress . Dr. Simko was the first Scholar in Residence and Visiting Professor of English at West Virginia University in Parkesburg, where he spent the 1989-1990 academic year. �192 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles for publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed double-spaced, with generous margins for copyediting. Footnotes should also be double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian' s A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK, K.S.G., Honorary President JOHN A. HOLY Sec reta ry-T reasu rer DANIEL F. TANZONE President JOSEPH J. TALAFOUS, Esq. Vice-President ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President PHILIP R. TUHY Vice-President Executive Committee Daniel F. Tanzone, Edward J. Behuncik, John A. Holy, Anna S. Granchay Joseph R. Kristofik, Steve J. Hruska, Cecilia Sarocky, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., Joseph Stefka, Stephen J. Kavulich, Justine Wesnak, Edward A. Zelenak, M. Mark Stolarik, Ph.D., Igor Uhrik Anna M. Vizza, President, Ladies Auxiliary Patrick Zelenak Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J. NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pa . LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn . SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $6.00 per issue Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1989-90, Vol. 34 Description An account of the resource Vol. 34 (No. 62-63), 1989-90. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989-90 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 182 BOOKS AND ARTICLES RECEIVED (a) From Eastern Europe Baranovsky, Michal, "K niektorym otazkam spolocenskeho vyvoja Ceskoslovenska v sest'desiatych rokoch," Historicky easopis ., 37 (No. 5, 1989). Bartalska, tubica, "K problematike vydavania americko-slovenskej mladeznfckej tlace," Slovrici v zah ranicf, 15 (1989). Bartl, Julius, " Mesta a mestecka Trencianskej stolice v stredoveku ," He., (No. 5, 1988). Bartlova, Alena, "K dejinam potravinarskeho priemyslu na Slovensku v rokoch 1918-1938," He., 37 (No . 2, 1989). Bielik, Frantisek, "Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo v rokoch 1880-1914 a pramene jeho poznavania," Slovrici v zahranicf, 15 (1989). Bobrik, Miroslav, "Nemecke telovychovne organizacie a spolky na Slovensku v rokoch 1918-1928," He. , 36 (no. 4, 1988). Bodnarova, Miloslava, "Majetkova struktura obyvatel' stva Kosfc v 16. storocf," Historica Carpatica., 18 (1987). Bokesova-Uherova, Maria, Dejiny zdravotnictva na Slovensku (Martin: Osveta, 1989). Borgul'a, Michal, Rozprrivanie z Dolnej zeme (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988). Bosic, Mila, Narodna nosnja Slovaka u Vojvodini (Novi sad : Vojvodanski muzej, 1987) Botik, Jan, ed., Hant. Tradicie /'udovej kultury (Martin: Osveta, 1988). Cambel, Samuel, "Otazka vzt'ahu revolucie v ceskych krajinach a na Slovensku v rokoch 1944-1948," He. , 37 (No. 3, 1989). Cepan, Oskar, ed., Jonas Zriborsky, I & II, (Bratislava: Tatran, 1989). Chropovsky, Bohuslav & Alexander Ruttkay, "Archaologische Erforschung und Genese des slowakischen Etnikums," Studia Historica Slovaca, XVI (1988). Daniel, David P., "Vyskum obdobia reformacie na Slovensku," He. , 37 (No. 4, 1989). Danis, Miroslav, " Husarske pluky na Ukrajine v 18. storocf a Slovensko, " He. , 37 (No. 2, 1989). Elias, Michal ed., Z pramenov nriroda. Na pamiatku stodvadsiateho piateho vyrocia vzniku Memoranda slovenskeho nriroda z roku 1861 (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988). Fabian, Juraj , "Od Klebelsbergovho Memoranda k 'Americkej akcif,' " Slovrici v zahranici, 14 (1988). Fabricius, Miroslav, Hospodrirsky vyvoj Slovenska do konca predmnichovskej republiky (Bratislava: Ekonomicky ustav SAV, 1987). Fodor, Zoltan, Nrirodnostne skolstvo v Slovenskej socialistickej republike (Bratislava: SPN, 1988). Gajdos, Marian, ed ., Vyvoj a postavenie ukrajinskej nrirodnosti na Slovensku v obdobi vystavby socializmu (Kosice: Spolocenskovedny ustav SAV, 1989). Gasparikova, Viera ed. , Jrinosfk: obraz zbojnika v nrirodnej kulture (Bratislava: Tatran, 1988). SLOVAKIA 183 Gecelovsky, Vladimir, "Socialno-politicke postavenie a perzekucie Ciganov na Gemeri v rokoch 1918-1945," Historica Carpatica, 18 (1987). Gegus, Ivan, Kultumopolitickti orientticia Matice slovenskej v rokoch 1919-1938 (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988). Gresik, Ladislav, "Medzinarodne suvislosti a vyvin vnutropolitickych pomerov v Ceskoslovenskuv 60. rokoch," He. , 36 (No . 5, 1988). Habovstiak, Alojz, Stredovekti dedina na Slovensku (Bratislava : Slovenske narodne muzeum, 1985) Halaga, Ondrej, " ' Dvojite Kosice ' a ich opevnenie," He., 37 (No. 4, 1989). Hapak, Pavel, " K niektorym problemom dejfn robotnfckeho hnutia na Slovensku do roku 1918, " He., 37 (No . 4, 1989). Holec, Roman, " Mechanizacia ako sucast' pol' nohospodarskej revolucie na Slovensku v druhej polovici 19 . storocia," He. , 36 (No . 4, 1988). Horvath, Pavel, "Zbytocny pokus o revfziu autorstva slovenskych narodnych obran z rokov 1821-1834," He., 38 (No. 1, 1990). Hrnko, Anton, " Prejavy krfzy l'udackeho rezimu na Slovensku v lete roku 1943," He., 37 (no . 3, 1989). Hubenak, Ladislav, " Vznik Ceskoslovenska - zahranicny odboj a krajania," Slovtici v zahranicf, 14 (1988). Jakesova, Elena, "Reemigracia a vyst'ahovalectvo obyvatel'stva Slovenska v obdobf po vzniku Ceskoslovenskej republiky, " Slovtici v zahranicf, 14 (1988). _ _ _ _ , "Americkf Slovaci, zahranicny odboj a ceskoslove nska statnost' (1914-1918)," He., 37 (No. 5, 1989). Jakubikova, Kornelia, "The Participation of the Local Community in the Wedding in Slovakia," Ethnologia Slavica, 18 (1986). Kartous, Peter, "Narodne kulturne pamiatky v archfvoch SSR, " He., 37 (No . 5, 1989). Klimko, Jozef, Tretia nsa a l'udacky rezim na Slovensku (Bratislava: Obzor, 1986) Kollarova-Svorcova, Zuzana, "K problematike ciganskej otazky na Spisi (1918-1938)," Slovensky ntirodopis, 36 (No. 1, 1988). Kovac, Andrej, 'Vzt'ahy a riesenie agrarnej a ukrajinskej otazky v severovychodnych okresoch vychodneho Slovenska v rokoch 1944-1960," Histocia Carpatica, 18 (1987). Kovac, Dusan, "Slovenskf Nemci v rfsskonemeckej a sudetonemeckej politike," He., 37 (No. 6, 1989). _ _ _ _ & tubomfr Liptak, Kapitoly z dejfn (pre stredne skoly) (Bratislava: SPN, 1990). Krajfovic, Milan, 'Slovania Podunajska v protirakuskom hnutf porevolucnej ernigracie," He., 37 (No. 5, 1989). Krajfovic, Rudolf, " The Language in Great Moravia and Its Continuity with Slovak," Studia Historica Slovaca, XVI (1988). Krajfovifova, Natalia, " Prejavy nespokoj nosti s realizaciou pozemkovej reformy v prvej polovici dvadsiatych rokov, " He. , 37 (No . 6, 1989). Kucera, Matus, " Grossmahren und die Anfange unserer nationalen Geschichte, " Studia Historica Slovaca , XVI (1988) . 184 SLOVAKIA Kuzmik, Jozef, Kniznti kultura na Slovensku v stredoveku a renesancii (Martin : Matica slovenska, 1987). Lukacka, Jan, " Majetky a postavenia Ludanickovcov na Slovensku do zaciatku 14. storocia, " He., 38 (No. 1, 1990). Magdolenova, Anna, " Ceskoslovensky kontext v slovenskom hudobnom umeni v medzivojnovom obdobi (1918-1939)," He., 37 (No. 4, 1989). Magula, Rudolph, "Banicke skoly na vychodnom Slovensku pred rokom 1918," Historica Carpatica, 18 (1987). Mannova, Elena, "Spolky a ich miesta v zivote spolocnosti na Slovensku v 19. stor. Stav a problemy vyskumu," He., 38 (No . 1, 1990). Marsina, Richard, " Uber die Besiedlung der Slowakei vom 11. bis in die Halfte des 13. Jahrhunderts," Studia Historica Slovaca , XVI (1988). _ _ _ _ , " K najstarsfm dejinam Zvolena," He., 37 (No. 6, 1989). Mistrik, Jozef, Modernti sloveneina, 2nd ed. (Bratislava: SPN, 1988). _ _ _ _ , A Grammar of Contemporary Slovak (Bratislava : SPN, 1988). Oravec, Jan & Jozef Prokop, Sloveneina pre krajanov hovoriacich po anglicky (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1986). Pleva, Jan, " Ideologicka praca Komunistickej stra ny Ceskoslovenska v prvej polovici dvadsiatych rokov," He., 36 (No. 5, 1988). Podolak, Jan, " Organizational Forms of Pastoral Farming in Slovakia," Ethnologia Slavica, 15 (1983) . Podolak, Jan, " Traditional Utilization of the Production of Sheep Milk," Ethnologia Slavica, 16 (1984). Potremra, Michal, " Niektore otazky dejin juzneho Slovenska v rokoch 1938-1945," He ., 37 (No. 6, 1989). Pranda, Adam, " Die Slowakisch Rastelbinderei, Ethnologia Slavica, 17 (1985). Ratkos, Peter, " The Territorial Development of Great Moravia (Fiction and Reality), Studia Historica S/ovaca, XVI (1988). _ _ _ _ , Slovensko v dobe vel'komoravskej (Kosice: Vychodoslovenske vydavatel' stvo, 1988). Roharik, pave!, Termino/6gia remeseln{ckej vyroby v Nadlaku (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988). Ruman, Ladislav, "Ceskoslovenska socialna demokracia v obdobi docasnej stabilizacie kapitalizmu (1924-1929), He. , 38 (No. 1, 1990). Rychlik, Jan, " K otazke postavenia ceskeho obyvatel'stva na Slovensku v rokoch 1938-1945, " He ., 37 (No. 3, 1989). _ _ _ _ " Prfprava a priebeh pozemkovej reformy na Slovensku v rokoch 1938-1945," Agricultura, 22 (1989) . Sedlak, lmrich ed ., Pavo/ Jozef Saftirik a slovenske ntirodne obroden ie (Martin : Matica slovenska, 1989). Sedlak, Vincent, " Nichtmagyarische Einflusse in den Anfangen des ungarischen Staates," Studia Historica S/ovaca , XVI (1988). Sikora, Stanislav, " Problemy rozvoja socialistickeho demokratizmu v cinnosti narodnych vyborov na Slovensku na zaciatku 50. rokov," He., 37 (No. 6, 1989). SLOVAKIA 185 Simoncic, Jozef & Jozef Watzka eds., Dejiny Trnavy (Bratislava : Obzor, 1988). Skvarna, Dusan, " Prfpravy septembroveho ozbrojeneho povstania v roku 1848, " He., 36 (No . 5, 1988). _ _ _ _ , "Priebeh a vysledky septembroveho ozbrojeneho povstania roku 1848," He., 37 (No. 2, 1989). Slavkovsky, Peter, " Die Migration zur landwirtschiftlichen Saisonarbiet und ihre Bedeutung fur die Entwicklung der Volkskultur in der Slowakei,'' Ethnologia Slavica, 15 (1983). Slovensky biograficky slovnfk (od roku 833 do roku 1990), Ill (K-1), (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1989). Smatlak, Stanislav, Dejiny slovenskej literatury od stredoveku po sueasnost' (Bratislava: Tatran, 1988). Sopko, Julius, "Questions of Cultural Influences and Level of Learning During the First Centuries of the Hungarian State, " Studia Historica Slovaca , XVI (1988) . Spiesz, Anton, Bratislava v 18. storocf (Bratislava : Tatran , 1987). Spira, Gyorgy, " Stretnutie Jana Rotaridesa s revoluciou a kontrarevoluciou," He., 36 (No. 5, 1988). Stevcek, Juraj, ed ., Dejiny slovenskeho romanu (Bratislava : Tatran, 1989). Stilla, Milos, " Paradesantna brigada v partizanskej voj ne," He., 37 (No. 3, 1989). Stolarik, M. Mark, " Slovenski prist'ahovalci a ich postoje v rokoch 1885-1919," He., 37 (No . 6, 1989). Strelko, Amon, " Vnutropoliticky vyvoj l' udackeho tabora v rokoch 1941-1942," He., 37 (No . 3, 1989). Tajtak, Ladislav, " Vznfk Robotnfckeho vzdelavacieho spolku v Kosiciach," Historica Carpatica, 18 (1987) . _ _ _ _ , " K otazke I' avicovej opozfcie v uhorskej a slovenskej socialnej demokracii a vzniku tzv . Hornouhorskej socialnodemokratickej strany, " He., 36 (No. 4, 1988). Tibensky, Jan et. al. , Priekopnfci vedy a techniky na Slovensku II (Bratislava: Obzor, 1988). Tichy, Miloslav, " K dejinam Lekarskej fakulty v Bratislave v rokoch 1919-1939, " He. , 37 (No. 5, 1989). Ulicny, Ferdinand, " Vyvoj osfdlenia horneho povodia Ondavy do zaciatku 17. storocia," Historica Carpatica, 18 (1987). Visvader, Frantisek, Maly album vel'kych osobnos tf (Portrety vyznamnych cinite/'ov eeskoslovenskeho kom unistickeho hnutia (Bratislava: SPN, 1988). Vozar, Jozef, " Zaciatky banickeho vysokeho skolstva na uzemi Ceskoslovenska, " He., 36 (No. 5, 1988). Winters, Stanley B., " Vyvoj badani o dejinach Ceskoslovenska ve Spojenych statech," Casopis Matice moravske, CVIII (No . 2, 1989). Zatkuliak, Jozef, " Narodne vybory na Slovensku pri riadeni pol'noh ospodarstva po zasadani 0V KSC v juni 1955," He., 36 (No. 4, 1988). Zubercova, Magdalena M. , Tisfcrocie m6dy. Z dejin odievania na Slovensku (Martin: Osveta, 1988). 186 SLOVAKIA (b) from the West Baumgarten, R. Vladimir, "T.G. Masaryk: The Making of a Founding Father, " The Central European Forum, 2 (No . 4, 1989). Baumgarten, R. Vladimir & Joseph Stefka, The National Slovak Society: 100 Year History, 1890-1990 (Pittsburgh: National Slovak Society, 1990). Borchert, James & Susan, Lakewood: The First Hundred Years (Norfolk, VA: Donning publishing Co., 1989). Brown, Janice, Conscience and Captivity: Religion in Eastern Europe (Washington, D.C. : Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1989). Deak, Istvan, " Uncovering Eastern Europe' s Dark History," Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs, 34 (No. 1, 1990). _ _ _ _ , Beyond Nationalism : A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1848-1918 (New York, Oxford University Press, 1990). Drobena, Thomas John, "The Influence of Irish-Keltic Church Architecture on the Slavic Church Buildings of the Great Moravian Period, " Slovak Studies, XXII (1982) . Durica, Milan S., " The Political Activities of Dr. Jozef Kirschbaum in 1939-1945 (As Described in Secret German Documents}, " Slovak Studies, XXV (1985). Durovic, tubomir, "The Language of the Walaska Sskola," in Gerald J. Sabo ed ., Hugolfn Gavlovic's Valaska Skala (Columbus, Ohio: Slavica Publishers, 1988). Glettler, Monika, "Die Slowaken in Pressburg und Budapest um 1900," Slowakei, XXVI (1989) . Grebert, Arved, " Der Selbstandikeitswille der Slowaken in den Jahren 1919-1920," Slowakei, XXVI (1989). Havel, Vaclav, "New Year's Addres, " Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs, 34 (No . 2, 1990). Hnilica, Jan, "Sts . Cyril and Methodius and Their Attitudes Towards the Holy Scripture and Rome," Slovak Studies, XXII (1982) . Hodos, George H ., Stalinist Purges in Eastern Europe, 1948-1954 (New York: Praeger, 1987). Hoensch, Joerg K., A History of Modern Hungary, 1867-1986 (London and New York: Longman, 1988). Hrabovec, Anton, " Slowaken in bsterreich," S/owakei, XXV (1988). Jelinek, Yeshayahu, " Slovaks and the Holocaust: Attempts at Reconciliation," Soviet Jewish Affairs, 19 (No . 1, 1989). _ _ _ _ , " Slovaks, Germans, the 'Satellites', and Jews, " Cross Currents: A Yearbook of Central European Culture, 9 (1990) . Johnson, Owen V., " Newspapers and Nation-Building : The Slovak Press in Pre-1918 Slovakia, " in Hans Lemberg et. al ., Bildungsgeschichte, Bevolkerungsgeschichte und Gesel/schaftsgeschichte in den bohemischer Uindern und in Europa (Wien: Verlag fur Geschichte und Politik, 1988). _ _ _ _ , " Clio Among the Ethnic Media," Ethnic Fo rum, 8 (No . 1, 1988). SLOVAKIA 187 Kalvoda, Josef, "Federalist thought in Czechoslovakia During the Interwar Years," Slovakia , XXXIII (1987-88). _ _ _ _ , " National Minorities Under Communism : The Case of Czechoslovakia," Nationalities Papers, XVI (No. 1, 1988). _ _ _ _ , "Czechoslovak-Ukrainian Relations," The Ukrainian Quarterly, XLN (Nos. 1-2, 1988). _ _ _ _ , "The Czechoslovak Army in the Civil War in Russia," The Ukrainian Quarterly, XLV (No. 1, 1989). _ _ _ _ , "The Origins of Czechoslovakia (Russia - The Home Front), " in Norman Stone & Edward Strouhal eds., Czechoslovakia : Crossroads and Crises, 1918-1988 (New York: St. Martin 's Press, 1989). Keller, Hans, "Meine funf Jahre in der Slowakei, 1939-1945," Slowakei, XXV (1988). Kirschbaum, J.M., "Fur ein neues Mitteleuropa," Slowakei, XXVI (1989) . Kirschbaum, Stanislav J., "Slovak Nationalism in the First Czechoslovak Republic of 1918-1938, " Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, XVI (Nos. 1-2, 1989). Komlos, John, Nutrition and Economic Development in the 18th-Century Habsburg Monarchy: An Anthropometric History (Princeton, N .J.: Princeton University Press, 1989). Kona, Martha M. & William, Arcibiskup Dr. Karol Kmet'ko (Cambridge, Ontario: Dobra kniha, 1989). Kopanic, Michael J., Jr. , "Sjednocovanie socialno-demokratickych odborovych organizacii na Slovensku v rokoch 1918-1920," Premeny, 24 (No . 4, 1987). _ _ _ _ , " Conflict and Cooperation Among East Central European Immigrants: Slovak Prespectives on Relations with Magyars in Cleveland, 1880-1930," in Western Reserve Studies Symposium (Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1989). Korec, Jan (Bishop), "Letter to Rude Pravo (October, 1987)," Furdek, XXVIIl (1989) . Kovtun, Jiff, Masaryku v triumf: Prfbeh konce velkevalky (Toronto : Sixty-Eight Publishers, 1987). Krafcik, Patricia A., "Janosil<: Unraveling the Man from the Legend," Slovakia, XXXIII (1987-88) . Kupke, Raymond J., 'The Slovak National Catholic Church, Passaic, New Jersey, and the Jeczusko Affair," Slovakia , XXXIII (1987-88). Kutnik, Jozef, " Benedictine Missionaries in Slovakia in the 9th-11th Centuries, " Slovak Studies, XXII (1982). Litva, Felix J ., "Bibliography of the Cyrillo-Methodian Mission in Great Moravia, " Slovak Studies, XXII (1982) . Mamatey, Victor S., "The Change of Presidential Guard, 1935: Masaryk's Abdication - Benes's Election," Kosmas, VII (No. 2, 1988). _ _ _ _ , " The United States and Czechoslovak Independence," in Czechoslovakia : Crossroads and Crises, 1918-1988, ed. by Norman Stone & Eduard Strouhal (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989). McCagg, William 0 ., A History of the Habsburg Jews, 1670-1988 (Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Press, 1988). 188 SLOVAKIA Molenda, Danuta, " Technological Innovation in Central Europe between the XNth and the XVIIth Centuries," Journal of European Economic History, 17 (No . 1, 1988). Pastor, Peter, ed., Revolutions and Interoentions in Hungary and Its Neighboring States, 1918-1919 (Highland Lakes, N.J.: Atlantic Studies on Society in Change, 1988 [E. European Monographs, #240)) . Pehe, Jiri, ed., The Prague Spring: A Mixed Legacy (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988). Rynsent, Robert B., ed. , Decadence and Innovation : Austro-Hungarian Life and Art at the Tum of the Cen tury (London: Weidenfeld, 1989). _ _ _ _ , "Narodnosti juzneho Slovenska v Habajovych a Bellekovych dielach," Romboid, XXIV (1989). _ _ _ _ , ed. , T. G. Masaryk (1850-1937), II: Thinker and Critic (New York : St. Martin 's Press, 1989). Rothschild, Joseph, Return to Diversity: A Political History of East Central Europe (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). Rydlo, Jozef M., " Helvetus Peregrinus, William Ritter et la Slovaquie: une page inconnue de nos relatons avec l'etranger," HISPO (Berne), 10 (1989). _ _ _ _ , Publishing Activity of the Slovak Institute of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Rome, 1963-1988 (Rome: Slovak Institute, 1989). Sabo, Gerald J., ed., Hugolfn Gavlovic's Valaska Skala (Columbus: Slavica Publishers, 1988). Sama!, Mary Hrabik & Zdenka Brodska, "The Lukavica Notebooks, " Cross Currents, 9 (1990) . Sked, Alan, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815-1918 (London and New York: Longman, 1989). Skilling, H. Gordon, "Czechoslovakia Between East and West, " in William W. Griffith ed ., Central and Eastern Europe: The Opening Curtain? (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989). Spetko, Jozef, " Bah, Hospodin, Jahve, Allah v nasom case a priestore . Prispevok k poznaniu slovenskej cirkevno-historickej a konfesionalno-historickej literatury," Most, XXXVI (No. 3-4, 1989). _ _ _ _ , "Religious Cults in Slovakia Before [the] Arrival of [the] Slavs," Slovak Studies, XXII (1982). Stolarik, M. Mark, "Slovak Immigration to the United States and Its Relation to the American Socialist and Labor Movements," Slovakia, XXXIII (1987-88) . _ _ __ , (pseud. Leo Carpenter), "Looking for Mr. Glasnost: Scenes from Today's [1988) Czechoslovakia, " Crisis: A Journal of Lay Catholic Opinion , 7 (No . 7, 1989). _ _ _ _ , Immigration and Urbanization: Th e Slovak Experience, 1870-1918 (New York: AMS Press, 1989). _ _ _ _ , " Slovak Easter Customs in the United States," The World & I, V (No . 4, 1990). Stolicna, Rastislava, "The Ways of Food Preservation in Slovakia," in Astri Riddervold & Andreas Ropeid eds., Food Conseroation (London: Prospect Books, 1988). SLOVAKIA 189 Sutherland, Anthony X., "Studies Into the Intellectual History of Slovak Nationalism (lS00's-1914)," Slovak Studies, XXV (1985). Tatarka, Dominik et. al., " Deportations of Jews from Slovakia: [A) Declaration," (translated by F.W. Galan), Cross Currents, 9 (1990). Unterberger, Betty M., The United States, Revolutionary Russia and the Rise of Czechoslovakia (Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 1989). Wandycz, Piotr S., The Twilight of the French Eastern Alliance, 1926-1936: FrenchCzechoslovak-Polish Relations from Locarno to the Remilitarization of the Rhineland (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988). Winters, Stanley B. , ed., T.G. Masaryk (1850-1937) . I: Thinker and Politician (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990). 190 SLOVAKIA CONTRIBUTORS DAVID P. DANIEL, Ph.D. (The Pennsylvania State University), is a specialist in the history of Slovakia and the Austrian Empire during the early modern era. He has published numerous articles and several books on the Reformation and on Slovakia during the sixteenth century. He was a Senior Fulbright Researcher in Bratislava in 1988-1990, and he also served as a special consultant to the Slovak Ministry of Culture and Education after the "velvet revolution" of November, 1989. STANISLAV J. KIRSCHBAUM, D. Rech. (Paris), is Professor of International Studies at Glendon College, York University, Toronto. A specialist on modern Slovakia (1939-1990), he has published many articles on this subject, edited two books and most recently published Slovaques et Tcheques. Essai sur un nouvel aperru de leur histoire politique (1987). JAN CHRYZOSTOM KOREC, S.J., is Roman Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Nitra, Slovakia. He was one of four Jesuits secretly ordained as a Bishop in 1950 after the Communists suppressed all religious orders as a part of their all-out war against religion in Czechoslovakia. In the 1950's Bishop Karee worked as a manual laborer and, wherever possible, he secretly ordained priests and helped to educate them. In 1960 the secret police arrested him and he was sentenced to 12 years in prison. Freed in 1968, and fully rehabilitated in 1969, he had to return to manual labor after the "consolidation" process of 1970. Constantly harrassed by the secret police in the 1970' s and 1980' s, Bishop Karee nevertheless participated in the Catholic opposition to the new Stalinist regime and helped plan various pilgrimages and demonstrations, notably the March 25, 1988 [Good Friday] candlelight procession in Bratislava, which was broken up by police using water cannons and trun- SLOVAKIA 191 cheons and was the first public demonstration against the Stalinist regime since 1969. He was also a co-signer of the "Declaration Regarding the Deportation of Jews from Slovakia" in the fall of 1987, which was initiated by his friend Dominik Tatarka. Bishop Korec brought Tatarka back to the Roman Catholic faith as this dissident writer's health began to fail. Pope John Paul II appointed Korec Bishop of Nitra, Slovakia's oldest Diocese, on February 6, 1990. MICHAEL KRAUS, Ph.D. (Princeton University) is Associate Professor of Political Science at Middlebury College, Vermont. He was a Ford Foundation Fellow at the Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, in 1982-83, and a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Harriman Institute for Advanced Soviet Studies, Columbia University, 1986-87. He has written on Soviet and East European Affairs in both contemporary and historical contexts. Most recently, he is editor (along with Ronald Liebowitz) of Perestroika and East-West Economic Relations: Prospects for the 1990's (New York University Press, 1990) . EWA KOWALSKA, Ph.D. (Comenius University), is a member of the Historical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Division for late Feudal History. She specializes in the history of education in Slovakia during the Enlightenment and has published a number of articles and the monograph Sttitne l'udove skolstvo na Slovensku na prelome 18. a 19. storocia (1987). She has also taught at Comenius University and has participated in various international scholarly conferences. JAN SIMKO, Ph.D. (Comenius University), was a Professor of English at Comenius until 1967. After the Soviet-led invasion of 1968 he decided to remain in the West. He is a specialist on Shakespeare and the author of over 100 articles. His most notable achievement was the publication of the English-Slovak Dictionary (3 editions, 1967, 1968 and 1971) in Bratislava, Slovakia. A revised and updated version of this dictionary is about to be published by the Slovak World Congress . Dr. Simko was the first Scholar in Residence and Visiting Professor of English at West Virginia University in Parkesburg, where he spent the 1989-1990 academic year. 192 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles for publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed double-spaced, with generous margins for copyediting. Footnotes should also be double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian' s A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK, K.S.G., Honorary President JOHN A. HOLY Sec reta ry-T reasu rer DANIEL F. TANZONE President JOSEPH J. TALAFOUS, Esq. Vice-President ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President PHILIP R. TUHY Vice-President Executive Committee Daniel F. Tanzone, Edward J. Behuncik, John A. Holy, Anna S. Granchay Joseph R. Kristofik, Steve J. Hruska, Cecilia Sarocky, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., Joseph Stefka, Stephen J. Kavulich, Justine Wesnak, Edward A. Zelenak, M. Mark Stolarik, Ph.D., Igor Uhrik Anna M. Vizza, President, Ladies Auxiliary Patrick Zelenak Youth Director SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J. NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pa . LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn . SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA THE SLOVAK GARDEN, INC. Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $6.00 per issue Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 34 (No. 62-63) Description An account of the resource includes Books and Articles Received; Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989-90 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/7be841d5520922fc2f564d3008d2aebb.pdf e8dd9a69441ce03741b36affd609879a PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXIII NUMBERS 60-61 1987-1988 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK Editorial Board GEORGE J. DEMKO U.S. Department of State MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute DAVID P. DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMA L. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. TANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A. HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher The Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding the subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $6 .00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 700 Penfield Avenue, Havertown, PA 19083. �Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown, Pennsylvania U.S.A. 1989 �SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents ARTICLES Janosik: Unraveling the Man from the Legend Patricia A . Krafcik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federalist Thought in Czechoslovakia During the Interwar Years Josef Kalvoda .......................... 7 23 Slovak Immigration to the United States and Its Relation to the American Socialist and Labor Movements M. Mark Stolarik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The Slovak National Catholic Church, Passaic, New Jersey , and the Jeczusko Affair Raymond f. Kupke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 REVIEWS Vojtech Kopcan, Turecke nebezpecenstvo a Slovensko R. Vladimir Baumgarten .. ......... .. . .......... . . . ... . . . . . 89 Jan Tibensky, ed ., Matej Bel: doba-i ivot-dielo, and Juraj Chovan, Pamatnica z oslav dvojsteho vyrocia Jana Holleho Gerald J. Sabo ...... . 91 Michal Elias, Hugolin Gavlovic Gerald J. Sabo . 94 Pavel Hapak, Dejiny Slovenska, IV Michael f. Kopanic, Jr. . .. ... . ...... ..... . 95 Stephan Parak, Die Schweiz und der Slowakische Staat Stanislav f. Kirschbaum .. 98 Carol Skalnik Leff, National Conflict in Czechoslovakia James Felak 101 �4 SLOVAKIA Pavol Petruf, USA a studena vojna Stanislav J. Kirschbaum 103 June G. Alexander , The Immigrant Church and Community M. Mark Stolarik ....... 105 Jan Kacala et. al., Kratky slovnik slovenskeho jazyka John M . Kochik ........................ 108 Ludvik Patera, Alexander Matuska Louise B. Hammer .. 109 Il'ja Cicvak, Vyvolavanie slnka Yvonne Grabowski ... 111 Books and Articles Received 113 Contributors 117 Guidelines for Manuscripts 118 �SLOVAKIA ARTICLES 5 �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXIII NUMBERS 60-61 1987-1988 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK Editorial Board GEORGE J. DEMKO U.S. Department of State MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute DAVID P. DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMA L. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. TANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A. HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher The Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding the subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $6 .00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 700 Penfield Avenue, Havertown, PA 19083. �Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown, Pennsylvania U.S.A. 1989 �SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents ARTICLES Janosik: Unraveling the Man from the Legend Patricia A . Krafcik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federalist Thought in Czechoslovakia During the Interwar Years Josef Kalvoda .......................... 7 23 Slovak Immigration to the United States and Its Relation to the American Socialist and Labor Movements M. Mark Stolarik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The Slovak National Catholic Church, Passaic, New Jersey , and the Jeczusko Affair Raymond f. Kupke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 REVIEWS Vojtech Kopcan, Turecke nebezpecenstvo a Slovensko R. Vladimir Baumgarten .. ......... .. . .......... . . . ... . . . . . 89 Jan Tibensky, ed ., Matej Bel: doba-i ivot-dielo, and Juraj Chovan, Pamatnica z oslav dvojsteho vyrocia Jana Holleho Gerald J. Sabo ...... . 91 Michal Elias, Hugolin Gavlovic Gerald J. Sabo . 94 Pavel Hapak, Dejiny Slovenska, IV Michael f. Kopanic, Jr. . .. ... . ...... ..... . 95 Stephan Parak, Die Schweiz und der Slowakische Staat Stanislav f. Kirschbaum .. 98 Carol Skalnik Leff, National Conflict in Czechoslovakia James Felak 101 �4 SLOVAKIA Pavol Petruf, USA a studena vojna Stanislav J. Kirschbaum 103 June G. Alexander , The Immigrant Church and Community M. Mark Stolarik ....... 105 Jan Kacala et. al., Kratky slovnik slovenskeho jazyka John M . Kochik ........................ 108 Ludvik Patera, Alexander Matuska Louise B. Hammer .. 109 Il'ja Cicvak, Vyvolavanie slnka Yvonne Grabowski ... 111 Books and Articles Received 113 Contributors 117 Guidelines for Manuscripts 118 �SLOVAKIA ARTICLES 5 �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1987-88, Vol. 33 Description An account of the resource Vol. 33 (No. 60-61), 1987-88. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-88 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXIII NUMBERS 60-61 1987-1988 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK Editorial Board GEORGE J. DEMKO U.S. Department of State MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute DAVID P. DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMA L. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. TANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A. HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher The Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding the subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $6 .00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 700 Penfield Avenue, Havertown, PA 19083. Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown, Pennsylvania U.S.A. 1989 SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents ARTICLES Janosik: Unraveling the Man from the Legend Patricia A . Krafcik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federalist Thought in Czechoslovakia During the Interwar Years Josef Kalvoda .......................... 7 23 Slovak Immigration to the United States and Its Relation to the American Socialist and Labor Movements M. Mark Stolarik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The Slovak National Catholic Church, Passaic, New Jersey , and the Jeczusko Affair Raymond f. Kupke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 REVIEWS Vojtech Kopcan, Turecke nebezpecenstvo a Slovensko R. Vladimir Baumgarten .. ......... .. . .......... . . . ... . . . . . 89 Jan Tibensky, ed ., Matej Bel: doba-i ivot-dielo, and Juraj Chovan, Pamatnica z oslav dvojsteho vyrocia Jana Holleho Gerald J. Sabo ...... . 91 Michal Elias, Hugolin Gavlovic Gerald J. Sabo . 94 Pavel Hapak, Dejiny Slovenska, IV Michael f. Kopanic, Jr. . .. ... . ...... ..... . 95 Stephan Parak, Die Schweiz und der Slowakische Staat Stanislav f. Kirschbaum .. 98 Carol Skalnik Leff, National Conflict in Czechoslovakia James Felak 101 4 SLOVAKIA Pavol Petruf, USA a studena vojna Stanislav J. Kirschbaum 103 June G. Alexander , The Immigrant Church and Community M. Mark Stolarik ....... 105 Jan Kacala et. al., Kratky slovnik slovenskeho jazyka John M . Kochik ........................ 108 Ludvik Patera, Alexander Matuska Louise B. Hammer .. 109 Il'ja Cicvak, Vyvolavanie slnka Yvonne Grabowski ... 111 Books and Articles Received 113 Contributors 117 Guidelines for Manuscripts 118 SLOVAKIA ARTICLES 5  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 33 (No. 60-61) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-88 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/b65cffd75f397ccd49994502a1821d5f.pdf 053b32f76ea02f89f5bfdd02c1c19fea PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 113 BOOKS AND ARTICLES RECEIVED (a) From Eastern Europe Anger, Jan, " Nektere vojensko-politicke aspekty obrany Ceskoslovenska v druhe polovine 30. let," Historicky easopis, 36 (No. 3, 1988). Avenarius , Alexander, " Stepne narody v Eur6pe: charakter a vyvoj avarskej spolocnosti," He., 36 (No . 2, 1988). Baranovsky, Michal, et. al., Dejiny Slovenska, VI (1945- 1960), Bratislava: Veda, 1988. Bartlova, Alena , "Integracny proces ceskoslovenskej ekonomiky v medzivojnovom obdobi," He., 36 (No. 3, 1988). Bobak, Jan, "Mad'arska otazka v Ceskoslovensku v rokoch 1945·1948," Slezsky sbornik, 85 (No . 1, 1987). Cambel, Samuel, "The Movement for the General Agrarian Reform in Slovakia in the Year 1945," Studia Historica Slovaca , 15 (1986). Cicaj, Viliam ed., Trnavska univerzita v slovenskych dejinach (Bratislava: Veda, 1987). Cierna-Lantayova, Dagmar, "Ceskoslovensko-mad'arska smluva z aprila 1949 v spojeneckom systeme socialistickych krajin," He., 35 (No. 4, 1987). Faltus, Jozef, "Development of Capitalist Industrialization of Slovakia and Its Problems," SHS, 15 (1986). Chovanec, Jaroslav , "Vznik a formovanie l'udovodemokratickeho a socialistickeho politickeho systemu v Ceskoslovensku ," He , 36 (No. 1, 1988). Deak, Ladislav , "Auton6mia Slovenska v planoch horthyovskeho Mad'arska v roku 1938," He , 36 (No . 3, 1988). Elias , Michal & Vojtech Sarluska compiled by, Narodna svetlica: vyber dokumentov k dejinam Matice slovenskej (Martin: Matica slovenska , 1988) . Fano , Stefan, "Ceskoslovensko-sovietske vzt'ahy v rokoch 1945-1948," He. , 36 (No . 1, 1988). Halaga, Ondrej R., ''Pakty vzajomnosti obchodnych stredisk Krakova a Ko sic,'' He ., 36 (No . 2, 1988) Hapak, Pavel, ''Fragen zur wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung der Slowakei am Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts," SHS., 15 (1986). Haviar, Stefan & Ivan Kucma, V pamiiti naroda. Kniha o Matici slovenskej (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988). Holotikova, Zdenka , "Komunisticka strana Ceskoslovenska a ceskoslovenska statnost' ," He . 36 (no . 3, 1988) . Hubenak , Ladislav, "KSC a parlamentne vol'by v okt6bri 1929," He ., 35 (No. 4, 1987). Hrnko, Anton, Politicky vyvin, a protifasisticky odboj na Slovensku {1939-1941) , Bratislava: Veda, 1988. Huttova, Maria "Prispevok k dejinam Pravnickej akademie v Bratislave v rokoch �SLOVAKIA 114 1850-1874," Zbornik Slovenskeho narodneho muzea, Hist6ria 28, LXXXI (1988) . Kal'avsky, Michal, "Zrusenie cechov a problemy spolocensko-ekonomickej aktivizacie remeselnikov na Slovensku," Ibid. Karkus, Ondrej, comp., Dvadsat' rokov prace s krajanmi (k 20. vfrociu vzniku OZS MS} ., Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988. Kazimir, Stefan, "Der Fernhandel der Stadte in der Slowakei im 16. Jahrhundert," SHS, 15 (1986). Kollar, Jan, ''Riesenie problemu zasobovania a vyzivy na Slovensku v r. 1948,' ' Ht., 36 (No. 2, 1988). Kopcan, Vojtech, "The Last Stage of the Ottoman Rule in Slovakia," SHS, 15 (1986) . Kormuth, Dezider, Bibliografia clankov zo slovenskych novfn a casopisov, 1918-1945, Odbor 7. Obchod. Zv. 1. Hospodarstvo na Slovensku, 1918-1928 (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1986) . Kovac, Dusan, ''Myslienka ceskoslovenskej statnosti. Jej vznik a realizacia, '' He., 36 (No. 3, 1988). Krajcovicova, Natalia, "Triedne a socialne zapasy na Slovensku v dvadsiatych rokoch nasho storocia," He., 35 (No. 4, 1987). Macko , Pavel, "Podiel socialnej demokracie na utvareni politickeho systemu Ceskoslovenska v rokoch 1918-1929," He., 36 (No. 3, 1988) . Marsina, Richard, "La Lutte pour la liturgie slave dans la Grande Moravie (I..:hommage au 1100 anniversaire de la mort d'archeveque Method),'' SHS, 15 (1986). Matula, Vladimir, et. al., Dejiny Slovenska, II {1526-1848), Bratislava: Veda, 1987 . Ondrejka, Kliment, ed., fa som dobry remeselni.k: vyber remeselnickeho folk6ru (Bratislava: Mlade leta , 1987). Oslansky, Frantisek, "Vyznam cirkevnych desiatkov v stredoveku na Slovensku," He., 35 (No. 6 , 1987) . Petach, Emil, Dejiny mincovania v Kosiciach (Kosice: Vychodoslovenske vydavatel'stvo, 1986). Pet'kovsky, Ondrej, 200 Rokov Slovenskeho Evanjelickeho A. V. cirkevneho zboru v Aradaei, 1786-1986 (Aradac: SEAVCZ, 1986) . Pismi, Stefan, "Vznik Ceskoslovenskej republiky a kultura na Slovensku," Zbornik Slovenskeho narodneho muzea, Historia 28 , LXXXI (1988). Ratkos , Peter, "Vzt'ahy naddunajskych Slovanov a starych Mad'arov v rokoch 881-1018," He ., 35 (No. 6, 1987). Skladany, Marian, " Der Anteil des slowakischen Kupferwesens an der Verwollkommnung der Technologie der Verhiittung von Kupfer im 15. Jahrhundert ," SHS, 15 (1986) . Sladek, Zdenek, "K otazce financovani slovenskych burzoaznich politickych stran za prvni republiky," He ., 36 (No. 3, 1988) . Slovensky biograficky slovni.k (ad roku 833 do roku 1990}, II (E-J), Martin: Matica slovenska, 1987 . �SLOVAKIA 115 Sopko, Julius & Julius Valach eds., Nitriansky k6dex (Martin : Matica slovenska, 1987). _ _ _ _ , "O skolstve a vzdelanosti na Slovensku v stredoveku, " Ht ., 36 (No. 2, 1988) . Stanislav, Ivan, Zivot v slave. Rozpravanie profesorovi Janovi Stanislavovi (Banska Bystrica: SNP, 1987). Sutaj, Stefan, "Vznik Strany slobody a formovanie jej programu v prvych rokoch po oslobodenie," Ht., 36 (No. 1, 1988). Tomek, Frantisek, Z dejin revolutneho odboroveho hnutia na Slovensku v rokoch 1944-1948 (Bratislava: Praca , 1986). Varsik, Branislav, "Slovenske osidlenie v Gemeri a povod nazvu rieky Blh," He ., 35 (No . 4, 1987) . Zuberec, Vladimir, "Prvy slovensky robotnicky kalendai, " Zbornik Slovenskeho narodneho muzea . Historia 28, LXXXI (1988) . (b) From the West Dawisha, Karen, Eastern Europe, Gorbachev and Reform: The Great Challenge (New York: Cambridge U. Press, 1988). Durica, Milan S. , "The Historical Origins and Nature of Slovak Nationalism, " Slovak Studies XXIV (1984). _ _ _ _ , "Das historische Vermiichtnis Dr. Jozef Tisos ," Slowakei, XXIV (1986). Gavlovic , Hugolin, Valaska skola, ed. by Gerald J. Sabo. Introduction by I.:ubomir Durovic (Columbus: Slavica, 1988). Grebert , Arved , "Die Erkliirung der slowakischen Selbstiindigkeit am 14. Marz 1939," Slowakei, XXIV (1986) . Kirschbaum, Jozef M., ' 'Die Australien-Slowaken und die idee der slowakischen Selbstandigkeit, '' Ibid . Leff, Carol Skalnik, National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: The Making and Remaking of the State, 1918-1987 (Princeton: Princeton University Press , 1988) . Magocsi , Paul Robert, ''Religious Identity in the Carpathians ,'' Cross Currents, 7 (1988) . Mikus, Jozef A., "Zwei Historiker: Jan Mlynarik versus Viliam Plevza," Slowakei, XXIV (1986). Parak, Stephan, Die Schweiz und der Slowakische Staat 1939-1945 (Bern: Peter Lang , 1987). Rajnoch , Karl , " Das kulturelle Leben in der Slowakei nach der Reformation," Slovak Studies, XXIII (1983). Rebichini , Andrea , "I Greco-Catholici della Slovachia Orientale : storia e attualita ," Ibid . Stolarik, M. Mark , " From Field to Factory: The Historiography of Slovak Immigration to the U.S. and Canada (1976-1987) ," Ethnic Forum, 8 (No. 1, 1988). Vavrovic , Jozef, "Exercitia Joannes Palarik," Slovak Studies, XXIII (1983) . �116 SLOVAKIA Vnuk, Franmek, Mat' svoj stat znamena zivot: Politicka biografia Alexander Macha (Cleveland: Slovak Institute , 1987) . Vondracek, Thomas J. , Commentary on the Czechoslovak Civil Code (Hingham, MA: Kulver Academic Publishers , 1988) . Walters, E. Garrison, The Other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945 (Syracuse University Press , 1988). Wilson , Paul , "Religious Movement in Czechoslovakia ," Cross Currents, 7 (1988). �SLOVAKIA 117 CONTRIBUTORS JOSEF KALVODA, Ph.D. (Columbia), is Professor of History and Political Science at Saint Joseph College, West Hartford, Connecticut. Author of many books and articles on Czechoslovakia, East Central Europe , and the Soviet Union, he recently published The Genesis of Czechoslovakia (1986). PATRICIA A. KRAFCIK, Ph.D., (Columbia) , currently teaches Russian language, literature, and folklore at Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. She is preparing other articles and a book on Janosik and the Carpathian brigand tradition, as well as an anthology of Slovak folk ballads. RAYMOND J. KUPKE, M.A., Cand. Phil. (Catholic Univer- sity), is a Roman Catholic priest and Archivist of the Diocese of Paterson. From 1979 to 1981 he was Vice Chancellor and Secretary to the Bishop of Paterson. He is the author of Living Stones: A History of the Catholic Church in the Diocese of Paterson (1987). M. MARK STOLARIK, Ph .D. (Minnesota) is President of the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies in Philadelphia. Author or editor of seven books and over thirty articles on American Slovaks , immigration, and ethnicity, he is editor of the Immigration History Newsletter and the annual Slovakia. He recently edited Forgotten Doors: The Other Ports of Entry to the United States (1988). �118 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles for publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed doublespaced, with generous margins for copyediting. Footnotes should also be double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian 's A Manual for Writers . Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words . Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged . Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. ����THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK , K.S.G. , Honorary President DANIEL F. TANZONE President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer JOSEPH J. TALAFOUS , Esq. Vice-President ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President PHILIP R. TUHY Vice-President Executive Committee Daniel F. Tanzone, Edward J . Behuncik , John A . Holy, Anna S. Granchay Joseph R. Kristofik , Steve J . Hruska , Cecilia Sarocky, Andrew F. Hudak , Jr. , Joseph Stefka , Stephen J . Kavulich , Justine Wesnak , Edward A. Zelenak , George N. Kantor , John Hvasta Anna M. Vizza , President, Ladies Auxiliary Auditors Joseph Valencik Mary Jacko Patrick Zelenak SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland , Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S . AND CANADA Cleveland , Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic , N .J . NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh , Pa . LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre , Pa. FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn. SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN ' S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa , K.S.G. , President THE SLOVAK GARDEN , INC. Andrew F. Hudak, Jr. , President Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $6.00 per issue Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown , Pennsylvania 17057 U .S .A . � SLOVAKIA 113 BOOKS AND ARTICLES RECEIVED (a) From Eastern Europe Anger, Jan, " Nektere vojensko-politicke aspekty obrany Ceskoslovenska v druhe polovine 30. let," Historicky easopis, 36 (No. 3, 1988). Avenarius , Alexander, " Stepne narody v Eur6pe: charakter a vyvoj avarskej spolocnosti," He., 36 (No . 2, 1988). Baranovsky, Michal, et. al., Dejiny Slovenska, VI (1945- 1960), Bratislava: Veda, 1988. Bartlova, Alena , "Integracny proces ceskoslovenskej ekonomiky v medzivojnovom obdobi," He., 36 (No. 3, 1988). Bobak, Jan, "Mad'arska otazka v Ceskoslovensku v rokoch 1945·1948," Slezsky sbornik, 85 (No . 1, 1987). Cambel, Samuel, "The Movement for the General Agrarian Reform in Slovakia in the Year 1945," Studia Historica Slovaca , 15 (1986). Cicaj, Viliam ed., Trnavska univerzita v slovenskych dejinach (Bratislava: Veda, 1987). Cierna-Lantayova, Dagmar, "Ceskoslovensko-mad'arska smluva z aprila 1949 v spojeneckom systeme socialistickych krajin," He., 35 (No. 4, 1987). Faltus, Jozef, "Development of Capitalist Industrialization of Slovakia and Its Problems," SHS, 15 (1986). Chovanec, Jaroslav , "Vznik a formovanie l'udovodemokratickeho a socialistickeho politickeho systemu v Ceskoslovensku ," He , 36 (No. 1, 1988). Deak, Ladislav , "Auton6mia Slovenska v planoch horthyovskeho Mad'arska v roku 1938," He , 36 (No . 3, 1988). Elias , Michal & Vojtech Sarluska compiled by, Narodna svetlica: vyber dokumentov k dejinam Matice slovenskej (Martin: Matica slovenska , 1988) . Fano , Stefan, "Ceskoslovensko-sovietske vzt'ahy v rokoch 1945-1948," He. , 36 (No . 1, 1988). Halaga, Ondrej R., ''Pakty vzajomnosti obchodnych stredisk Krakova a Ko sic,'' He ., 36 (No . 2, 1988) Hapak, Pavel, ''Fragen zur wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung der Slowakei am Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts," SHS., 15 (1986). Haviar, Stefan & Ivan Kucma, V pamiiti naroda. Kniha o Matici slovenskej (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988). Holotikova, Zdenka , "Komunisticka strana Ceskoslovenska a ceskoslovenska statnost' ," He . 36 (no . 3, 1988) . Hubenak , Ladislav, "KSC a parlamentne vol'by v okt6bri 1929," He ., 35 (No. 4, 1987). Hrnko, Anton, Politicky vyvin, a protifasisticky odboj na Slovensku {1939-1941) , Bratislava: Veda, 1988. Huttova, Maria "Prispevok k dejinam Pravnickej akademie v Bratislave v rokoch �SLOVAKIA 114 1850-1874," Zbornik Slovenskeho narodneho muzea, Hist6ria 28, LXXXI (1988) . Kal'avsky, Michal, "Zrusenie cechov a problemy spolocensko-ekonomickej aktivizacie remeselnikov na Slovensku," Ibid. Karkus, Ondrej, comp., Dvadsat' rokov prace s krajanmi (k 20. vfrociu vzniku OZS MS} ., Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988. Kazimir, Stefan, "Der Fernhandel der Stadte in der Slowakei im 16. Jahrhundert," SHS, 15 (1986). Kollar, Jan, ''Riesenie problemu zasobovania a vyzivy na Slovensku v r. 1948,' ' Ht., 36 (No. 2, 1988). Kopcan, Vojtech, "The Last Stage of the Ottoman Rule in Slovakia," SHS, 15 (1986) . Kormuth, Dezider, Bibliografia clankov zo slovenskych novfn a casopisov, 1918-1945, Odbor 7. Obchod. Zv. 1. Hospodarstvo na Slovensku, 1918-1928 (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1986) . Kovac, Dusan, ''Myslienka ceskoslovenskej statnosti. Jej vznik a realizacia, '' He., 36 (No. 3, 1988). Krajcovicova, Natalia, "Triedne a socialne zapasy na Slovensku v dvadsiatych rokoch nasho storocia," He., 35 (No. 4, 1987). Macko , Pavel, "Podiel socialnej demokracie na utvareni politickeho systemu Ceskoslovenska v rokoch 1918-1929," He., 36 (No. 3, 1988) . Marsina, Richard, "La Lutte pour la liturgie slave dans la Grande Moravie (I..:hommage au 1100 anniversaire de la mort d'archeveque Method),'' SHS, 15 (1986). Matula, Vladimir, et. al., Dejiny Slovenska, II {1526-1848), Bratislava: Veda, 1987 . Ondrejka, Kliment, ed., fa som dobry remeselni.k: vyber remeselnickeho folk6ru (Bratislava: Mlade leta , 1987). Oslansky, Frantisek, "Vyznam cirkevnych desiatkov v stredoveku na Slovensku," He., 35 (No. 6 , 1987) . Petach, Emil, Dejiny mincovania v Kosiciach (Kosice: Vychodoslovenske vydavatel'stvo, 1986). Pet'kovsky, Ondrej, 200 Rokov Slovenskeho Evanjelickeho A. V. cirkevneho zboru v Aradaei, 1786-1986 (Aradac: SEAVCZ, 1986) . Pismi, Stefan, "Vznik Ceskoslovenskej republiky a kultura na Slovensku," Zbornik Slovenskeho narodneho muzea, Historia 28 , LXXXI (1988). Ratkos , Peter, "Vzt'ahy naddunajskych Slovanov a starych Mad'arov v rokoch 881-1018," He ., 35 (No. 6, 1987). Skladany, Marian, " Der Anteil des slowakischen Kupferwesens an der Verwollkommnung der Technologie der Verhiittung von Kupfer im 15. Jahrhundert ," SHS, 15 (1986) . Sladek, Zdenek, "K otazce financovani slovenskych burzoaznich politickych stran za prvni republiky," He ., 36 (No. 3, 1988) . Slovensky biograficky slovni.k (ad roku 833 do roku 1990}, II (E-J), Martin: Matica slovenska, 1987 . �SLOVAKIA 115 Sopko, Julius & Julius Valach eds., Nitriansky k6dex (Martin : Matica slovenska, 1987). _ _ _ _ , "O skolstve a vzdelanosti na Slovensku v stredoveku, " Ht ., 36 (No. 2, 1988) . Stanislav, Ivan, Zivot v slave. Rozpravanie profesorovi Janovi Stanislavovi (Banska Bystrica: SNP, 1987). Sutaj, Stefan, "Vznik Strany slobody a formovanie jej programu v prvych rokoch po oslobodenie," Ht., 36 (No. 1, 1988). Tomek, Frantisek, Z dejin revolutneho odboroveho hnutia na Slovensku v rokoch 1944-1948 (Bratislava: Praca , 1986). Varsik, Branislav, "Slovenske osidlenie v Gemeri a povod nazvu rieky Blh," He ., 35 (No . 4, 1987) . Zuberec, Vladimir, "Prvy slovensky robotnicky kalendai, " Zbornik Slovenskeho narodneho muzea . Historia 28, LXXXI (1988) . (b) From the West Dawisha, Karen, Eastern Europe, Gorbachev and Reform: The Great Challenge (New York: Cambridge U. Press, 1988). Durica, Milan S. , "The Historical Origins and Nature of Slovak Nationalism, " Slovak Studies XXIV (1984). _ _ _ _ , "Das historische Vermiichtnis Dr. Jozef Tisos ," Slowakei, XXIV (1986). Gavlovic , Hugolin, Valaska skola, ed. by Gerald J. Sabo. Introduction by I.:ubomir Durovic (Columbus: Slavica, 1988). Grebert , Arved , "Die Erkliirung der slowakischen Selbstiindigkeit am 14. Marz 1939," Slowakei, XXIV (1986) . Kirschbaum, Jozef M., ' 'Die Australien-Slowaken und die idee der slowakischen Selbstandigkeit, '' Ibid . Leff, Carol Skalnik, National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: The Making and Remaking of the State, 1918-1987 (Princeton: Princeton University Press , 1988) . Magocsi , Paul Robert, ''Religious Identity in the Carpathians ,'' Cross Currents, 7 (1988) . Mikus, Jozef A., "Zwei Historiker: Jan Mlynarik versus Viliam Plevza," Slowakei, XXIV (1986). Parak, Stephan, Die Schweiz und der Slowakische Staat 1939-1945 (Bern: Peter Lang , 1987). Rajnoch , Karl , " Das kulturelle Leben in der Slowakei nach der Reformation," Slovak Studies, XXIII (1983). Rebichini , Andrea , "I Greco-Catholici della Slovachia Orientale : storia e attualita ," Ibid . Stolarik, M. Mark , " From Field to Factory: The Historiography of Slovak Immigration to the U.S. and Canada (1976-1987) ," Ethnic Forum, 8 (No. 1, 1988). Vavrovic , Jozef, "Exercitia Joannes Palarik," Slovak Studies, XXIII (1983) . �116 SLOVAKIA Vnuk, Franmek, Mat' svoj stat znamena zivot: Politicka biografia Alexander Macha (Cleveland: Slovak Institute , 1987) . Vondracek, Thomas J. , Commentary on the Czechoslovak Civil Code (Hingham, MA: Kulver Academic Publishers , 1988) . Walters, E. Garrison, The Other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945 (Syracuse University Press , 1988). Wilson , Paul , "Religious Movement in Czechoslovakia ," Cross Currents, 7 (1988). �SLOVAKIA 117 CONTRIBUTORS JOSEF KALVODA, Ph.D. (Columbia), is Professor of History and Political Science at Saint Joseph College, West Hartford, Connecticut. Author of many books and articles on Czechoslovakia, East Central Europe , and the Soviet Union, he recently published The Genesis of Czechoslovakia (1986). PATRICIA A. KRAFCIK, Ph.D., (Columbia) , currently teaches Russian language, literature, and folklore at Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. She is preparing other articles and a book on Janosik and the Carpathian brigand tradition, as well as an anthology of Slovak folk ballads. RAYMOND J. KUPKE, M.A., Cand. Phil. (Catholic Univer- sity), is a Roman Catholic priest and Archivist of the Diocese of Paterson. From 1979 to 1981 he was Vice Chancellor and Secretary to the Bishop of Paterson. He is the author of Living Stones: A History of the Catholic Church in the Diocese of Paterson (1987). M. MARK STOLARIK, Ph .D. (Minnesota) is President of the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies in Philadelphia. Author or editor of seven books and over thirty articles on American Slovaks , immigration, and ethnicity, he is editor of the Immigration History Newsletter and the annual Slovakia. He recently edited Forgotten Doors: The Other Ports of Entry to the United States (1988). �118 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles for publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed doublespaced, with generous margins for copyediting. Footnotes should also be double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian 's A Manual for Writers . Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words . Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged . Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. ����THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK , K.S.G. , Honorary President DANIEL F. TANZONE President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer JOSEPH J. TALAFOUS , Esq. Vice-President ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President PHILIP R. TUHY Vice-President Executive Committee Daniel F. Tanzone, Edward J . Behuncik , John A . Holy, Anna S. Granchay Joseph R. Kristofik , Steve J . Hruska , Cecilia Sarocky, Andrew F. Hudak , Jr. , Joseph Stefka , Stephen J . Kavulich , Justine Wesnak , Edward A. Zelenak , George N. Kantor , John Hvasta Anna M. Vizza , President, Ladies Auxiliary Auditors Joseph Valencik Mary Jacko Patrick Zelenak SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland , Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S . AND CANADA Cleveland , Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic , N .J . NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh , Pa . LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre , Pa. FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn. SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN ' S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa , K.S.G. , President THE SLOVAK GARDEN , INC. Andrew F. Hudak, Jr. , President Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $6.00 per issue Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown , Pennsylvania 17057 U .S .A . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1987-88, Vol. 33 Description An account of the resource Vol. 33 (No. 60-61), 1987-88. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-88 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 113 BOOKS AND ARTICLES RECEIVED (a) From Eastern Europe Anger, Jan, " Nektere vojensko-politicke aspekty obrany Ceskoslovenska v druhe polovine 30. let," Historicky easopis, 36 (No. 3, 1988). Avenarius , Alexander, " Stepne narody v Eur6pe: charakter a vyvoj avarskej spolocnosti," He., 36 (No . 2, 1988). Baranovsky, Michal, et. al., Dejiny Slovenska, VI (1945- 1960), Bratislava: Veda, 1988. Bartlova, Alena , "Integracny proces ceskoslovenskej ekonomiky v medzivojnovom obdobi," He., 36 (No. 3, 1988). Bobak, Jan, "Mad'arska otazka v Ceskoslovensku v rokoch 1945·1948," Slezsky sbornik, 85 (No . 1, 1987). Cambel, Samuel, "The Movement for the General Agrarian Reform in Slovakia in the Year 1945," Studia Historica Slovaca , 15 (1986). Cicaj, Viliam ed., Trnavska univerzita v slovenskych dejinach (Bratislava: Veda, 1987). Cierna-Lantayova, Dagmar, "Ceskoslovensko-mad'arska smluva z aprila 1949 v spojeneckom systeme socialistickych krajin," He., 35 (No. 4, 1987). Faltus, Jozef, "Development of Capitalist Industrialization of Slovakia and Its Problems," SHS, 15 (1986). Chovanec, Jaroslav , "Vznik a formovanie l'udovodemokratickeho a socialistickeho politickeho systemu v Ceskoslovensku ," He , 36 (No. 1, 1988). Deak, Ladislav , "Auton6mia Slovenska v planoch horthyovskeho Mad'arska v roku 1938," He , 36 (No . 3, 1988). Elias , Michal & Vojtech Sarluska compiled by, Narodna svetlica: vyber dokumentov k dejinam Matice slovenskej (Martin: Matica slovenska , 1988) . Fano , Stefan, "Ceskoslovensko-sovietske vzt'ahy v rokoch 1945-1948," He. , 36 (No . 1, 1988). Halaga, Ondrej R., ''Pakty vzajomnosti obchodnych stredisk Krakova a Ko sic,'' He ., 36 (No . 2, 1988) Hapak, Pavel, ''Fragen zur wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung der Slowakei am Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts," SHS., 15 (1986). Haviar, Stefan & Ivan Kucma, V pamiiti naroda. Kniha o Matici slovenskej (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988). Holotikova, Zdenka , "Komunisticka strana Ceskoslovenska a ceskoslovenska statnost' ," He . 36 (no . 3, 1988) . Hubenak , Ladislav, "KSC a parlamentne vol'by v okt6bri 1929," He ., 35 (No. 4, 1987). Hrnko, Anton, Politicky vyvin, a protifasisticky odboj na Slovensku {1939-1941) , Bratislava: Veda, 1988. Huttova, Maria "Prispevok k dejinam Pravnickej akademie v Bratislave v rokoch SLOVAKIA 114 1850-1874," Zbornik Slovenskeho narodneho muzea, Hist6ria 28, LXXXI (1988) . Kal'avsky, Michal, "Zrusenie cechov a problemy spolocensko-ekonomickej aktivizacie remeselnikov na Slovensku," Ibid. Karkus, Ondrej, comp., Dvadsat' rokov prace s krajanmi (k 20. vfrociu vzniku OZS MS} ., Martin: Matica slovenska, 1988. Kazimir, Stefan, "Der Fernhandel der Stadte in der Slowakei im 16. Jahrhundert," SHS, 15 (1986). Kollar, Jan, ''Riesenie problemu zasobovania a vyzivy na Slovensku v r. 1948,' ' Ht., 36 (No. 2, 1988). Kopcan, Vojtech, "The Last Stage of the Ottoman Rule in Slovakia," SHS, 15 (1986) . Kormuth, Dezider, Bibliografia clankov zo slovenskych novfn a casopisov, 1918-1945, Odbor 7. Obchod. Zv. 1. Hospodarstvo na Slovensku, 1918-1928 (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1986) . Kovac, Dusan, ''Myslienka ceskoslovenskej statnosti. Jej vznik a realizacia, '' He., 36 (No. 3, 1988). Krajcovicova, Natalia, "Triedne a socialne zapasy na Slovensku v dvadsiatych rokoch nasho storocia," He., 35 (No. 4, 1987). Macko , Pavel, "Podiel socialnej demokracie na utvareni politickeho systemu Ceskoslovenska v rokoch 1918-1929," He., 36 (No. 3, 1988) . Marsina, Richard, "La Lutte pour la liturgie slave dans la Grande Moravie (I..:hommage au 1100 anniversaire de la mort d'archeveque Method),'' SHS, 15 (1986). Matula, Vladimir, et. al., Dejiny Slovenska, II {1526-1848), Bratislava: Veda, 1987 . Ondrejka, Kliment, ed., fa som dobry remeselni.k: vyber remeselnickeho folk6ru (Bratislava: Mlade leta , 1987). Oslansky, Frantisek, "Vyznam cirkevnych desiatkov v stredoveku na Slovensku," He., 35 (No. 6 , 1987) . Petach, Emil, Dejiny mincovania v Kosiciach (Kosice: Vychodoslovenske vydavatel'stvo, 1986). Pet'kovsky, Ondrej, 200 Rokov Slovenskeho Evanjelickeho A. V. cirkevneho zboru v Aradaei, 1786-1986 (Aradac: SEAVCZ, 1986) . Pismi, Stefan, "Vznik Ceskoslovenskej republiky a kultura na Slovensku," Zbornik Slovenskeho narodneho muzea, Historia 28 , LXXXI (1988). Ratkos , Peter, "Vzt'ahy naddunajskych Slovanov a starych Mad'arov v rokoch 881-1018," He ., 35 (No. 6, 1987). Skladany, Marian, " Der Anteil des slowakischen Kupferwesens an der Verwollkommnung der Technologie der Verhiittung von Kupfer im 15. Jahrhundert ," SHS, 15 (1986) . Sladek, Zdenek, "K otazce financovani slovenskych burzoaznich politickych stran za prvni republiky," He ., 36 (No. 3, 1988) . Slovensky biograficky slovni.k (ad roku 833 do roku 1990}, II (E-J), Martin: Matica slovenska, 1987 . SLOVAKIA 115 Sopko, Julius & Julius Valach eds., Nitriansky k6dex (Martin : Matica slovenska, 1987). _ _ _ _ , "O skolstve a vzdelanosti na Slovensku v stredoveku, " Ht ., 36 (No. 2, 1988) . Stanislav, Ivan, Zivot v slave. Rozpravanie profesorovi Janovi Stanislavovi (Banska Bystrica: SNP, 1987). Sutaj, Stefan, "Vznik Strany slobody a formovanie jej programu v prvych rokoch po oslobodenie," Ht., 36 (No. 1, 1988). Tomek, Frantisek, Z dejin revolutneho odboroveho hnutia na Slovensku v rokoch 1944-1948 (Bratislava: Praca , 1986). Varsik, Branislav, "Slovenske osidlenie v Gemeri a povod nazvu rieky Blh," He ., 35 (No . 4, 1987) . Zuberec, Vladimir, "Prvy slovensky robotnicky kalendai, " Zbornik Slovenskeho narodneho muzea . Historia 28, LXXXI (1988) . (b) From the West Dawisha, Karen, Eastern Europe, Gorbachev and Reform: The Great Challenge (New York: Cambridge U. Press, 1988). Durica, Milan S. , "The Historical Origins and Nature of Slovak Nationalism, " Slovak Studies XXIV (1984). _ _ _ _ , "Das historische Vermiichtnis Dr. Jozef Tisos ," Slowakei, XXIV (1986). Gavlovic , Hugolin, Valaska skola, ed. by Gerald J. Sabo. Introduction by I.:ubomir Durovic (Columbus: Slavica, 1988). Grebert , Arved , "Die Erkliirung der slowakischen Selbstiindigkeit am 14. Marz 1939," Slowakei, XXIV (1986) . Kirschbaum, Jozef M., ' 'Die Australien-Slowaken und die idee der slowakischen Selbstandigkeit, '' Ibid . Leff, Carol Skalnik, National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: The Making and Remaking of the State, 1918-1987 (Princeton: Princeton University Press , 1988) . Magocsi , Paul Robert, ''Religious Identity in the Carpathians ,'' Cross Currents, 7 (1988) . Mikus, Jozef A., "Zwei Historiker: Jan Mlynarik versus Viliam Plevza," Slowakei, XXIV (1986). Parak, Stephan, Die Schweiz und der Slowakische Staat 1939-1945 (Bern: Peter Lang , 1987). Rajnoch , Karl , " Das kulturelle Leben in der Slowakei nach der Reformation," Slovak Studies, XXIII (1983). Rebichini , Andrea , "I Greco-Catholici della Slovachia Orientale : storia e attualita ," Ibid . Stolarik, M. Mark , " From Field to Factory: The Historiography of Slovak Immigration to the U.S. and Canada (1976-1987) ," Ethnic Forum, 8 (No. 1, 1988). Vavrovic , Jozef, "Exercitia Joannes Palarik," Slovak Studies, XXIII (1983) . 116 SLOVAKIA Vnuk, Franmek, Mat' svoj stat znamena zivot: Politicka biografia Alexander Macha (Cleveland: Slovak Institute , 1987) . Vondracek, Thomas J. , Commentary on the Czechoslovak Civil Code (Hingham, MA: Kulver Academic Publishers , 1988) . Walters, E. Garrison, The Other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945 (Syracuse University Press , 1988). Wilson , Paul , "Religious Movement in Czechoslovakia ," Cross Currents, 7 (1988). SLOVAKIA 117 CONTRIBUTORS JOSEF KALVODA, Ph.D. (Columbia), is Professor of History and Political Science at Saint Joseph College, West Hartford, Connecticut. Author of many books and articles on Czechoslovakia, East Central Europe , and the Soviet Union, he recently published The Genesis of Czechoslovakia (1986). PATRICIA A. KRAFCIK, Ph.D., (Columbia) , currently teaches Russian language, literature, and folklore at Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. She is preparing other articles and a book on Janosik and the Carpathian brigand tradition, as well as an anthology of Slovak folk ballads. RAYMOND J. KUPKE, M.A., Cand. Phil. (Catholic Univer- sity), is a Roman Catholic priest and Archivist of the Diocese of Paterson. From 1979 to 1981 he was Vice Chancellor and Secretary to the Bishop of Paterson. He is the author of Living Stones: A History of the Catholic Church in the Diocese of Paterson (1987). M. MARK STOLARIK, Ph .D. (Minnesota) is President of the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies in Philadelphia. Author or editor of seven books and over thirty articles on American Slovaks , immigration, and ethnicity, he is editor of the Immigration History Newsletter and the annual Slovakia. He recently edited Forgotten Doors: The Other Ports of Entry to the United States (1988). 118 SLOVAKIA GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles for publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed doublespaced, with generous margins for copyediting. Footnotes should also be double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian 's A Manual for Writers . Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words . Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged . Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK , K.S.G. , Honorary President DANIEL F. TANZONE President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer JOSEPH J. TALAFOUS , Esq. Vice-President ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President PHILIP R. TUHY Vice-President Executive Committee Daniel F. Tanzone, Edward J . Behuncik , John A . Holy, Anna S. Granchay Joseph R. Kristofik , Steve J . Hruska , Cecilia Sarocky, Andrew F. Hudak , Jr. , Joseph Stefka , Stephen J . Kavulich , Justine Wesnak , Edward A. Zelenak , George N. Kantor , John Hvasta Anna M. Vizza , President, Ladies Auxiliary Auditors Joseph Valencik Mary Jacko Patrick Zelenak SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland , Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S . AND CANADA Cleveland , Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic , N .J . NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh , Pa . LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre , Pa. FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn. SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN ' S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa , K.S.G. , President THE SLOVAK GARDEN , INC. Andrew F. Hudak, Jr. , President Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $6.00 per issue Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown , Pennsylvania 17057 U .S .A .  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 33 (No. 60-61) Description An account of the resource includes Books and Articles Received; Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-88 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/1c17ef71283f4c9efb36646c6d397886.pdf 36f63d872dbf453b0747d1ca88e982b0 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 117 CONTRIBUTORS JOSEPH STASKO (Ph.D., Comenius University; MLS Columbia), is an emigre Slovak politican and retired librarian. While pursuing post-graduate studies in Paris in 1939 he became a friend of Czechoslovak Ambassador Stefan Osusky and tried to get the Slovak government to establish contacts with him, as Stasko reminisces in this issue of Slovakia. While he avoided politics during the existence of the Slovak State , Stasko did join the post-war Democratic Party and won election to the Prague Parliament from his native Orava in May of 1946. However, because he was an uncompromising autonomist who made it clear that he would not vote for Edvard Benes as the post-war President of Czechoslovakia, the Democratic Party turned its back on him and allowed the "people's" courts to try him on trumped-up charges. From 1946 to 1953 he was imprisoned in Leopoldov and in the Jachymov uranium mines where, ironically, he came to know such rightwing Slovak politicians as Sano Mach and Communist luminaries like Gustav Husak. From 1953 to 1961 he worked as a manual laborer in various factories and then managed to escape to the West. After he received his degree in library science from Columbia University , he found employment at the New York Public Library. He became Chief of the Periodicals Department and retired in that capacity in 1983 . Since then he has been collecting SlovakAmerican archival materials and writing his memoirs. M. MARK STOLARJK (Ph.D ., Minnesota) is a historian and President of the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies in Philadelphia. Author of four books and over twenty articles , as well as a film , he is editor of the Slovak Studies Newsletter and the scholarly annual Slovakia. He recently edited , with Murray Friedman, Making It in America: The Role of Ethnicity in Business Enterprise, Education and Work Choices (1986). �118 SLOVAKIA PAUL WILKES (M.A., Columbia) is Writer-in-Residence at the University of Pittsburgh. Author of six books and many articles in intellectual journals , Wilkes wrote the PBS television series Six American Families (1978) and Merton (1984). He has received awards from his 'alma mater ' Marquette University and from Columbia as one of their most distinguished alumnae. Recently he finished his saga of Slovak immigration to America entitled In Due Season, a chapter of which we have published in this issue of Slovakia, while the rest awaits publication. �SLOVAKIA 119 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles for publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed doublespaced, with generous margins for copyediting . Footnotes should also be double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. ���THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK, K.S .G., Honorary President DANIEL F. TANZONE President EMANUEL KVASSAY Vice-President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President MICHAEL BUCKO Vice-President Executive Committee Daniel F. Tanzone, Edward J. Behuncik, John A . Holy, Anna S. Granchay Joseph R. Kristofik, Steve J . Hruska , Cecilia Sarocky, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr. , Joseph Stefka, Stephen J. Kavulich , Margaret Pilosi, George N. Kantor, Albert Misik, Edward A . Zelenak Anna M . Vizza, President, Ladies Auxiliary Auditors Joseph Valencik Mary Jacko Patrick Zelenak SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland , Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J . NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A . Pittsburgh , Pa . LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn . SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN 'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa , K.S .G., President THE SLOVAK GARDEN , INC. Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., President Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $6.00 per issue Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A . � SLOVAKIA 117 CONTRIBUTORS JOSEPH STASKO (Ph.D., Comenius University; MLS Columbia), is an emigre Slovak politican and retired librarian. While pursuing post-graduate studies in Paris in 1939 he became a friend of Czechoslovak Ambassador Stefan Osusky and tried to get the Slovak government to establish contacts with him, as Stasko reminisces in this issue of Slovakia. While he avoided politics during the existence of the Slovak State , Stasko did join the post-war Democratic Party and won election to the Prague Parliament from his native Orava in May of 1946. However, because he was an uncompromising autonomist who made it clear that he would not vote for Edvard Benes as the post-war President of Czechoslovakia, the Democratic Party turned its back on him and allowed the "people's" courts to try him on trumped-up charges. From 1946 to 1953 he was imprisoned in Leopoldov and in the Jachymov uranium mines where, ironically, he came to know such rightwing Slovak politicians as Sano Mach and Communist luminaries like Gustav Husak. From 1953 to 1961 he worked as a manual laborer in various factories and then managed to escape to the West. After he received his degree in library science from Columbia University , he found employment at the New York Public Library. He became Chief of the Periodicals Department and retired in that capacity in 1983 . Since then he has been collecting SlovakAmerican archival materials and writing his memoirs. M. MARK STOLARJK (Ph.D ., Minnesota) is a historian and President of the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies in Philadelphia. Author of four books and over twenty articles , as well as a film , he is editor of the Slovak Studies Newsletter and the scholarly annual Slovakia. He recently edited , with Murray Friedman, Making It in America: The Role of Ethnicity in Business Enterprise, Education and Work Choices (1986). �118 SLOVAKIA PAUL WILKES (M.A., Columbia) is Writer-in-Residence at the University of Pittsburgh. Author of six books and many articles in intellectual journals , Wilkes wrote the PBS television series Six American Families (1978) and Merton (1984). He has received awards from his 'alma mater ' Marquette University and from Columbia as one of their most distinguished alumnae. Recently he finished his saga of Slovak immigration to America entitled In Due Season, a chapter of which we have published in this issue of Slovakia, while the rest awaits publication. �SLOVAKIA 119 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles for publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed doublespaced, with generous margins for copyediting . Footnotes should also be double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. ���THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK, K.S .G., Honorary President DANIEL F. TANZONE President EMANUEL KVASSAY Vice-President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President MICHAEL BUCKO Vice-President Executive Committee Daniel F. Tanzone, Edward J. Behuncik, John A . Holy, Anna S. Granchay Joseph R. Kristofik, Steve J . Hruska , Cecilia Sarocky, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr. , Joseph Stefka, Stephen J. Kavulich , Margaret Pilosi, George N. Kantor, Albert Misik, Edward A . Zelenak Anna M . Vizza, President, Ladies Auxiliary Auditors Joseph Valencik Mary Jacko Patrick Zelenak SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland , Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J . NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A . Pittsburgh , Pa . LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn . SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN 'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa , K.S .G., President THE SLOVAK GARDEN , INC. Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., President Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $6.00 per issue Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1985-86, Vol. 32 Description An account of the resource Vol. 32 (No. 58-59), 1985-86. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 117 CONTRIBUTORS JOSEPH STASKO (Ph.D., Comenius University; MLS Columbia), is an emigre Slovak politican and retired librarian. While pursuing post-graduate studies in Paris in 1939 he became a friend of Czechoslovak Ambassador Stefan Osusky and tried to get the Slovak government to establish contacts with him, as Stasko reminisces in this issue of Slovakia. While he avoided politics during the existence of the Slovak State , Stasko did join the post-war Democratic Party and won election to the Prague Parliament from his native Orava in May of 1946. However, because he was an uncompromising autonomist who made it clear that he would not vote for Edvard Benes as the post-war President of Czechoslovakia, the Democratic Party turned its back on him and allowed the "people's" courts to try him on trumped-up charges. From 1946 to 1953 he was imprisoned in Leopoldov and in the Jachymov uranium mines where, ironically, he came to know such rightwing Slovak politicians as Sano Mach and Communist luminaries like Gustav Husak. From 1953 to 1961 he worked as a manual laborer in various factories and then managed to escape to the West. After he received his degree in library science from Columbia University , he found employment at the New York Public Library. He became Chief of the Periodicals Department and retired in that capacity in 1983 . Since then he has been collecting SlovakAmerican archival materials and writing his memoirs. M. MARK STOLARJK (Ph.D ., Minnesota) is a historian and President of the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies in Philadelphia. Author of four books and over twenty articles , as well as a film , he is editor of the Slovak Studies Newsletter and the scholarly annual Slovakia. He recently edited , with Murray Friedman, Making It in America: The Role of Ethnicity in Business Enterprise, Education and Work Choices (1986). 118 SLOVAKIA PAUL WILKES (M.A., Columbia) is Writer-in-Residence at the University of Pittsburgh. Author of six books and many articles in intellectual journals , Wilkes wrote the PBS television series Six American Families (1978) and Merton (1984). He has received awards from his 'alma mater ' Marquette University and from Columbia as one of their most distinguished alumnae. Recently he finished his saga of Slovak immigration to America entitled In Due Season, a chapter of which we have published in this issue of Slovakia, while the rest awaits publication. SLOVAKIA 119 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles for publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed doublespaced, with generous margins for copyediting . Footnotes should also be double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK, K.S .G., Honorary President DANIEL F. TANZONE President EMANUEL KVASSAY Vice-President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President MICHAEL BUCKO Vice-President Executive Committee Daniel F. Tanzone, Edward J. Behuncik, John A . Holy, Anna S. Granchay Joseph R. Kristofik, Steve J . Hruska , Cecilia Sarocky, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr. , Joseph Stefka, Stephen J. Kavulich , Margaret Pilosi, George N. Kantor, Albert Misik, Edward A . Zelenak Anna M . Vizza, President, Ladies Auxiliary Auditors Joseph Valencik Mary Jacko Patrick Zelenak SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland , Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J . NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A . Pittsburgh , Pa . LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn . SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN 'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa , K.S .G., President THE SLOVAK GARDEN , INC. Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., President Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $6.00 per issue Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A .  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 32 (No. 58-59) Description An account of the resource includes Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/ca239dfe1cfd991cb72da0195dcdcfc9.pdf 60aaabae305589df9f830910050d2d99 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 157 CONTRIBUTORS JAMES BORCHERT, Ph.D. (University of Maryland) , teaches American history at the Cleveland State University. He is the author of Alley Life in Washington: Family, Community, Religion, and Folklife in th e City, 1850-1970 ( 1980). SUSAN DANZIGER BORCHERT, Ph.D. (Ohio State University), teaches sociology at Lake Erie College in Painesville, Ohio. OWEN V. JOHNSON, Ph.D. (University of Michigan), currently teaches journalism at Indiana University . His book on Slovakia, 1918-1938: Educa tion and the Making of a Nation will be published by Columbia University Press in 1985. PA TRICIA ONDEK LAURENCE is a graduate of the State University of New York at Stoney Brook and teaches English at the City College of New York. She recently published "A Slovak Immigrant 's View of Work," in the literary journal MELUS (1983). NORMAL. RUDINSKY, a graduate of Stanford University, teaches English at Oregon State University. She has published many articles in literary journals and is the leading authority in the West on the Slovak writer Martin Kukucfn . CAROL TOWARNICKY is Lifestyle Columnist for the Philadelphia Daily News . A graduate of Ohio University, she has practiced journalism since 1967 and has written several short stories . PAUL WILKES, Writer-in-Residence at the University of Pittsburgh, is the author of six books and of the two television series Six American Families ( 1978) and M erton ( 1984 ). H e is currently writing a massive saga on Slovak immigration to America. THE REVEREND THEODORIC ZUBEK, O.F .M. , received his S.T.D. degree from the University ofFribourg in 1940 . H e has written The Church of Silence in Slovakia ( 1956) and is the leading expert in the West on churchstate relations in his homeland . �158 SLOVAKIA Guidelines for Manuscripts Manuscripts of articles for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed double-spaced, with generous margins for copyediting. Footnotes should also be typed doublespaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian 's A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Individuals who wish to review books should send the editor a cop y of their curriculum vitae and an indication of their areas of ex pertise and interest. ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 at Cleveland , Ohio EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK, K.S.G. President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer Vice Presidents ANNE Z. SAROSY DANIEL F. TANZONE MICHAEL BUCKO Executive Committee Edward J . Behuncik, John A . Holy, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., George N. Kantor Michael J . Krajsa, Anna S. Granchay, Cecelia Sarocky, Margaret Pilosi, Joseph R. Kristofik, John F. Pitek Joseph Stefka , Stephen J. Kavulich Slovak League of America Ladies' Auxiliary Anna M . Vizza , President Regional Vi ce-Presidents : George Lupjan - New York , New Jersey, New England States John Herman - Eastern Pennsylvania John Gastan - Western Pennsylvania George Chura - Ohio Joseph Fecik - Michigan Ivan Kralik - Illinois Bernadine Wandke - Wisconsin Matthew Zvada - California Joseph Ondis - Florida John Hvasta - Washington , D.C., Virginia Joseph Valencik Auditors: Dolores J . Soska Paul Brunovsky SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS /Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland , Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J . NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh , Pa . LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn. SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN ' S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa , K.S.G ., President SLOVAKIA $6.00 per annum Printed By JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown , Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A. � SLOVAKIA 157 CONTRIBUTORS JAMES BORCHERT, Ph.D. (University of Maryland) , teaches American history at the Cleveland State University. He is the author of Alley Life in Washington: Family, Community, Religion, and Folklife in th e City, 1850-1970 ( 1980). SUSAN DANZIGER BORCHERT, Ph.D. (Ohio State University), teaches sociology at Lake Erie College in Painesville, Ohio. OWEN V. JOHNSON, Ph.D. (University of Michigan), currently teaches journalism at Indiana University . His book on Slovakia, 1918-1938: Educa tion and the Making of a Nation will be published by Columbia University Press in 1985. PA TRICIA ONDEK LAURENCE is a graduate of the State University of New York at Stoney Brook and teaches English at the City College of New York. She recently published "A Slovak Immigrant 's View of Work," in the literary journal MELUS (1983). NORMAL. RUDINSKY, a graduate of Stanford University, teaches English at Oregon State University. She has published many articles in literary journals and is the leading authority in the West on the Slovak writer Martin Kukucfn . CAROL TOWARNICKY is Lifestyle Columnist for the Philadelphia Daily News . A graduate of Ohio University, she has practiced journalism since 1967 and has written several short stories . PAUL WILKES, Writer-in-Residence at the University of Pittsburgh, is the author of six books and of the two television series Six American Families ( 1978) and M erton ( 1984 ). H e is currently writing a massive saga on Slovak immigration to America. THE REVEREND THEODORIC ZUBEK, O.F .M. , received his S.T.D. degree from the University ofFribourg in 1940 . H e has written The Church of Silence in Slovakia ( 1956) and is the leading expert in the West on churchstate relations in his homeland . �158 SLOVAKIA Guidelines for Manuscripts Manuscripts of articles for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed double-spaced, with generous margins for copyediting. Footnotes should also be typed doublespaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian 's A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Individuals who wish to review books should send the editor a cop y of their curriculum vitae and an indication of their areas of ex pertise and interest. ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 at Cleveland , Ohio EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK, K.S.G. President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer Vice Presidents ANNE Z. SAROSY DANIEL F. TANZONE MICHAEL BUCKO Executive Committee Edward J . Behuncik, John A . Holy, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., George N. Kantor Michael J . Krajsa, Anna S. Granchay, Cecelia Sarocky, Margaret Pilosi, Joseph R. Kristofik, John F. Pitek Joseph Stefka , Stephen J. Kavulich Slovak League of America Ladies' Auxiliary Anna M . Vizza , President Regional Vi ce-Presidents : George Lupjan - New York , New Jersey, New England States John Herman - Eastern Pennsylvania John Gastan - Western Pennsylvania George Chura - Ohio Joseph Fecik - Michigan Ivan Kralik - Illinois Bernadine Wandke - Wisconsin Matthew Zvada - California Joseph Ondis - Florida John Hvasta - Washington , D.C., Virginia Joseph Valencik Auditors: Dolores J . Soska Paul Brunovsky SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS /Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland , Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J . NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh , Pa . LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn. SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN ' S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa , K.S.G ., President SLOVAKIA $6.00 per annum Printed By JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown , Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1984, Vol. 31 Description An account of the resource Vol. 31 (No. 57), 1984. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 157 CONTRIBUTORS JAMES BORCHERT, Ph.D. (University of Maryland) , teaches American history at the Cleveland State University. He is the author of Alley Life in Washington: Family, Community, Religion, and Folklife in th e City, 1850-1970 ( 1980). SUSAN DANZIGER BORCHERT, Ph.D. (Ohio State University), teaches sociology at Lake Erie College in Painesville, Ohio. OWEN V. JOHNSON, Ph.D. (University of Michigan), currently teaches journalism at Indiana University . His book on Slovakia, 1918-1938: Educa tion and the Making of a Nation will be published by Columbia University Press in 1985. PA TRICIA ONDEK LAURENCE is a graduate of the State University of New York at Stoney Brook and teaches English at the City College of New York. She recently published "A Slovak Immigrant 's View of Work," in the literary journal MELUS (1983). NORMAL. RUDINSKY, a graduate of Stanford University, teaches English at Oregon State University. She has published many articles in literary journals and is the leading authority in the West on the Slovak writer Martin Kukucfn . CAROL TOWARNICKY is Lifestyle Columnist for the Philadelphia Daily News . A graduate of Ohio University, she has practiced journalism since 1967 and has written several short stories . PAUL WILKES, Writer-in-Residence at the University of Pittsburgh, is the author of six books and of the two television series Six American Families ( 1978) and M erton ( 1984 ). H e is currently writing a massive saga on Slovak immigration to America. THE REVEREND THEODORIC ZUBEK, O.F .M. , received his S.T.D. degree from the University ofFribourg in 1940 . H e has written The Church of Silence in Slovakia ( 1956) and is the leading expert in the West on churchstate relations in his homeland . 158 SLOVAKIA Guidelines for Manuscripts Manuscripts of articles for possible publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed double-spaced, with generous margins for copyediting. Footnotes should also be typed doublespaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian 's A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Individuals who wish to review books should send the editor a cop y of their curriculum vitae and an indication of their areas of ex pertise and interest. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 at Cleveland , Ohio EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK, K.S.G. President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer Vice Presidents ANNE Z. SAROSY DANIEL F. TANZONE MICHAEL BUCKO Executive Committee Edward J . Behuncik, John A . Holy, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., George N. Kantor Michael J . Krajsa, Anna S. Granchay, Cecelia Sarocky, Margaret Pilosi, Joseph R. Kristofik, John F. Pitek Joseph Stefka , Stephen J. Kavulich Slovak League of America Ladies' Auxiliary Anna M . Vizza , President Regional Vi ce-Presidents : George Lupjan - New York , New Jersey, New England States John Herman - Eastern Pennsylvania John Gastan - Western Pennsylvania George Chura - Ohio Joseph Fecik - Michigan Ivan Kralik - Illinois Bernadine Wandke - Wisconsin Matthew Zvada - California Joseph Ondis - Florida John Hvasta - Washington , D.C., Virginia Joseph Valencik Auditors: Dolores J . Soska Paul Brunovsky SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS /Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland , Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland, Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J . NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh , Pa . LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn. SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN ' S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa , K.S.G ., President SLOVAKIA $6.00 per annum Printed By JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown , Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 31 (No. 57) Description An account of the resource includes Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/ae72ad20320a50fc785e801b2602e879.pdf 86f44198a453e1c904f5c7f2ff96e7e1 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 175 CONTRIBUTORS DA YID P. DANIEL is in the Department of Historical Theology at Concordia Seminary in St. Louis. A graduate of Pennsylvania State University, he has published many articles on Slovak Reformation history and is active in several organizations on European history . MARIE-ELIZABETH DUCREUX is in the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris. Not of Slavic extraction herself, she has just completed her doctoral dissertation on Czech hymnology at the Sorbonne. F.G. GALAN is at the University of Texas in Austin, where his speciality is literary theory and semiotics. His book on the semiotics of film was recently published and one on the Prague Circle is expected shortly . WILLIAM E . HARKINS is at Columbia University, where he has been a pioneer of both Czech and Slovak studies, besides his work in Russian. He has long been active in national and international Slavic organizations. EV A SUSAN KUCEKOVA teaches Czech and Slovak at the Defense Language Institute in Monterey. She recently completed her dissertation on folk literature at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. PETER PETRO teaches comparative literature , Slovak, and Russian at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. His book on four modern satirists was rece ntl y published by M outon , a nd he is prepa ring an English history of modern Slovak literature. NORMAL. RUDINSKY is at Oregon Sta te University in Co rvallis. She has tra nsl ated stories by M a rtin Kukucfn and is currentl y prepa ring a collection of stories by Bozena Slan cfkov a Timrava. G ERALD J. SABO is at j ohn Carroll U nive rsity in Cleveland . His Yale dissertation will be published as a critical edition ofHugolfn G avlovic's Valaska Skala , and he is preparin g a n En glish hi story of earl y Slovak literature . JAROS LAV J. VAJDA is a n editor at Concordia Press, St. Louis, but is best known as a transla tor of Slovak poe try, including Hviezd oslav , Kras ko, and J anko Kral' . �176 SLOVAKIA Guidelines for Manuscripts Manuscripts of articles for possible publication should be sent to the editor . Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length , and should be submitted in triplicate, typed double-spaced, with generous margins for copyeditin g. Footnotes should also be typed double-spaced , numbered , and placed at the end of the paper. T ext and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical m arks must be supplied for all foreign words . Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided . Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged . Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a curriculum vitae with their request. When writing their reviews they should try to answer the following questions: What was the author's purpose in writing this book? What was the theme ? What methods did the author use? What did he (she) conclude? This can then be followed by criticism and observations. Normally the reviews should not exceed three double-spaced , typewritten pages. All bibliographic information (author , full title, publisher, place of publication, price, and number of pages) should be provided by the reviewer. ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 at Cleveland , Ohio EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK, K.S.G. President JOHN A . HOLY Secretary-Treasurer DANIEL F. TANZONE Vice Presidents ANNEZ. SAROSY MICHAEL BUCKO Executive Committee Edward J . Behuncik, John A . Holy, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr ., George N. Kantor Michael J . Krajsa , Louise M. Yash , Cecelia Sarocky, Margaret Pilosi , Joseph R. Kristofik , George J. Kostelnik Joseph Stefka, Stephen J. Kavulich Slovak League of America Ladies' Auxiliary Anna M. Vizza , President Regional Vice-Presidents : George Lupjan - New York , New Jersey, New England States John Herman - Eastern Pennsylvania John Gastan - Western Pennsylvania George Chura - Ohio Joseph Fecik - Michigan Ivan Kralik - Illinois Bernadine Wandke - Wisconsin Matthew Zvada - California John Hvasta - Washington, D.C. , Virginia Joseph Valen cik Auditors : Dolores J . Soska Paul Brunovsky SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland , Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S . AND CANADA Cleveland , Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J. NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pa. LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn. SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN ' S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa , K.S.G., President SLOVAKIA $6.00 per annum Printed By JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown , Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A . � SLOVAKIA 175 CONTRIBUTORS DA YID P. DANIEL is in the Department of Historical Theology at Concordia Seminary in St. Louis. A graduate of Pennsylvania State University, he has published many articles on Slovak Reformation history and is active in several organizations on European history . MARIE-ELIZABETH DUCREUX is in the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris. Not of Slavic extraction herself, she has just completed her doctoral dissertation on Czech hymnology at the Sorbonne. F.G. GALAN is at the University of Texas in Austin, where his speciality is literary theory and semiotics. His book on the semiotics of film was recently published and one on the Prague Circle is expected shortly . WILLIAM E . HARKINS is at Columbia University, where he has been a pioneer of both Czech and Slovak studies, besides his work in Russian. He has long been active in national and international Slavic organizations. EV A SUSAN KUCEKOVA teaches Czech and Slovak at the Defense Language Institute in Monterey. She recently completed her dissertation on folk literature at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. PETER PETRO teaches comparative literature , Slovak, and Russian at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. His book on four modern satirists was rece ntl y published by M outon , a nd he is prepa ring an English history of modern Slovak literature. NORMAL. RUDINSKY is at Oregon Sta te University in Co rvallis. She has tra nsl ated stories by M a rtin Kukucfn and is currentl y prepa ring a collection of stories by Bozena Slan cfkov a Timrava. G ERALD J. SABO is at j ohn Carroll U nive rsity in Cleveland . His Yale dissertation will be published as a critical edition ofHugolfn G avlovic's Valaska Skala , and he is preparin g a n En glish hi story of earl y Slovak literature . JAROS LAV J. VAJDA is a n editor at Concordia Press, St. Louis, but is best known as a transla tor of Slovak poe try, including Hviezd oslav , Kras ko, and J anko Kral' . �176 SLOVAKIA Guidelines for Manuscripts Manuscripts of articles for possible publication should be sent to the editor . Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length , and should be submitted in triplicate, typed double-spaced, with generous margins for copyeditin g. Footnotes should also be typed double-spaced , numbered , and placed at the end of the paper. T ext and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical m arks must be supplied for all foreign words . Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided . Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged . Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a curriculum vitae with their request. When writing their reviews they should try to answer the following questions: What was the author's purpose in writing this book? What was the theme ? What methods did the author use? What did he (she) conclude? This can then be followed by criticism and observations. Normally the reviews should not exceed three double-spaced , typewritten pages. All bibliographic information (author , full title, publisher, place of publication, price, and number of pages) should be provided by the reviewer. ��THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 at Cleveland , Ohio EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK, K.S.G. President JOHN A . HOLY Secretary-Treasurer DANIEL F. TANZONE Vice Presidents ANNEZ. SAROSY MICHAEL BUCKO Executive Committee Edward J . Behuncik, John A . Holy, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr ., George N. Kantor Michael J . Krajsa , Louise M. Yash , Cecelia Sarocky, Margaret Pilosi , Joseph R. Kristofik , George J. Kostelnik Joseph Stefka, Stephen J. Kavulich Slovak League of America Ladies' Auxiliary Anna M. Vizza , President Regional Vice-Presidents : George Lupjan - New York , New Jersey, New England States John Herman - Eastern Pennsylvania John Gastan - Western Pennsylvania George Chura - Ohio Joseph Fecik - Michigan Ivan Kralik - Illinois Bernadine Wandke - Wisconsin Matthew Zvada - California John Hvasta - Washington, D.C. , Virginia Joseph Valen cik Auditors : Dolores J . Soska Paul Brunovsky SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland , Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S . AND CANADA Cleveland , Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J. NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pa. LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn. SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN ' S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa , K.S.G., President SLOVAKIA $6.00 per annum Printed By JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown , Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1982-83, Vol. 30 Description An account of the resource Vol. 30 (No. 55-56), 1982-83. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-83 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 175 CONTRIBUTORS DA YID P. DANIEL is in the Department of Historical Theology at Concordia Seminary in St. Louis. A graduate of Pennsylvania State University, he has published many articles on Slovak Reformation history and is active in several organizations on European history . MARIE-ELIZABETH DUCREUX is in the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris. Not of Slavic extraction herself, she has just completed her doctoral dissertation on Czech hymnology at the Sorbonne. F.G. GALAN is at the University of Texas in Austin, where his speciality is literary theory and semiotics. His book on the semiotics of film was recently published and one on the Prague Circle is expected shortly . WILLIAM E . HARKINS is at Columbia University, where he has been a pioneer of both Czech and Slovak studies, besides his work in Russian. He has long been active in national and international Slavic organizations. EV A SUSAN KUCEKOVA teaches Czech and Slovak at the Defense Language Institute in Monterey. She recently completed her dissertation on folk literature at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. PETER PETRO teaches comparative literature , Slovak, and Russian at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. His book on four modern satirists was rece ntl y published by M outon , a nd he is prepa ring an English history of modern Slovak literature. NORMAL. RUDINSKY is at Oregon Sta te University in Co rvallis. She has tra nsl ated stories by M a rtin Kukucfn and is currentl y prepa ring a collection of stories by Bozena Slan cfkov a Timrava. G ERALD J. SABO is at j ohn Carroll U nive rsity in Cleveland . His Yale dissertation will be published as a critical edition ofHugolfn G avlovic's Valaska Skala , and he is preparin g a n En glish hi story of earl y Slovak literature . JAROS LAV J. VAJDA is a n editor at Concordia Press, St. Louis, but is best known as a transla tor of Slovak poe try, including Hviezd oslav , Kras ko, and J anko Kral' . 176 SLOVAKIA Guidelines for Manuscripts Manuscripts of articles for possible publication should be sent to the editor . Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length , and should be submitted in triplicate, typed double-spaced, with generous margins for copyeditin g. Footnotes should also be typed double-spaced , numbered , and placed at the end of the paper. T ext and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical m arks must be supplied for all foreign words . Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided . Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged . Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a curriculum vitae with their request. When writing their reviews they should try to answer the following questions: What was the author's purpose in writing this book? What was the theme ? What methods did the author use? What did he (she) conclude? This can then be followed by criticism and observations. Normally the reviews should not exceed three double-spaced , typewritten pages. All bibliographic information (author , full title, publisher, place of publication, price, and number of pages) should be provided by the reviewer. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 at Cleveland , Ohio EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK, K.S.G. President JOHN A . HOLY Secretary-Treasurer DANIEL F. TANZONE Vice Presidents ANNEZ. SAROSY MICHAEL BUCKO Executive Committee Edward J . Behuncik, John A . Holy, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr ., George N. Kantor Michael J . Krajsa , Louise M. Yash , Cecelia Sarocky, Margaret Pilosi , Joseph R. Kristofik , George J. Kostelnik Joseph Stefka, Stephen J. Kavulich Slovak League of America Ladies' Auxiliary Anna M. Vizza , President Regional Vice-Presidents : George Lupjan - New York , New Jersey, New England States John Herman - Eastern Pennsylvania John Gastan - Western Pennsylvania George Chura - Ohio Joseph Fecik - Michigan Ivan Kralik - Illinois Bernadine Wandke - Wisconsin Matthew Zvada - California John Hvasta - Washington, D.C. , Virginia Joseph Valen cik Auditors : Dolores J . Soska Paul Brunovsky SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland , Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S . AND CANADA Cleveland , Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J. NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pa. LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn. SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN ' S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa , K.S.G., President SLOVAKIA $6.00 per annum Printed By JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown , Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A .  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 30 (No. 55-56) Description An account of the resource includes Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-83 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/12e36433df515cc7aec6093d7ae5416b.pdf dd12c427b51c39393594e7cd883dad8b PDF Text Text REVIEWS ��SLOVAKIA 135 ' Peter Brock The Slovak National Awakening Peterirock. THE SLOVAK NATIONAL AWAKENING: AN ESSAY IN THE INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF EAST CENTRAL EUROPE. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1976. x, 104 pp . This three-chapter monograph with extensive notes, bibliography, and index presents the intellectual growth ' ' of an idea, the Slovak idea of nationality" (p.x). Written primarily to fill a gap on "which scarcely any reliable literature exists in English" (ibid.), Professor Brock's study does precisely that - non-English subsidiary sources are evaluated, unsubstantiated claims of biased scholarship are pointed out, and perennial misunderstandings of specific historical issues are put in proper perspective. With the exception of a few flaws that will be listed below, the book is well-organized and written in a style that favorably ties the author's learning with his common sense. The main thrust of the work, as the author has emphasized at the very outset of the text, was to be found in the interrelationship of the concept of Slovak "cultural-linguistic nationhood" to the concepts of natio hungarica, on the one hand, and the " Czechoslovak idea, " on the other. Slovak national identity, the first component of the uneasy alliance , grew up in its linguistic aspect more or less directly from indigenous traditions, while its scholarly-cultural tenets were repeatedly reexamined under Magyar and Czech influences. Thus one could say that the literature of the Cyrilo-Methodian era had a negligible impact on the Slovak vernacular. Biblittina - almost sacred in Slovak Lutheran religious usage , especially after the Battle of White Mountain (1620) did influence the Slovak vernacular development, but far less than even the most recent , relatively restrained, scholarship has suggested. The so-called Jesuit Slovak, essentially " an amalgam , of several dialects , heavily influenced by Czech, and . . . used by / educated I Protestants as well as Catholics" (p . 6), made no impact on the common speech of the masses whatsoever. In turn the dialect spoken in southwestern Slovakia attained a limited acceptance as a ' ' Slovak literary language " due to the efforts of the Catholic priests Anton Bernolak, Juraj Fandly, and Jan Holly. However, only the dialect of central Slovakia propagated by the Protestant scholar and philosopher, :Cudovit �136 SLOVAKIA Stur, gained the full support of the Slovaks and eventually became the basis for a Slovak literary language. Slovak scholarly-cultural pursuits - as hinted above - were to a great extent products of the cultural and political tensions within central Europe . Natio hungarica , despite its lofty official attributes, was in reality a misnomer, denoting an alliance between the historical determination of the nation-state and Magyar political aspirations. Essentially a shield for aristocratic privileges in the pre-Josephinist era, it became a vehicle for repressive measures against non-Magyar ethnic groups in later decades. The Slovak approach to the concept of natio hungarica underwent a full range of changes from the mytho-historical point of view of Juraj Papanek and Juraj Sklenar in its earlier version to a pragmatic-negative standpoint of the Sturites in its latest variant. The Great Moravian Empire, according to Papanek and Sklenar, was a Slovak national state. The Slovaks , Sklenar claimed, formed after its downfall a voluntary and equal partnership, a natio hungarica, "with the newly arrived Magyars" (p . 8) . In contrast, Kollar 's " pro-Czechoslovak" group ceased to honor the idea of political-cultural union with the Magyars around 1830, while the Sturites refused ever to recognize it in any form. The idea of the socalled Czechoslovak national unity has lingered in one or another shape in some minds up to the present time. However, during the eleven-century long Magyar occupation of the Slovak territory the ties between the Czechs and Slovaks ' 'remained confined to comparatively small sections of the intelligentsia . . . the Slovak peasants and the artisans . . . possessed scarcely any national or even ethnic consciousness that went beyond an elemental love of their mother tongue, usually the only language they could speak'' (p. 20). A stronger interest in the " Czechoslovak idea" came about between 1820 and 1840 when Jan Kollar used it as a bridge between the motley assortment of various Slavic idioms and his axiomatic philosophy of Slavdom. Slavdom, in Kollar ' s visionary system, was but a single nation containing four literary languages - Russian, Polish, lliyrian, and Czechoslovak - that were " worthy" to have a distinct status . All other " smaller" Slavic languages were, by this logic, " unworthy" of a separate existence and were to be channelled into the nearest Slavic idiom. The Slovak language was supposed to be absorbed into Czech. Brock' s study is a well-balanced and honest treatment of one of the most difficult subjects of scholarship. It undmi btedly adds a new dimension to a better understanding of related -ethno-political issues treated , for example , by Robert W. Seton-Watson in his Racial Problems in Hungary (reprinted by Howard Fertig, New York, 1972) , by �SLOVAKIA 137 \ Gilbert L. Oddo in his Slovakia and Its People (published by R. Speller, New York, 1960), and by Joseph F. Zacek in his essay, "Nationalism in Czechoslovakia" (published in Sugar and Lederer, eds., Nationalism in Eastern Europe, University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1969; see especially pp. 166-167 and 186-195). On the other hand, Brock's condensed treatment of the entire issue does not give full credii to his familiarity with the problem. Had the book been more broadly conceived (let us say by a treatment of the ''growth'' of Slovak cultural-linguistic nationalism after 1918), it would have considerably contributed to the study of parallels and differences between Magyar and Czech standpoints toward Slovak cultural endeavors from a new angle. My minor but specific objections are directed against the following defects in the work: (1) the use of non-English constructions in the text when English equivalents were available and their non-English counterparts could easily be incorporated in extensive notes; (2) too many errors in non-English references included in the "Notes;" and (3) the "Notes" and "Bibliography" were set in uneven-line endings while the text itself was presented in regular "book-line" endings. Although intended primarily for Slavic scholars, this book merits the attention of English-speaking students of Slovak culture everywhere. It is proof that a foreign-born scholar can present a fair and truthful account of a topic related to the Slovaks and Slovakia in spite of frequent misrepresentations of the issues by biased scholars. Brock's work will stand out as a model for future efforts on similar subjects. Andrej Cintura Riverside, CaUfomia �138 SLOVAKIA Josef Kalvoda Czechoslovakia's Role in Soviet Strategy Josef Kalvoda. CZECHOSLOVAKIA'S ROLE IN SOVIET STRATEGY. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1978. ix, 381 pp. This is a good book with the wrong title. What Professor Kalvoda offers is a history of Czechoslovakia's attitude to and relations with the Soviet Union since World War I. Hence a more appropriate title would have been "Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union," a title general enough to cover the range and wealth of information meticulously assembled and presented. In fact, the author has done Western scholarship a service by examining this topic in depth; until now this subject has been dealt with piecemeal either in studies on the foreign policy of the First Czechoslovak Republic, or in the more recent studies on the liberalization process of Communist Czechoslovakia. The greater part of the study is devoted to an analysis of the attitudes and actions toward the Soviet Union of two of the three founders of the Czechoslovak state, namely T.G. Masaryk and Edvard Benes. Interspersed are chapters on the Slovak Soviet Republic, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and the sovietization of the country. Needless to say, after 1948, the focus changes somewhat insofar as Czechoslovakia has become a satellite of the Soviet Union, and the relationship between the countries is on a completely different level. Still, given the fact that the leadership of Czechoslovakia sought to establish a new framework of relations with the Soviet Union in the liberalization process of 1968, especially on the ideological level, there is a thematic continuity that justifies the fifty-odd year analysis offered here. It is a pity that the author did not fully exploit this aspect of the topic and that his weakest chapters are the last three where he does suggest how Czechoslovakia has played a role in Soviet strategy since 1948 . This latter theme, interesting at it may be, does not tie in well with the preceding chapters and thus breaks up the unity of theme that had been evident, though not explicitly stated, up to that point. One of the interesting points that the author makes and that is generally absent in histories of Czechoslovakia or the Soviet Union is the fact that during the Russian revolution th"ere existed a possibility of using the Czecho-Slovak Legion to smash the Bolsheviks. During the debate on this point, Karel Kramar, one of the Czech leaders, sug- �SLOVAKIA 139 \ gested that a free Czechoslovakia could exist only if there existed a democratic Russia. He urged that the Legion be used against the Bolsheviks to achieve this end. Masaryk disagreed; in fact, he urged early on the recognition of the Bolshevik regime and forbade the use of the Legion against the Red Army. While one cannot answer an historical if, one has to recognize that Kramar had been more perspications than Masaryk. In the interwar period, the attitudes to and relations with the Soviet Union were determined by Edvard Benes, the man to whom Kalvoda quite correctly also ascribes the responsibility for Czechoslovakia eventually becoming a Soviet satellite. The author shows in great detail how Benes gave in to the Soviet leadership and its satraps in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia during the war. The coup in February 1948 was merely an epilogue to a situation that had been dealt with in December 1943 when Benes, against British advice, signed a Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Assistance, and Post-War Cooperation with the Soviet Union. The consequences need not be elaborated upon. The author left few stones unturned in his research. But what is more striking is his detachment from the subject matter, somehing that most Czech emigre scholars have rarely succeeded in achieving. Thus if one might find fault with the little attention he pays the Slovaks, at least he does not do so out of either indifference or deliberate slight. In fact, the topic does not call for an in-depth examination of Slovakia or the Slovaks; where they do play a role, the author presents the situation as directly as he does the rest of the subject. One has to remember that the foreign policy of Czechoslovakia, however deplorable, was always in the hands of the Czech elite, be it Benes in the First Republic or the Czech leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia after the Second World War. Kalvoda is not insensitive to the Slovaks, and in his preface he states that he '' never subscribed to the theory of one 'Czechoslovak' nation ... / nor had / taken the existance of the Slovak nation for granted" (p . vii). This is borne out in the study, particularly when he deals with the Slovak Republic and Benes' s attitude toward the Slovak nation during the Second World War. One might suggest, however, that the author could have examined the issue of the federalization of Czechoslovakia and its link to Soviet theory and practice on the nationality problem . Federalization was the only reform that survived the normalization policy after the invasion of August 1968. Czech-Slovak relations have played an important part in Communist Czechoslovakia , and the Soviet Union has not been kept entirely out of them. This should have been analyzed. It is a pity, as was stated above, that the author chose an inappro- �140 SLOVAKIA priate title and thereby missed some opportunities of examining other topics germane to the thrust of his study. Nevertheless, it is a wellwritten and well-documented analysis. Stanislav J. Kirschbaum Glendon College, York University Toronto, Canada �SLOVAKIA 141 \ Doro·thea El Mallakh The Slovak Autonomy Movement, 1935-1939 Dorothea H. El Mallakh. THE SLOVAK AUTONOMY MOVEMENT, 1935-1939: A STUDY IN UNRELENTING NATIONALISM. "East European Monographs, No. LV." Boulder, Colorado: East European Quarterly, 1979. xvi, 260 pp. Distributed by Columbia University Press. In recent years we have seen the submission of several dissertations dealing with Slovak topics. Others are under preparation. This development is more than welcomed. The study of Slovakia has finally reached maturity and respectability in the Western scholarly community. It is no longer an appendix to the history of the Czechs - as much as we admired the serious and honest treatments by R.W. Seton-Watson and S. Harrison Thomson. Nor is it propagandistic pamphleteering by an assortment of enthusiasts and political refugees - even if we recognize their contributions to the popularization of Slovak annals. Now we are dealing with the fruits of archival research, some of which has been done in the best tradition of Occidental scholarship. In spite of its progress, however, Slovak historiography remains a part of the intellectual ghetto, the quarantine in which East European studies are kept in the United States. Snobbery and arrogance of "Big Nations Research" and of "Continental (i.e., West European) Topics" are a mirror of political realities. The small nations of Eastern Europe, captive in the clutches of major powers for most of their modem life, elicit little interest in the hearts and minds of a cohort of intellectual imperialists. Hence, the obscurity of Slovakia resembles the relative invisibility of other neighboring peoples. These factors are amplified by the shortsightedness and irresponsibility of some students of Slovak history. Partisan zeal and engaged scholarship color much of their writing and publication. In addition, some trained professionals and graduates of good schools continue to undermine the work of others. They preserve the aura of disrepute which cast much blame on historical writing about Slovakia for so long. To the old ills is now added a new one: the rush to publication. In spite of the severe conditions of the academic market, there is slight justification for publication of an unrevised dissertation. A good thesis does not necessarily make a book of quality. And some dissertations are less than good . Dr. El Mallakh studied under some of the best teachers of East �142 SLOVAKIA European history and submitted a competent dissertation. Her book left much to be desired, however. In her major thesis she advances the idea that unfulfilled, if just, national grievances by the Slovaks undermined the stability of the Czechoslovak Republic and assisted the Nazis in setting up the Slovak state. She argues that past historians, while discussing Czechoslovak and Slovak developments, usually "premissed on an anti-Nazi and anti-Fascist vantage point" (p. 11). This is not correct; arguments similar to El Mallakh's which recognized the pains of Slovak nationalism were advanced before she started to write her thesis. The title and topic of The Slovak Autonomy Movement, 1935-1939 are confusing, as the volume strives to encapsule the entire development of Slovak nationalism from the 19th century to the present. By renaming Hlinka's Slovak People's Party (HSPP) with the title of Slovak Autonomy Movement, El Mallakh made the "tudaks" (an expression not existing in the book) into the only bearers of Slovak nationalism. Consequently, she dwarfed the demands and complaints of the Slovak people into the simplistic political program of the single albeit strongest - party. Autonomy was the HSPP 's answer to two of the major problems the Slovak people faced in Czechoslovakia: the lack of recognition of their national individuality and Prague' s centralistic rule over the entire state. The doctrine of a single Czechoslovak nation, which El Mallakh barely mentioned and left unanalyzed, caused significant harm since it offended the mental and emotional consciousness of the Slovak people. El Mallakh apparently was not aware of the 19th-century Czech and Slovak roots of this doctrine. Jan Kollar, the great prophet of Czechoslovakism, appears nowhere in the book. Centralism constituted a serious problem also for day-to-day life during the First Republic. The author discussed this aspect, frequently with skill and erudition. Unfortunately , she failed to evaluate the reasons and long term effects of either Czechoslovakism or centralism on the state. Had she done so, she might perhaps have discovered that autonomy was not necessarily the most effective remedy for Slovakia's sores, but rather a shrewd political platform . As the author stated repeatedly , Slovakia overflowed with the mixed blessing of countless political parties. Some of them represented particular national-ethnic groups; others claizp.ed a territorial or professional character and aspired to speak for a variety of nationalities. Hlinka's People's Party and Razus's National Party were exclusively Slovak. Agrarians, Social Democrats, and Communists catered to a multi-national constituency. Of all the major parties represented in Slovakia and electing more than five members of parliament at any time, �SLOVAKIA 143 probably only the Social\ Democrats stood on an uncompromised Czechoslovak and centralistic platform. The eminently pragmatic Agrarians, although centralistically minded, were willing to compromise - as Milan Hodza later demonstrated. Many a Slovak Agrarian was as nationalistically inspired as any member of the HSPP. The Communists took a stand no less radical than the ":Cudaks." At times, the Communists would outdo Hlinka' s partisans in extremist antiPrague rhetoric. Singling out of one party at the expense of the others slants reality. If El Mallakh felt that the HSPP deserved preferential treatment, she fell short of explaining the obvious popular support it commanded. In her recurring habit, she relied too much on one of the two relevant books of Juraj Kramer without elaborating the issue in depth. There still exists a need for a basic social and sociological study of the HSPP, its territorial basis, and its economic and psychological background. Similarly, the exceptional role of the clergy in Slovakia's history was often noticed but without taking a closer look into the phenomenon. (El Mallakh does not seem to know that Martin Razus was a Protestant pastor, besides having been a poet and writer.) She should also have explained the fluctuating vote of support for the HSPP. The author provided many new details and insights in her description of the HSPP political development but was not courageous enough to venture outside her closely set perimeter. The study obscured so many issues that one wonders whether it was due to a deficiency in information or by purpose. While dealing with the 1933 Nitra festivities, for instance, the writer omitted the ":Cudak" cooperation with the Czech Fascists. The Nitra manifesto of these festivities, part of which is reprinted in the book (p. 60), was a common proclamation of the Czech and Slovak non-governmental right. She is also silent about the participation of French, Italian, and other Fascists in the 1936 conference of the HSPP. The close relations of the Sidor faction with Polish authorities was dealt with in a spotty fashion. The anti-Semitic outrages, the so-called Golemiada of fall 1937, were innocently introduced as "student agitation" (p. 84). There are many more examples of this kind. One of the reasons for the narrow treatment of a fascinating topic was the limited sources of her research. El Mallakh is very proud of the original documents she was provided with by the Prague archives. Her excitement is exaggerated. Several recent dissertations were prepared from Czechoslovak and Slovak, central and regional, archives. In fact, even this reviewer (horrible dictu/) was given access to Slovak archives in 1968 and supplied with mircofilmed documents . The use of archival �144 SLOVAKIA material does not liberate one from the inspection of other primary and secondary sources. Of the primary sources available in the United States, she is missing the Czechoslovak parliamentary procedures, journals like Slovak and Katolicke noviny, several weeklies, quarterlies, and other periodicals. Above all, a reliance on one sort of documentation, much of which originated in police and government offices, must limit its reliability. Regretably, El Mallakh was unwilling to undertake even a partial correction of her dissertation, or to increase her familiarity with Slovak matters through secondary sources . In spite of the late publication of the volume (in 1979, while the dissertation was submitted in 1972) , the bibliography lists nothing printed after 1971. The seventies have seen many new works appear on this subject in the West and in the East. The same series of monographs, which included El Mallakh 's book, carried earlier at least two other relevant publications. If the author was reluctant to update the manuscript, why did she not use the studies of others while preparing the original dissertation? Where are works by Derer, Hoensch, Lipscher, Sidor, Mamatey & Luza, to give but a few? I also have some doubts about the author's comprehension of Czech and Slovak language documents. The text recalls unknown localities such as "Spisske Kapitul" (p. 21; it should be Spisska Kapitula) or " Dolny Vestenic" (p. 84; it should be Dolne Vestenice). An eagle in Slovak is ' 'orol' ' while El Mallakh repeatedly used the Czech term ' ' orel. '' The name of a leading HSPP journal was given as Slovenskej Pravdy (p . 76 ; it should be Slovenska pravda). Spelling mistakes of names and locations were also noticed elsewhere . The book has twenty-two useful appendices . While mostly reprints from otherwise obtainable sources (many are from Macartney), they nonetheless provide a handy collection. Some of the appendices are of marginal importance for the volume , such as the list of Slovak state cabinet members and details on the federalization of Czechoslovakia. El Mallakh dealt with an important topic using heretofore unseen documents. Coming from a neutral and uncommited ethnic background, she has made a significant effort to present a balanced study. Unfortunately, she was not steeped enough in Slovakia's history and affairs, in social life , and in political culture , and therefore numerous issues and details eluded her. Her decisiqn to write a strictly political description based on narrowly defined sou\-ces resulted in a simplistic treatment of a complex topic . Yeshayahu Jelinek Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beersheba, Israel �SLOVAKIA 145 Anthpny X. Sutherland Dr. Jozef Tiso and Modern Slovakia Anthony X. Sutherland. DR. JOZEF TISO AND MODERN SLOVAKIA. Cleveland, Ohio: First Catholic Slovak Union, 1978. xii, 141 pp. Using Slovak, Czech, German, and English language sources, Dr. Sutherland presents a balanced and scholarly account of the life, career, accomplishments, and failures of the only president of the Slovak Republic. The author does not have anti-Czech, anti-Protestant, or antiCatholic biases, is neither a Slovak nationalist nor a "Czechoslovak," and approaches the subject matter with the detachment of an impartial observer and a non-involved historian. Needless to say, one cannot do justice to "Slovak Political Tradition " in fifteen pages of printed material; yet Sutherland gives the most essential data on the Great Moravian Empire, its collapse, and the centuries-long life of the Slovaks under Magyar rule. In the nineteenth century two traditions emerged among the educated Slovaks: one represented by Jan Kollar and P . J. Safarik, and the other by Cudovit Stur. The former favored closer cooperation with the Czechs; the latter emphasized a distinct Slovak national identity. However, all the Slovak leaders realized that the struggle for survival of the small nation had to be led on all fronts, including the cultural, economic, and political. In Andrej Hlinka the Slovaks had an articulate political leader who fought for justice for his nation both before and after World War I. The brevity of the first chapter may be responsible for some errors, such as on pp. 18 and 19. In 1916 in Paris the Czech National Council was formed by the two Deputies in the Vienna parliament, T.G. Masaryk and Josef Duerich, with Dr. Edvard Benes as its secretary. Milan R. Stefanik was a co-opted member of the council. On the insistence of American Slovaks the name of the organization was changed to Czecho-Slovak National Council. The Kiev Memorandum was not signed by ''Russian Slovaks and Czecho-Slovak Legionnaires '' but by the representatives of the Alliance of the Czecho-Slovak Associations in Russia, Gustav Kosik for the Slovak League of America, and Stefanik and Duerich for the Paris-based council. These minor inaccuracies, however, do not subtract from the overall value of the book. The author makes it clear that Hlinka was loyal to the Republic established in 1918 and that he objected merely to its anti-Catholic poli- �146 SLOVAKIA cies , the denial of the promised autonomy for the Slovaks, and the behavior of some Czechs in Slovakia. Likewise Dr. Jozef Tiso, with reservations similar to Hlinka's, supported the First Republic until its collapse in October of 1938. In September of 1938 President Benes refused to fight for the territorial integrity of the state , and in March of 1939 the rump Second Republic could not be defended. It would seem that if Benes could give up strategic parts of the state without the consent of parliament and in violation of the Constitution, then no one from his camp should blame Tiso for yielding to pressures in March of 1939 and choosing Slovak independence instead of letting Slovakia be occupied either by Hungary or Germany. Sutherland pictures Tiso as a moderate Slovak patriot whose ideology was a mixture of organic nationalism and Christian socialism. It comes through, however, that despite his ideological-tinged rhetorics in practical politics, Tiso was a pragmatist who made concessions, compromises, and mistakes. It was he who convinced Hlinka in 1935 that the Slovak People's Party should help to elect Benes as president of the state. As it happened, in conversations with Stalin in December of 1943 - long before the Slovak uprising in Banska Bystrica - Benes included Tiso among the Slovaks whom he selected for execution after the war. Ideologist or pragmatist, Tiso, as his nation, was caught in a whirl of events which he could not control. Indeed, a small nation cannot always be the master of its own destiny, as the nations of East Central Europe have learned the hard way. Sutherland's book has accomplished its purpose. It is well-written, concise, brief, well-documented, and easy to read. It has enriched the historiography on Slovakia in English and has made a positive contribution to both scholarship and to our understanding of the short-lived Slovak Republic and its only president. Both students of Central European affairs and interested general readers will benefit greatly by reading it. Josef Kalvoda Saint Joseph College ~est Hartford, Connecticut \ �SLOVAKIA 147 \ Yeshayahu Jelinek The Parish Republic Yeshayahu Jelinek. THE PARISH REPUBUC: HUNKA 'S SLOVAK PEOPLE'S PARTY 1939-1945. "East European Monographs, No. XIV ." Boulder, Colorado: East European Quarterly, 1976. viii, 206 pp. Distributed by Columbia University Press. Professor Yeshayahu Jelinek's The Parish Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party is a revision of a dissertation on the politics and philosophy of Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, 1939 to 1945, submitted at Indiana University. It is one of the first scholarly studies in English of the period in Slovak history from 1939 to 1945 written by someone not directly involved in the history of the Slovak state. In this book Jelinek examines in detail the internal history of Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, its factions, ideology, and history. By dealing with each of the party' s groups - the clericals, "N astupists," Sidorites, and Hlinka guards, he provides us with an excellent picture of the political background of the Slovak state. Also treated in detail is Populist ideology as it affected all aspects of Slovak life: religion, nationalism , government, and economics. However, if one expects to find a comprehensive history of the Slovak state or detailed biographical information on any of its leading figures, one will be somewhat disappointed . Jelinek 's book is essentially a study of Hlinka's Slovak People 's Party, so the selection of the title, The Parish Republic , is a bit misleading. Although there is much information on the internal politics of the Populists , there is little on such topics as the Slovak Resistance Movement and the Slovak National Uprising (whose importance Jelinek greatly overemphasizes) and a disappointing, unsystematic account of the Jewish question. In addition to making occasional exaggerations , Jelinek commits a grave error in frequently maintaining that the Slovak state received little popular support . Such generalizations regarding acceptance or rejection of the Slovak state by the people are difficult to document and almost impossible to prove . In his account on " I.:udak" ideology Jelinek frequently uses the term " clerical fascism, " but nowhere does he offer a suitable definition of clerical fascism , or at least what he understands by it. At the end of the book one is left with a confusing picture as to exactly what type of �148 SLOVAKIA state Jelinek thought the Slovak Republic was - whether it was truly fascist or simply an authoritarian state with fascist trappings. The work would have been improved if Jelinek had compared Hlinka's Slovak People's Party with other rightist parties of the period: Rexists, Action Francaise, the Iron Guard, and others. The book is superbly documented, though one may argue that Jelinek relied too heavily on Czechoslovak Communist historians, whose interpretations are predictable, and on German documents. In summary, the book is a good, though somewhat confusing, account of Hlinka's Slovak People 's Party, its history, and ideology. Despite Jelinek's occasional exaggerations and general negative attitude toward the Populists, the book should be read, though with caution, by anyone searching for a better understanding of Hlinka 's Slovak People 's Party during one of the most controversial periods of Slovak history. Anthony X. Sutherland Stoney Point, New York �SLOVAKIA 149 Andrea Rebichini Chiesa, societ,p e stato in Cecoslovachia Andrea Rebichini. CHIESA, SOCIETA E STATO IN CECOSLOVACHIA, II: 1968-1978. Padova: DESEO-Liviana, 1979. 86 pp. In his two-volume book on the Church, society, and state in Czechoslovakia, Andrea Rebichini describes the religious situation of that country during the period of the last three decades. The first volume , published in 1977, covers the period from 1948 to 1968, and the present volume treats the period from 1968 to 1978. During this relatively short span of years, Czechoslovakia went through many turbulent events which left deep scars on its people. In 1948 there was a ruthless take-over by the Communists ; then, in the late sixties, the liberalization of the Communist rule symbolized by Alexander Dubcek; in August 1968 the brutal occupation of the country by Soviet troops, followed by the so-called "normalization," i.e., by the return to the old Stalinist methods of suppression and tyranny. The vicissitudes of Czechoslovakia have attracted the attention of many scholars, writers of political history, and various reporters . Rebichini is mostly interested in the religious situation in Czechoslovakia during these three decades. He is familiar with the vast literature on postwar Czechoslovakia and has succeeded in putting the Church-State problems of that country into the larger framework of the whole political spectrum of Eastern Europe, dominated by the Soviet Union. In the volume under review, Rebichini uses mostly documentary material coming from Czechoslovakia and translated into Italian by CESEO (Centro Studi Europa Orientale), published monthly in Bologna. Since these documents speak for themselves, Kebichini does not give long analyses or commentaries on them. Clarity, objectivity, and succinctness are the main values of Rebichini' s book. At the beginning of the second volume the author gives the most characteristic aspects of the Dubcek liberalization of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia. The Catholic Church, as well as other denominations, grasped at this opportunity and quickly developed a feverish activity to free themselves from the shackles of the previous twenty years. For the Catholics, until then cutoff from the Church at large , it meant an attempt to catch up with the reform movement of the Vatican Council and the new theological trends in the post-conciliar �150 SLOVAKIA Church. Bishops, priests, religious, and lay people took up this task in Czechoslovakia. Not even the Soviet occupation could immediately stop this endeavor. According to Rebichini, the turning point in the religious situation in Czechoslovakia was the restoration of the organization of priests collaborating with the neo-Stalinist regime of Gustav Husak. During the Dubcek era the former pro-government organization of the Peace Movement of the Catholic Clergy totally collapsed. Toward the end of 1971 it was resurrected under the name of the Federation of the Catholic Clergy - ''Pacem in Terris.' ' Under the guidance and with the support of the new regime, this organization quickly resumed the role of the previous Peace Movement and gradually took control of the Church organization in Czechoslovakia. It seems that because of the growing influence of this organization, most of the Holy See's recent efforts to alleviate the difficult situation of the Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia are being frustrated. In 1975 the Czechoslovak government signed the Helsinki Agreement, thereby .affirming its commitment to human rights, including the freedom of religion. But nothing changed in the course of repression and persecution of those citizens who tried to follow this prerogative of freedom in the religious field. Still, there was a group of brave intellectuals, most of them in the Czech lands, who publicly demanded from the government that it adhere to its commitments to the free exercise of human rights, including the right of free religious expression. The promoters of human rights in Czechoslovakia are working under the name "Charter 77." The Communist regime in Czechoslovakia immediately began a frantic campaign against the signers of "Charter 77" by organizing public protests and collecting signatures against them. Interestingly , almost incredibly, the Church hierarchy, now infiltrated by members of the "Pacem in Terris" and probably under very crude pressure from the government, joined the protest campaign against the signers of "Charter 77. " This, according to Rebichini, is an ominous sign of how terribly the Church of Czechoslovakia is presently enslaved by the Communist regime. Rebichini concludes his treatise on the religious situation in Czechoslovakia with the election of John Paul II as Pope - the first Slavic Pope, the first Pope from behind the ''Iron Curtain.'' He ex: presses the hope that this act of Divine Providence may deeply affect the Church in the satellite countries of Eastern Europe. TeQ_dorik J. Zubek, O.F.M. . Easton, Pennsylvania �SLOVAKIA 151 Vsevlad J. Gajdos Frantiskani v slovenskej literature and Teodorik J. Zubek Slovenski frantiskani v Amerike Vsevlad J. Gajdos. FRANTISKANI V SLOVENSKEJ UTERAT0RE and Teodorik J. Zubek, SLOVENSKl FRANTISKANI V AMERIKE. Cleveland, Ohio: First Catholic Slovak Union, 1979. 252 pp. This study provides the specialist interested in Slovak culture, civilization, and religious history with a lot of information on Franciscans of Slovak extraction. It covers the period from the seventeenth century to the present. In the first section, Vsevlad J. Gajdos included a brief survey of Franciscan history and activities in Slovakia. He also commented concisely on Slovak ethnic consciousness among Franciscans in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . Then he described the major struggle of these Franciscans to insure their ethnic distinctiveness and the survival of their religious order. Virtually all the facts presented by Gajdos on this matter appear together for the first time and in a publication outside of Czechoslovakia. These points of information had previously been scattered among various journals published over a long period of time and primarily authored by Gajdos . After the delineation of Franciscan history, activities, and ethnic struggle follow the biographies and bibliographies of one hundred twenty-five Franciscans. In a number of instances, Gajdos has corrected various biographical errors on some of these Franciscans . A number of significant contributions by some of them have also been saved from oblivion or obscurity. For instance, the four large volumes of sermons by Bajan as well as a number of his musical compositions are preserved here . The role of Teodul Zelenic in the Bemolak polemic, Anti-Fandly, is also well-presented. Even the probable identity of the pseudonymous researcher , S. M. Zilinsky, is substantively argued. Among the various Slovak Franciscans covered are authors of literary works, writers of devotional books , sermons, and retreat exhortations; authors of philosophical and theological treatises, textbooks, and polemical writings; and composers of numerous musical compositions . �152 SLOVAKIA · Abrahamffy, Pascha, Bajan, Gavlovic, Simko, Smrtnik, Gazda, Roskovsky, Marmankovic, and Presl readily stand out, but also and especially Celestin Lepacek and Gajdos himself. For, like Gajdo§, Lepacek has also written biographies and works on a number of Slovak Franciscans; his research on Gavlovic's writings would alone guarantee his place in the history of Slovak scholarship. With Lepacek's and his own research, Gajdos has been able to enhance substantially the quality of the biographies and bibliographies. Gajdo§ has concluded his section of this study with concise descriptions of Franciscan publications in Slovakia and some further bibliographical material from Rizner and his own years of research. The American section of the study was authored by Teodorik Zubek and has the same format as that portion written by Gajdos. There is first a survey of Slovak Franciscan history and activities in America, followed by the biographies and bibliographies of twelve prominent Slovak Franciscans who either emigrated to or were born in the United States. Especially noteworthy among this material is the bibliography of the poet Rudolf Dilong; the reference for the unfortunately brief article by Bartolomej Koltner on the Slovak dictionary of 1648; and the reference for Zubek's dissertation done in Slovakia, "Zasahy Jozefa II do zivota slovenskych franti§kanov." The latter appeared as a long article under the title, ''Zasahy osvietenstva do §tudia uhorskych frantiskanov" in Sbornik spolku Zahorskych akademikov so sidlom v Malackach, 1932-1942, II, Trnava; a copy of this work can be found in the library of the University of California, Los Angeles. A number of typographical errors could readily be corrected in a reprinting of this book. The bibliography of Gavlovic is not complete; but, in his research, Lepacek has given as complete a list as is presently possible. In the Gavlovic bibliography there are also a number of minor errors with regard to the number of pages in certain works. In the numerous bibliographical references, there may also be some points in error that will come to light as scholars are able to study personally the various materials listed in the book. On the whole, though, this study is a fairly comprehensive presentation of Slovak Franciscan writings and musical compositions. Gajdos and Zubek have provided the Slovak specialist with another primary reference work tha,,t complements those of Rizner, Misianik, and Ormis. Perhaps, somedat, an E11tglish version of this study will be published for the sake of a larg'er scholarly audience. GeraldJ. Sabo, S.J. John Carroll University Cleve/,and, Ohio �SLOVAKIA 153 \ Frantisek Bielik & Elo Rakos, comps. Slovenske vystahovalectvo. Dokumenty: I, II, Ill SLOVENS/a VYS'l'AHOVALECTVO. DOKUMENTY I: DO ROKU 1918. Compiled by Franti§ek Bielik and Elo Rako§. Bratislava: Vydavatefstvo Slovenskej adademie vied, 1969. 404 pp. ; DOKUMENTY II; 1919-1939. Bielik and Rako§. Martin: Matica slovenska, 1975. 349 pp.; DOKUMENTY ill: KORESPONDENCIA Z ROKOV 1893-1939. Bielik. Martin: Matica slovenska, 1976. 314 pp. Students of Slovak immigration history will welcome the publication of Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo . These three volumes , devoted to the migration of Slovaks from their homeland, reproduce 380 documents deposited in various depositories in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Austria. This collection gives scholars living outside of these countries access to materials otherwise not readily available to them. One of the compilers' aim is to depict the underlying social, political, and economic factors that spurred Slovak emigration in the years from roughly 1879 to 1939 (Vol. I, pp. 5, 6; Vol II, p . 5). The selection of documents also places Slovak emigration within the broader context of the history of Austria-Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Thus, the compilers include documents that demonstrate the impact of Slovak emigration on these homeland countries. In addition, the collection contains documents concerning Slovak immigrant life. Some of these items are official reports; others were generated by Slovak immigrants living in various countries, primarily the United States. Although the documents touch upon a myriad of subjects, the unifying theme of the three volumes is clear: emigration is an important aspect of the history of the Slovak people. Volume I focuses on Slovak emigration from 1879 to 1918 and deals primarily with the causes and consequences of that movement. This volume contains newspaper descriptions of contemporary conditions in Hungary that stimulated emigration. It includes a large number of official and local reports which analyze the causes of emigration, especially from particular regions in northern Hungary. The reports describe attempts by Hungarian officials to stop Slovak emigration. They also reveal a concern over the growing nationalism among Slovak immigrants in the United States. Because of the preponderance of official reports, �154 SLOVAKIA nearly all of the documents in this volume are in Hungarian; only twenty of the 144 items are in Slovak. The second volume covers Slovak emigration from 1919 to 1939. Slightly over two-thirds of its 114 documents are in Slovak, and the remaining are in Czech. Because the compilers try to present materials that describe the underlying causes of Slovak emigration , Volume Il provides information for scholars interested in studying Czechoslovakia between the two World Wars. For example, there are materials outlining the labor, industrial, and economic problems that plagued Czechoslovakia during the postwar years. Unemployment and unfavorable economic conditions encouraged emigration; but, since entry into the United States was restricted, Slovaks turned to other countries . Occasionally the Czechoslovak government tried to stop this exodus . However , the documents provide evidence that the government also saw emigration, and the temporary migration of laborers to nearby European countries , as a means to alleviate some of the country's economic and unemployment problems. In addition, official reports describe the conditions of Slovak immigrants in various countries including: Argentina, Australia, Canada, France , Germany, Mexico , Uruguay, the United States, and others . Volume ill reproduces 122 documents for the period 1893 to 1939. This collection is actually a supplement to the first two volumes and includes more materials written by Slovak immigrants. In fact, almost all of the documents were penned by Slovaks living in the United States. These items addres.s a wide variety of topics ranging from descriptions of Slovak nationalist activities in America to mere notes requesting that European Slovaks write articles for fraternal publications. The documents describe the various activities of American Slovak organizations during World War I and reveal their continued interest in Czechoslovakia after the war. Bielik and Rakos have complied a valuable collection of documents . These documents are useful both to students of Slovak immigration and to scholars interested in the social, economic, and political history of Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Thus , the volumes have a use that extends beyond the study of Slovak immigration . The compilers have designed these volures for scholars. A complete bibliographic citation accompanies each docUtnent. Bielik and Rakos also provide editorial assistance by expfaining unfamiliar references mentioned in the documents . The compilers adopted a chronological format , but some researchers might prefer that they had chosen to categorize the documents topically. A topical approach would have �SLOVAKIA \ 155 lessened the need to plod through the volumes for specific types of documents. However, the compilers do include brief descriptions of every entry in each Table of Contents that facilitate the task of finding desired types of documents. There is no cumulative index, but the indexes included in each volume are useful for locating people, places, and organizations cited in the documents. However, one wishes the compilers had consistently listed persons' first names in the indices and had made more of an effort to provide subject entries. The compilers introduce each document with a brief Slovak and English precis. These precis are helpful but, as is usually the case with annotated descriptions, they do not reveal the variety of information contained within the documents. In general, the Slovak precis are more complete than the English versions. In addition, the English translations are generally dismal. Besides containing numerous grammatical and spelling errors, the English versions often are imprecise and misleading. Similar types of errors can be found in the footnotes. For example, readers will look in vain for a work cited as authored by "Louis Grune Bald" (Vol. I, p. 25). The proper citation should be "Emily Greene Balch." Balch is again slighted in the bibliography at the end of Volume ill where she is listed as "E. Green Bolek" (p. 278). Moreover, Bielik should have described the bibliography as listing '' selected '' works because it is incomplete. It is also dated. With the exception of a few articles printed in fraternal publications, the list does not include works on Slovak immigration published in the United States; nor is it complete for those published in Europe. The deficiencies evident in the bibliography may well be indicative of other shortcomings of these volumes. The compilers explain that while there are numerous documents in Europe archives pertaining to Slovak emigration, they have chosen the " most typical" (Vol. I, p. 6). Yet, although Volume ill includes 122 documents written primarily by Slovak immigrants, there is not a single letter or publication by Father Stefan Furdek. In fact, although the compilers make references to the First Catholic Slovak Union and note it as founded by Furdek, they fail to mention that he was a priest (Vol. I, p. 152). And, with but few exceptions, there is little reference to Slovak clergymen or their writings. Moreover, lengthy surveys of Slovak immigration which introduce Volumes I and ill discuss Slovak immigrant organizations, but there is no analysis of immigrant churches. Thus, this reviewer wonders if the items reproduced are perhaps the ''most typical'' of a select group of documents that ignore subjects such as religion that may be controversial or unpopular in present-day Czechoslovakia . Finally , one may wish to qualify Bielik 's claims regarding docu- �156 SLOVAKIA ments in Volume ill. According to Bielik, the correspondence in this volume describes the "daily struggle for social justice" and "work" of Slovaks living in foreign lands (p. 6). However, most of the letters reproduced were written by prominent Slovak immigrants usually active in the various national organizations. As a result, the correspondence typically describes the life of Slovak immigrants as seen through the eyes of these more prominent men, not as it was experienced by ordinary laborers toiling in American mines and factories and living in tenements or company housing. Moreover, the correspondence offers little insight into the life of Slovak immigrant women. Despite their shortcomings, the three volumes which comprise Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo offer a valuable collection of documents. No student of immigration history can be unhappy when documents maintained in European archives are published and made available for research. But researchers can be unhappy with the possibility that the criteria for selecting documents reflect the biases of the compilers and their government instead of a concern for balanced historical scholarship. June Granatir Alexander Cincinnati, Ohio �SLOVAKIA 157 \Jasil S. Kohan The Sorrows of Marienka Vasil S. Kohan THE SORROWS OF MARIENKA . Middletown, Pennsylvania: EMPAC!, 1979. 201 pp. Too often the Slovak immigrant woman has been depicted as either the long-suffering heroine - bearing children and losing them, making do with the barest of material comforts, and contending with a husband who spends ample time at the krtma (saloon) - or else she is the punitive, angry eminence in the home, doing her duty, saying her rosaries but making everyone suffer for her sacrifices. In Vasil Koban's The Sorrows of Marienka we see another kind of Slovak woman, one that modern women can identify with as well as stare matky (grandmothers) can admire. Indeed, any woman that can march into a Slovak krtma in search of her errant husband, set the place on fire, and never utter a word of apology could earn a place in any feminist Hall of Fame. We follow Marienka from a wedding in Slovakia she did not seek through the death of her husband, who is killed while pulling out the pillars of coal in a depleted mine, one of the most dangerous jobs. Along the way, we find her to be alternately strong and tender, pure and lusty, humorous and sad, tom by doubts and quite sure of herself. In other words, a whole person - no idealized portrait is painted by Kohan, in his first, and let's hope, not last novel. What pleased and excited me about this book was its raw power, its insights into our people , its clear-eyed view of what lives the Slovak immigrants lived on both sides of the Atlantic. A wife backs up her husband 's lie that a wolf bit him when it was only a testy sow; a mother-in-law despises the woman who takes her precious son from her; a wife jumps into a coal car to show her husband how quickly it can be unloaded; Slovaks swindle an unsuspecting and ill Slovak out of a week's pay, posing as mine representatives; still another Slovak absconds with the seven thousand dollars that was to start a new church; a young son, put in the cloakroom as a punishment, eats all the lunches - these are some poignant moments in the Kohan book. Real people, real circumstances where the spirit triumphs in the crucible of daily living. �158 SLOVAKIA A taste of Koban's lovely, native style: "It didn't snow that night. Instead, it turned warmer. The clouds that had threatened snow produced a thin drizzle. The men hunched their shoulders as they left and bent their heads down. In the dull light Marienka watched them walk down the street, the rain making beads on the shoulders of their wool jackets, little drops without brilliance that began forming dark streaks down the cloth. ''By the time the boys left for school the rain had dwindled to a fine mist that melted downward from the close-hanging, yellowish clouds. The curious light made everything look hollow, the same way it did sometimes at dusk when the sun shone from behind the mountains. "Marienka watched the boys saunter down the street, swinging their lunches. She wondered if she ought to chance it, going to church with the babies. It was the day of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Temple . She had planned to go to church and light a candle. " She put her hand to her hair, pushing it back from her forehead, and her fingers brushed against the ribbon she 'd bound in her braids yesterday. " It brought to mind Ivan 's eyes as he had watched her last night. No matter what else had changed, they were the same as they had been twelve years ago in Kamienka - dark, curious, and full of lustre. All at once the memory of that day was close around her. She could almost smell the hot wax from the candles and the sweet , stifling odor of incense. She remembered the hot darkness of the church , and the smell of the priest's robes - a little musty, smelling of old things." As second, third, and fourth-generation Slovaks pursue the American dream , buying their four-bedroom houses , gaining their college degrees , wearing shirts and ties , and learning which fork to use , I would caution them to pause for a moment and look back. Look back, if they can, to see if they know anything about what their forebears experienced . For I think that the dacron polyester world that we so eagerly court, the fleeting values and the soft life, this ravenous hunger we have to be middle-class Americans is sadly misplaced. We have pushed aside the Marienkas of our families , we have not taken the time both to listen to them and to record what they have to say . When a dozen Vasil Kobans rise up - nqt professional writers, but people with a love , respect , and yet a disciplined and discriminating eye turned toward their parents and grandparents - and all of us can fe ast on the books they produce , then I, for one , will be less critical �SLOVAKIA 159 of the headlong quest for Eissimilation, acceptance, and sameness that haunts ethnic groups, ours certainly included. We Slovaks do not have a body of literature about the immigrant experience. We need it more than we need a legion of accountants and computer programmers; we need it if we are to regain our very souls. Paul Wilkes New York City, New York �160 SLOVAKIA Megles, Stolarik & Tybor Slovak Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland Susi Megles, Mark Stolarik, and Martina Tybor. SLOVAK AMERICANS AND THEIR, COMMUNITIES OF CLEVELAND. Edited by Karl Bonutti. With an Introduction by Michael Novak. "Ethnic Heritage Studies Monograph Series." Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland State University, 1978. 217 pp. The Cleveland, Ohio area is one of the oldest, largest, and most important centers of Slovaks in America. As is unfortunately the case with other major Slovak-American communities, the Cleveland Slovaks have not received much scholarly attention. The only monograph solely devoted to them is Jan Pankuch's Dejiny Clevelandskych a Lakewoodskych Slovcikov, which was published in 1930 and is now outdated. And although Josef Barton's Peasants and Strangers: Italians, Rumanians and Slovaks in an American City, 1890-1950, published in 1975, does analyze the social history of Cleveland's Slovaks in comparison with other ethnic groups, the book does not provide an overall and up-to-date review of the Cleveland Slovak communities. Given the fact that the volume under review was produced under the auspices of the Ethnic Heritage Studies Program of Cleveland State University and with partial support from the U.S. Office of Education, Department of Education, Health, and Welfare, one might have expected a fresh, comprehensive, in-depth study of Cleveland's Slovaks. Regrettably, this is not the case. Neither the book's title, nor editor Karl Bonutti's preface, nor Michael Novak's introduction, nor even the "summary" provides the reader with a clear idea of the purpose of the book. What we are offered here is a melange of ''essays'' of varying quality covering a wide range of topics relating to Slovaks in Europe, the United States, and Cleveland. The work is divided into four main parts consisting of twenty-six chapters - "Old World Origins"; "New World Beginnings"; "Organizations and Contributions of Slovak-Americans"; and "The Slovak Community of Cleveland'' - and ten appendices (none of which is referred to in the text). Curiously, the authors of the component parts are not identified. This might not have been possible, for one gets the impression from the inexplicable changes of s~le within individual sec- �SLOVAKIA 161 tions that the work of one author was at times pieced together with that of another. Although a certain amount of unevenness is to be expected in a multi-authored publication, careful editing can often alleviate this problem. Evidence of such editorial control is slight. Constant repetition and overlapping, internal contradictions, the excessive number and short length of chapters , and generally poor organization mar the text. Especially disturbing is the mishandling of Slovak words . Diacritical marks are sometimes omitted; christian names are rendered indiscriminately in either Slovak or English; and clumsy phonetic approximations in English are provided for many but not all Slovak terms . Whoever wrote the section on the history of the Slovaks in the Old World does not seem to be very well acquainted with Slovak or European history. "Austria-Hungary" is more than once referred to as having existed before 1867; the Thirty Years' War is placed in the eighteenth century; and ' 'expressions of / Slovak / national consciousness" are claimed to have been present "quite early in the 17th century" (p. 24). The significance of Protestantism and of the Czech language for the Slovaks is almost totally ignored; Kollar,Safarik, and Stur are not identified as Lutherans, nor is it revealed that they wrote in Czech. Old-fashioned filiopietism rears its head in the section on Slovak immigrants - four pages are devoted to the mysterious '' Slovak Revolutionary War hero," Major Polerecky, who was born in France and whose connections with Slovaks and Slovak consciousness were extremely tenuous, if they existed at all. The section on Cleveland's Slovaks, although perhaps the best contribution, is also disappointing. Too much material relating to Slovak-Americans in general is included, as well as mundane personal reminiscences of one author; and there is scanty treatment of the Cleveland Slovak communities beyond World War II. One wonders why this book was published. In attempting to cover so many topics it in fact does not do justice to even one. Although the book contains a wealth of factual information, most of it can be found better presented in existing works. And the lack of footnotes and a bibliography considerably reduces its value. We have reached the stage where there are competent scholars capable of interpreting the Slovak-American experience and opportunities to make the results of their research available to the American public. In light of this fact, there should be no excuse for such an inferior publication as Slovak Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland. ThomasD. Marzik (Mrazik) Saint Joseph 's University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ��SLOVAKIA 163 \ Contributors SONYA JASON is a writer who lives and works in California . She is a second-generation Slovak-American from Pennsylvania. OWEN V. JOHNSON, Assistant Professor of Journalism at Indiana University, completed his graduate work at the University of Michigan. He is an expert on interwar Slovakia and has written numerous articles on this subject. STANISLA V J. KIRSCH BA UM is Associate Professor of Political Science at Glendon College, York University. A graduate of the Universities of Ottawa, Toronto, and the Sorbonne, he has published widely in the history and politics of Czechoslovakia in modern times (1939-1980). VASIL S. KOBAN is a writer living and working in Florida . He hails from a Slovak-Rusyn family that settled in Pennsylvania. PAUL R. MAGOCSI, a graduate of Princeton University, holds the Chair of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto. He is the world's leading authority on the Rusyns and has written the most authoritative books and articles on this ethnic group. HOW ARD F. STEIN, Associate Professor of Medical-Psychiatric Anthropology at the University of Oklahoma, received his Ph .D. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1972 . He has written a large number of books and articles on Slovaks and other ethnic groups in the United States. ��SLOVAKIA 165 Guidelines for Manuscripts Manuscripts of articles for possible publication should be sent to the managing editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate , typed doublespaced, with generous margins for copyediting. Footnotes should also be typed double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers . Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the managing editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the managing editor. They should send a curriculum vitae with their request. When writing their reviews they should try to answer the following questions: What was the author's purpose in writing this book? What was the theme? What methods did the author use? What did he (she) conclude? This can then be followed by criticism and observations. Normally the reviews should not exceed three double-spaced, typewritten pages. All bibliographic information (author, full title, publisher, place of publication, price, and number of pages) should be provided by the reviewer. ��Printed By JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A. ���EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK, ESQ. President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer THE SLOVAK LEAGUE Of AMERICA Organized in 1907 at Cleveland, Ohio JOSEPH J. TALAFOUS, ESQ. Vice Presidents DANIEL F. TANZONE ANNE Z. SAROSY Executive Committee: Edward J. Behuncik, John A. Holy, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., George N. Kantor Michael J. Krajsa, Louise M. Yash, Cecelia Sarocky, Joseph R. Kristofik, George J. Kostelnik Joseph Stefka, Stephen J. Kavulich Slovak League of America Ladies' Auxiliary Anna M. Vizza, President Regional Vice-Presidents: George Lupjan - New York, New Jersey, New England States John Herman - Eastern Pennsylvania John Gastan - Western Pennsylvania Joseph Ondis - Ohio David Zelenak - Michigan Ivan Kralik - Illinois, Indiana Bernadine Wandke - Wisconsin, Western States John Hvasta - Washington, D.C., Southern States Stanislav Duris Auditors: Anna Blahusiak Joseph Valencik SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland, Ohio - Membership 102,000 THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio - Membership 100,000 THE SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J. - Membership 50,000 THE NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pa . - Membership 21,000 THE LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. - Membership 16,500 THE PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. - Membership 10,000 SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa, F.I.C., President SLOVAK AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) , \ JEDNOTA (circulation 40,000) NARODNE NOVINY (circulatio~ 15,000) FRATERNALLY YOURS, ZENS KA JEDNOTA (circulation 35,000) SLOVAK v AMERIKE (circulation 1,800) KATOLICKY SOKOL (circulation 20,000) BRATSTVO (circulation7,000) PR IA TEL DIETOK (circulation 6,000) ZORNICKA (circulation 5,000) SLOVAKIA $6.00 per annum Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A. � REVIEWS ��SLOVAKIA 135 ' Peter Brock The Slovak National Awakening Peterirock. THE SLOVAK NATIONAL AWAKENING: AN ESSAY IN THE INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF EAST CENTRAL EUROPE. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1976. x, 104 pp . This three-chapter monograph with extensive notes, bibliography, and index presents the intellectual growth ' ' of an idea, the Slovak idea of nationality" (p.x). Written primarily to fill a gap on "which scarcely any reliable literature exists in English" (ibid.), Professor Brock's study does precisely that - non-English subsidiary sources are evaluated, unsubstantiated claims of biased scholarship are pointed out, and perennial misunderstandings of specific historical issues are put in proper perspective. With the exception of a few flaws that will be listed below, the book is well-organized and written in a style that favorably ties the author's learning with his common sense. The main thrust of the work, as the author has emphasized at the very outset of the text, was to be found in the interrelationship of the concept of Slovak "cultural-linguistic nationhood" to the concepts of natio hungarica, on the one hand, and the " Czechoslovak idea, " on the other. Slovak national identity, the first component of the uneasy alliance , grew up in its linguistic aspect more or less directly from indigenous traditions, while its scholarly-cultural tenets were repeatedly reexamined under Magyar and Czech influences. Thus one could say that the literature of the Cyrilo-Methodian era had a negligible impact on the Slovak vernacular. Biblittina - almost sacred in Slovak Lutheran religious usage , especially after the Battle of White Mountain (1620) did influence the Slovak vernacular development, but far less than even the most recent , relatively restrained, scholarship has suggested. The so-called Jesuit Slovak, essentially " an amalgam , of several dialects , heavily influenced by Czech, and . . . used by / educated I Protestants as well as Catholics" (p . 6), made no impact on the common speech of the masses whatsoever. In turn the dialect spoken in southwestern Slovakia attained a limited acceptance as a ' ' Slovak literary language " due to the efforts of the Catholic priests Anton Bernolak, Juraj Fandly, and Jan Holly. However, only the dialect of central Slovakia propagated by the Protestant scholar and philosopher, :Cudovit �136 SLOVAKIA Stur, gained the full support of the Slovaks and eventually became the basis for a Slovak literary language. Slovak scholarly-cultural pursuits - as hinted above - were to a great extent products of the cultural and political tensions within central Europe . Natio hungarica , despite its lofty official attributes, was in reality a misnomer, denoting an alliance between the historical determination of the nation-state and Magyar political aspirations. Essentially a shield for aristocratic privileges in the pre-Josephinist era, it became a vehicle for repressive measures against non-Magyar ethnic groups in later decades. The Slovak approach to the concept of natio hungarica underwent a full range of changes from the mytho-historical point of view of Juraj Papanek and Juraj Sklenar in its earlier version to a pragmatic-negative standpoint of the Sturites in its latest variant. The Great Moravian Empire, according to Papanek and Sklenar, was a Slovak national state. The Slovaks , Sklenar claimed, formed after its downfall a voluntary and equal partnership, a natio hungarica, "with the newly arrived Magyars" (p . 8) . In contrast, Kollar 's " pro-Czechoslovak" group ceased to honor the idea of political-cultural union with the Magyars around 1830, while the Sturites refused ever to recognize it in any form. The idea of the socalled Czechoslovak national unity has lingered in one or another shape in some minds up to the present time. However, during the eleven-century long Magyar occupation of the Slovak territory the ties between the Czechs and Slovaks ' 'remained confined to comparatively small sections of the intelligentsia . . . the Slovak peasants and the artisans . . . possessed scarcely any national or even ethnic consciousness that went beyond an elemental love of their mother tongue, usually the only language they could speak'' (p. 20). A stronger interest in the " Czechoslovak idea" came about between 1820 and 1840 when Jan Kollar used it as a bridge between the motley assortment of various Slavic idioms and his axiomatic philosophy of Slavdom. Slavdom, in Kollar ' s visionary system, was but a single nation containing four literary languages - Russian, Polish, lliyrian, and Czechoslovak - that were " worthy" to have a distinct status . All other " smaller" Slavic languages were, by this logic, " unworthy" of a separate existence and were to be channelled into the nearest Slavic idiom. The Slovak language was supposed to be absorbed into Czech. Brock' s study is a well-balanced and honest treatment of one of the most difficult subjects of scholarship. It undmi btedly adds a new dimension to a better understanding of related -ethno-political issues treated , for example , by Robert W. Seton-Watson in his Racial Problems in Hungary (reprinted by Howard Fertig, New York, 1972) , by �SLOVAKIA 137 \ Gilbert L. Oddo in his Slovakia and Its People (published by R. Speller, New York, 1960), and by Joseph F. Zacek in his essay, "Nationalism in Czechoslovakia" (published in Sugar and Lederer, eds., Nationalism in Eastern Europe, University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1969; see especially pp. 166-167 and 186-195). On the other hand, Brock's condensed treatment of the entire issue does not give full credii to his familiarity with the problem. Had the book been more broadly conceived (let us say by a treatment of the ''growth'' of Slovak cultural-linguistic nationalism after 1918), it would have considerably contributed to the study of parallels and differences between Magyar and Czech standpoints toward Slovak cultural endeavors from a new angle. My minor but specific objections are directed against the following defects in the work: (1) the use of non-English constructions in the text when English equivalents were available and their non-English counterparts could easily be incorporated in extensive notes; (2) too many errors in non-English references included in the "Notes;" and (3) the "Notes" and "Bibliography" were set in uneven-line endings while the text itself was presented in regular "book-line" endings. Although intended primarily for Slavic scholars, this book merits the attention of English-speaking students of Slovak culture everywhere. It is proof that a foreign-born scholar can present a fair and truthful account of a topic related to the Slovaks and Slovakia in spite of frequent misrepresentations of the issues by biased scholars. Brock's work will stand out as a model for future efforts on similar subjects. Andrej Cintura Riverside, CaUfomia �138 SLOVAKIA Josef Kalvoda Czechoslovakia's Role in Soviet Strategy Josef Kalvoda. CZECHOSLOVAKIA'S ROLE IN SOVIET STRATEGY. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1978. ix, 381 pp. This is a good book with the wrong title. What Professor Kalvoda offers is a history of Czechoslovakia's attitude to and relations with the Soviet Union since World War I. Hence a more appropriate title would have been "Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union," a title general enough to cover the range and wealth of information meticulously assembled and presented. In fact, the author has done Western scholarship a service by examining this topic in depth; until now this subject has been dealt with piecemeal either in studies on the foreign policy of the First Czechoslovak Republic, or in the more recent studies on the liberalization process of Communist Czechoslovakia. The greater part of the study is devoted to an analysis of the attitudes and actions toward the Soviet Union of two of the three founders of the Czechoslovak state, namely T.G. Masaryk and Edvard Benes. Interspersed are chapters on the Slovak Soviet Republic, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and the sovietization of the country. Needless to say, after 1948, the focus changes somewhat insofar as Czechoslovakia has become a satellite of the Soviet Union, and the relationship between the countries is on a completely different level. Still, given the fact that the leadership of Czechoslovakia sought to establish a new framework of relations with the Soviet Union in the liberalization process of 1968, especially on the ideological level, there is a thematic continuity that justifies the fifty-odd year analysis offered here. It is a pity that the author did not fully exploit this aspect of the topic and that his weakest chapters are the last three where he does suggest how Czechoslovakia has played a role in Soviet strategy since 1948 . This latter theme, interesting at it may be, does not tie in well with the preceding chapters and thus breaks up the unity of theme that had been evident, though not explicitly stated, up to that point. One of the interesting points that the author makes and that is generally absent in histories of Czechoslovakia or the Soviet Union is the fact that during the Russian revolution th"ere existed a possibility of using the Czecho-Slovak Legion to smash the Bolsheviks. During the debate on this point, Karel Kramar, one of the Czech leaders, sug- �SLOVAKIA 139 \ gested that a free Czechoslovakia could exist only if there existed a democratic Russia. He urged that the Legion be used against the Bolsheviks to achieve this end. Masaryk disagreed; in fact, he urged early on the recognition of the Bolshevik regime and forbade the use of the Legion against the Red Army. While one cannot answer an historical if, one has to recognize that Kramar had been more perspications than Masaryk. In the interwar period, the attitudes to and relations with the Soviet Union were determined by Edvard Benes, the man to whom Kalvoda quite correctly also ascribes the responsibility for Czechoslovakia eventually becoming a Soviet satellite. The author shows in great detail how Benes gave in to the Soviet leadership and its satraps in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia during the war. The coup in February 1948 was merely an epilogue to a situation that had been dealt with in December 1943 when Benes, against British advice, signed a Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Assistance, and Post-War Cooperation with the Soviet Union. The consequences need not be elaborated upon. The author left few stones unturned in his research. But what is more striking is his detachment from the subject matter, somehing that most Czech emigre scholars have rarely succeeded in achieving. Thus if one might find fault with the little attention he pays the Slovaks, at least he does not do so out of either indifference or deliberate slight. In fact, the topic does not call for an in-depth examination of Slovakia or the Slovaks; where they do play a role, the author presents the situation as directly as he does the rest of the subject. One has to remember that the foreign policy of Czechoslovakia, however deplorable, was always in the hands of the Czech elite, be it Benes in the First Republic or the Czech leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia after the Second World War. Kalvoda is not insensitive to the Slovaks, and in his preface he states that he '' never subscribed to the theory of one 'Czechoslovak' nation ... / nor had / taken the existance of the Slovak nation for granted" (p . vii). This is borne out in the study, particularly when he deals with the Slovak Republic and Benes' s attitude toward the Slovak nation during the Second World War. One might suggest, however, that the author could have examined the issue of the federalization of Czechoslovakia and its link to Soviet theory and practice on the nationality problem . Federalization was the only reform that survived the normalization policy after the invasion of August 1968. Czech-Slovak relations have played an important part in Communist Czechoslovakia , and the Soviet Union has not been kept entirely out of them. This should have been analyzed. It is a pity, as was stated above, that the author chose an inappro- �140 SLOVAKIA priate title and thereby missed some opportunities of examining other topics germane to the thrust of his study. Nevertheless, it is a wellwritten and well-documented analysis. Stanislav J. Kirschbaum Glendon College, York University Toronto, Canada �SLOVAKIA 141 \ Doro·thea El Mallakh The Slovak Autonomy Movement, 1935-1939 Dorothea H. El Mallakh. THE SLOVAK AUTONOMY MOVEMENT, 1935-1939: A STUDY IN UNRELENTING NATIONALISM. "East European Monographs, No. LV." Boulder, Colorado: East European Quarterly, 1979. xvi, 260 pp. Distributed by Columbia University Press. In recent years we have seen the submission of several dissertations dealing with Slovak topics. Others are under preparation. This development is more than welcomed. The study of Slovakia has finally reached maturity and respectability in the Western scholarly community. It is no longer an appendix to the history of the Czechs - as much as we admired the serious and honest treatments by R.W. Seton-Watson and S. Harrison Thomson. Nor is it propagandistic pamphleteering by an assortment of enthusiasts and political refugees - even if we recognize their contributions to the popularization of Slovak annals. Now we are dealing with the fruits of archival research, some of which has been done in the best tradition of Occidental scholarship. In spite of its progress, however, Slovak historiography remains a part of the intellectual ghetto, the quarantine in which East European studies are kept in the United States. Snobbery and arrogance of "Big Nations Research" and of "Continental (i.e., West European) Topics" are a mirror of political realities. The small nations of Eastern Europe, captive in the clutches of major powers for most of their modem life, elicit little interest in the hearts and minds of a cohort of intellectual imperialists. Hence, the obscurity of Slovakia resembles the relative invisibility of other neighboring peoples. These factors are amplified by the shortsightedness and irresponsibility of some students of Slovak history. Partisan zeal and engaged scholarship color much of their writing and publication. In addition, some trained professionals and graduates of good schools continue to undermine the work of others. They preserve the aura of disrepute which cast much blame on historical writing about Slovakia for so long. To the old ills is now added a new one: the rush to publication. In spite of the severe conditions of the academic market, there is slight justification for publication of an unrevised dissertation. A good thesis does not necessarily make a book of quality. And some dissertations are less than good . Dr. El Mallakh studied under some of the best teachers of East �142 SLOVAKIA European history and submitted a competent dissertation. Her book left much to be desired, however. In her major thesis she advances the idea that unfulfilled, if just, national grievances by the Slovaks undermined the stability of the Czechoslovak Republic and assisted the Nazis in setting up the Slovak state. She argues that past historians, while discussing Czechoslovak and Slovak developments, usually "premissed on an anti-Nazi and anti-Fascist vantage point" (p. 11). This is not correct; arguments similar to El Mallakh's which recognized the pains of Slovak nationalism were advanced before she started to write her thesis. The title and topic of The Slovak Autonomy Movement, 1935-1939 are confusing, as the volume strives to encapsule the entire development of Slovak nationalism from the 19th century to the present. By renaming Hlinka's Slovak People's Party (HSPP) with the title of Slovak Autonomy Movement, El Mallakh made the "tudaks" (an expression not existing in the book) into the only bearers of Slovak nationalism. Consequently, she dwarfed the demands and complaints of the Slovak people into the simplistic political program of the single albeit strongest - party. Autonomy was the HSPP 's answer to two of the major problems the Slovak people faced in Czechoslovakia: the lack of recognition of their national individuality and Prague' s centralistic rule over the entire state. The doctrine of a single Czechoslovak nation, which El Mallakh barely mentioned and left unanalyzed, caused significant harm since it offended the mental and emotional consciousness of the Slovak people. El Mallakh apparently was not aware of the 19th-century Czech and Slovak roots of this doctrine. Jan Kollar, the great prophet of Czechoslovakism, appears nowhere in the book. Centralism constituted a serious problem also for day-to-day life during the First Republic. The author discussed this aspect, frequently with skill and erudition. Unfortunately , she failed to evaluate the reasons and long term effects of either Czechoslovakism or centralism on the state. Had she done so, she might perhaps have discovered that autonomy was not necessarily the most effective remedy for Slovakia's sores, but rather a shrewd political platform . As the author stated repeatedly , Slovakia overflowed with the mixed blessing of countless political parties. Some of them represented particular national-ethnic groups; others claizp.ed a territorial or professional character and aspired to speak for a variety of nationalities. Hlinka's People's Party and Razus's National Party were exclusively Slovak. Agrarians, Social Democrats, and Communists catered to a multi-national constituency. Of all the major parties represented in Slovakia and electing more than five members of parliament at any time, �SLOVAKIA 143 probably only the Social\ Democrats stood on an uncompromised Czechoslovak and centralistic platform. The eminently pragmatic Agrarians, although centralistically minded, were willing to compromise - as Milan Hodza later demonstrated. Many a Slovak Agrarian was as nationalistically inspired as any member of the HSPP. The Communists took a stand no less radical than the ":Cudaks." At times, the Communists would outdo Hlinka' s partisans in extremist antiPrague rhetoric. Singling out of one party at the expense of the others slants reality. If El Mallakh felt that the HSPP deserved preferential treatment, she fell short of explaining the obvious popular support it commanded. In her recurring habit, she relied too much on one of the two relevant books of Juraj Kramer without elaborating the issue in depth. There still exists a need for a basic social and sociological study of the HSPP, its territorial basis, and its economic and psychological background. Similarly, the exceptional role of the clergy in Slovakia's history was often noticed but without taking a closer look into the phenomenon. (El Mallakh does not seem to know that Martin Razus was a Protestant pastor, besides having been a poet and writer.) She should also have explained the fluctuating vote of support for the HSPP. The author provided many new details and insights in her description of the HSPP political development but was not courageous enough to venture outside her closely set perimeter. The study obscured so many issues that one wonders whether it was due to a deficiency in information or by purpose. While dealing with the 1933 Nitra festivities, for instance, the writer omitted the ":Cudak" cooperation with the Czech Fascists. The Nitra manifesto of these festivities, part of which is reprinted in the book (p. 60), was a common proclamation of the Czech and Slovak non-governmental right. She is also silent about the participation of French, Italian, and other Fascists in the 1936 conference of the HSPP. The close relations of the Sidor faction with Polish authorities was dealt with in a spotty fashion. The anti-Semitic outrages, the so-called Golemiada of fall 1937, were innocently introduced as "student agitation" (p. 84). There are many more examples of this kind. One of the reasons for the narrow treatment of a fascinating topic was the limited sources of her research. El Mallakh is very proud of the original documents she was provided with by the Prague archives. Her excitement is exaggerated. Several recent dissertations were prepared from Czechoslovak and Slovak, central and regional, archives. In fact, even this reviewer (horrible dictu/) was given access to Slovak archives in 1968 and supplied with mircofilmed documents . The use of archival �144 SLOVAKIA material does not liberate one from the inspection of other primary and secondary sources. Of the primary sources available in the United States, she is missing the Czechoslovak parliamentary procedures, journals like Slovak and Katolicke noviny, several weeklies, quarterlies, and other periodicals. Above all, a reliance on one sort of documentation, much of which originated in police and government offices, must limit its reliability. Regretably, El Mallakh was unwilling to undertake even a partial correction of her dissertation, or to increase her familiarity with Slovak matters through secondary sources . In spite of the late publication of the volume (in 1979, while the dissertation was submitted in 1972) , the bibliography lists nothing printed after 1971. The seventies have seen many new works appear on this subject in the West and in the East. The same series of monographs, which included El Mallakh 's book, carried earlier at least two other relevant publications. If the author was reluctant to update the manuscript, why did she not use the studies of others while preparing the original dissertation? Where are works by Derer, Hoensch, Lipscher, Sidor, Mamatey & Luza, to give but a few? I also have some doubts about the author's comprehension of Czech and Slovak language documents. The text recalls unknown localities such as "Spisske Kapitul" (p. 21; it should be Spisska Kapitula) or " Dolny Vestenic" (p. 84; it should be Dolne Vestenice). An eagle in Slovak is ' 'orol' ' while El Mallakh repeatedly used the Czech term ' ' orel. '' The name of a leading HSPP journal was given as Slovenskej Pravdy (p . 76 ; it should be Slovenska pravda). Spelling mistakes of names and locations were also noticed elsewhere . The book has twenty-two useful appendices . While mostly reprints from otherwise obtainable sources (many are from Macartney), they nonetheless provide a handy collection. Some of the appendices are of marginal importance for the volume , such as the list of Slovak state cabinet members and details on the federalization of Czechoslovakia. El Mallakh dealt with an important topic using heretofore unseen documents. Coming from a neutral and uncommited ethnic background, she has made a significant effort to present a balanced study. Unfortunately, she was not steeped enough in Slovakia's history and affairs, in social life , and in political culture , and therefore numerous issues and details eluded her. Her decisiqn to write a strictly political description based on narrowly defined sou\-ces resulted in a simplistic treatment of a complex topic . Yeshayahu Jelinek Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beersheba, Israel �SLOVAKIA 145 Anthpny X. Sutherland Dr. Jozef Tiso and Modern Slovakia Anthony X. Sutherland. DR. JOZEF TISO AND MODERN SLOVAKIA. Cleveland, Ohio: First Catholic Slovak Union, 1978. xii, 141 pp. Using Slovak, Czech, German, and English language sources, Dr. Sutherland presents a balanced and scholarly account of the life, career, accomplishments, and failures of the only president of the Slovak Republic. The author does not have anti-Czech, anti-Protestant, or antiCatholic biases, is neither a Slovak nationalist nor a "Czechoslovak," and approaches the subject matter with the detachment of an impartial observer and a non-involved historian. Needless to say, one cannot do justice to "Slovak Political Tradition " in fifteen pages of printed material; yet Sutherland gives the most essential data on the Great Moravian Empire, its collapse, and the centuries-long life of the Slovaks under Magyar rule. In the nineteenth century two traditions emerged among the educated Slovaks: one represented by Jan Kollar and P . J. Safarik, and the other by Cudovit Stur. The former favored closer cooperation with the Czechs; the latter emphasized a distinct Slovak national identity. However, all the Slovak leaders realized that the struggle for survival of the small nation had to be led on all fronts, including the cultural, economic, and political. In Andrej Hlinka the Slovaks had an articulate political leader who fought for justice for his nation both before and after World War I. The brevity of the first chapter may be responsible for some errors, such as on pp. 18 and 19. In 1916 in Paris the Czech National Council was formed by the two Deputies in the Vienna parliament, T.G. Masaryk and Josef Duerich, with Dr. Edvard Benes as its secretary. Milan R. Stefanik was a co-opted member of the council. On the insistence of American Slovaks the name of the organization was changed to Czecho-Slovak National Council. The Kiev Memorandum was not signed by ''Russian Slovaks and Czecho-Slovak Legionnaires '' but by the representatives of the Alliance of the Czecho-Slovak Associations in Russia, Gustav Kosik for the Slovak League of America, and Stefanik and Duerich for the Paris-based council. These minor inaccuracies, however, do not subtract from the overall value of the book. The author makes it clear that Hlinka was loyal to the Republic established in 1918 and that he objected merely to its anti-Catholic poli- �146 SLOVAKIA cies , the denial of the promised autonomy for the Slovaks, and the behavior of some Czechs in Slovakia. Likewise Dr. Jozef Tiso, with reservations similar to Hlinka's, supported the First Republic until its collapse in October of 1938. In September of 1938 President Benes refused to fight for the territorial integrity of the state , and in March of 1939 the rump Second Republic could not be defended. It would seem that if Benes could give up strategic parts of the state without the consent of parliament and in violation of the Constitution, then no one from his camp should blame Tiso for yielding to pressures in March of 1939 and choosing Slovak independence instead of letting Slovakia be occupied either by Hungary or Germany. Sutherland pictures Tiso as a moderate Slovak patriot whose ideology was a mixture of organic nationalism and Christian socialism. It comes through, however, that despite his ideological-tinged rhetorics in practical politics, Tiso was a pragmatist who made concessions, compromises, and mistakes. It was he who convinced Hlinka in 1935 that the Slovak People's Party should help to elect Benes as president of the state. As it happened, in conversations with Stalin in December of 1943 - long before the Slovak uprising in Banska Bystrica - Benes included Tiso among the Slovaks whom he selected for execution after the war. Ideologist or pragmatist, Tiso, as his nation, was caught in a whirl of events which he could not control. Indeed, a small nation cannot always be the master of its own destiny, as the nations of East Central Europe have learned the hard way. Sutherland's book has accomplished its purpose. It is well-written, concise, brief, well-documented, and easy to read. It has enriched the historiography on Slovakia in English and has made a positive contribution to both scholarship and to our understanding of the short-lived Slovak Republic and its only president. Both students of Central European affairs and interested general readers will benefit greatly by reading it. Josef Kalvoda Saint Joseph College ~est Hartford, Connecticut \ �SLOVAKIA 147 \ Yeshayahu Jelinek The Parish Republic Yeshayahu Jelinek. THE PARISH REPUBUC: HUNKA 'S SLOVAK PEOPLE'S PARTY 1939-1945. "East European Monographs, No. XIV ." Boulder, Colorado: East European Quarterly, 1976. viii, 206 pp. Distributed by Columbia University Press. Professor Yeshayahu Jelinek's The Parish Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party is a revision of a dissertation on the politics and philosophy of Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, 1939 to 1945, submitted at Indiana University. It is one of the first scholarly studies in English of the period in Slovak history from 1939 to 1945 written by someone not directly involved in the history of the Slovak state. In this book Jelinek examines in detail the internal history of Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, its factions, ideology, and history. By dealing with each of the party' s groups - the clericals, "N astupists," Sidorites, and Hlinka guards, he provides us with an excellent picture of the political background of the Slovak state. Also treated in detail is Populist ideology as it affected all aspects of Slovak life: religion, nationalism , government, and economics. However, if one expects to find a comprehensive history of the Slovak state or detailed biographical information on any of its leading figures, one will be somewhat disappointed . Jelinek 's book is essentially a study of Hlinka's Slovak People 's Party, so the selection of the title, The Parish Republic , is a bit misleading. Although there is much information on the internal politics of the Populists , there is little on such topics as the Slovak Resistance Movement and the Slovak National Uprising (whose importance Jelinek greatly overemphasizes) and a disappointing, unsystematic account of the Jewish question. In addition to making occasional exaggerations , Jelinek commits a grave error in frequently maintaining that the Slovak state received little popular support . Such generalizations regarding acceptance or rejection of the Slovak state by the people are difficult to document and almost impossible to prove . In his account on " I.:udak" ideology Jelinek frequently uses the term " clerical fascism, " but nowhere does he offer a suitable definition of clerical fascism , or at least what he understands by it. At the end of the book one is left with a confusing picture as to exactly what type of �148 SLOVAKIA state Jelinek thought the Slovak Republic was - whether it was truly fascist or simply an authoritarian state with fascist trappings. The work would have been improved if Jelinek had compared Hlinka's Slovak People's Party with other rightist parties of the period: Rexists, Action Francaise, the Iron Guard, and others. The book is superbly documented, though one may argue that Jelinek relied too heavily on Czechoslovak Communist historians, whose interpretations are predictable, and on German documents. In summary, the book is a good, though somewhat confusing, account of Hlinka's Slovak People 's Party, its history, and ideology. Despite Jelinek's occasional exaggerations and general negative attitude toward the Populists, the book should be read, though with caution, by anyone searching for a better understanding of Hlinka 's Slovak People 's Party during one of the most controversial periods of Slovak history. Anthony X. Sutherland Stoney Point, New York �SLOVAKIA 149 Andrea Rebichini Chiesa, societ,p e stato in Cecoslovachia Andrea Rebichini. CHIESA, SOCIETA E STATO IN CECOSLOVACHIA, II: 1968-1978. Padova: DESEO-Liviana, 1979. 86 pp. In his two-volume book on the Church, society, and state in Czechoslovakia, Andrea Rebichini describes the religious situation of that country during the period of the last three decades. The first volume , published in 1977, covers the period from 1948 to 1968, and the present volume treats the period from 1968 to 1978. During this relatively short span of years, Czechoslovakia went through many turbulent events which left deep scars on its people. In 1948 there was a ruthless take-over by the Communists ; then, in the late sixties, the liberalization of the Communist rule symbolized by Alexander Dubcek; in August 1968 the brutal occupation of the country by Soviet troops, followed by the so-called "normalization," i.e., by the return to the old Stalinist methods of suppression and tyranny. The vicissitudes of Czechoslovakia have attracted the attention of many scholars, writers of political history, and various reporters . Rebichini is mostly interested in the religious situation in Czechoslovakia during these three decades. He is familiar with the vast literature on postwar Czechoslovakia and has succeeded in putting the Church-State problems of that country into the larger framework of the whole political spectrum of Eastern Europe, dominated by the Soviet Union. In the volume under review, Rebichini uses mostly documentary material coming from Czechoslovakia and translated into Italian by CESEO (Centro Studi Europa Orientale), published monthly in Bologna. Since these documents speak for themselves, Kebichini does not give long analyses or commentaries on them. Clarity, objectivity, and succinctness are the main values of Rebichini' s book. At the beginning of the second volume the author gives the most characteristic aspects of the Dubcek liberalization of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia. The Catholic Church, as well as other denominations, grasped at this opportunity and quickly developed a feverish activity to free themselves from the shackles of the previous twenty years. For the Catholics, until then cutoff from the Church at large , it meant an attempt to catch up with the reform movement of the Vatican Council and the new theological trends in the post-conciliar �150 SLOVAKIA Church. Bishops, priests, religious, and lay people took up this task in Czechoslovakia. Not even the Soviet occupation could immediately stop this endeavor. According to Rebichini, the turning point in the religious situation in Czechoslovakia was the restoration of the organization of priests collaborating with the neo-Stalinist regime of Gustav Husak. During the Dubcek era the former pro-government organization of the Peace Movement of the Catholic Clergy totally collapsed. Toward the end of 1971 it was resurrected under the name of the Federation of the Catholic Clergy - ''Pacem in Terris.' ' Under the guidance and with the support of the new regime, this organization quickly resumed the role of the previous Peace Movement and gradually took control of the Church organization in Czechoslovakia. It seems that because of the growing influence of this organization, most of the Holy See's recent efforts to alleviate the difficult situation of the Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia are being frustrated. In 1975 the Czechoslovak government signed the Helsinki Agreement, thereby .affirming its commitment to human rights, including the freedom of religion. But nothing changed in the course of repression and persecution of those citizens who tried to follow this prerogative of freedom in the religious field. Still, there was a group of brave intellectuals, most of them in the Czech lands, who publicly demanded from the government that it adhere to its commitments to the free exercise of human rights, including the right of free religious expression. The promoters of human rights in Czechoslovakia are working under the name "Charter 77." The Communist regime in Czechoslovakia immediately began a frantic campaign against the signers of "Charter 77" by organizing public protests and collecting signatures against them. Interestingly , almost incredibly, the Church hierarchy, now infiltrated by members of the "Pacem in Terris" and probably under very crude pressure from the government, joined the protest campaign against the signers of "Charter 77. " This, according to Rebichini, is an ominous sign of how terribly the Church of Czechoslovakia is presently enslaved by the Communist regime. Rebichini concludes his treatise on the religious situation in Czechoslovakia with the election of John Paul II as Pope - the first Slavic Pope, the first Pope from behind the ''Iron Curtain.'' He ex: presses the hope that this act of Divine Providence may deeply affect the Church in the satellite countries of Eastern Europe. TeQ_dorik J. Zubek, O.F.M. . Easton, Pennsylvania �SLOVAKIA 151 Vsevlad J. Gajdos Frantiskani v slovenskej literature and Teodorik J. Zubek Slovenski frantiskani v Amerike Vsevlad J. Gajdos. FRANTISKANI V SLOVENSKEJ UTERAT0RE and Teodorik J. Zubek, SLOVENSKl FRANTISKANI V AMERIKE. Cleveland, Ohio: First Catholic Slovak Union, 1979. 252 pp. This study provides the specialist interested in Slovak culture, civilization, and religious history with a lot of information on Franciscans of Slovak extraction. It covers the period from the seventeenth century to the present. In the first section, Vsevlad J. Gajdos included a brief survey of Franciscan history and activities in Slovakia. He also commented concisely on Slovak ethnic consciousness among Franciscans in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . Then he described the major struggle of these Franciscans to insure their ethnic distinctiveness and the survival of their religious order. Virtually all the facts presented by Gajdos on this matter appear together for the first time and in a publication outside of Czechoslovakia. These points of information had previously been scattered among various journals published over a long period of time and primarily authored by Gajdos . After the delineation of Franciscan history, activities, and ethnic struggle follow the biographies and bibliographies of one hundred twenty-five Franciscans. In a number of instances, Gajdos has corrected various biographical errors on some of these Franciscans . A number of significant contributions by some of them have also been saved from oblivion or obscurity. For instance, the four large volumes of sermons by Bajan as well as a number of his musical compositions are preserved here . The role of Teodul Zelenic in the Bemolak polemic, Anti-Fandly, is also well-presented. Even the probable identity of the pseudonymous researcher , S. M. Zilinsky, is substantively argued. Among the various Slovak Franciscans covered are authors of literary works, writers of devotional books , sermons, and retreat exhortations; authors of philosophical and theological treatises, textbooks, and polemical writings; and composers of numerous musical compositions . �152 SLOVAKIA · Abrahamffy, Pascha, Bajan, Gavlovic, Simko, Smrtnik, Gazda, Roskovsky, Marmankovic, and Presl readily stand out, but also and especially Celestin Lepacek and Gajdos himself. For, like Gajdo§, Lepacek has also written biographies and works on a number of Slovak Franciscans; his research on Gavlovic's writings would alone guarantee his place in the history of Slovak scholarship. With Lepacek's and his own research, Gajdos has been able to enhance substantially the quality of the biographies and bibliographies. Gajdo§ has concluded his section of this study with concise descriptions of Franciscan publications in Slovakia and some further bibliographical material from Rizner and his own years of research. The American section of the study was authored by Teodorik Zubek and has the same format as that portion written by Gajdos. There is first a survey of Slovak Franciscan history and activities in America, followed by the biographies and bibliographies of twelve prominent Slovak Franciscans who either emigrated to or were born in the United States. Especially noteworthy among this material is the bibliography of the poet Rudolf Dilong; the reference for the unfortunately brief article by Bartolomej Koltner on the Slovak dictionary of 1648; and the reference for Zubek's dissertation done in Slovakia, "Zasahy Jozefa II do zivota slovenskych franti§kanov." The latter appeared as a long article under the title, ''Zasahy osvietenstva do §tudia uhorskych frantiskanov" in Sbornik spolku Zahorskych akademikov so sidlom v Malackach, 1932-1942, II, Trnava; a copy of this work can be found in the library of the University of California, Los Angeles. A number of typographical errors could readily be corrected in a reprinting of this book. The bibliography of Gavlovic is not complete; but, in his research, Lepacek has given as complete a list as is presently possible. In the Gavlovic bibliography there are also a number of minor errors with regard to the number of pages in certain works. In the numerous bibliographical references, there may also be some points in error that will come to light as scholars are able to study personally the various materials listed in the book. On the whole, though, this study is a fairly comprehensive presentation of Slovak Franciscan writings and musical compositions. Gajdos and Zubek have provided the Slovak specialist with another primary reference work tha,,t complements those of Rizner, Misianik, and Ormis. Perhaps, somedat, an E11tglish version of this study will be published for the sake of a larg'er scholarly audience. GeraldJ. Sabo, S.J. John Carroll University Cleve/,and, Ohio �SLOVAKIA 153 \ Frantisek Bielik & Elo Rakos, comps. Slovenske vystahovalectvo. Dokumenty: I, II, Ill SLOVENS/a VYS'l'AHOVALECTVO. DOKUMENTY I: DO ROKU 1918. Compiled by Franti§ek Bielik and Elo Rako§. Bratislava: Vydavatefstvo Slovenskej adademie vied, 1969. 404 pp. ; DOKUMENTY II; 1919-1939. Bielik and Rako§. Martin: Matica slovenska, 1975. 349 pp.; DOKUMENTY ill: KORESPONDENCIA Z ROKOV 1893-1939. Bielik. Martin: Matica slovenska, 1976. 314 pp. Students of Slovak immigration history will welcome the publication of Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo . These three volumes , devoted to the migration of Slovaks from their homeland, reproduce 380 documents deposited in various depositories in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Austria. This collection gives scholars living outside of these countries access to materials otherwise not readily available to them. One of the compilers' aim is to depict the underlying social, political, and economic factors that spurred Slovak emigration in the years from roughly 1879 to 1939 (Vol. I, pp. 5, 6; Vol II, p . 5). The selection of documents also places Slovak emigration within the broader context of the history of Austria-Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Thus, the compilers include documents that demonstrate the impact of Slovak emigration on these homeland countries. In addition, the collection contains documents concerning Slovak immigrant life. Some of these items are official reports; others were generated by Slovak immigrants living in various countries, primarily the United States. Although the documents touch upon a myriad of subjects, the unifying theme of the three volumes is clear: emigration is an important aspect of the history of the Slovak people. Volume I focuses on Slovak emigration from 1879 to 1918 and deals primarily with the causes and consequences of that movement. This volume contains newspaper descriptions of contemporary conditions in Hungary that stimulated emigration. It includes a large number of official and local reports which analyze the causes of emigration, especially from particular regions in northern Hungary. The reports describe attempts by Hungarian officials to stop Slovak emigration. They also reveal a concern over the growing nationalism among Slovak immigrants in the United States. Because of the preponderance of official reports, �154 SLOVAKIA nearly all of the documents in this volume are in Hungarian; only twenty of the 144 items are in Slovak. The second volume covers Slovak emigration from 1919 to 1939. Slightly over two-thirds of its 114 documents are in Slovak, and the remaining are in Czech. Because the compilers try to present materials that describe the underlying causes of Slovak emigration , Volume Il provides information for scholars interested in studying Czechoslovakia between the two World Wars. For example, there are materials outlining the labor, industrial, and economic problems that plagued Czechoslovakia during the postwar years. Unemployment and unfavorable economic conditions encouraged emigration; but, since entry into the United States was restricted, Slovaks turned to other countries . Occasionally the Czechoslovak government tried to stop this exodus . However , the documents provide evidence that the government also saw emigration, and the temporary migration of laborers to nearby European countries , as a means to alleviate some of the country's economic and unemployment problems. In addition, official reports describe the conditions of Slovak immigrants in various countries including: Argentina, Australia, Canada, France , Germany, Mexico , Uruguay, the United States, and others . Volume ill reproduces 122 documents for the period 1893 to 1939. This collection is actually a supplement to the first two volumes and includes more materials written by Slovak immigrants. In fact, almost all of the documents were penned by Slovaks living in the United States. These items addres.s a wide variety of topics ranging from descriptions of Slovak nationalist activities in America to mere notes requesting that European Slovaks write articles for fraternal publications. The documents describe the various activities of American Slovak organizations during World War I and reveal their continued interest in Czechoslovakia after the war. Bielik and Rakos have complied a valuable collection of documents . These documents are useful both to students of Slovak immigration and to scholars interested in the social, economic, and political history of Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Thus , the volumes have a use that extends beyond the study of Slovak immigration . The compilers have designed these volures for scholars. A complete bibliographic citation accompanies each docUtnent. Bielik and Rakos also provide editorial assistance by expfaining unfamiliar references mentioned in the documents . The compilers adopted a chronological format , but some researchers might prefer that they had chosen to categorize the documents topically. A topical approach would have �SLOVAKIA \ 155 lessened the need to plod through the volumes for specific types of documents. However, the compilers do include brief descriptions of every entry in each Table of Contents that facilitate the task of finding desired types of documents. There is no cumulative index, but the indexes included in each volume are useful for locating people, places, and organizations cited in the documents. However, one wishes the compilers had consistently listed persons' first names in the indices and had made more of an effort to provide subject entries. The compilers introduce each document with a brief Slovak and English precis. These precis are helpful but, as is usually the case with annotated descriptions, they do not reveal the variety of information contained within the documents. In general, the Slovak precis are more complete than the English versions. In addition, the English translations are generally dismal. Besides containing numerous grammatical and spelling errors, the English versions often are imprecise and misleading. Similar types of errors can be found in the footnotes. For example, readers will look in vain for a work cited as authored by "Louis Grune Bald" (Vol. I, p. 25). The proper citation should be "Emily Greene Balch." Balch is again slighted in the bibliography at the end of Volume ill where she is listed as "E. Green Bolek" (p. 278). Moreover, Bielik should have described the bibliography as listing '' selected '' works because it is incomplete. It is also dated. With the exception of a few articles printed in fraternal publications, the list does not include works on Slovak immigration published in the United States; nor is it complete for those published in Europe. The deficiencies evident in the bibliography may well be indicative of other shortcomings of these volumes. The compilers explain that while there are numerous documents in Europe archives pertaining to Slovak emigration, they have chosen the " most typical" (Vol. I, p. 6). Yet, although Volume ill includes 122 documents written primarily by Slovak immigrants, there is not a single letter or publication by Father Stefan Furdek. In fact, although the compilers make references to the First Catholic Slovak Union and note it as founded by Furdek, they fail to mention that he was a priest (Vol. I, p. 152). And, with but few exceptions, there is little reference to Slovak clergymen or their writings. Moreover, lengthy surveys of Slovak immigration which introduce Volumes I and ill discuss Slovak immigrant organizations, but there is no analysis of immigrant churches. Thus, this reviewer wonders if the items reproduced are perhaps the ''most typical'' of a select group of documents that ignore subjects such as religion that may be controversial or unpopular in present-day Czechoslovakia . Finally , one may wish to qualify Bielik 's claims regarding docu- �156 SLOVAKIA ments in Volume ill. According to Bielik, the correspondence in this volume describes the "daily struggle for social justice" and "work" of Slovaks living in foreign lands (p. 6). However, most of the letters reproduced were written by prominent Slovak immigrants usually active in the various national organizations. As a result, the correspondence typically describes the life of Slovak immigrants as seen through the eyes of these more prominent men, not as it was experienced by ordinary laborers toiling in American mines and factories and living in tenements or company housing. Moreover, the correspondence offers little insight into the life of Slovak immigrant women. Despite their shortcomings, the three volumes which comprise Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo offer a valuable collection of documents. No student of immigration history can be unhappy when documents maintained in European archives are published and made available for research. But researchers can be unhappy with the possibility that the criteria for selecting documents reflect the biases of the compilers and their government instead of a concern for balanced historical scholarship. June Granatir Alexander Cincinnati, Ohio �SLOVAKIA 157 \Jasil S. Kohan The Sorrows of Marienka Vasil S. Kohan THE SORROWS OF MARIENKA . Middletown, Pennsylvania: EMPAC!, 1979. 201 pp. Too often the Slovak immigrant woman has been depicted as either the long-suffering heroine - bearing children and losing them, making do with the barest of material comforts, and contending with a husband who spends ample time at the krtma (saloon) - or else she is the punitive, angry eminence in the home, doing her duty, saying her rosaries but making everyone suffer for her sacrifices. In Vasil Koban's The Sorrows of Marienka we see another kind of Slovak woman, one that modern women can identify with as well as stare matky (grandmothers) can admire. Indeed, any woman that can march into a Slovak krtma in search of her errant husband, set the place on fire, and never utter a word of apology could earn a place in any feminist Hall of Fame. We follow Marienka from a wedding in Slovakia she did not seek through the death of her husband, who is killed while pulling out the pillars of coal in a depleted mine, one of the most dangerous jobs. Along the way, we find her to be alternately strong and tender, pure and lusty, humorous and sad, tom by doubts and quite sure of herself. In other words, a whole person - no idealized portrait is painted by Kohan, in his first, and let's hope, not last novel. What pleased and excited me about this book was its raw power, its insights into our people , its clear-eyed view of what lives the Slovak immigrants lived on both sides of the Atlantic. A wife backs up her husband 's lie that a wolf bit him when it was only a testy sow; a mother-in-law despises the woman who takes her precious son from her; a wife jumps into a coal car to show her husband how quickly it can be unloaded; Slovaks swindle an unsuspecting and ill Slovak out of a week's pay, posing as mine representatives; still another Slovak absconds with the seven thousand dollars that was to start a new church; a young son, put in the cloakroom as a punishment, eats all the lunches - these are some poignant moments in the Kohan book. Real people, real circumstances where the spirit triumphs in the crucible of daily living. �158 SLOVAKIA A taste of Koban's lovely, native style: "It didn't snow that night. Instead, it turned warmer. The clouds that had threatened snow produced a thin drizzle. The men hunched their shoulders as they left and bent their heads down. In the dull light Marienka watched them walk down the street, the rain making beads on the shoulders of their wool jackets, little drops without brilliance that began forming dark streaks down the cloth. ''By the time the boys left for school the rain had dwindled to a fine mist that melted downward from the close-hanging, yellowish clouds. The curious light made everything look hollow, the same way it did sometimes at dusk when the sun shone from behind the mountains. "Marienka watched the boys saunter down the street, swinging their lunches. She wondered if she ought to chance it, going to church with the babies. It was the day of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Temple . She had planned to go to church and light a candle. " She put her hand to her hair, pushing it back from her forehead, and her fingers brushed against the ribbon she 'd bound in her braids yesterday. " It brought to mind Ivan 's eyes as he had watched her last night. No matter what else had changed, they were the same as they had been twelve years ago in Kamienka - dark, curious, and full of lustre. All at once the memory of that day was close around her. She could almost smell the hot wax from the candles and the sweet , stifling odor of incense. She remembered the hot darkness of the church , and the smell of the priest's robes - a little musty, smelling of old things." As second, third, and fourth-generation Slovaks pursue the American dream , buying their four-bedroom houses , gaining their college degrees , wearing shirts and ties , and learning which fork to use , I would caution them to pause for a moment and look back. Look back, if they can, to see if they know anything about what their forebears experienced . For I think that the dacron polyester world that we so eagerly court, the fleeting values and the soft life, this ravenous hunger we have to be middle-class Americans is sadly misplaced. We have pushed aside the Marienkas of our families , we have not taken the time both to listen to them and to record what they have to say . When a dozen Vasil Kobans rise up - nqt professional writers, but people with a love , respect , and yet a disciplined and discriminating eye turned toward their parents and grandparents - and all of us can fe ast on the books they produce , then I, for one , will be less critical �SLOVAKIA 159 of the headlong quest for Eissimilation, acceptance, and sameness that haunts ethnic groups, ours certainly included. We Slovaks do not have a body of literature about the immigrant experience. We need it more than we need a legion of accountants and computer programmers; we need it if we are to regain our very souls. Paul Wilkes New York City, New York �160 SLOVAKIA Megles, Stolarik & Tybor Slovak Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland Susi Megles, Mark Stolarik, and Martina Tybor. SLOVAK AMERICANS AND THEIR, COMMUNITIES OF CLEVELAND. Edited by Karl Bonutti. With an Introduction by Michael Novak. "Ethnic Heritage Studies Monograph Series." Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland State University, 1978. 217 pp. The Cleveland, Ohio area is one of the oldest, largest, and most important centers of Slovaks in America. As is unfortunately the case with other major Slovak-American communities, the Cleveland Slovaks have not received much scholarly attention. The only monograph solely devoted to them is Jan Pankuch's Dejiny Clevelandskych a Lakewoodskych Slovcikov, which was published in 1930 and is now outdated. And although Josef Barton's Peasants and Strangers: Italians, Rumanians and Slovaks in an American City, 1890-1950, published in 1975, does analyze the social history of Cleveland's Slovaks in comparison with other ethnic groups, the book does not provide an overall and up-to-date review of the Cleveland Slovak communities. Given the fact that the volume under review was produced under the auspices of the Ethnic Heritage Studies Program of Cleveland State University and with partial support from the U.S. Office of Education, Department of Education, Health, and Welfare, one might have expected a fresh, comprehensive, in-depth study of Cleveland's Slovaks. Regrettably, this is not the case. Neither the book's title, nor editor Karl Bonutti's preface, nor Michael Novak's introduction, nor even the "summary" provides the reader with a clear idea of the purpose of the book. What we are offered here is a melange of ''essays'' of varying quality covering a wide range of topics relating to Slovaks in Europe, the United States, and Cleveland. The work is divided into four main parts consisting of twenty-six chapters - "Old World Origins"; "New World Beginnings"; "Organizations and Contributions of Slovak-Americans"; and "The Slovak Community of Cleveland'' - and ten appendices (none of which is referred to in the text). Curiously, the authors of the component parts are not identified. This might not have been possible, for one gets the impression from the inexplicable changes of s~le within individual sec- �SLOVAKIA 161 tions that the work of one author was at times pieced together with that of another. Although a certain amount of unevenness is to be expected in a multi-authored publication, careful editing can often alleviate this problem. Evidence of such editorial control is slight. Constant repetition and overlapping, internal contradictions, the excessive number and short length of chapters , and generally poor organization mar the text. Especially disturbing is the mishandling of Slovak words . Diacritical marks are sometimes omitted; christian names are rendered indiscriminately in either Slovak or English; and clumsy phonetic approximations in English are provided for many but not all Slovak terms . Whoever wrote the section on the history of the Slovaks in the Old World does not seem to be very well acquainted with Slovak or European history. "Austria-Hungary" is more than once referred to as having existed before 1867; the Thirty Years' War is placed in the eighteenth century; and ' 'expressions of / Slovak / national consciousness" are claimed to have been present "quite early in the 17th century" (p. 24). The significance of Protestantism and of the Czech language for the Slovaks is almost totally ignored; Kollar,Safarik, and Stur are not identified as Lutherans, nor is it revealed that they wrote in Czech. Old-fashioned filiopietism rears its head in the section on Slovak immigrants - four pages are devoted to the mysterious '' Slovak Revolutionary War hero," Major Polerecky, who was born in France and whose connections with Slovaks and Slovak consciousness were extremely tenuous, if they existed at all. The section on Cleveland's Slovaks, although perhaps the best contribution, is also disappointing. Too much material relating to Slovak-Americans in general is included, as well as mundane personal reminiscences of one author; and there is scanty treatment of the Cleveland Slovak communities beyond World War II. One wonders why this book was published. In attempting to cover so many topics it in fact does not do justice to even one. Although the book contains a wealth of factual information, most of it can be found better presented in existing works. And the lack of footnotes and a bibliography considerably reduces its value. We have reached the stage where there are competent scholars capable of interpreting the Slovak-American experience and opportunities to make the results of their research available to the American public. In light of this fact, there should be no excuse for such an inferior publication as Slovak Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland. ThomasD. Marzik (Mrazik) Saint Joseph 's University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ��SLOVAKIA 163 \ Contributors SONYA JASON is a writer who lives and works in California . She is a second-generation Slovak-American from Pennsylvania. OWEN V. JOHNSON, Assistant Professor of Journalism at Indiana University, completed his graduate work at the University of Michigan. He is an expert on interwar Slovakia and has written numerous articles on this subject. STANISLA V J. KIRSCH BA UM is Associate Professor of Political Science at Glendon College, York University. A graduate of the Universities of Ottawa, Toronto, and the Sorbonne, he has published widely in the history and politics of Czechoslovakia in modern times (1939-1980). VASIL S. KOBAN is a writer living and working in Florida . He hails from a Slovak-Rusyn family that settled in Pennsylvania. PAUL R. MAGOCSI, a graduate of Princeton University, holds the Chair of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto. He is the world's leading authority on the Rusyns and has written the most authoritative books and articles on this ethnic group. HOW ARD F. STEIN, Associate Professor of Medical-Psychiatric Anthropology at the University of Oklahoma, received his Ph .D. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1972 . He has written a large number of books and articles on Slovaks and other ethnic groups in the United States. ��SLOVAKIA 165 Guidelines for Manuscripts Manuscripts of articles for possible publication should be sent to the managing editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate , typed doublespaced, with generous margins for copyediting. Footnotes should also be typed double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers . Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the managing editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the managing editor. They should send a curriculum vitae with their request. When writing their reviews they should try to answer the following questions: What was the author's purpose in writing this book? What was the theme? What methods did the author use? What did he (she) conclude? This can then be followed by criticism and observations. Normally the reviews should not exceed three double-spaced, typewritten pages. All bibliographic information (author, full title, publisher, place of publication, price, and number of pages) should be provided by the reviewer. ��Printed By JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A. ���EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK, ESQ. President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer THE SLOVAK LEAGUE Of AMERICA Organized in 1907 at Cleveland, Ohio JOSEPH J. TALAFOUS, ESQ. Vice Presidents DANIEL F. TANZONE ANNE Z. SAROSY Executive Committee: Edward J. Behuncik, John A. Holy, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., George N. Kantor Michael J. Krajsa, Louise M. Yash, Cecelia Sarocky, Joseph R. Kristofik, George J. Kostelnik Joseph Stefka, Stephen J. Kavulich Slovak League of America Ladies' Auxiliary Anna M. Vizza, President Regional Vice-Presidents: George Lupjan - New York, New Jersey, New England States John Herman - Eastern Pennsylvania John Gastan - Western Pennsylvania Joseph Ondis - Ohio David Zelenak - Michigan Ivan Kralik - Illinois, Indiana Bernadine Wandke - Wisconsin, Western States John Hvasta - Washington, D.C., Southern States Stanislav Duris Auditors: Anna Blahusiak Joseph Valencik SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland, Ohio - Membership 102,000 THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio - Membership 100,000 THE SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J. - Membership 50,000 THE NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pa . - Membership 21,000 THE LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. - Membership 16,500 THE PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. - Membership 10,000 SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa, F.I.C., President SLOVAK AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) , \ JEDNOTA (circulation 40,000) NARODNE NOVINY (circulatio~ 15,000) FRATERNALLY YOURS, ZENS KA JEDNOTA (circulation 35,000) SLOVAK v AMERIKE (circulation 1,800) KATOLICKY SOKOL (circulation 20,000) BRATSTVO (circulation7,000) PR IA TEL DIETOK (circulation 6,000) ZORNICKA (circulation 5,000) SLOVAKIA $6.00 per annum Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1980-81, Vol. 29 Description An account of the resource Vol. 29 (No. 53-54), 1980-81. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980-81 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document REVIEWS SLOVAKIA 135 ' Peter Brock The Slovak National Awakening Peterirock. THE SLOVAK NATIONAL AWAKENING: AN ESSAY IN THE INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF EAST CENTRAL EUROPE. Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1976. x, 104 pp . This three-chapter monograph with extensive notes, bibliography, and index presents the intellectual growth ' ' of an idea, the Slovak idea of nationality" (p.x). Written primarily to fill a gap on "which scarcely any reliable literature exists in English" (ibid.), Professor Brock's study does precisely that - non-English subsidiary sources are evaluated, unsubstantiated claims of biased scholarship are pointed out, and perennial misunderstandings of specific historical issues are put in proper perspective. With the exception of a few flaws that will be listed below, the book is well-organized and written in a style that favorably ties the author's learning with his common sense. The main thrust of the work, as the author has emphasized at the very outset of the text, was to be found in the interrelationship of the concept of Slovak "cultural-linguistic nationhood" to the concepts of natio hungarica, on the one hand, and the " Czechoslovak idea, " on the other. Slovak national identity, the first component of the uneasy alliance , grew up in its linguistic aspect more or less directly from indigenous traditions, while its scholarly-cultural tenets were repeatedly reexamined under Magyar and Czech influences. Thus one could say that the literature of the Cyrilo-Methodian era had a negligible impact on the Slovak vernacular. Biblittina - almost sacred in Slovak Lutheran religious usage , especially after the Battle of White Mountain (1620) did influence the Slovak vernacular development, but far less than even the most recent , relatively restrained, scholarship has suggested. The so-called Jesuit Slovak, essentially " an amalgam , of several dialects , heavily influenced by Czech, and . . . used by / educated I Protestants as well as Catholics" (p . 6), made no impact on the common speech of the masses whatsoever. In turn the dialect spoken in southwestern Slovakia attained a limited acceptance as a ' ' Slovak literary language " due to the efforts of the Catholic priests Anton Bernolak, Juraj Fandly, and Jan Holly. However, only the dialect of central Slovakia propagated by the Protestant scholar and philosopher, :Cudovit 136 SLOVAKIA Stur, gained the full support of the Slovaks and eventually became the basis for a Slovak literary language. Slovak scholarly-cultural pursuits - as hinted above - were to a great extent products of the cultural and political tensions within central Europe . Natio hungarica , despite its lofty official attributes, was in reality a misnomer, denoting an alliance between the historical determination of the nation-state and Magyar political aspirations. Essentially a shield for aristocratic privileges in the pre-Josephinist era, it became a vehicle for repressive measures against non-Magyar ethnic groups in later decades. The Slovak approach to the concept of natio hungarica underwent a full range of changes from the mytho-historical point of view of Juraj Papanek and Juraj Sklenar in its earlier version to a pragmatic-negative standpoint of the Sturites in its latest variant. The Great Moravian Empire, according to Papanek and Sklenar, was a Slovak national state. The Slovaks , Sklenar claimed, formed after its downfall a voluntary and equal partnership, a natio hungarica, "with the newly arrived Magyars" (p . 8) . In contrast, Kollar 's " pro-Czechoslovak" group ceased to honor the idea of political-cultural union with the Magyars around 1830, while the Sturites refused ever to recognize it in any form. The idea of the socalled Czechoslovak national unity has lingered in one or another shape in some minds up to the present time. However, during the eleven-century long Magyar occupation of the Slovak territory the ties between the Czechs and Slovaks ' 'remained confined to comparatively small sections of the intelligentsia . . . the Slovak peasants and the artisans . . . possessed scarcely any national or even ethnic consciousness that went beyond an elemental love of their mother tongue, usually the only language they could speak'' (p. 20). A stronger interest in the " Czechoslovak idea" came about between 1820 and 1840 when Jan Kollar used it as a bridge between the motley assortment of various Slavic idioms and his axiomatic philosophy of Slavdom. Slavdom, in Kollar ' s visionary system, was but a single nation containing four literary languages - Russian, Polish, lliyrian, and Czechoslovak - that were " worthy" to have a distinct status . All other " smaller" Slavic languages were, by this logic, " unworthy" of a separate existence and were to be channelled into the nearest Slavic idiom. The Slovak language was supposed to be absorbed into Czech. Brock' s study is a well-balanced and honest treatment of one of the most difficult subjects of scholarship. It undmi btedly adds a new dimension to a better understanding of related -ethno-political issues treated , for example , by Robert W. Seton-Watson in his Racial Problems in Hungary (reprinted by Howard Fertig, New York, 1972) , by SLOVAKIA 137 \ Gilbert L. Oddo in his Slovakia and Its People (published by R. Speller, New York, 1960), and by Joseph F. Zacek in his essay, "Nationalism in Czechoslovakia" (published in Sugar and Lederer, eds., Nationalism in Eastern Europe, University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1969; see especially pp. 166-167 and 186-195). On the other hand, Brock's condensed treatment of the entire issue does not give full credii to his familiarity with the problem. Had the book been more broadly conceived (let us say by a treatment of the ''growth'' of Slovak cultural-linguistic nationalism after 1918), it would have considerably contributed to the study of parallels and differences between Magyar and Czech standpoints toward Slovak cultural endeavors from a new angle. My minor but specific objections are directed against the following defects in the work: (1) the use of non-English constructions in the text when English equivalents were available and their non-English counterparts could easily be incorporated in extensive notes; (2) too many errors in non-English references included in the "Notes;" and (3) the "Notes" and "Bibliography" were set in uneven-line endings while the text itself was presented in regular "book-line" endings. Although intended primarily for Slavic scholars, this book merits the attention of English-speaking students of Slovak culture everywhere. It is proof that a foreign-born scholar can present a fair and truthful account of a topic related to the Slovaks and Slovakia in spite of frequent misrepresentations of the issues by biased scholars. Brock's work will stand out as a model for future efforts on similar subjects. Andrej Cintura Riverside, CaUfomia 138 SLOVAKIA Josef Kalvoda Czechoslovakia's Role in Soviet Strategy Josef Kalvoda. CZECHOSLOVAKIA'S ROLE IN SOVIET STRATEGY. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1978. ix, 381 pp. This is a good book with the wrong title. What Professor Kalvoda offers is a history of Czechoslovakia's attitude to and relations with the Soviet Union since World War I. Hence a more appropriate title would have been "Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union," a title general enough to cover the range and wealth of information meticulously assembled and presented. In fact, the author has done Western scholarship a service by examining this topic in depth; until now this subject has been dealt with piecemeal either in studies on the foreign policy of the First Czechoslovak Republic, or in the more recent studies on the liberalization process of Communist Czechoslovakia. The greater part of the study is devoted to an analysis of the attitudes and actions toward the Soviet Union of two of the three founders of the Czechoslovak state, namely T.G. Masaryk and Edvard Benes. Interspersed are chapters on the Slovak Soviet Republic, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and the sovietization of the country. Needless to say, after 1948, the focus changes somewhat insofar as Czechoslovakia has become a satellite of the Soviet Union, and the relationship between the countries is on a completely different level. Still, given the fact that the leadership of Czechoslovakia sought to establish a new framework of relations with the Soviet Union in the liberalization process of 1968, especially on the ideological level, there is a thematic continuity that justifies the fifty-odd year analysis offered here. It is a pity that the author did not fully exploit this aspect of the topic and that his weakest chapters are the last three where he does suggest how Czechoslovakia has played a role in Soviet strategy since 1948 . This latter theme, interesting at it may be, does not tie in well with the preceding chapters and thus breaks up the unity of theme that had been evident, though not explicitly stated, up to that point. One of the interesting points that the author makes and that is generally absent in histories of Czechoslovakia or the Soviet Union is the fact that during the Russian revolution th"ere existed a possibility of using the Czecho-Slovak Legion to smash the Bolsheviks. During the debate on this point, Karel Kramar, one of the Czech leaders, sug- SLOVAKIA 139 \ gested that a free Czechoslovakia could exist only if there existed a democratic Russia. He urged that the Legion be used against the Bolsheviks to achieve this end. Masaryk disagreed; in fact, he urged early on the recognition of the Bolshevik regime and forbade the use of the Legion against the Red Army. While one cannot answer an historical if, one has to recognize that Kramar had been more perspications than Masaryk. In the interwar period, the attitudes to and relations with the Soviet Union were determined by Edvard Benes, the man to whom Kalvoda quite correctly also ascribes the responsibility for Czechoslovakia eventually becoming a Soviet satellite. The author shows in great detail how Benes gave in to the Soviet leadership and its satraps in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia during the war. The coup in February 1948 was merely an epilogue to a situation that had been dealt with in December 1943 when Benes, against British advice, signed a Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Assistance, and Post-War Cooperation with the Soviet Union. The consequences need not be elaborated upon. The author left few stones unturned in his research. But what is more striking is his detachment from the subject matter, somehing that most Czech emigre scholars have rarely succeeded in achieving. Thus if one might find fault with the little attention he pays the Slovaks, at least he does not do so out of either indifference or deliberate slight. In fact, the topic does not call for an in-depth examination of Slovakia or the Slovaks; where they do play a role, the author presents the situation as directly as he does the rest of the subject. One has to remember that the foreign policy of Czechoslovakia, however deplorable, was always in the hands of the Czech elite, be it Benes in the First Republic or the Czech leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia after the Second World War. Kalvoda is not insensitive to the Slovaks, and in his preface he states that he '' never subscribed to the theory of one 'Czechoslovak' nation ... / nor had / taken the existance of the Slovak nation for granted" (p . vii). This is borne out in the study, particularly when he deals with the Slovak Republic and Benes' s attitude toward the Slovak nation during the Second World War. One might suggest, however, that the author could have examined the issue of the federalization of Czechoslovakia and its link to Soviet theory and practice on the nationality problem . Federalization was the only reform that survived the normalization policy after the invasion of August 1968. Czech-Slovak relations have played an important part in Communist Czechoslovakia , and the Soviet Union has not been kept entirely out of them. This should have been analyzed. It is a pity, as was stated above, that the author chose an inappro- 140 SLOVAKIA priate title and thereby missed some opportunities of examining other topics germane to the thrust of his study. Nevertheless, it is a wellwritten and well-documented analysis. Stanislav J. Kirschbaum Glendon College, York University Toronto, Canada SLOVAKIA 141 \ Doro·thea El Mallakh The Slovak Autonomy Movement, 1935-1939 Dorothea H. El Mallakh. THE SLOVAK AUTONOMY MOVEMENT, 1935-1939: A STUDY IN UNRELENTING NATIONALISM. "East European Monographs, No. LV." Boulder, Colorado: East European Quarterly, 1979. xvi, 260 pp. Distributed by Columbia University Press. In recent years we have seen the submission of several dissertations dealing with Slovak topics. Others are under preparation. This development is more than welcomed. The study of Slovakia has finally reached maturity and respectability in the Western scholarly community. It is no longer an appendix to the history of the Czechs - as much as we admired the serious and honest treatments by R.W. Seton-Watson and S. Harrison Thomson. Nor is it propagandistic pamphleteering by an assortment of enthusiasts and political refugees - even if we recognize their contributions to the popularization of Slovak annals. Now we are dealing with the fruits of archival research, some of which has been done in the best tradition of Occidental scholarship. In spite of its progress, however, Slovak historiography remains a part of the intellectual ghetto, the quarantine in which East European studies are kept in the United States. Snobbery and arrogance of "Big Nations Research" and of "Continental (i.e., West European) Topics" are a mirror of political realities. The small nations of Eastern Europe, captive in the clutches of major powers for most of their modem life, elicit little interest in the hearts and minds of a cohort of intellectual imperialists. Hence, the obscurity of Slovakia resembles the relative invisibility of other neighboring peoples. These factors are amplified by the shortsightedness and irresponsibility of some students of Slovak history. Partisan zeal and engaged scholarship color much of their writing and publication. In addition, some trained professionals and graduates of good schools continue to undermine the work of others. They preserve the aura of disrepute which cast much blame on historical writing about Slovakia for so long. To the old ills is now added a new one: the rush to publication. In spite of the severe conditions of the academic market, there is slight justification for publication of an unrevised dissertation. A good thesis does not necessarily make a book of quality. And some dissertations are less than good . Dr. El Mallakh studied under some of the best teachers of East 142 SLOVAKIA European history and submitted a competent dissertation. Her book left much to be desired, however. In her major thesis she advances the idea that unfulfilled, if just, national grievances by the Slovaks undermined the stability of the Czechoslovak Republic and assisted the Nazis in setting up the Slovak state. She argues that past historians, while discussing Czechoslovak and Slovak developments, usually "premissed on an anti-Nazi and anti-Fascist vantage point" (p. 11). This is not correct; arguments similar to El Mallakh's which recognized the pains of Slovak nationalism were advanced before she started to write her thesis. The title and topic of The Slovak Autonomy Movement, 1935-1939 are confusing, as the volume strives to encapsule the entire development of Slovak nationalism from the 19th century to the present. By renaming Hlinka's Slovak People's Party (HSPP) with the title of Slovak Autonomy Movement, El Mallakh made the "tudaks" (an expression not existing in the book) into the only bearers of Slovak nationalism. Consequently, she dwarfed the demands and complaints of the Slovak people into the simplistic political program of the single albeit strongest - party. Autonomy was the HSPP 's answer to two of the major problems the Slovak people faced in Czechoslovakia: the lack of recognition of their national individuality and Prague' s centralistic rule over the entire state. The doctrine of a single Czechoslovak nation, which El Mallakh barely mentioned and left unanalyzed, caused significant harm since it offended the mental and emotional consciousness of the Slovak people. El Mallakh apparently was not aware of the 19th-century Czech and Slovak roots of this doctrine. Jan Kollar, the great prophet of Czechoslovakism, appears nowhere in the book. Centralism constituted a serious problem also for day-to-day life during the First Republic. The author discussed this aspect, frequently with skill and erudition. Unfortunately , she failed to evaluate the reasons and long term effects of either Czechoslovakism or centralism on the state. Had she done so, she might perhaps have discovered that autonomy was not necessarily the most effective remedy for Slovakia's sores, but rather a shrewd political platform . As the author stated repeatedly , Slovakia overflowed with the mixed blessing of countless political parties. Some of them represented particular national-ethnic groups; others claizp.ed a territorial or professional character and aspired to speak for a variety of nationalities. Hlinka's People's Party and Razus's National Party were exclusively Slovak. Agrarians, Social Democrats, and Communists catered to a multi-national constituency. Of all the major parties represented in Slovakia and electing more than five members of parliament at any time, SLOVAKIA 143 probably only the Social\ Democrats stood on an uncompromised Czechoslovak and centralistic platform. The eminently pragmatic Agrarians, although centralistically minded, were willing to compromise - as Milan Hodza later demonstrated. Many a Slovak Agrarian was as nationalistically inspired as any member of the HSPP. The Communists took a stand no less radical than the ":Cudaks." At times, the Communists would outdo Hlinka' s partisans in extremist antiPrague rhetoric. Singling out of one party at the expense of the others slants reality. If El Mallakh felt that the HSPP deserved preferential treatment, she fell short of explaining the obvious popular support it commanded. In her recurring habit, she relied too much on one of the two relevant books of Juraj Kramer without elaborating the issue in depth. There still exists a need for a basic social and sociological study of the HSPP, its territorial basis, and its economic and psychological background. Similarly, the exceptional role of the clergy in Slovakia's history was often noticed but without taking a closer look into the phenomenon. (El Mallakh does not seem to know that Martin Razus was a Protestant pastor, besides having been a poet and writer.) She should also have explained the fluctuating vote of support for the HSPP. The author provided many new details and insights in her description of the HSPP political development but was not courageous enough to venture outside her closely set perimeter. The study obscured so many issues that one wonders whether it was due to a deficiency in information or by purpose. While dealing with the 1933 Nitra festivities, for instance, the writer omitted the ":Cudak" cooperation with the Czech Fascists. The Nitra manifesto of these festivities, part of which is reprinted in the book (p. 60), was a common proclamation of the Czech and Slovak non-governmental right. She is also silent about the participation of French, Italian, and other Fascists in the 1936 conference of the HSPP. The close relations of the Sidor faction with Polish authorities was dealt with in a spotty fashion. The anti-Semitic outrages, the so-called Golemiada of fall 1937, were innocently introduced as "student agitation" (p. 84). There are many more examples of this kind. One of the reasons for the narrow treatment of a fascinating topic was the limited sources of her research. El Mallakh is very proud of the original documents she was provided with by the Prague archives. Her excitement is exaggerated. Several recent dissertations were prepared from Czechoslovak and Slovak, central and regional, archives. In fact, even this reviewer (horrible dictu/) was given access to Slovak archives in 1968 and supplied with mircofilmed documents . The use of archival 144 SLOVAKIA material does not liberate one from the inspection of other primary and secondary sources. Of the primary sources available in the United States, she is missing the Czechoslovak parliamentary procedures, journals like Slovak and Katolicke noviny, several weeklies, quarterlies, and other periodicals. Above all, a reliance on one sort of documentation, much of which originated in police and government offices, must limit its reliability. Regretably, El Mallakh was unwilling to undertake even a partial correction of her dissertation, or to increase her familiarity with Slovak matters through secondary sources . In spite of the late publication of the volume (in 1979, while the dissertation was submitted in 1972) , the bibliography lists nothing printed after 1971. The seventies have seen many new works appear on this subject in the West and in the East. The same series of monographs, which included El Mallakh 's book, carried earlier at least two other relevant publications. If the author was reluctant to update the manuscript, why did she not use the studies of others while preparing the original dissertation? Where are works by Derer, Hoensch, Lipscher, Sidor, Mamatey & Luza, to give but a few? I also have some doubts about the author's comprehension of Czech and Slovak language documents. The text recalls unknown localities such as "Spisske Kapitul" (p. 21; it should be Spisska Kapitula) or " Dolny Vestenic" (p. 84; it should be Dolne Vestenice). An eagle in Slovak is ' 'orol' ' while El Mallakh repeatedly used the Czech term ' ' orel. '' The name of a leading HSPP journal was given as Slovenskej Pravdy (p . 76 ; it should be Slovenska pravda). Spelling mistakes of names and locations were also noticed elsewhere . The book has twenty-two useful appendices . While mostly reprints from otherwise obtainable sources (many are from Macartney), they nonetheless provide a handy collection. Some of the appendices are of marginal importance for the volume , such as the list of Slovak state cabinet members and details on the federalization of Czechoslovakia. El Mallakh dealt with an important topic using heretofore unseen documents. Coming from a neutral and uncommited ethnic background, she has made a significant effort to present a balanced study. Unfortunately, she was not steeped enough in Slovakia's history and affairs, in social life , and in political culture , and therefore numerous issues and details eluded her. Her decisiqn to write a strictly political description based on narrowly defined sou\-ces resulted in a simplistic treatment of a complex topic . Yeshayahu Jelinek Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Beersheba, Israel SLOVAKIA 145 Anthpny X. Sutherland Dr. Jozef Tiso and Modern Slovakia Anthony X. Sutherland. DR. JOZEF TISO AND MODERN SLOVAKIA. Cleveland, Ohio: First Catholic Slovak Union, 1978. xii, 141 pp. Using Slovak, Czech, German, and English language sources, Dr. Sutherland presents a balanced and scholarly account of the life, career, accomplishments, and failures of the only president of the Slovak Republic. The author does not have anti-Czech, anti-Protestant, or antiCatholic biases, is neither a Slovak nationalist nor a "Czechoslovak," and approaches the subject matter with the detachment of an impartial observer and a non-involved historian. Needless to say, one cannot do justice to "Slovak Political Tradition " in fifteen pages of printed material; yet Sutherland gives the most essential data on the Great Moravian Empire, its collapse, and the centuries-long life of the Slovaks under Magyar rule. In the nineteenth century two traditions emerged among the educated Slovaks: one represented by Jan Kollar and P . J. Safarik, and the other by Cudovit Stur. The former favored closer cooperation with the Czechs; the latter emphasized a distinct Slovak national identity. However, all the Slovak leaders realized that the struggle for survival of the small nation had to be led on all fronts, including the cultural, economic, and political. In Andrej Hlinka the Slovaks had an articulate political leader who fought for justice for his nation both before and after World War I. The brevity of the first chapter may be responsible for some errors, such as on pp. 18 and 19. In 1916 in Paris the Czech National Council was formed by the two Deputies in the Vienna parliament, T.G. Masaryk and Josef Duerich, with Dr. Edvard Benes as its secretary. Milan R. Stefanik was a co-opted member of the council. On the insistence of American Slovaks the name of the organization was changed to Czecho-Slovak National Council. The Kiev Memorandum was not signed by ''Russian Slovaks and Czecho-Slovak Legionnaires '' but by the representatives of the Alliance of the Czecho-Slovak Associations in Russia, Gustav Kosik for the Slovak League of America, and Stefanik and Duerich for the Paris-based council. These minor inaccuracies, however, do not subtract from the overall value of the book. The author makes it clear that Hlinka was loyal to the Republic established in 1918 and that he objected merely to its anti-Catholic poli- 146 SLOVAKIA cies , the denial of the promised autonomy for the Slovaks, and the behavior of some Czechs in Slovakia. Likewise Dr. Jozef Tiso, with reservations similar to Hlinka's, supported the First Republic until its collapse in October of 1938. In September of 1938 President Benes refused to fight for the territorial integrity of the state , and in March of 1939 the rump Second Republic could not be defended. It would seem that if Benes could give up strategic parts of the state without the consent of parliament and in violation of the Constitution, then no one from his camp should blame Tiso for yielding to pressures in March of 1939 and choosing Slovak independence instead of letting Slovakia be occupied either by Hungary or Germany. Sutherland pictures Tiso as a moderate Slovak patriot whose ideology was a mixture of organic nationalism and Christian socialism. It comes through, however, that despite his ideological-tinged rhetorics in practical politics, Tiso was a pragmatist who made concessions, compromises, and mistakes. It was he who convinced Hlinka in 1935 that the Slovak People's Party should help to elect Benes as president of the state. As it happened, in conversations with Stalin in December of 1943 - long before the Slovak uprising in Banska Bystrica - Benes included Tiso among the Slovaks whom he selected for execution after the war. Ideologist or pragmatist, Tiso, as his nation, was caught in a whirl of events which he could not control. Indeed, a small nation cannot always be the master of its own destiny, as the nations of East Central Europe have learned the hard way. Sutherland's book has accomplished its purpose. It is well-written, concise, brief, well-documented, and easy to read. It has enriched the historiography on Slovakia in English and has made a positive contribution to both scholarship and to our understanding of the short-lived Slovak Republic and its only president. Both students of Central European affairs and interested general readers will benefit greatly by reading it. Josef Kalvoda Saint Joseph College ~est Hartford, Connecticut \ SLOVAKIA 147 \ Yeshayahu Jelinek The Parish Republic Yeshayahu Jelinek. THE PARISH REPUBUC: HUNKA 'S SLOVAK PEOPLE'S PARTY 1939-1945. "East European Monographs, No. XIV ." Boulder, Colorado: East European Quarterly, 1976. viii, 206 pp. Distributed by Columbia University Press. Professor Yeshayahu Jelinek's The Parish Republic: Hlinka's Slovak People's Party is a revision of a dissertation on the politics and philosophy of Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, 1939 to 1945, submitted at Indiana University. It is one of the first scholarly studies in English of the period in Slovak history from 1939 to 1945 written by someone not directly involved in the history of the Slovak state. In this book Jelinek examines in detail the internal history of Hlinka's Slovak People's Party, its factions, ideology, and history. By dealing with each of the party' s groups - the clericals, "N astupists," Sidorites, and Hlinka guards, he provides us with an excellent picture of the political background of the Slovak state. Also treated in detail is Populist ideology as it affected all aspects of Slovak life: religion, nationalism , government, and economics. However, if one expects to find a comprehensive history of the Slovak state or detailed biographical information on any of its leading figures, one will be somewhat disappointed . Jelinek 's book is essentially a study of Hlinka's Slovak People 's Party, so the selection of the title, The Parish Republic , is a bit misleading. Although there is much information on the internal politics of the Populists , there is little on such topics as the Slovak Resistance Movement and the Slovak National Uprising (whose importance Jelinek greatly overemphasizes) and a disappointing, unsystematic account of the Jewish question. In addition to making occasional exaggerations , Jelinek commits a grave error in frequently maintaining that the Slovak state received little popular support . Such generalizations regarding acceptance or rejection of the Slovak state by the people are difficult to document and almost impossible to prove . In his account on " I.:udak" ideology Jelinek frequently uses the term " clerical fascism, " but nowhere does he offer a suitable definition of clerical fascism , or at least what he understands by it. At the end of the book one is left with a confusing picture as to exactly what type of 148 SLOVAKIA state Jelinek thought the Slovak Republic was - whether it was truly fascist or simply an authoritarian state with fascist trappings. The work would have been improved if Jelinek had compared Hlinka's Slovak People's Party with other rightist parties of the period: Rexists, Action Francaise, the Iron Guard, and others. The book is superbly documented, though one may argue that Jelinek relied too heavily on Czechoslovak Communist historians, whose interpretations are predictable, and on German documents. In summary, the book is a good, though somewhat confusing, account of Hlinka's Slovak People 's Party, its history, and ideology. Despite Jelinek's occasional exaggerations and general negative attitude toward the Populists, the book should be read, though with caution, by anyone searching for a better understanding of Hlinka 's Slovak People 's Party during one of the most controversial periods of Slovak history. Anthony X. Sutherland Stoney Point, New York SLOVAKIA 149 Andrea Rebichini Chiesa, societ,p e stato in Cecoslovachia Andrea Rebichini. CHIESA, SOCIETA E STATO IN CECOSLOVACHIA, II: 1968-1978. Padova: DESEO-Liviana, 1979. 86 pp. In his two-volume book on the Church, society, and state in Czechoslovakia, Andrea Rebichini describes the religious situation of that country during the period of the last three decades. The first volume , published in 1977, covers the period from 1948 to 1968, and the present volume treats the period from 1968 to 1978. During this relatively short span of years, Czechoslovakia went through many turbulent events which left deep scars on its people. In 1948 there was a ruthless take-over by the Communists ; then, in the late sixties, the liberalization of the Communist rule symbolized by Alexander Dubcek; in August 1968 the brutal occupation of the country by Soviet troops, followed by the so-called "normalization," i.e., by the return to the old Stalinist methods of suppression and tyranny. The vicissitudes of Czechoslovakia have attracted the attention of many scholars, writers of political history, and various reporters . Rebichini is mostly interested in the religious situation in Czechoslovakia during these three decades. He is familiar with the vast literature on postwar Czechoslovakia and has succeeded in putting the Church-State problems of that country into the larger framework of the whole political spectrum of Eastern Europe, dominated by the Soviet Union. In the volume under review, Rebichini uses mostly documentary material coming from Czechoslovakia and translated into Italian by CESEO (Centro Studi Europa Orientale), published monthly in Bologna. Since these documents speak for themselves, Kebichini does not give long analyses or commentaries on them. Clarity, objectivity, and succinctness are the main values of Rebichini' s book. At the beginning of the second volume the author gives the most characteristic aspects of the Dubcek liberalization of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia. The Catholic Church, as well as other denominations, grasped at this opportunity and quickly developed a feverish activity to free themselves from the shackles of the previous twenty years. For the Catholics, until then cutoff from the Church at large , it meant an attempt to catch up with the reform movement of the Vatican Council and the new theological trends in the post-conciliar 150 SLOVAKIA Church. Bishops, priests, religious, and lay people took up this task in Czechoslovakia. Not even the Soviet occupation could immediately stop this endeavor. According to Rebichini, the turning point in the religious situation in Czechoslovakia was the restoration of the organization of priests collaborating with the neo-Stalinist regime of Gustav Husak. During the Dubcek era the former pro-government organization of the Peace Movement of the Catholic Clergy totally collapsed. Toward the end of 1971 it was resurrected under the name of the Federation of the Catholic Clergy - ''Pacem in Terris.' ' Under the guidance and with the support of the new regime, this organization quickly resumed the role of the previous Peace Movement and gradually took control of the Church organization in Czechoslovakia. It seems that because of the growing influence of this organization, most of the Holy See's recent efforts to alleviate the difficult situation of the Catholic Church in Czechoslovakia are being frustrated. In 1975 the Czechoslovak government signed the Helsinki Agreement, thereby .affirming its commitment to human rights, including the freedom of religion. But nothing changed in the course of repression and persecution of those citizens who tried to follow this prerogative of freedom in the religious field. Still, there was a group of brave intellectuals, most of them in the Czech lands, who publicly demanded from the government that it adhere to its commitments to the free exercise of human rights, including the right of free religious expression. The promoters of human rights in Czechoslovakia are working under the name "Charter 77." The Communist regime in Czechoslovakia immediately began a frantic campaign against the signers of "Charter 77" by organizing public protests and collecting signatures against them. Interestingly , almost incredibly, the Church hierarchy, now infiltrated by members of the "Pacem in Terris" and probably under very crude pressure from the government, joined the protest campaign against the signers of "Charter 77. " This, according to Rebichini, is an ominous sign of how terribly the Church of Czechoslovakia is presently enslaved by the Communist regime. Rebichini concludes his treatise on the religious situation in Czechoslovakia with the election of John Paul II as Pope - the first Slavic Pope, the first Pope from behind the ''Iron Curtain.'' He ex: presses the hope that this act of Divine Providence may deeply affect the Church in the satellite countries of Eastern Europe. TeQ_dorik J. Zubek, O.F.M. . Easton, Pennsylvania SLOVAKIA 151 Vsevlad J. Gajdos Frantiskani v slovenskej literature and Teodorik J. Zubek Slovenski frantiskani v Amerike Vsevlad J. Gajdos. FRANTISKANI V SLOVENSKEJ UTERAT0RE and Teodorik J. Zubek, SLOVENSKl FRANTISKANI V AMERIKE. Cleveland, Ohio: First Catholic Slovak Union, 1979. 252 pp. This study provides the specialist interested in Slovak culture, civilization, and religious history with a lot of information on Franciscans of Slovak extraction. It covers the period from the seventeenth century to the present. In the first section, Vsevlad J. Gajdos included a brief survey of Franciscan history and activities in Slovakia. He also commented concisely on Slovak ethnic consciousness among Franciscans in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . Then he described the major struggle of these Franciscans to insure their ethnic distinctiveness and the survival of their religious order. Virtually all the facts presented by Gajdos on this matter appear together for the first time and in a publication outside of Czechoslovakia. These points of information had previously been scattered among various journals published over a long period of time and primarily authored by Gajdos . After the delineation of Franciscan history, activities, and ethnic struggle follow the biographies and bibliographies of one hundred twenty-five Franciscans. In a number of instances, Gajdos has corrected various biographical errors on some of these Franciscans . A number of significant contributions by some of them have also been saved from oblivion or obscurity. For instance, the four large volumes of sermons by Bajan as well as a number of his musical compositions are preserved here . The role of Teodul Zelenic in the Bemolak polemic, Anti-Fandly, is also well-presented. Even the probable identity of the pseudonymous researcher , S. M. Zilinsky, is substantively argued. Among the various Slovak Franciscans covered are authors of literary works, writers of devotional books , sermons, and retreat exhortations; authors of philosophical and theological treatises, textbooks, and polemical writings; and composers of numerous musical compositions . 152 SLOVAKIA · Abrahamffy, Pascha, Bajan, Gavlovic, Simko, Smrtnik, Gazda, Roskovsky, Marmankovic, and Presl readily stand out, but also and especially Celestin Lepacek and Gajdos himself. For, like Gajdo§, Lepacek has also written biographies and works on a number of Slovak Franciscans; his research on Gavlovic's writings would alone guarantee his place in the history of Slovak scholarship. With Lepacek's and his own research, Gajdos has been able to enhance substantially the quality of the biographies and bibliographies. Gajdo§ has concluded his section of this study with concise descriptions of Franciscan publications in Slovakia and some further bibliographical material from Rizner and his own years of research. The American section of the study was authored by Teodorik Zubek and has the same format as that portion written by Gajdos. There is first a survey of Slovak Franciscan history and activities in America, followed by the biographies and bibliographies of twelve prominent Slovak Franciscans who either emigrated to or were born in the United States. Especially noteworthy among this material is the bibliography of the poet Rudolf Dilong; the reference for the unfortunately brief article by Bartolomej Koltner on the Slovak dictionary of 1648; and the reference for Zubek's dissertation done in Slovakia, "Zasahy Jozefa II do zivota slovenskych franti§kanov." The latter appeared as a long article under the title, ''Zasahy osvietenstva do §tudia uhorskych frantiskanov" in Sbornik spolku Zahorskych akademikov so sidlom v Malackach, 1932-1942, II, Trnava; a copy of this work can be found in the library of the University of California, Los Angeles. A number of typographical errors could readily be corrected in a reprinting of this book. The bibliography of Gavlovic is not complete; but, in his research, Lepacek has given as complete a list as is presently possible. In the Gavlovic bibliography there are also a number of minor errors with regard to the number of pages in certain works. In the numerous bibliographical references, there may also be some points in error that will come to light as scholars are able to study personally the various materials listed in the book. On the whole, though, this study is a fairly comprehensive presentation of Slovak Franciscan writings and musical compositions. Gajdos and Zubek have provided the Slovak specialist with another primary reference work tha,,t complements those of Rizner, Misianik, and Ormis. Perhaps, somedat, an E11tglish version of this study will be published for the sake of a larg'er scholarly audience. GeraldJ. Sabo, S.J. John Carroll University Cleve/,and, Ohio SLOVAKIA 153 \ Frantisek Bielik & Elo Rakos, comps. Slovenske vystahovalectvo. Dokumenty: I, II, Ill SLOVENS/a VYS'l'AHOVALECTVO. DOKUMENTY I: DO ROKU 1918. Compiled by Franti§ek Bielik and Elo Rako§. Bratislava: Vydavatefstvo Slovenskej adademie vied, 1969. 404 pp. ; DOKUMENTY II; 1919-1939. Bielik and Rako§. Martin: Matica slovenska, 1975. 349 pp.; DOKUMENTY ill: KORESPONDENCIA Z ROKOV 1893-1939. Bielik. Martin: Matica slovenska, 1976. 314 pp. Students of Slovak immigration history will welcome the publication of Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo . These three volumes , devoted to the migration of Slovaks from their homeland, reproduce 380 documents deposited in various depositories in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Austria. This collection gives scholars living outside of these countries access to materials otherwise not readily available to them. One of the compilers' aim is to depict the underlying social, political, and economic factors that spurred Slovak emigration in the years from roughly 1879 to 1939 (Vol. I, pp. 5, 6; Vol II, p . 5). The selection of documents also places Slovak emigration within the broader context of the history of Austria-Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Thus, the compilers include documents that demonstrate the impact of Slovak emigration on these homeland countries. In addition, the collection contains documents concerning Slovak immigrant life. Some of these items are official reports; others were generated by Slovak immigrants living in various countries, primarily the United States. Although the documents touch upon a myriad of subjects, the unifying theme of the three volumes is clear: emigration is an important aspect of the history of the Slovak people. Volume I focuses on Slovak emigration from 1879 to 1918 and deals primarily with the causes and consequences of that movement. This volume contains newspaper descriptions of contemporary conditions in Hungary that stimulated emigration. It includes a large number of official and local reports which analyze the causes of emigration, especially from particular regions in northern Hungary. The reports describe attempts by Hungarian officials to stop Slovak emigration. They also reveal a concern over the growing nationalism among Slovak immigrants in the United States. Because of the preponderance of official reports, 154 SLOVAKIA nearly all of the documents in this volume are in Hungarian; only twenty of the 144 items are in Slovak. The second volume covers Slovak emigration from 1919 to 1939. Slightly over two-thirds of its 114 documents are in Slovak, and the remaining are in Czech. Because the compilers try to present materials that describe the underlying causes of Slovak emigration , Volume Il provides information for scholars interested in studying Czechoslovakia between the two World Wars. For example, there are materials outlining the labor, industrial, and economic problems that plagued Czechoslovakia during the postwar years. Unemployment and unfavorable economic conditions encouraged emigration; but, since entry into the United States was restricted, Slovaks turned to other countries . Occasionally the Czechoslovak government tried to stop this exodus . However , the documents provide evidence that the government also saw emigration, and the temporary migration of laborers to nearby European countries , as a means to alleviate some of the country's economic and unemployment problems. In addition, official reports describe the conditions of Slovak immigrants in various countries including: Argentina, Australia, Canada, France , Germany, Mexico , Uruguay, the United States, and others . Volume ill reproduces 122 documents for the period 1893 to 1939. This collection is actually a supplement to the first two volumes and includes more materials written by Slovak immigrants. In fact, almost all of the documents were penned by Slovaks living in the United States. These items addres.s a wide variety of topics ranging from descriptions of Slovak nationalist activities in America to mere notes requesting that European Slovaks write articles for fraternal publications. The documents describe the various activities of American Slovak organizations during World War I and reveal their continued interest in Czechoslovakia after the war. Bielik and Rakos have complied a valuable collection of documents . These documents are useful both to students of Slovak immigration and to scholars interested in the social, economic, and political history of Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Thus , the volumes have a use that extends beyond the study of Slovak immigration . The compilers have designed these volures for scholars. A complete bibliographic citation accompanies each docUtnent. Bielik and Rakos also provide editorial assistance by expfaining unfamiliar references mentioned in the documents . The compilers adopted a chronological format , but some researchers might prefer that they had chosen to categorize the documents topically. A topical approach would have SLOVAKIA \ 155 lessened the need to plod through the volumes for specific types of documents. However, the compilers do include brief descriptions of every entry in each Table of Contents that facilitate the task of finding desired types of documents. There is no cumulative index, but the indexes included in each volume are useful for locating people, places, and organizations cited in the documents. However, one wishes the compilers had consistently listed persons' first names in the indices and had made more of an effort to provide subject entries. The compilers introduce each document with a brief Slovak and English precis. These precis are helpful but, as is usually the case with annotated descriptions, they do not reveal the variety of information contained within the documents. In general, the Slovak precis are more complete than the English versions. In addition, the English translations are generally dismal. Besides containing numerous grammatical and spelling errors, the English versions often are imprecise and misleading. Similar types of errors can be found in the footnotes. For example, readers will look in vain for a work cited as authored by "Louis Grune Bald" (Vol. I, p. 25). The proper citation should be "Emily Greene Balch." Balch is again slighted in the bibliography at the end of Volume ill where she is listed as "E. Green Bolek" (p. 278). Moreover, Bielik should have described the bibliography as listing '' selected '' works because it is incomplete. It is also dated. With the exception of a few articles printed in fraternal publications, the list does not include works on Slovak immigration published in the United States; nor is it complete for those published in Europe. The deficiencies evident in the bibliography may well be indicative of other shortcomings of these volumes. The compilers explain that while there are numerous documents in Europe archives pertaining to Slovak emigration, they have chosen the " most typical" (Vol. I, p. 6). Yet, although Volume ill includes 122 documents written primarily by Slovak immigrants, there is not a single letter or publication by Father Stefan Furdek. In fact, although the compilers make references to the First Catholic Slovak Union and note it as founded by Furdek, they fail to mention that he was a priest (Vol. I, p. 152). And, with but few exceptions, there is little reference to Slovak clergymen or their writings. Moreover, lengthy surveys of Slovak immigration which introduce Volumes I and ill discuss Slovak immigrant organizations, but there is no analysis of immigrant churches. Thus, this reviewer wonders if the items reproduced are perhaps the ''most typical'' of a select group of documents that ignore subjects such as religion that may be controversial or unpopular in present-day Czechoslovakia . Finally , one may wish to qualify Bielik 's claims regarding docu- 156 SLOVAKIA ments in Volume ill. According to Bielik, the correspondence in this volume describes the "daily struggle for social justice" and "work" of Slovaks living in foreign lands (p. 6). However, most of the letters reproduced were written by prominent Slovak immigrants usually active in the various national organizations. As a result, the correspondence typically describes the life of Slovak immigrants as seen through the eyes of these more prominent men, not as it was experienced by ordinary laborers toiling in American mines and factories and living in tenements or company housing. Moreover, the correspondence offers little insight into the life of Slovak immigrant women. Despite their shortcomings, the three volumes which comprise Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo offer a valuable collection of documents. No student of immigration history can be unhappy when documents maintained in European archives are published and made available for research. But researchers can be unhappy with the possibility that the criteria for selecting documents reflect the biases of the compilers and their government instead of a concern for balanced historical scholarship. June Granatir Alexander Cincinnati, Ohio SLOVAKIA 157 \Jasil S. Kohan The Sorrows of Marienka Vasil S. Kohan THE SORROWS OF MARIENKA . Middletown, Pennsylvania: EMPAC!, 1979. 201 pp. Too often the Slovak immigrant woman has been depicted as either the long-suffering heroine - bearing children and losing them, making do with the barest of material comforts, and contending with a husband who spends ample time at the krtma (saloon) - or else she is the punitive, angry eminence in the home, doing her duty, saying her rosaries but making everyone suffer for her sacrifices. In Vasil Koban's The Sorrows of Marienka we see another kind of Slovak woman, one that modern women can identify with as well as stare matky (grandmothers) can admire. Indeed, any woman that can march into a Slovak krtma in search of her errant husband, set the place on fire, and never utter a word of apology could earn a place in any feminist Hall of Fame. We follow Marienka from a wedding in Slovakia she did not seek through the death of her husband, who is killed while pulling out the pillars of coal in a depleted mine, one of the most dangerous jobs. Along the way, we find her to be alternately strong and tender, pure and lusty, humorous and sad, tom by doubts and quite sure of herself. In other words, a whole person - no idealized portrait is painted by Kohan, in his first, and let's hope, not last novel. What pleased and excited me about this book was its raw power, its insights into our people , its clear-eyed view of what lives the Slovak immigrants lived on both sides of the Atlantic. A wife backs up her husband 's lie that a wolf bit him when it was only a testy sow; a mother-in-law despises the woman who takes her precious son from her; a wife jumps into a coal car to show her husband how quickly it can be unloaded; Slovaks swindle an unsuspecting and ill Slovak out of a week's pay, posing as mine representatives; still another Slovak absconds with the seven thousand dollars that was to start a new church; a young son, put in the cloakroom as a punishment, eats all the lunches - these are some poignant moments in the Kohan book. Real people, real circumstances where the spirit triumphs in the crucible of daily living. 158 SLOVAKIA A taste of Koban's lovely, native style: "It didn't snow that night. Instead, it turned warmer. The clouds that had threatened snow produced a thin drizzle. The men hunched their shoulders as they left and bent their heads down. In the dull light Marienka watched them walk down the street, the rain making beads on the shoulders of their wool jackets, little drops without brilliance that began forming dark streaks down the cloth. ''By the time the boys left for school the rain had dwindled to a fine mist that melted downward from the close-hanging, yellowish clouds. The curious light made everything look hollow, the same way it did sometimes at dusk when the sun shone from behind the mountains. "Marienka watched the boys saunter down the street, swinging their lunches. She wondered if she ought to chance it, going to church with the babies. It was the day of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Temple . She had planned to go to church and light a candle. " She put her hand to her hair, pushing it back from her forehead, and her fingers brushed against the ribbon she 'd bound in her braids yesterday. " It brought to mind Ivan 's eyes as he had watched her last night. No matter what else had changed, they were the same as they had been twelve years ago in Kamienka - dark, curious, and full of lustre. All at once the memory of that day was close around her. She could almost smell the hot wax from the candles and the sweet , stifling odor of incense. She remembered the hot darkness of the church , and the smell of the priest's robes - a little musty, smelling of old things." As second, third, and fourth-generation Slovaks pursue the American dream , buying their four-bedroom houses , gaining their college degrees , wearing shirts and ties , and learning which fork to use , I would caution them to pause for a moment and look back. Look back, if they can, to see if they know anything about what their forebears experienced . For I think that the dacron polyester world that we so eagerly court, the fleeting values and the soft life, this ravenous hunger we have to be middle-class Americans is sadly misplaced. We have pushed aside the Marienkas of our families , we have not taken the time both to listen to them and to record what they have to say . When a dozen Vasil Kobans rise up - nqt professional writers, but people with a love , respect , and yet a disciplined and discriminating eye turned toward their parents and grandparents - and all of us can fe ast on the books they produce , then I, for one , will be less critical SLOVAKIA 159 of the headlong quest for Eissimilation, acceptance, and sameness that haunts ethnic groups, ours certainly included. We Slovaks do not have a body of literature about the immigrant experience. We need it more than we need a legion of accountants and computer programmers; we need it if we are to regain our very souls. Paul Wilkes New York City, New York 160 SLOVAKIA Megles, Stolarik & Tybor Slovak Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland Susi Megles, Mark Stolarik, and Martina Tybor. SLOVAK AMERICANS AND THEIR, COMMUNITIES OF CLEVELAND. Edited by Karl Bonutti. With an Introduction by Michael Novak. "Ethnic Heritage Studies Monograph Series." Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland State University, 1978. 217 pp. The Cleveland, Ohio area is one of the oldest, largest, and most important centers of Slovaks in America. As is unfortunately the case with other major Slovak-American communities, the Cleveland Slovaks have not received much scholarly attention. The only monograph solely devoted to them is Jan Pankuch's Dejiny Clevelandskych a Lakewoodskych Slovcikov, which was published in 1930 and is now outdated. And although Josef Barton's Peasants and Strangers: Italians, Rumanians and Slovaks in an American City, 1890-1950, published in 1975, does analyze the social history of Cleveland's Slovaks in comparison with other ethnic groups, the book does not provide an overall and up-to-date review of the Cleveland Slovak communities. Given the fact that the volume under review was produced under the auspices of the Ethnic Heritage Studies Program of Cleveland State University and with partial support from the U.S. Office of Education, Department of Education, Health, and Welfare, one might have expected a fresh, comprehensive, in-depth study of Cleveland's Slovaks. Regrettably, this is not the case. Neither the book's title, nor editor Karl Bonutti's preface, nor Michael Novak's introduction, nor even the "summary" provides the reader with a clear idea of the purpose of the book. What we are offered here is a melange of ''essays'' of varying quality covering a wide range of topics relating to Slovaks in Europe, the United States, and Cleveland. The work is divided into four main parts consisting of twenty-six chapters - "Old World Origins"; "New World Beginnings"; "Organizations and Contributions of Slovak-Americans"; and "The Slovak Community of Cleveland'' - and ten appendices (none of which is referred to in the text). Curiously, the authors of the component parts are not identified. This might not have been possible, for one gets the impression from the inexplicable changes of s~le within individual sec- SLOVAKIA 161 tions that the work of one author was at times pieced together with that of another. Although a certain amount of unevenness is to be expected in a multi-authored publication, careful editing can often alleviate this problem. Evidence of such editorial control is slight. Constant repetition and overlapping, internal contradictions, the excessive number and short length of chapters , and generally poor organization mar the text. Especially disturbing is the mishandling of Slovak words . Diacritical marks are sometimes omitted; christian names are rendered indiscriminately in either Slovak or English; and clumsy phonetic approximations in English are provided for many but not all Slovak terms . Whoever wrote the section on the history of the Slovaks in the Old World does not seem to be very well acquainted with Slovak or European history. "Austria-Hungary" is more than once referred to as having existed before 1867; the Thirty Years' War is placed in the eighteenth century; and ' 'expressions of / Slovak / national consciousness" are claimed to have been present "quite early in the 17th century" (p. 24). The significance of Protestantism and of the Czech language for the Slovaks is almost totally ignored; Kollar,Safarik, and Stur are not identified as Lutherans, nor is it revealed that they wrote in Czech. Old-fashioned filiopietism rears its head in the section on Slovak immigrants - four pages are devoted to the mysterious '' Slovak Revolutionary War hero," Major Polerecky, who was born in France and whose connections with Slovaks and Slovak consciousness were extremely tenuous, if they existed at all. The section on Cleveland's Slovaks, although perhaps the best contribution, is also disappointing. Too much material relating to Slovak-Americans in general is included, as well as mundane personal reminiscences of one author; and there is scanty treatment of the Cleveland Slovak communities beyond World War II. One wonders why this book was published. In attempting to cover so many topics it in fact does not do justice to even one. Although the book contains a wealth of factual information, most of it can be found better presented in existing works. And the lack of footnotes and a bibliography considerably reduces its value. We have reached the stage where there are competent scholars capable of interpreting the Slovak-American experience and opportunities to make the results of their research available to the American public. In light of this fact, there should be no excuse for such an inferior publication as Slovak Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland. ThomasD. Marzik (Mrazik) Saint Joseph 's University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania SLOVAKIA 163 \ Contributors SONYA JASON is a writer who lives and works in California . She is a second-generation Slovak-American from Pennsylvania. OWEN V. JOHNSON, Assistant Professor of Journalism at Indiana University, completed his graduate work at the University of Michigan. He is an expert on interwar Slovakia and has written numerous articles on this subject. STANISLA V J. KIRSCH BA UM is Associate Professor of Political Science at Glendon College, York University. A graduate of the Universities of Ottawa, Toronto, and the Sorbonne, he has published widely in the history and politics of Czechoslovakia in modern times (1939-1980). VASIL S. KOBAN is a writer living and working in Florida . He hails from a Slovak-Rusyn family that settled in Pennsylvania. PAUL R. MAGOCSI, a graduate of Princeton University, holds the Chair of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto. He is the world's leading authority on the Rusyns and has written the most authoritative books and articles on this ethnic group. HOW ARD F. STEIN, Associate Professor of Medical-Psychiatric Anthropology at the University of Oklahoma, received his Ph .D. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1972 . He has written a large number of books and articles on Slovaks and other ethnic groups in the United States. SLOVAKIA 165 Guidelines for Manuscripts Manuscripts of articles for possible publication should be sent to the managing editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate , typed doublespaced, with generous margins for copyediting. Footnotes should also be typed double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers . Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the managing editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the managing editor. They should send a curriculum vitae with their request. When writing their reviews they should try to answer the following questions: What was the author's purpose in writing this book? What was the theme? What methods did the author use? What did he (she) conclude? This can then be followed by criticism and observations. Normally the reviews should not exceed three double-spaced, typewritten pages. All bibliographic information (author, full title, publisher, place of publication, price, and number of pages) should be provided by the reviewer. Printed By JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A. EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK, ESQ. President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer THE SLOVAK LEAGUE Of AMERICA Organized in 1907 at Cleveland, Ohio JOSEPH J. TALAFOUS, ESQ. Vice Presidents DANIEL F. TANZONE ANNE Z. SAROSY Executive Committee: Edward J. Behuncik, John A. Holy, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., George N. Kantor Michael J. Krajsa, Louise M. Yash, Cecelia Sarocky, Joseph R. Kristofik, George J. Kostelnik Joseph Stefka, Stephen J. Kavulich Slovak League of America Ladies' Auxiliary Anna M. Vizza, President Regional Vice-Presidents: George Lupjan - New York, New Jersey, New England States John Herman - Eastern Pennsylvania John Gastan - Western Pennsylvania Joseph Ondis - Ohio David Zelenak - Michigan Ivan Kralik - Illinois, Indiana Bernadine Wandke - Wisconsin, Western States John Hvasta - Washington, D.C., Southern States Stanislav Duris Auditors: Anna Blahusiak Joseph Valencik SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland, Ohio - Membership 102,000 THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio - Membership 100,000 THE SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J. - Membership 50,000 THE NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A. Pittsburgh, Pa . - Membership 21,000 THE LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. - Membership 16,500 THE PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. - Membership 10,000 SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa, F.I.C., President SLOVAK AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) , \ JEDNOTA (circulation 40,000) NARODNE NOVINY (circulatio~ 15,000) FRATERNALLY YOURS, ZENS KA JEDNOTA (circulation 35,000) SLOVAK v AMERIKE (circulation 1,800) KATOLICKY SOKOL (circulation 20,000) BRATSTVO (circulation7,000) PR IA TEL DIETOK (circulation 6,000) ZORNICKA (circulation 5,000) SLOVAKIA $6.00 per annum Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 29 (No. 53-54) Description An account of the resource includes Reviews; Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980-81 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/3b8af822c65ba828deef44e1353fb2b1.pdf 11dee0bf0858df101dd6d3ed494a52b9 PDF Text Text \ ' BOOK REVIEWS ��SLOVAKIA 145 \ The 'Guns of Lattimer Review by PAUL WILKES Michael Novak, THE GUNS OF LATTIMER: The true story of a massacre and trial, August 1897-March 1898 (Basic Books, New York, 1978), XX-276p., $10.95. It's so difficult for those of us Slovaks, born in this country and who never have had to escape from or face open oppression, to get an accurate picture of what members of our families had to face when they came to America in the mass migration near the tum of the century. Yes, we've heard or read that living conditions were intolerable in Europe and working conditions here deplorable. But, we have little notion of the abuse our grandparents faced from allegedly '' good Americans." We may have an inkling today that we are often considered peripheral to the political and economic centers of power, but do we really know anything about the scorn that our forebears faced? That they survived economically is a triumph; that they did not succumb to the psychological abuse is a miracle . In Michael Novak's The Guns of Lattimer we see that Slavic people, Slovaks among them, were looked upon as amoral, shiftless drunks, a lower class of people, part of a "dung heap of humanity." And so, when a group of Pennsylvania anthracite coal miners presented some simple .demands (for example, that they not be required to do business with a company store that charged exorbitant prices nor be physically abused by their bosses) the police and mine owners banded together to crush these " Hunkies" who dared petition for the redress of grievances. After all, who did they think they were? The Slavs were supposed to go into the mines, be paid only for the coal they brought out and should ask for no more. The miners, plagued by low wages, limited work, an alien tax and virtually no benefits, marched through coal towns and patches around Hazleton , gathering strength until they numbered two thousand . Armed with only spirit - now free after nine centuries of repression in Europe - and an American flag they thought would be a symbol of their patriotism and their protection, they were stopped by a heavily armed force near the tiny hamlet of Lattimer Mines on September 10, 1897 . The flag they so proudly carried infuriated the sheriff's deputies, who tore it up before their eyes. �146 SLOVAKIA The rest is history. Although unarmed, the miners were later accused of fomenting the fight and of firing the first shot. The deputies began firing into the crowd and three inch bullets, which were capable of piercing metal, and powerful buckshot tore into human flesh. Nineteen men died, the majority of them Slovak. Thirty-nine were seriously injured and some never worked again . Most were shot in the back. Michael Novak has given us an historically thorough and vivid picture of the march and the massacre and a look into the lives of Slovaks at that time. His is a balanced approach . He does not idealize the miners; he's quite willing to point out their shortcomings, to talk about their meekness as well as their latent hostility. The overwhelming sentiment that comes through in reading the book is one of sadness and the realization that peaceful demonstrators have faced the ire of threatened power structures from Lattimer to Kent State to Jackson State and were mercilessly butchered for their beliefs. In each case, they did not seek violence, but violence and death were meted out to them. Lattimer is a classic case of the haves and have nots; the handful of powerful families , with their intermarriages and interlocking directorships and ownerships , effectively telling the rest of the community how they will live . And when the have nots want more they are not looked upon as reasonable men and women but automatically and categorically as potential destroyers of the fabric of society . Instead of listening to just demands for food and safer conditions (on the average, two miners died in accidents every three days) the ruling powers struck out, with force far beyond what was required. Novak 's portions about immigrant family life (particularly of conditions in the mines and a beautiful section about the romance of Ben Sakmar and Maureen, an Irish girl) made me hunger for more . Also. a tightly reasoned introduction to the book is of inestimable value in understanding the Slovak mentality of the time . The literature about the Slovak immigrants is so scanty and often romanticized so I hope The Guns of Lattimer is just the first of many books about the immig rant experience so that we can better understand ourselves today by knowing what we were like yesterday. �SLOVAKIA 147 The Czec_hs in. America/Slovaks in America \ Review by JUNE GRANATIR ALEXANDER University of Minnesota THE CZECHS IN AMERICA 1633-1977 - A CHRONOLOGY AND FACT BOOK. Compiled by Vera Laska. (Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1978), 152 pages, $6.50. SLOVAKS IN AMERICA - A BICENTENNIAL STUDY. Compiled by Joseph C. Krajsa et al. (Middletown, Pennsylvania: Jednota Slovak American Publishing House, 1978), xi-494 pages, $26.50 . During the last decade the surging interest in America's ethnic groups has spurred many Americans , especially those tracing their origins to Eastern, Central, and Southern Europe to seek more information about the history of their ancestors in America. Responding to this intensified interest , members of various ethnic groups have undertaken to compile bibliographies , "fact" books, and histories of their respective groups. The Czechs in America 1633-1977 by Vera Laska and Slovaks in America, published unde r the auspices of the Slovak League of America, attempt to detail information about Czech and Slovak immigrants and their descendants in the United States . Vera Laska 's Czechs in America is divided into three parts . The first section, entitled "Chronology," gives a year-by-year listing of events in Czech American history from the seventeenth century to the present . The second part, labeled ''Documents,'' contains selections describing Czech life in America and the third section is an Appendix of tables which provides statistics on population , geographical distribution, religion , and education of Czech Americans . A short bibliography is also included. The scholar looking to Laska 's chronology for facts will be quickly and sadly disappointed . This section is a listing of often unrelated items ranging from one sentence entries noting isolated events such as marriage , purchase of land , or some other activity by a person presumably of Czech origin, to longer slightly more detailed entries. In several cases Professor Laska makes claims that persons included in the chronology are Czech on the highly questionable basis of name alone. Professor Laska 's occasional use of phrases " it is said, " "the story is told, " and "some say," makes some of her entries more �148 SLOVAKIA hearsay than historical fact. The work is further marred by various types of factual errors. In some instances Laska fails to present her material accurately. For example she cites Cotton Mather's Magnalia Christi Americana as the source for the fact that Jan Amos Komensky was offered the presidency of Harvard College in 1642 (p. 2) when her source actually says this occurred in 1654. Samuel Eliot Morison (The Founding of Harvard College, 1936) explains the discrepancy in dates but clearly Mather was not the source for the 1642 date. Contrary to Laska' s claim, the Lincoln Rifle Company (p. 18) was actually "The Lincoln Riflemen of Slavonic Origin, '' and included Magyars, Slovaks , and Czechs; whether it " was framed by 50 Czech volunteers " is highly questionable. These represent only a few examples of errors in the chronology. Much of the material presented by Laska, especially for the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries can be found in Thomas Capek's The Cechs in America (1920) in a more expanded form. Indeed, several of Professor Laska' s entries are strikingly and disturbingly similar to material contained in Capek. (E.g., compare Laska pp. 7-8 to Capek pp. 159-160 and Laska p . 8 to Capek pp. 25-26.) However, Capek although extolling the role of Czechs in American history, often exercised more caution and revealed more objectivity in presenting his material than Laska does. If Professor Laska's goal was to present a factual, chronological picture of Czech history in America, she fell short of her goal. The documents section of Czechs in America is more useful. Some may quibble with the inclusion of published articles from Charities , an early twentieth century magazine, and selections from histories published in 1928 , 1929, 1939 and 1962 as "documents. " Still, Laska chose excerpts from these works that attempt to relate the history and experiences of the common immigrants - sometimes in their own words - instead of focusing on " leaders" as so many works on immigrants are prone to do. Professor Laska offers translations of early newspaper articles and works published in Czech and thereby provides the general public unable to read Czech with an opportunity to read material otherwise unavailable. However, scholars of Czech American history will probably find this section of little benefit. The Appendix consists of tables copied mainly from Capek's Cech's in America and three annual reports on immigration. Again, the general public may find these interesting but scholars will want ,to examine the original sources. ' For a chronology and fact book, the index leaves much to be desired. It includes entries only for the ''Chronology'' section and often lists only the last name of a person if that is all that is included in the �SLOVAKIA 149 main entry. In some cases, Laska may have been unable to locate names of lesser known i:Q1migrants such as a physician in Chicago but a quick check of the Dict(onary of American Biography would have revealed the first name of Ziegler, the sponsor of a Polar expedition, as William. Since the index includes only names and excludes organizations and geographical locations one is forced to plod through the entire book for desired information. In sum, because of the factual errors, questionable claims, and lack of careful verification of material Czechs in America is not a reliable source and contributes little information to the history of Czechs in America. Slovaks in America represents an attempt to chronicle the history of Slovak immigrants and their organizations in the United States. Compiled as a Bicentennial study by an eight-member editorial board, Slovaks in America is divided into six parts arranged on a topical instead of chronological basis. The first part, under the general rubric "Historical and Cultural Studies," consists of seven essays by six different authors. The selections, culled primarily from secondary sources, are in the main readable and will be informative to the general public, even though they often lack real objectivity. The essays "The Slovak Presence in America to 1890," by Sister M. Martina Tybor and "Slovak American Fraternal, Civic and Cultural Organizations" by Stephanie 0. Husek represent the best attempts to offer interpretative analysis. The other essays in this first part concern: religion, the Slovak League, journalism, Slovakia, and the Slovak heritage in America. The authors of these essays tend to narrate rather than analyze their topics in any depth. The other major sections of Slovaks in America are divided into the following categories: fraternals, religious organizations, local organizations and lodges, local parishes, and ''representative cultural organizations." These sections give general histories of various organizations from their inception to the present and include a final part of various Bicentennial activities conducted by Slovaks. But, the editors should have more clearly and carefully alerted readers that these sections are not inclusive. The "Forward" to Slovaks in America describes this work "as a truly encyclopedic presentation of the origin, growth and development of Slovak American colonies with their local and regional organizations.'' However, in a brief explanation of methods used to compile the volume, which is located near the end of the book, the editor explains that the volume is not inclusive. If the editors did not receive material from an organization or group by a printing deadline, that group or organization, it appears, was simply ignored. Consequently, because of this editorial policy, some major Slovak organiza- �150 SLOVAKIA tions are not included in Slovaks in America. Given the title of this work and the description given in the " Forward, " as a service to their potential readers, the editors should not have buried this crucial explanation about the contents and limitations of the volume near the end of the book under the inadvertently misleading title of "In Appreciation. ' ' Due to the editorial policy adopted for compiling Slovaks in America, the various sections within this volume offer a select sampling of Slovak institutions. The section on churches does not include all the Slovak parishes in the United States. Many Catholic churches are missing but more noticeable is the lack of Protestant ones. Only two Lutheran parishes found their way into the collection and no Calvin (Presbyterian) churches are mentioned. The tendency to accentuate Roman Catholic institutions over Protestant is evident in all the other sections as well. The history of the First Catholic Slovak Union merits 68 pages with a year by year chronicle of events. The history of the National Slovak Society is included in a two page biography of Peter V. Rovnianek which does, however, offer a refreshingly objective analysis of the causes for the failure of his Pittsburgh bank. The First Catholic Slovak Ladies Union receives twenty-four pages as opposed to its nonsecular counterpart , Zivena's one . There is no history of the Slovak Evangelical Union, the Slovak Calvin Presbyterian Union or even the Greek Catholic Union. The only references to non-Catholic Slovak religious groups are a 3 ¼ page history of the Slovak Zion Synod and approximately two pages on Lutherans by Daniel F. Tanzone in his essay on religious developments among Slovaks which also includes one short paragraph on Calvins. In a lengthy book with the pretentious title of Slovaks in America, more attention should have been devoted to Slovak Protestants who, like Roman Catholics, recognized their nationality by forming and joining "Slovak" organizations. Overall, Slovaks in America displays a weakness that is unfortunately evident in many ethnic histories: in its desire to praise the accomplishments of prominent Slovak Americans, Slovak churches and organizations, the work lacks balanced objectivity. In addition , the book contains generalizations about Slovak immigrants that need further study and it makes subjective observations about such ambiguous topics as ' 'the Slovak character. ' ' The segm~nted format of presenting numerous histories, while gratifying to the \respective organizations , does not present a unified history of Slovaks in· America. Still, the book is useful to the general public and, to a lesser extent, to scholars of Slovak American history. It can serve as a reference to anyone desiring general knowledge about prominent Slovaks and Slovak organizations �SLOVAKIA 151 in America , especially Catholic organizations. The collection of material is well or-ganizetl but the index covers only the ' ' Historical and Cultural " section and indpdes mostly people's names, which makes it difficult to locate other information . The work would have profited by a more careful editing of the selections to delete redundancies. Many of the short organizational and church histories begin with quite similar comments about Slovak immigration to the United States in general which makes for tedious reading. Finally, it should be stressed that despite its length and title, Slovaks in America is not a history of the common Slovak immigrants : it focuses on prominent Slovaks and Slovak organizations. Slovaks in America is an informative collection of short institutional histories and biographies . But, the history of Slovak institutions and prominent people is not the history of Slovak immigrants and their experiences in the United States. �152 SLOVAKIA The Hussite Movement and the Reformation in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia (1350-1650) Review by PETER BROCK University of Toronto Jarold K. Zeman, THE HUSSITE MOVEMENT AND THEREFORMATION IN BOHEMIA, MORAVIA AND SLOVAKIA (1350-1650). A Bibliographical Study Guide (with Particular Reference to Resources in North America). Published under the auspices of the Center for Reformation Research by Michigan Slavic Publications (Ann Arbor, 1977), 390 pages. This ''bibliographical study guide'' was prepared by Professor J. K . Zeman of Acadia University Divinity School in Wolfville, Nova Scotia. It lists around 3,850 entries - mainly printed materials but including some unpublished items too - in as many as fourteen different languages, with titles in Czech naturally being the most numerous. As the editor explains, his book, while ''prepared, first of all, to serve the needs of students in North America ... should be helpful to scholars and students in other countries" (p. xxix) . It, therefore, makes no claim to the fullness which would be required in a work prepared by '' a professional bibliographer.'' It is in fact deliberately selective, its compiler's aim being to present as full a list as possible of items of importance available in the libraries of the North American continent and thus to provide interested persons with sufficient data to carry on their studies. For easy reference, works in English are marked with an asterisk. On the whole Professor Zeman refrains from commenting on the quality of the books and articles he lists . In a few cases, however, he issues the timely warning: "unreliable. " There are abundant cross references to assist the reader in finding his way around the guide's rather complex organization. The work opens with an eleven-page essay Here Professor Zeman first attempts a typology of the Hussite movement and the later Protestant Reformation into which Hussitism eventually merged. He �SLOVAKIA 153 then reviews briefly the main trends in the historiography of Hussitism, and concludes with a look at current resources for Hussite studies on this continent. Further space is devoted to outlining editorial policies and listing abbre:viations.used in the main part of the work. The indexes included at the end. increa~e the guide' s usefulness to the reader. The listings themselvi:ls are divided into four parts . The first part covers the history of the movement from the forerunners of Hus in the fourteenth century to the supression of Protestantism in the Czech lands by the end of the Thirty Years War. Part I, section 12, we may note, is devoted to the Reformation in Slovakia but these pages (122126) by no means exhaust the items of interest to students of Slovak intellectual history, in which the Hussite tradition for long played a conspicuous role. The remaining three parts cover, respectively, biographical studies, special topics relating to Hussitism (including Hussite contacts with Slovakia and Hungary), and study aids. Whereas the table of contents at the beginning sets out the titles of the sections into which Part I is divided, it does not do this for the parts that follow . This is especially a pity in the case of Part ill (' 'Topical Studies ' ') for, although the topics are dealt with in alphabetical order, it is not always easy to follow the editor in his choice of titles for the various section headings. Many of the topics are indeed only loosely connected with Hussitism, e .g., alchemy and magic, astronomy, history of law, medicine, witchcraft, etc. There is also a brief section on ''Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation. '' In respect to "Biographical Studies" Professor Zeman has wisely refrained from attempting an extensive bibliographical listing for Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague: their lives and writings, he observes, "constitute a research field in its own right" (p . 53). In other instances where adequate specialized bibliographies exist (e.g., for Peter Chelcicky) he refers the reader to such works and limits his own listings to the most important books and articles. In conclusion, Professor Zeman's book, despite a few shortcomings inevitable in a pioneer work of this kind, will long remain an indispensable research tool for all who wish to study Hussitism in its many and varied aspects. ��SLOVAKIA 155 Our Contributors JUNE GRANATIR ALEXANDER EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK, President, Slovak League of America THOMAS BELL (1903-1961) PETER BROCK , University of Toronto DAVID P. DANIEL, The Pennsylvania State University , Erie FRANTISEK HECKO (1905-1960) LUBY HOLY YESHAYAHU JELINEK, Denison University OWEN V. JOHNSON STANLEY B. KIMBALL V. S. KOBAN I..:UDO ONDREJOV (1901-1962) GEORGE P . RESICK AL VEN A SEC KAR M . MARK STOLARIK , Director, The Balch Institute, Philadelphia PAUL WILKES ��Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. �OFFICERS OF THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Honorary President: Stephen J. Tkach, K.H.S. JOHN A . HOLY Secretary EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President Vice Presidents: Michael J . Krajsa Frances L. Mizenko Daniel F. Tanzone Regional Vice-Presidents: Rudolf Gregus, New York, New Jersey, New England States John Huk, Pennsylvania Joseph Ondis, Ohio David Zelenak, Michigan Ivan Kralik, Illinois, Indiana Bernadine Wandke, Wisconsin, Weftern States Executive Committee: Edward J . Behuncik, John A. Holy, Milan V. Blazek, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr. George N. Kantor, Michael J . Zahorsky, Louise M . Yash George J . Kostelnik, Cecilia Sarocky, Stephen J . Kavulic Slovak League of America Ladies' Auxiliary Anna M. Vizza, President Auditors: Anna Blahusiak Dr. Stanislav Duris Joseph Valencik SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION Cleveland, Ohio - Membership 105,800 THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio - Membership 104,500 THE SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J . - Membership 50,000 THE LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . - Membership 16,500 PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . - Membership 10,000 SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN ' S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA John C. Sciranka , President SLOVAK AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) SLOVAK v AMER I KE (circulation 3,000) JEDNOTA (circu lation 40,000) ZENSKA JEDNOTA (circulation 35,000) ZORNICKA (circulation 5,000) KATOLICKY SOKOL (circulation 20,000) BRATSTVO (circulation 7,000) PRIATEL DIETOK (circulation 9,000) SLOVAKIA $5.00 per annum in the U.S.A. - $6.00 elsewhere Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown, Pennsylvania U.S.A . � \ ' BOOK REVIEWS ��SLOVAKIA 145 \ The 'Guns of Lattimer Review by PAUL WILKES Michael Novak, THE GUNS OF LATTIMER: The true story of a massacre and trial, August 1897-March 1898 (Basic Books, New York, 1978), XX-276p., $10.95. It's so difficult for those of us Slovaks, born in this country and who never have had to escape from or face open oppression, to get an accurate picture of what members of our families had to face when they came to America in the mass migration near the tum of the century. Yes, we've heard or read that living conditions were intolerable in Europe and working conditions here deplorable. But, we have little notion of the abuse our grandparents faced from allegedly '' good Americans." We may have an inkling today that we are often considered peripheral to the political and economic centers of power, but do we really know anything about the scorn that our forebears faced? That they survived economically is a triumph; that they did not succumb to the psychological abuse is a miracle . In Michael Novak's The Guns of Lattimer we see that Slavic people, Slovaks among them, were looked upon as amoral, shiftless drunks, a lower class of people, part of a "dung heap of humanity." And so, when a group of Pennsylvania anthracite coal miners presented some simple .demands (for example, that they not be required to do business with a company store that charged exorbitant prices nor be physically abused by their bosses) the police and mine owners banded together to crush these " Hunkies" who dared petition for the redress of grievances. After all, who did they think they were? The Slavs were supposed to go into the mines, be paid only for the coal they brought out and should ask for no more. The miners, plagued by low wages, limited work, an alien tax and virtually no benefits, marched through coal towns and patches around Hazleton , gathering strength until they numbered two thousand . Armed with only spirit - now free after nine centuries of repression in Europe - and an American flag they thought would be a symbol of their patriotism and their protection, they were stopped by a heavily armed force near the tiny hamlet of Lattimer Mines on September 10, 1897 . The flag they so proudly carried infuriated the sheriff's deputies, who tore it up before their eyes. �146 SLOVAKIA The rest is history. Although unarmed, the miners were later accused of fomenting the fight and of firing the first shot. The deputies began firing into the crowd and three inch bullets, which were capable of piercing metal, and powerful buckshot tore into human flesh. Nineteen men died, the majority of them Slovak. Thirty-nine were seriously injured and some never worked again . Most were shot in the back. Michael Novak has given us an historically thorough and vivid picture of the march and the massacre and a look into the lives of Slovaks at that time. His is a balanced approach . He does not idealize the miners; he's quite willing to point out their shortcomings, to talk about their meekness as well as their latent hostility. The overwhelming sentiment that comes through in reading the book is one of sadness and the realization that peaceful demonstrators have faced the ire of threatened power structures from Lattimer to Kent State to Jackson State and were mercilessly butchered for their beliefs. In each case, they did not seek violence, but violence and death were meted out to them. Lattimer is a classic case of the haves and have nots; the handful of powerful families , with their intermarriages and interlocking directorships and ownerships , effectively telling the rest of the community how they will live . And when the have nots want more they are not looked upon as reasonable men and women but automatically and categorically as potential destroyers of the fabric of society . Instead of listening to just demands for food and safer conditions (on the average, two miners died in accidents every three days) the ruling powers struck out, with force far beyond what was required. Novak 's portions about immigrant family life (particularly of conditions in the mines and a beautiful section about the romance of Ben Sakmar and Maureen, an Irish girl) made me hunger for more . Also. a tightly reasoned introduction to the book is of inestimable value in understanding the Slovak mentality of the time . The literature about the Slovak immigrants is so scanty and often romanticized so I hope The Guns of Lattimer is just the first of many books about the immig rant experience so that we can better understand ourselves today by knowing what we were like yesterday. �SLOVAKIA 147 The Czec_hs in. America/Slovaks in America \ Review by JUNE GRANATIR ALEXANDER University of Minnesota THE CZECHS IN AMERICA 1633-1977 - A CHRONOLOGY AND FACT BOOK. Compiled by Vera Laska. (Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1978), 152 pages, $6.50. SLOVAKS IN AMERICA - A BICENTENNIAL STUDY. Compiled by Joseph C. Krajsa et al. (Middletown, Pennsylvania: Jednota Slovak American Publishing House, 1978), xi-494 pages, $26.50 . During the last decade the surging interest in America's ethnic groups has spurred many Americans , especially those tracing their origins to Eastern, Central, and Southern Europe to seek more information about the history of their ancestors in America. Responding to this intensified interest , members of various ethnic groups have undertaken to compile bibliographies , "fact" books, and histories of their respective groups. The Czechs in America 1633-1977 by Vera Laska and Slovaks in America, published unde r the auspices of the Slovak League of America, attempt to detail information about Czech and Slovak immigrants and their descendants in the United States . Vera Laska 's Czechs in America is divided into three parts . The first section, entitled "Chronology," gives a year-by-year listing of events in Czech American history from the seventeenth century to the present . The second part, labeled ''Documents,'' contains selections describing Czech life in America and the third section is an Appendix of tables which provides statistics on population , geographical distribution, religion , and education of Czech Americans . A short bibliography is also included. The scholar looking to Laska 's chronology for facts will be quickly and sadly disappointed . This section is a listing of often unrelated items ranging from one sentence entries noting isolated events such as marriage , purchase of land , or some other activity by a person presumably of Czech origin, to longer slightly more detailed entries. In several cases Professor Laska makes claims that persons included in the chronology are Czech on the highly questionable basis of name alone. Professor Laska 's occasional use of phrases " it is said, " "the story is told, " and "some say," makes some of her entries more �148 SLOVAKIA hearsay than historical fact. The work is further marred by various types of factual errors. In some instances Laska fails to present her material accurately. For example she cites Cotton Mather's Magnalia Christi Americana as the source for the fact that Jan Amos Komensky was offered the presidency of Harvard College in 1642 (p. 2) when her source actually says this occurred in 1654. Samuel Eliot Morison (The Founding of Harvard College, 1936) explains the discrepancy in dates but clearly Mather was not the source for the 1642 date. Contrary to Laska' s claim, the Lincoln Rifle Company (p. 18) was actually "The Lincoln Riflemen of Slavonic Origin, '' and included Magyars, Slovaks , and Czechs; whether it " was framed by 50 Czech volunteers " is highly questionable. These represent only a few examples of errors in the chronology. Much of the material presented by Laska, especially for the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries can be found in Thomas Capek's The Cechs in America (1920) in a more expanded form. Indeed, several of Professor Laska' s entries are strikingly and disturbingly similar to material contained in Capek. (E.g., compare Laska pp. 7-8 to Capek pp. 159-160 and Laska p . 8 to Capek pp. 25-26.) However, Capek although extolling the role of Czechs in American history, often exercised more caution and revealed more objectivity in presenting his material than Laska does. If Professor Laska's goal was to present a factual, chronological picture of Czech history in America, she fell short of her goal. The documents section of Czechs in America is more useful. Some may quibble with the inclusion of published articles from Charities , an early twentieth century magazine, and selections from histories published in 1928 , 1929, 1939 and 1962 as "documents. " Still, Laska chose excerpts from these works that attempt to relate the history and experiences of the common immigrants - sometimes in their own words - instead of focusing on " leaders" as so many works on immigrants are prone to do. Professor Laska offers translations of early newspaper articles and works published in Czech and thereby provides the general public unable to read Czech with an opportunity to read material otherwise unavailable. However, scholars of Czech American history will probably find this section of little benefit. The Appendix consists of tables copied mainly from Capek's Cech's in America and three annual reports on immigration. Again, the general public may find these interesting but scholars will want ,to examine the original sources. ' For a chronology and fact book, the index leaves much to be desired. It includes entries only for the ''Chronology'' section and often lists only the last name of a person if that is all that is included in the �SLOVAKIA 149 main entry. In some cases, Laska may have been unable to locate names of lesser known i:Q1migrants such as a physician in Chicago but a quick check of the Dict(onary of American Biography would have revealed the first name of Ziegler, the sponsor of a Polar expedition, as William. Since the index includes only names and excludes organizations and geographical locations one is forced to plod through the entire book for desired information. In sum, because of the factual errors, questionable claims, and lack of careful verification of material Czechs in America is not a reliable source and contributes little information to the history of Czechs in America. Slovaks in America represents an attempt to chronicle the history of Slovak immigrants and their organizations in the United States. Compiled as a Bicentennial study by an eight-member editorial board, Slovaks in America is divided into six parts arranged on a topical instead of chronological basis. The first part, under the general rubric "Historical and Cultural Studies," consists of seven essays by six different authors. The selections, culled primarily from secondary sources, are in the main readable and will be informative to the general public, even though they often lack real objectivity. The essays "The Slovak Presence in America to 1890," by Sister M. Martina Tybor and "Slovak American Fraternal, Civic and Cultural Organizations" by Stephanie 0. Husek represent the best attempts to offer interpretative analysis. The other essays in this first part concern: religion, the Slovak League, journalism, Slovakia, and the Slovak heritage in America. The authors of these essays tend to narrate rather than analyze their topics in any depth. The other major sections of Slovaks in America are divided into the following categories: fraternals, religious organizations, local organizations and lodges, local parishes, and ''representative cultural organizations." These sections give general histories of various organizations from their inception to the present and include a final part of various Bicentennial activities conducted by Slovaks. But, the editors should have more clearly and carefully alerted readers that these sections are not inclusive. The "Forward" to Slovaks in America describes this work "as a truly encyclopedic presentation of the origin, growth and development of Slovak American colonies with their local and regional organizations.'' However, in a brief explanation of methods used to compile the volume, which is located near the end of the book, the editor explains that the volume is not inclusive. If the editors did not receive material from an organization or group by a printing deadline, that group or organization, it appears, was simply ignored. Consequently, because of this editorial policy, some major Slovak organiza- �150 SLOVAKIA tions are not included in Slovaks in America. Given the title of this work and the description given in the " Forward, " as a service to their potential readers, the editors should not have buried this crucial explanation about the contents and limitations of the volume near the end of the book under the inadvertently misleading title of "In Appreciation. ' ' Due to the editorial policy adopted for compiling Slovaks in America, the various sections within this volume offer a select sampling of Slovak institutions. The section on churches does not include all the Slovak parishes in the United States. Many Catholic churches are missing but more noticeable is the lack of Protestant ones. Only two Lutheran parishes found their way into the collection and no Calvin (Presbyterian) churches are mentioned. The tendency to accentuate Roman Catholic institutions over Protestant is evident in all the other sections as well. The history of the First Catholic Slovak Union merits 68 pages with a year by year chronicle of events. The history of the National Slovak Society is included in a two page biography of Peter V. Rovnianek which does, however, offer a refreshingly objective analysis of the causes for the failure of his Pittsburgh bank. The First Catholic Slovak Ladies Union receives twenty-four pages as opposed to its nonsecular counterpart , Zivena's one . There is no history of the Slovak Evangelical Union, the Slovak Calvin Presbyterian Union or even the Greek Catholic Union. The only references to non-Catholic Slovak religious groups are a 3 ¼ page history of the Slovak Zion Synod and approximately two pages on Lutherans by Daniel F. Tanzone in his essay on religious developments among Slovaks which also includes one short paragraph on Calvins. In a lengthy book with the pretentious title of Slovaks in America, more attention should have been devoted to Slovak Protestants who, like Roman Catholics, recognized their nationality by forming and joining "Slovak" organizations. Overall, Slovaks in America displays a weakness that is unfortunately evident in many ethnic histories: in its desire to praise the accomplishments of prominent Slovak Americans, Slovak churches and organizations, the work lacks balanced objectivity. In addition , the book contains generalizations about Slovak immigrants that need further study and it makes subjective observations about such ambiguous topics as ' 'the Slovak character. ' ' The segm~nted format of presenting numerous histories, while gratifying to the \respective organizations , does not present a unified history of Slovaks in· America. Still, the book is useful to the general public and, to a lesser extent, to scholars of Slovak American history. It can serve as a reference to anyone desiring general knowledge about prominent Slovaks and Slovak organizations �SLOVAKIA 151 in America , especially Catholic organizations. The collection of material is well or-ganizetl but the index covers only the ' ' Historical and Cultural " section and indpdes mostly people's names, which makes it difficult to locate other information . The work would have profited by a more careful editing of the selections to delete redundancies. Many of the short organizational and church histories begin with quite similar comments about Slovak immigration to the United States in general which makes for tedious reading. Finally, it should be stressed that despite its length and title, Slovaks in America is not a history of the common Slovak immigrants : it focuses on prominent Slovaks and Slovak organizations. Slovaks in America is an informative collection of short institutional histories and biographies . But, the history of Slovak institutions and prominent people is not the history of Slovak immigrants and their experiences in the United States. �152 SLOVAKIA The Hussite Movement and the Reformation in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia (1350-1650) Review by PETER BROCK University of Toronto Jarold K. Zeman, THE HUSSITE MOVEMENT AND THEREFORMATION IN BOHEMIA, MORAVIA AND SLOVAKIA (1350-1650). A Bibliographical Study Guide (with Particular Reference to Resources in North America). Published under the auspices of the Center for Reformation Research by Michigan Slavic Publications (Ann Arbor, 1977), 390 pages. This ''bibliographical study guide'' was prepared by Professor J. K . Zeman of Acadia University Divinity School in Wolfville, Nova Scotia. It lists around 3,850 entries - mainly printed materials but including some unpublished items too - in as many as fourteen different languages, with titles in Czech naturally being the most numerous. As the editor explains, his book, while ''prepared, first of all, to serve the needs of students in North America ... should be helpful to scholars and students in other countries" (p. xxix) . It, therefore, makes no claim to the fullness which would be required in a work prepared by '' a professional bibliographer.'' It is in fact deliberately selective, its compiler's aim being to present as full a list as possible of items of importance available in the libraries of the North American continent and thus to provide interested persons with sufficient data to carry on their studies. For easy reference, works in English are marked with an asterisk. On the whole Professor Zeman refrains from commenting on the quality of the books and articles he lists . In a few cases, however, he issues the timely warning: "unreliable. " There are abundant cross references to assist the reader in finding his way around the guide's rather complex organization. The work opens with an eleven-page essay Here Professor Zeman first attempts a typology of the Hussite movement and the later Protestant Reformation into which Hussitism eventually merged. He �SLOVAKIA 153 then reviews briefly the main trends in the historiography of Hussitism, and concludes with a look at current resources for Hussite studies on this continent. Further space is devoted to outlining editorial policies and listing abbre:viations.used in the main part of the work. The indexes included at the end. increa~e the guide' s usefulness to the reader. The listings themselvi:ls are divided into four parts . The first part covers the history of the movement from the forerunners of Hus in the fourteenth century to the supression of Protestantism in the Czech lands by the end of the Thirty Years War. Part I, section 12, we may note, is devoted to the Reformation in Slovakia but these pages (122126) by no means exhaust the items of interest to students of Slovak intellectual history, in which the Hussite tradition for long played a conspicuous role. The remaining three parts cover, respectively, biographical studies, special topics relating to Hussitism (including Hussite contacts with Slovakia and Hungary), and study aids. Whereas the table of contents at the beginning sets out the titles of the sections into which Part I is divided, it does not do this for the parts that follow . This is especially a pity in the case of Part ill (' 'Topical Studies ' ') for, although the topics are dealt with in alphabetical order, it is not always easy to follow the editor in his choice of titles for the various section headings. Many of the topics are indeed only loosely connected with Hussitism, e .g., alchemy and magic, astronomy, history of law, medicine, witchcraft, etc. There is also a brief section on ''Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation. '' In respect to "Biographical Studies" Professor Zeman has wisely refrained from attempting an extensive bibliographical listing for Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague: their lives and writings, he observes, "constitute a research field in its own right" (p . 53). In other instances where adequate specialized bibliographies exist (e.g., for Peter Chelcicky) he refers the reader to such works and limits his own listings to the most important books and articles. In conclusion, Professor Zeman's book, despite a few shortcomings inevitable in a pioneer work of this kind, will long remain an indispensable research tool for all who wish to study Hussitism in its many and varied aspects. ��SLOVAKIA 155 Our Contributors JUNE GRANATIR ALEXANDER EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK, President, Slovak League of America THOMAS BELL (1903-1961) PETER BROCK , University of Toronto DAVID P. DANIEL, The Pennsylvania State University , Erie FRANTISEK HECKO (1905-1960) LUBY HOLY YESHAYAHU JELINEK, Denison University OWEN V. JOHNSON STANLEY B. KIMBALL V. S. KOBAN I..:UDO ONDREJOV (1901-1962) GEORGE P . RESICK AL VEN A SEC KAR M . MARK STOLARIK , Director, The Balch Institute, Philadelphia PAUL WILKES ��Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. �OFFICERS OF THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Honorary President: Stephen J. Tkach, K.H.S. JOHN A . HOLY Secretary EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President Vice Presidents: Michael J . Krajsa Frances L. Mizenko Daniel F. Tanzone Regional Vice-Presidents: Rudolf Gregus, New York, New Jersey, New England States John Huk, Pennsylvania Joseph Ondis, Ohio David Zelenak, Michigan Ivan Kralik, Illinois, Indiana Bernadine Wandke, Wisconsin, Weftern States Executive Committee: Edward J . Behuncik, John A. Holy, Milan V. Blazek, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr. George N. Kantor, Michael J . Zahorsky, Louise M . Yash George J . Kostelnik, Cecilia Sarocky, Stephen J . Kavulic Slovak League of America Ladies' Auxiliary Anna M. Vizza, President Auditors: Anna Blahusiak Dr. Stanislav Duris Joseph Valencik SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION Cleveland, Ohio - Membership 105,800 THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio - Membership 104,500 THE SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J . - Membership 50,000 THE LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . - Membership 16,500 PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . - Membership 10,000 SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN ' S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA John C. Sciranka , President SLOVAK AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) SLOVAK v AMER I KE (circulation 3,000) JEDNOTA (circu lation 40,000) ZENSKA JEDNOTA (circulation 35,000) ZORNICKA (circulation 5,000) KATOLICKY SOKOL (circulation 20,000) BRATSTVO (circulation 7,000) PRIATEL DIETOK (circulation 9,000) SLOVAKIA $5.00 per annum in the U.S.A. - $6.00 elsewhere Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown, Pennsylvania U.S.A . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1978-79, Vol. 28 Description An account of the resource Vol. 28 (No. 51-52), 1978-79. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978-79 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 28 (No. 51-52) Description An account of the resource includes Book Reviews; Our Contributors Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978-79 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/894a29529d1ccedc4958ffe5adb07761.pdf b28eebfb81ec55f900de720ddd87dccd PDF Text Text 144 SLOVAKIA Book Reuiew Dr. Gordon Skilling, Czechoslovakia's Interrupted Revolution, Princeton University Press (Princeton, 1976) XVI, 924 pp. $45.00. Among some one hundred books published on the events in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968 which aimed at "socialism with a human face," Professor Skilling's extensive study is the best and most authoritative of them all. For nearly 40 years, Skilling has followed the political scene and in numerous articles and several books has presented them to Western readers. His knowledge of local languages, his frequent stays in Prague, and visits to Slovakia, enabled him to write more authoritatively and with deeper perception of the problems than many other specialists in Eastern Europe could do by observing the developments from afar or compiling their books from other writings. It is Skilling's "opus magnum," not only because of its size, but also due to his thorough knowledge of the historical background of Czechs and Slovaks, their mutual relations, tensions and clashes, and of the ideological forces and men belying the efforts to reform the social system imposed on peoples of East Central Europe by the Soviet Union. More than anybody else up to the present, the author used all accessible published and unpublished sources of information in the Czech and Slovak languages, including secret documents and extensive interviews with leading figures of the Government, the Party, and the reform movement. Some parts of the book sound familiar, for the author has written extensively on Czechoslovakia during the past 30 years. He now gives a global view and provides an analysis of the events he calls an ''interrupted revolution.'' He assesses their impact on Czechs and Slovaks, and on Soviet policy in general. It should also be said that his approach to the Slovak problem, and his assessment of the role of Slovaks in the reform movement headed by Alexander Dubcek (mistakenly presented in many other books as a Czech), is remarkably free of bias. He admits without reservation that the Communist Party, having reunited its Czech and Slovak branches in 1948, was predominantly Czech in membership and leadership. The campaign against Slovak nationalism in the fifties resulted in the execution of Vladimir Clementis, the imprisonment of Husak and others, and the subordination of the Slovak party to Prague. Czechoslovakia again became a state ruled by Czechs, but this time with even greater indifference to Slovak rights than before 1939. The 1960 Constitution openly articulated extreme centralism and reduced the forms of Slovak self-government to nil. After 1963 there was a resurgence of Slovak cultural nationalism and a certain advance in the political position of the Slovaks, but they continued to be minor partners in a predominantly Czech state and party. (p. 10) �SLOVAKIA 145 Skilling also admits, contrary to those who write only about the Slovak collaboration with Germans: ''During the years of war (in both World Wars) there was a readiness on the part of some Czechs (and Slovaks) to adapt themselves to the prevailing system and to collaborate with their German rulers.'' He adds that Svejk, ''the typical model of Czech behavior toward authority,'' relates '' only to the Czechs and not to the Slovaks, who possess, in their history, the figure of Janosik, a kind of Robin Hood of the 18th century, who became, in literature and folklore, a legendary symbol of Slovak nationalism and rebellion against social injustice." (p. 16-17) With objectivity uncommon in the West, Skilling also presents the divergence of opinions between Slovaks and Czechs during the period of Dubcek's regime, a period when "Slovak opinion crystallized rapidly in favor of federalism, and the Czech public evinced little or no interest in the matter" (p. 456). Earlier he notes, "In almost all institutions, for instance, the trade unions, the Academy of Sciences, the youth league, and the cultural associations, Slovaks were in a subordinate position, subject to bureaucratic rule from Prague" (p. 53). The role of Slovaks in the struggle for de-Stalinization and for liberalization also seems to be presented more objectively than in other books. After 1963, Slovak writers and journalists were either in the forefront of or kept pace with Czech intellectuals. The Slovak question played an important part from the beginning to the end of the revolution interrupted by Soviet tanks. The book is divided into six parts, and contains 22 chapters with an interesting epilogue on Dubcek's decline and fall. In the epilogue, Skilling deals with theoretical questions of the Dubcek era, and then adds useful appendixes and a bibliography. Throughout the book, Skilling maintains a high level of scholarship, amply documenting his presentation of events. The structure of the book is well planned. Its global view is not obscured by the author's richly detailed descriptions of the crisis and its final tragic end; the author's narrative skills are many. Skilling is too serious a scholar to look for slogans . From the Slovak side, at least one objection should be raised. Skilling writes that "Husak had come to resemble not so much President Hacha, a conservative but reluctant collaborator of Hitler, but rather Father Tiso, who ruled Slovakia, under Hitler's auspices, with a strong commitment to Nazi policy.'' Since I presume that Professor Skilling has read V. Nastny's book: The Czechs Under Nazi Rule and Hacha's telegrams and speeches therein, he seems to be too generous to Hacha and ill-informed about President Tiso. It is not true that Tiso "ruled with a strong commitment to Nazi policy." If a comparison is necessary, then Husak can be compared with Prime Minister Tuka, whom Husak put to the gallows because he trusted �146 SLOVAKIA Berlin and executed its orders - in the same way Husak now does with regard to Moscow. J . M . Kirschbaum �SLOVAKIA 147 Our Contributors Edward J. Behuncik, J .D., attorney; President, Slovak League of America; Stratford, Connecticut Konstantin Culen, author, historian Joseph M. Kirschbaum, LL.D. , Ph.D. , historian , author; Toronto, Ontario, Canada Stanley Z. Pech Hana Ponicka Alexander J . Rudinsky, student M. Mark Stolarik, Ph.D., historian, professor; Cleveland, Ohio Harry B. Schooley, III, Buffalo, New York George A. Turner Theodoric J . Zubek , O.F.M., S.T.D., author, lecturer; Easton, Pennsylvania ���Plll NT ID IN U.S.A. JIO NO TA PIU NTI RY , MID DLi TO WN , PA. � 144 SLOVAKIA Book Reuiew Dr. Gordon Skilling, Czechoslovakia's Interrupted Revolution, Princeton University Press (Princeton, 1976) XVI, 924 pp. $45.00. Among some one hundred books published on the events in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968 which aimed at "socialism with a human face," Professor Skilling's extensive study is the best and most authoritative of them all. For nearly 40 years, Skilling has followed the political scene and in numerous articles and several books has presented them to Western readers. His knowledge of local languages, his frequent stays in Prague, and visits to Slovakia, enabled him to write more authoritatively and with deeper perception of the problems than many other specialists in Eastern Europe could do by observing the developments from afar or compiling their books from other writings. It is Skilling's "opus magnum," not only because of its size, but also due to his thorough knowledge of the historical background of Czechs and Slovaks, their mutual relations, tensions and clashes, and of the ideological forces and men belying the efforts to reform the social system imposed on peoples of East Central Europe by the Soviet Union. More than anybody else up to the present, the author used all accessible published and unpublished sources of information in the Czech and Slovak languages, including secret documents and extensive interviews with leading figures of the Government, the Party, and the reform movement. Some parts of the book sound familiar, for the author has written extensively on Czechoslovakia during the past 30 years. He now gives a global view and provides an analysis of the events he calls an ''interrupted revolution.'' He assesses their impact on Czechs and Slovaks, and on Soviet policy in general. It should also be said that his approach to the Slovak problem, and his assessment of the role of Slovaks in the reform movement headed by Alexander Dubcek (mistakenly presented in many other books as a Czech), is remarkably free of bias. He admits without reservation that the Communist Party, having reunited its Czech and Slovak branches in 1948, was predominantly Czech in membership and leadership. The campaign against Slovak nationalism in the fifties resulted in the execution of Vladimir Clementis, the imprisonment of Husak and others, and the subordination of the Slovak party to Prague. Czechoslovakia again became a state ruled by Czechs, but this time with even greater indifference to Slovak rights than before 1939. The 1960 Constitution openly articulated extreme centralism and reduced the forms of Slovak self-government to nil. After 1963 there was a resurgence of Slovak cultural nationalism and a certain advance in the political position of the Slovaks, but they continued to be minor partners in a predominantly Czech state and party. (p. 10) �SLOVAKIA 145 Skilling also admits, contrary to those who write only about the Slovak collaboration with Germans: ''During the years of war (in both World Wars) there was a readiness on the part of some Czechs (and Slovaks) to adapt themselves to the prevailing system and to collaborate with their German rulers.'' He adds that Svejk, ''the typical model of Czech behavior toward authority,'' relates '' only to the Czechs and not to the Slovaks, who possess, in their history, the figure of Janosik, a kind of Robin Hood of the 18th century, who became, in literature and folklore, a legendary symbol of Slovak nationalism and rebellion against social injustice." (p. 16-17) With objectivity uncommon in the West, Skilling also presents the divergence of opinions between Slovaks and Czechs during the period of Dubcek's regime, a period when "Slovak opinion crystallized rapidly in favor of federalism, and the Czech public evinced little or no interest in the matter" (p. 456). Earlier he notes, "In almost all institutions, for instance, the trade unions, the Academy of Sciences, the youth league, and the cultural associations, Slovaks were in a subordinate position, subject to bureaucratic rule from Prague" (p. 53). The role of Slovaks in the struggle for de-Stalinization and for liberalization also seems to be presented more objectively than in other books. After 1963, Slovak writers and journalists were either in the forefront of or kept pace with Czech intellectuals. The Slovak question played an important part from the beginning to the end of the revolution interrupted by Soviet tanks. The book is divided into six parts, and contains 22 chapters with an interesting epilogue on Dubcek's decline and fall. In the epilogue, Skilling deals with theoretical questions of the Dubcek era, and then adds useful appendixes and a bibliography. Throughout the book, Skilling maintains a high level of scholarship, amply documenting his presentation of events. The structure of the book is well planned. Its global view is not obscured by the author's richly detailed descriptions of the crisis and its final tragic end; the author's narrative skills are many. Skilling is too serious a scholar to look for slogans . From the Slovak side, at least one objection should be raised. Skilling writes that "Husak had come to resemble not so much President Hacha, a conservative but reluctant collaborator of Hitler, but rather Father Tiso, who ruled Slovakia, under Hitler's auspices, with a strong commitment to Nazi policy.'' Since I presume that Professor Skilling has read V. Nastny's book: The Czechs Under Nazi Rule and Hacha's telegrams and speeches therein, he seems to be too generous to Hacha and ill-informed about President Tiso. It is not true that Tiso "ruled with a strong commitment to Nazi policy." If a comparison is necessary, then Husak can be compared with Prime Minister Tuka, whom Husak put to the gallows because he trusted �146 SLOVAKIA Berlin and executed its orders - in the same way Husak now does with regard to Moscow. J . M . Kirschbaum �SLOVAKIA 147 Our Contributors Edward J. Behuncik, J .D., attorney; President, Slovak League of America; Stratford, Connecticut Konstantin Culen, author, historian Joseph M. Kirschbaum, LL.D. , Ph.D. , historian , author; Toronto, Ontario, Canada Stanley Z. Pech Hana Ponicka Alexander J . Rudinsky, student M. Mark Stolarik, Ph.D., historian, professor; Cleveland, Ohio Harry B. Schooley, III, Buffalo, New York George A. Turner Theodoric J . Zubek , O.F.M., S.T.D., author, lecturer; Easton, Pennsylvania ���Plll NT ID IN U.S.A. JIO NO TA PIU NTI RY , MID DLi TO WN , PA. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1977, Vol. 27 Description An account of the resource Vol. 27 (No. 50), 1977. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 144 SLOVAKIA Book Reuiew Dr. Gordon Skilling, Czechoslovakia's Interrupted Revolution, Princeton University Press (Princeton, 1976) XVI, 924 pp. $45.00. Among some one hundred books published on the events in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968 which aimed at "socialism with a human face," Professor Skilling's extensive study is the best and most authoritative of them all. For nearly 40 years, Skilling has followed the political scene and in numerous articles and several books has presented them to Western readers. His knowledge of local languages, his frequent stays in Prague, and visits to Slovakia, enabled him to write more authoritatively and with deeper perception of the problems than many other specialists in Eastern Europe could do by observing the developments from afar or compiling their books from other writings. It is Skilling's "opus magnum," not only because of its size, but also due to his thorough knowledge of the historical background of Czechs and Slovaks, their mutual relations, tensions and clashes, and of the ideological forces and men belying the efforts to reform the social system imposed on peoples of East Central Europe by the Soviet Union. More than anybody else up to the present, the author used all accessible published and unpublished sources of information in the Czech and Slovak languages, including secret documents and extensive interviews with leading figures of the Government, the Party, and the reform movement. Some parts of the book sound familiar, for the author has written extensively on Czechoslovakia during the past 30 years. He now gives a global view and provides an analysis of the events he calls an ''interrupted revolution.'' He assesses their impact on Czechs and Slovaks, and on Soviet policy in general. It should also be said that his approach to the Slovak problem, and his assessment of the role of Slovaks in the reform movement headed by Alexander Dubcek (mistakenly presented in many other books as a Czech), is remarkably free of bias. He admits without reservation that the Communist Party, having reunited its Czech and Slovak branches in 1948, was predominantly Czech in membership and leadership. The campaign against Slovak nationalism in the fifties resulted in the execution of Vladimir Clementis, the imprisonment of Husak and others, and the subordination of the Slovak party to Prague. Czechoslovakia again became a state ruled by Czechs, but this time with even greater indifference to Slovak rights than before 1939. The 1960 Constitution openly articulated extreme centralism and reduced the forms of Slovak self-government to nil. After 1963 there was a resurgence of Slovak cultural nationalism and a certain advance in the political position of the Slovaks, but they continued to be minor partners in a predominantly Czech state and party. (p. 10) SLOVAKIA 145 Skilling also admits, contrary to those who write only about the Slovak collaboration with Germans: ''During the years of war (in both World Wars) there was a readiness on the part of some Czechs (and Slovaks) to adapt themselves to the prevailing system and to collaborate with their German rulers.'' He adds that Svejk, ''the typical model of Czech behavior toward authority,'' relates '' only to the Czechs and not to the Slovaks, who possess, in their history, the figure of Janosik, a kind of Robin Hood of the 18th century, who became, in literature and folklore, a legendary symbol of Slovak nationalism and rebellion against social injustice." (p. 16-17) With objectivity uncommon in the West, Skilling also presents the divergence of opinions between Slovaks and Czechs during the period of Dubcek's regime, a period when "Slovak opinion crystallized rapidly in favor of federalism, and the Czech public evinced little or no interest in the matter" (p. 456). Earlier he notes, "In almost all institutions, for instance, the trade unions, the Academy of Sciences, the youth league, and the cultural associations, Slovaks were in a subordinate position, subject to bureaucratic rule from Prague" (p. 53). The role of Slovaks in the struggle for de-Stalinization and for liberalization also seems to be presented more objectively than in other books. After 1963, Slovak writers and journalists were either in the forefront of or kept pace with Czech intellectuals. The Slovak question played an important part from the beginning to the end of the revolution interrupted by Soviet tanks. The book is divided into six parts, and contains 22 chapters with an interesting epilogue on Dubcek's decline and fall. In the epilogue, Skilling deals with theoretical questions of the Dubcek era, and then adds useful appendixes and a bibliography. Throughout the book, Skilling maintains a high level of scholarship, amply documenting his presentation of events. The structure of the book is well planned. Its global view is not obscured by the author's richly detailed descriptions of the crisis and its final tragic end; the author's narrative skills are many. Skilling is too serious a scholar to look for slogans . From the Slovak side, at least one objection should be raised. Skilling writes that "Husak had come to resemble not so much President Hacha, a conservative but reluctant collaborator of Hitler, but rather Father Tiso, who ruled Slovakia, under Hitler's auspices, with a strong commitment to Nazi policy.'' Since I presume that Professor Skilling has read V. Nastny's book: The Czechs Under Nazi Rule and Hacha's telegrams and speeches therein, he seems to be too generous to Hacha and ill-informed about President Tiso. It is not true that Tiso "ruled with a strong commitment to Nazi policy." If a comparison is necessary, then Husak can be compared with Prime Minister Tuka, whom Husak put to the gallows because he trusted 146 SLOVAKIA Berlin and executed its orders - in the same way Husak now does with regard to Moscow. J . M . Kirschbaum SLOVAKIA 147 Our Contributors Edward J. Behuncik, J .D., attorney; President, Slovak League of America; Stratford, Connecticut Konstantin Culen, author, historian Joseph M. Kirschbaum, LL.D. , Ph.D. , historian , author; Toronto, Ontario, Canada Stanley Z. Pech Hana Ponicka Alexander J . Rudinsky, student M. Mark Stolarik, Ph.D., historian, professor; Cleveland, Ohio Harry B. Schooley, III, Buffalo, New York George A. Turner Theodoric J . Zubek , O.F.M., S.T.D., author, lecturer; Easton, Pennsylvania Plll NT ID IN U.S.A. JIO NO TA PIU NTI RY , MID DLi TO WN , PA.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 27 (No. 50) Description An account of the resource includes Book Reviews; Our Contributors Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/da285e31b47ab5345aad9be6132e47c0.pdf 4d0173f8a9110e3152430014d41e1258 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 111 Henry Delfiner, Vienna Broadcasts to Slovakia. East European Quarterly, Boulder, Colorado, 1974. 142 pp . (Distributed by Columbia University Press, New York and London). Delfiner's study is a valuable source of information both on the German policy towards Eastern Europe on the threshhold of the Second World War and on the disruption of Czecho-Slovakia. Vienna broadcasts became influential after Berlin interpreted the Munich Agreement as giving Germany a "free hand" in Central Eastern Europe . The dissatisfied and frightened peoples and minorities, uncertain about their future, were more than inclined to consider the broadcasts as an interpreter of Berlin's foreign policy. Slovakia was one of the countries whose future was most uncertain. Hungarians , Poles and Germans claimed parts of Slovak territory and, even though the relations between the Czechs and the Slovaks improved after Slovakia was granted autonomy, Prague was unable either to defend Slovakia against her neighbors or assure her future. In fact, the government of Prague advised the Slovak autonomous government to turn to Berlin for protection against Hungarian claims. As a result, in the case of Slovakia, the broadcasts undoubtedly influenced the relations between the Czechs and the Slovaks, as well as the attitude of the Slovak population towards the Jews. The influence was, however, not as decisive as the author asserts . Mutnansky, as announcer and author of the major part of the broadcasts, was not the best person to perform the task. Unknown, without the necessary good contacts with Slovak politicians, and having a doubtful political record, he was not taken seriously in political circles. The anti-clericalism of his broadcasts and their violent anti-semitism also diminished their impact. As Delfiner rightly states, ''One of the first issues on which Slovakian Catholicism (Slovakia's population was 82 percent Catholic) and Nazi ideology clashed concerned treatment of the Jews." (p. 24) In addition, the broadcasts promoted K . Sidor at a time when Dr. Tiso was the head of the Populist Party and, from October 6, 1938, also the head of the Slovak government. The broadcasts also promoted Dr. Tuka who had no political office after he returned from Czech jails and neither Sidor nor Tiso were eager to adopt Tuka' s political views and plans. In fact Tiso protested on certain occasions against the broadcasts. It was in the March crisis of 1939, when Prague deposed the Slovak government, arrested hundreds of Slovak political and civic leaders, and militarily occupied public buildings, that the Vienna broadcasts and the Viennese politicians (Seyss-Inquart, Burckel) played the im- �112 SLOVAKIA portant role ascribed to them by the author in the final decision of the Slovaks to part with the Czechs. Since the story of the disruption of Czecho-Slovakia was presented in the West with a certain bias, the collection of these broadcasts will be useful for historians. The text of the broadcasts published in Mutnansky's books as well as his interpretation of them are not, however, necessarily accurate. He was not rewarded in Slovakia and advocated German policies even after the broadcasts were terminated. The work is enhanced by a useful bibliography and chronology. Some minor errors slipped into the glossary and chronology: Dr. Tuka made his first speech for independence on December 6, 1938 and not on December 9; Dr. Durcansky did not ask for "Hitler's intervention" on March 10. He merely hinted in his broadcast from Vienna that Slovaks '' aim to achieve national freedom with the help of our friends, the great German nation", (p. 117); Karol Sidor died in Montreal on October 20, 1953 and not 1954. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM ••• Bohemia - Jahrbuch des Collegium Carolinum, Band 15, R. Oldenburg Verlag, (Munich, 1974). Edited by Dr. Gerhard Hanke, pp. 532. Even though the symposium Bohemia deals predominantly with the history, the culture and Czech-German relations in the present Czech part of Czecho-Slovakia, known throughout the centuries as Bohemia, many issues of this carefully edited annual publication have also paid attention to Slovakia and the Slovaks. The present volume contains three contributions dealing with Slovakia: Helmut Slapnicka writes about German lectures at the Law Academy in Bratislava in the middle of the 19th century; Ladislav Lipscher contributes an excellent essay on the constitution and regional political administration in Czecho-Slovakia during the 1920s; and Stanislav Kirschbaum deals with the contin_uity and political changes in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968. While Slapnicka i~ of German background, the two other contributors were born in Slovakia. Ladislav Lipscher is a noted historian of the political and legal organization of pre-war Czecho-Slovakia. Before escaping to the West in 1968 he published books and studies in this field in Slovakia and in spite of the difficulty of access to sources, Lipscher continues to do so from his Swiss exile . This is his third contribution published abroad, and it deserves our special attention because legal and administrative questions were by-passed by Slovak writers in the West. The institution of regional administration had political implications, being conceived as a substitute for political autonomy, promised to the Slovaks during the First World War. Based on solid knowledge and thorough research �SLOVAKIA 113 of the subject, Lipscher's study analyses political and administrative problems and presents an objective outline of the regional administration and the party politics behind it. Stanislav Kirschbaum, a specialist on Eastern Europe who teaches Political Science at York University in Toronto, deals with the political changes in Dubcek's era. There are numerous books and articles on this period in several W estem languages. Unfortunately , they are concerned predominantly with the Czech part of the country . Those that deal with Slovakia do so from a Czech perspective or treat the Slovaks as quantite negli[leable even though their role was of primary importance in the events between 1963 and 1968. Kirschbaum's contribution is a well documented scholarly analysis of the political situation in Czecho-Slovakia in the 1960s. It is a presentation of the changes which brought about the liberalization of the regime and the federalization of the State in that fateful year of 1968. Collegium Carolinum deserves our recognition for regularly including studies on Slovak topics in the annual Bohemia. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM ••• Ludwig v. Gogolak, Beitraege zur Geschichte des slowakischen Volkes, II. Die slowakische nationale Frage in der Reformepoche Ungams 1790-1848, (Contributions to the History of the Slovak People - The Slovak National Question in the Reform Period of Hungary, 1790-1848). Verlag R. Oldenburg, (Muenchen, 1969), pp. 280. The second volume(+) of Gogolak's work on Slovakia's selfassertion in Hungary is a detailed and well-documented insight into the crucial years of Slovak history when the Slovaks had to fight not only the Magyar nationalism, but also the ''Czechoslovak'' tendencies of the Slovak Lutheran leaders. Though of Slovak origin and related to Bernolak' s family, Gogolak belonged to the Hungarian aristocracy and his interpretation of Slovak national movement is consequently quite different from the Czech or Slovak nationalist interpretations. The present volume deals predominantly with the second half of the 19th and the first decade of the 20th Centuries. Special attention was paid by the author to the Pan-Slav movement and its representatives in Slovakia and to the movement of tudovit Stur which clashed with both the Magyar assimilation policy and "Czechoslovak" orientation of some Lutheran leaders, especially Kollar and Safarik. Particular attention is paid also to Jan Holly and his influence on the Slovak national movement in the 19th Century. According to Gogolak, Holly deserves credit for giving Slovaks the consciousness of their history (Geschichtsbewusstsein) and faith in their future. In this respect Gogolak is in agreement not only with the older school of Slovak �114 SLOVAKIA historians but also with the present " Marxist" historians and clashes only with the views of the "Czechoslovak" historiography. Gogolak is not denying the oppressive policy of Budapest, but explains it in the context of European nationalism and liberalism and points out the weakness of the Slovak movement whose leaders were divided by religion into two camps, one of which looked for a solution outside Hungary, in a merger with the Czechs . There are many aspects of the Slovak national question in Gogolak's work which were by-passed in Slovak history books or interpreted with bias by Czech historians. Unfortunately, we are unable, outside Slovakia, to pass judgment on their correctness. Gogolak refers to a great number of sources in Slovak, Czech, Hungarian and German which are not accessible to us . Supported by references to reliable sources, Gogolak's conclusions and interpretations seem to be convincing, and as a result we face a new interpretation of the Slovak national movement and of the role the Catholics and the Protestans played in modem Slovak history . In some respects Gogolak is in complete disagreement with the Czech interpretation, especially with the unfounded assertion that Catholics took a minor part in national revival. In his view, "only the activity of several Catholic priests and scholars who were conscious of their goal and mission allowed the Slovak national character not to lose its own characteristics and identity in the clash with the menacing political Magyarization and the spiritual Czechoslovak in the age of modem nationalism and preponderance of the bourgeoisie .... Had the Protestant intelligentsia, which in fact lived mostly on their historical heritage and foreign German-Czech connections, remained in its leading role, the result would probably have been the complete disappearance of the Slovak people." (Vol. I. p. 229 and 238). Considering the fact that Gogolak's work was published by a wellknown publisher and, except for T. J. Locher's book Die Nazionale Differenzierung der Slowaken und Tschechen in ihren geschichtlichen Verlauf bis 1848 (Harlem, 1931), it is the only.work in German by nonSlovak writer, we should not underestimate' its importance. Slovak historians should thoroughly analyze this new interpretation of modem Slovak history. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM (+)For my review of Volume I see Slovakia, No. 35, 1964, pp. 156-158. ■■■ Roger Portal , The Slavs. Weidenfeld & Nicolson (London, 1969), pp. 508, Bihl., index, illustrations. Portal's voluminous book is a survey of the cultural and historical development of the Slavic peoples, including the Slovaks. It was �SLOVAKIA 115 written, and originally published, in French (Librairie Armand Colin, 1965), probably as a manual for students at French universities at which Portal has been a professor. The work is illustrated by maps and pictures and presents the Slavs in a much more objective light than some American books have done in the past. French scholars were interested in the Slavs for more than a century, but rarely have any French Slavists presented a global picture similar to Portars book. Slovaks and Slovakia are treated by Portal in proportion to their place and significance among the Slavs without the usual bias encountered in the West. His interpretation of certain periods of Slovak history was apparently influenced by Czech sources, which is, to a degree, understandable. While historiography in Slovakia developed considerably during the past three decades, there are still very few books in foreign languages which could be used by Slavists outside Slovakia. Moreover, even the summaries in scholarly works are always in Russian or German, and only occasionally in French and English. As a result one can hardly reproach Portal or other foreign Slavists if their chapters or paragraphs on Slovaks are sketchy, superficial or if they omit certain periods considered as important for Slovaks but less important in the context of the general history of the Slavs . It is evident that we cannot expect an objective and complete history of Slovakia and Slovaks until there are good history books on Slovakia translated into or written in foreign languages and until there are foreign students at Slovak universities specializing in Slovak history, culture, literature, and language. The absence of statehood, resulting in limited or non-existent cultural exchanges with other countries , necessarily reflects on the knowledge of Slovakia abroad. Many books on Czech history and culture were written by former foreign students at Prague 's university or by Slavists invited to Prague and studying there on scholarships. The same goes for Poland and other Slavic countries. Except for the six years of the Slovak Republic, there was never a government ruling in Slovakia which would have been interested in making Slovakia known in the World. Looking at Portal's book from this angle, we have to welcome it as a great step ahead. Slovak intellectuals in Western Europe should carefully analyze the book and supply Professor Portal with correct information on periods or events which were omitted or misinterpreted. That is the only way to obtain a change in presenting Slovakia abroad until the Slovaks have their own government and normal cultural relations with the world. In Portal's book Slovakia is at least not a footnote to Czech history as happens so often in other books. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM ••• �116 SLOVAKIA R. Krajcovic, Slovencina a slovanske jazyky (The Slovak and the Slavic Languages), Slovenske pedagogicke nakladatelstvo (Bratislava, 1974), pp. 324, illustrations, Russian and German summary. Slovak philology has experienced a remarkable development during the past fifty years for reasons which can properly be understood only in the context of political developments in Slovakia.(+) The attempts to make the Slovak language a dialect of the Czech or nonexistent "Czechoslovak" language gave a strong impetus to Slovak philologists to prove that there was no scientific basis for such theories. The subsequent attempts at Russification of the Slovak language worked in the same direction: they intensified the desire of Slovak philologists to elaborate their own theories about the independent place of the Slovak language among Slavic languages. As a result, Slovak philology developed favorably in all areas of philological research: dialectology, lexicology, comparative philology, morphology, phonology, etc. and the Slovak language was finally established as a distinct Slavic tongue. The book by Krajcovic expertly deals with the place of the Slovak language among Slavic languages and asserts its originality from the time when the Slavic macro-dialects split into dialects with the distinct characteristics of the present Slavic languages. He analyzes the theories which aimed at proving that the Slovak language did not have a homogeneous proto-slavic basis as well as the theories which substantiated the thesis that the Slovak language was formed on the homogeneous West Slavic basis, and corroborates the distinct character of the Slovak language. The book is destined by its terminology for scholars and philologists, but its conclusions are understandable by everybody. In many ways, the book is a good example of the high academic level of the new generation of Slovak philologists. The German summary makes the book accessible also to Wes tern scholars. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM ( +) See Chapter II in Kirschbaum, Slovak Language and Literature, University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, 1975), I\- 25-38 . ••• Dr. J. Mesaros (ed.), Slovaci a ich narodny vyvin (The Slovaks and Their National Development). Proceedings of the V Congress of Slovak Historians. Published by Vydavatel'stvo-Slovenskej akademie vied, (Bratislava, 1969); pp. 305. This symposium is composed of 12 papers delivered at the Conference of Slovak Historians and deserves mention not only for the academic value of individual contributions, but also in connection with �SLOVAKIA 117 Gogolak's work mentioned above. While Gogolak's two volumes present an interpretation by a non-Slovak historian, this volume, edited by Dr. Mesaros, gives us an interpretation of Slovak history by the generation of Slovak historians who adopted nolens-volens, a Marxist approach to history. It is regrettable that the symposium is not available in W estem languages for it demolishes the "Czechoslovak" interpretation of Slovakia 's past and present, and substantiates the thesis that Slovaks developed independently of Czechs or other Slavs into a distinct nation culturally, linguistically and politically from the Middle Ages. The contributions by P. Ratkos , J. Tibensky, J. Butvin , K. Rebro and Mesaros are especially explicit in this regard. The contribution by Z. Holotikova is of interest for understanding the attitude of the Communists towards Slovak !llational aspirations. Like the "bourgeois" adherents of "Czechoslov'a kism" who retarded Slovak development towards full national independence, the Communists were also liable for the confusion and for Prague's rule in Slovakia, both of which were detrimental to Slovak development towards a distinct national identity and self-rule. The admission by Marxist historians that religious divisions and Communist adherence to "Czechoslovakism" were harmful to Slovak national development is expressed with caution, but it is present throughout the book and sets the record straight. The majority of Slovaks never doubted their distinct national identity and fought for equal rights with other nations. The minority - political and religious - nevertheless succeeded, with Prague's help, in creating confusion even among foreign Slavists. The post-war experiences with Prague centralism in the economy and renewed efforts to stifle Slovak nationalism resulted in the re.thinking and re-appraising of the Slovak question not only by politicians but also by historians. The publication under review presents their conclusions. Most of the contributions are well-researched and well-written and deal with problems of primary interest for the Slovak struggle for self-assertion. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM □□□ Jednota Annual FURDEK 1977, Volume XVI, 303 pages. Edited by Joseph C. Krajsa. Published by the First Catholic Slovak Union of the United States and Canada. Printed by the Jednota Press , Middletown, Pennsylvania . FURDEK 1977, Jednota's sixteenth in a series of annuals in the English language, offers the reader a variety of articles written by a number of old pros, several new authors and semi-pros, but all have something interesting for the reader who wants to know more about his Slovak ethnic background . �118 SLOVAKIA Doctor Pauco 's invaluable contributions (superbly translated from the Slovak by Sister M . Martina Tybor, SS.C .M .) enrich this year's production , which is easily the most informative and probably the best of the series inaugurated by the late Editor Philip A. Hrobak and continued by the present editor-in-chief, Joseph C. Krajsa. Every effort should be made to send this edition to as many Slovak homes, as well as to public, college, and university libraries, as possible. Thomas (Belejcak) Bell, American novelist of Slovak ancestry, is presented, and his half dozen works are ably reviewed by John F. Berko. Bell's books generally reflect the somber and tragic side of life among Slovak (and other Slavic) immigrants in the steel city of Pittsburgh and its suburbs. By a slim margin of one, the young men hold the edge over the Jednota scholarship winners (31-30) in the past year as the fair sex scored high in the final standings. This is a sound display of nondiscrimination in a men's organization. As always, the attractive photos of our intelligent youth give us renewed hope for the future destiny of our J ednota in particular and the ethnic identity of the American Slovaks in general. Michael Novak, Ph.D . , who holds the center stage as the acknowledged champion of ethnics in America, discusses the subject in his usual profound manner and inimitable style. In his " Long Life to Slovaks" contribution, Doctor William Gombar counters Michael Simko's realistic but bleak view for the future of the ethnic population in America. Joseph Kirschbaum, Ph.D., LL.D., is well known for his many writings. In this issue of FURDEK the Slovak diplomat and author contributes a valuable review of the influence of American Slovak organizations on his fellow countrymen in Canada. Glimpses into the ancient historical past of the Slovak nation are presented by a newcomer, Michael Kolarci~, ~S.J. His sketches of the life and times of Prince Pribina, Kings Mojmir I, Rastislav, and Svatopluk the Great, are concise and accurate. Michael Krajsa's tribute to General Stefanik and Doctor Pauco's firsthand information on President Tiso during wartime recall outstanding national heroes of the First and Second World Wars respectively. Tonka Kral, Anna Maria Kulhan, and Theresa Sapak make their debut as a talented trio of promising youthful writers . Sister M . Gabriel Hricko 's biographical sketch of Doctor Joseph Pauco on the first anniversary of the death of a fearless fighter for Slovakia 's national freedom and statehood is a timely tribute to one of the greatest Slovak newspapermen and patriots in our time. Sister Gabriel's beautiful article on the Miracle of Fatima rounds out this year's publication . �SLOVAKIA 119 Two Congressmen, namely, the Honorable Daniel Flood of Pennsylvania and the Honorable Peter Rodino, Jr. of New Jersey are contributors who add prestige to this edition. Sophia Zufa finds Slovakia a picturesque country inhabited by a warm, hospitable people, and her father's hometown of Nizna nad Oravou full of memories as recalled by her aunt during her visit. Paul Fenchak's article on Slavic Studies in Maryland's public schools is typical of their place in the public schools around the country - shamefully neglected. Karol Sidor, Slovak newspaperman, diplomat, and statesman, is remembered as a distinguished author, thanks to Imrich Stolarik's contribution. Astronaut Eugene Ceman rates a photograph taken at Youngstown, Ohio's American Slovak Bicentennial celebration last year. A number of other articles of interest in this issue of FURDEK include ones by Fathers Edward Hancko, S.J., Francis Kuba, C.P., Joseph Adamec, Andrew Pier, O.S.B., as well as by Archbishop Joseph Bernardin, D.D., Monsignor J. Jaworski, S.T.D., and by Vincent Drobniak, John Herling, and Edward Svercek. Seventy-five concise articles of a diversified nature cover a wide spectrum of historical, political, cultural, religious, and social subjects. Several poems are added to enhance a rich assortment of carefully selected writings. Nevertheless, the Slovak sources of interesting subjects remain far from being exhausted. There remains a great deal more to be told about Slovakia and her people at home and scattered throughout the world. - ANDREW V. PIER, O.S.B . ••• An Anthology of Slovak Literature, by Andrew Cincura, Ph.D., University of California. Not the last but the latest and most complete and comprehensive study of Slovak prose and poetry in the English language is Dr. Cincura' s scholarly work produced after several years of research by the Slovak Professor whom the Rockefeller Foundation sponsored in compiling a truly pioneer project that merits the highest praise on the basis of its contents and superb presentation. A quarter of a century ago, Ivan Kramoris, M.A., of the Marquette University Preparatory School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, published the first anthology of Slovak literature in English, but since then many new writers have appeared in Slovakia and in exile. This literary development necessitated an up-to-date edition to review the writings of new Slovak authors and poets. Michael Novak, Ph.D., the prolific author of a number of works on the ethnics, introduces the book as "done with taste, intelligence, �120 SLOVAKIA judgment and perception ... " Moreover, Karol Strmen, Ph.D., an eminent Slovak poet, provides the setting for a proper appreciation of a representative series of selections from the surprisingly extensive output of Slovak literary works since the beginning of the nineteenth century. His historical review of Slovak literature is enlightening and informative . While most of Slovak poets and prose writers in Dr. Cincura's selective list rate a high place in their field, some of them compare favorably with leading writers in world literature. By their imagination , workmanship, originality, realism, and idealism, the works of the Slovak nation's literary men and women prove their genuine value as enduring products that have a universal appeal. Certainly Dr. Cincura cannot be accused of male chauvinism, for he chose ten women writers of some thirty authors of prose, although only two women poets are included in approximately forty Slovak poets in his selection. And a woman dramatist is on his list of four Slovak playwrights. Doubtless, there are many more selections of prose and poetry that manifest the natural genius of the Slovak people in expressing their ideas and feelings, but the author was limited by inadequate space. Perhaps in the near future a second volume may be added to supplement this excellent book that will acquaint the English-speaking world with some of the best creative writers of Slovakia. Obviously the very nature of this work presents but a fragmentary part of the entire literary field of Slovak literature, but the reader is given a wide assortment of creative works by writers and poets who are intimately related to their historic land and its people. - ANDREW V. PIER, O.S.B . ••• J.M. Kirschbaum, Slovak Language and Literature, Series: Readings in Slavic Literatures, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, 1975, pp . XIV, 366, Index, ill., bibl. Slovak Language and Literature, the ~test publication by Dr. Joseph M. Kirschbaum, the distinguished author of historical, political and literary works relating to the Slovak nation, contains a vast wealth of facts, opinions, reflections and references to standard works of prominent Slavists in several languages. The Series Editor, Professor J.B. Rudnyckyj, in his preface acknowledges: "Slovakia, a central part of the Great Moravian Empire of the ninth century, was the cradle of Slavic letters and civilization, for there were the beginnings of the rich and highly cultivated Cyrillo-Methodian literature which spread in the tenth century to other Slavic countries, especially to the southern and eastern Slavs." �SLOVAKIA 121 The author deems a background to the development of Slovak literature ve ry helpful to the understanding of the evolution of the Slovak language itself. His book is the most comprehensive study of the Slovak language and literature in the English language. Moreover, the author, who has spent years in research and has lectured on the subject during the past two decades, alludes to historical and philosophical aspects that affected the growth of the language and literature of the Slovak people from earliest times to the present day. The impact of the Slovak literary language on the national life of historic Slovakia aided considerably in the emergence of a strong national consciousness in the 19th and 20th centuries. , '' Slovakia,'' Professor Rudnyckyj notes , ''played an important role in the Pan-Slav movement. Not only was the word Panslavism coined by a Slovak, but Slovakia also gave the Pan-Slav idea, which stirred the national consciousness of several Slavic peoples, the most prominent representatives: Jan Kollar, Pavol J. Safarik, and :Cudovit Stur. ' ' Dr. Kirschbaum points out that "Slovak literature achieved a level comparable to other Slavic literatures in the first half of the twentieth century.'' It was during this period that Slovak writers came under the influence of Slavic authors but also drew their inspiration from English, French , and Scandinavian writers . Their works reflected a wide variety of literary trends : Romanticism, Pan-Slavism, Symbolism, Modernism, and Surrealism. Despite World War II, Slovak writers (even proletarian poets) were given a free hand to publish their works in the era of the Slovak Republic (1939-1945). This freedom was sharply curtailed soon after World War II by the communist takeover in Slovakia. As a result, the boycott inaugurated officially by the regime has been in force against all Slovak writers in the free world for more than a quarter of a century. Inside Slovakia, after the ' ' liberation'' of the country by armies of the Soviet Union and the communist coup of 1948, only "proletarian" writers, surrealic;ts, and leftist poets and authors, journalists and newspapermen have been permitted to publish their writings. All others, even leading novelists like Hronsky (and to some extent Gaspar and Urban) have been excluded, as have such prominent poets as Beniak, while others (Andrej Zarnov, R. Dilong, M. Sprinc, K . Strmen) were forced to go into exile, and the poetry and prose of the latter are not acceptable in the country of their birth. Outside Slovakia, in the past three decades Slovak writers in exile from their communist-controlled homeland have published prolific works in literature and history that have offset an outpouring of communist-oriented publications of poetry and prose within the narrow limits of the ruling regime. These creative writers living in the free world have been "excommunicated" from the socialist state imposed upon their countrymen - and their works are "verboten. " Completely unlike the literary picture painted by captive artists of �122 SLOVAKIA the communist regime in present-day Slovakia, the portrait of Slovak literature both in and out of the country, produced by Dr. Kirschbaum in the free world, is a realistic work depicting the landscape and people of Slovakia in their true colors. It is also an objective delineation of the men and women of letters working under close surveillance in their homeland held captive by foreign invaders and oppressors . Although the impact of Professor Kirschbaum 's book in the field in western literature will be strongly felt, it is a foregone conclusion that it will be totally ignored or attacked in Slovakia. Meanwhile , readers, Slovak and non-Slovak alike, who are interested in true literature, will welcome this highly creditable and scholarly volume that is richly supported by an extensive bibliography. We cannot but agree with Professor Constantine Bida of the University of Ottawa, who reviewed the manuscript, that the book is ''a valuable compendium, necessary for Slovaks abroad and useful for the Anglophone peoples since it supplies a great deal of valuable information on Slovak philology and literature, by using the biobibliographical method''. - ANDREW V. PIER, O.S.B. □□□ Francesco Petrarca, Vavrin (a Slovak selection from Il Canzoniere), translated by Karol Strmen. Rome: Slovak Institute of St. Cyril and Methodius, 1974, 216 pp . The time-honored tradition of observing the anniversary of a deceased foreign author by honoring him with a volume of translations from his work found new expression in a recent Slovak selection from Francesco Petrarca' s ll Canzoniere. Translated from the Italian original by Professor Karol Strmen, who is a poet in .his own right, and titled Vavrin (The Laurel Crown), the most rece:dt Slovak rendition of Il Canzoniere commemorates the 600th anniversary of Petrarca's death. The work presents almost one-third of Petrarca's own collection as well as a scholarly resume of the life, works, and aesthetics of the Italian poet. There are likewise explanatory notes and a bibliography of Petrarca' s works and scholarly criticisms. The purpose of the work as indicated explicitly in its introduction is two-fold: (1) to present "all really important poems (from the original) in the suggested order and framework" of Petrarca's own collection; and (2) to give to Slovak readers background information necessary for a better understanding of the great Italian poet and scholar. Professor Strmen has also tried to show implicitly that able translators can render even the most profound concepts and intricate patterns of foreign masterpieces in the Slovak language without damaging distortion, and that modern Slovak scholarship, if unburdened by historical, political, �SLOVAKIA 123 and other non-literary forces, can fulfill the most challenging tasks of standard literary investigation. For at least a partial response to anticipated questions about norms for Strmen's selection, I shall at least curiously examine some fortunes of Petrarca' s poetry in Slovakia and then concentrate on the more germane relationship of Vavrin to the only other extensive Slovak selection from Il Canzoniere, the work Francesco Petrarca, Sonety pre Lauru, translated by the Slovak poet, Vojtech Mihalik, in 1968. Besides Mihalik' s extensive translation, there are also shorter selections translated by Zvonicky and Durica. Together with Strmen's new renditions from Il Can'zoniere these all testify to the great interest that Slovak men of letters and patrons of literature take in Petrarca's works. The Petrarca ''vogue,'' nevertheless, had already taken hold among Slovak poets and scholars as early as the beginning of the 19th century when Pavel Jozef Safarik, Jan Kollar, and Jan Holly employed Il Canzoniere either as a formal model for their poems or as a starting point in their arguments about the role of the Slavs in Europe. The followers of Safarik, Kollar, and Holly, including both post-Romantic and modern Slovak poets, experimented with Petrarchian forms primarily as to their conceptual and linguistic appropriateness in the spectrum of Slovak poetry. The renowned Slovak poet Pavol Orszagh-Hviezdoslav, and his contemporary Svetozar Hurban-Vajansky, used the Petrarchian sonnets mostly as prototypes for their own reflective-intellectual poems. Janko Jesensky, on the contrary, returned in his Poems (1905) to love themes inherent to the Petrarchian sonnets. Ivan Krasko followed Petrarca in the use of the so-called '' squared oxymoron'' in his collections, Nox et solitudo (1909) and Poems (1912) (cf. Slovenske pohl'ady 85 (1969; cited hereafter as SP) , No. XI, 129) . The gallery of Petrarca's followers in Slovak literature was further complemented by Valentin Beniak (Sophia, 1941) and Jan Kostra (Ave Eva, 1943). Mihalik's selection from Il Canzoniere , both as a pioneering undertaking and as a work briefly preceding Strmen's Vavrin, constitutes a valuable contribution to Slovak literature and general aesthetics. Like Strmen in the work under review, Mihalik according to one reviewer, presents parts of Il Canzoniere as faithfully as possible. His translated version of the original "sings" in Slovak as it does in the original Italian (SP, No. XI, 124). It may be noted that Mihalik and Strmen, who are both poets-translators, chose slightly different formal and conceptual paths to attain their goals. Mihalik, living in Slovakia and somewhat burdened by his limited knowledge of the Italian language, was forced to seek the assistance of a translator and depend on the present politically-motivated scholarship of the Society sphere. Strmen, residing abroad and fluent in a dozen of foreign languages, had the capacity and the circumstances to approach the task and to accomplish it singlehandedly. In each case, the net result is characterized by some �124 SLOVAKIA similarities in an overall consideration and by specific differences in matters of detail. Let us now briefly examine some prominent features of both translations. To begin with, Mihalik used the thirteen foot iambic feminine verse alternated by the masculine hexameter exclusively. Examples: Vy po-slu-cha-ci bas-ni, v kto-rych iial'-i chve-nie ai do-sial' mu-ci mo-je srd-ce u-sta-te ... (Sonnet I, vv. 1-2) Do-bro-re-ce-ne mie-sto, mo-jej Las-ky sud-ca, den, me-siac, rok a chvi-l'a, pa-miit-ny ten kut kra-ji-ny, kde ma vrh-li do ca-rov-nych put due o-ci pre-kras-ne, ie v6-bec ne-viem hnut' sa. (Sonnet LXI, vv. 1-4) An analysis of Mihalik' s translation and expository writing shows that his strict adherence to a specific form might have been prompted by several formal and quasi-polemical considerations. As the poet of a somewhat conservative bent, he tried to counteract "the wave of amorphism governing the preponderant part of (modem Slovak) poetry" (SP , No. XI , 132). As a scholar, he seems to defend some modern concepts exalting the creative role of a translator over the older claims of Kollar and Holly, who hold that no translation can surpass the artistry of the original Slovak creations. Viliam Turcany, a modem Slovak scholar , commented that Mihalik' s translations "read as if they were his own original works" (SP, No. XII, 122). In the specific reference to the form used in Mihalik's rendition of fl Canzoniere, Turcany stressed the fact that the thirteen-foot iambic line alternated with the hexameter is the metric form best sv.ited for expressing ''the similar quantitative-conceptual density of the Italian and Slovak prosody line" (SP, No. XII, 127). Strmen disregarded both the explicit and the implied claims of Mihalik and Turcany, and translated his selected parts of fl Canzoniere in accordance with his own aesthetic and semantic tenets. Cutting down the length of Petrarca's sonnet line to eleven and ten syllables respectively, he indirectly confirmed the fact that translations from Italian poetry - like translations of prose - require about 15 percent less space in Slovak. Examples: Vy, co tu v zlom-koch ver-sov za-chy-ti-te sum vzdy-chov, kto-re l'u-bost' ii-vi-li . . . (Sonnet I, vv. 1-2) �125 SLOVAKIA Bla-ho-sla-ve-ny me-siac, deii i rok i pek-ny kraj i vcas-na jar i chvi-l'a i mie-sto, kde mi Las-ka za-lo-ii-la na mih jej o-ka kru-hy ie-lie-zok .. (Sonnet LXI , vv. 1-4) On the other hand, preserving the prevailing "dynamic" subjectverb structure of Petrarca,' s sentence in his rendition of the Italian work, Strrnen established a close relationship between poet and theme . In the remarks which introduce his translation of Il Canzoniere, Strrnen underlined the importance of the original work for the quality of its translation and for general scholarly consideration. According to him every new great poet represents, so to speak, the last word , the exhaustion of literary potentials. And since, we all are willy-nilly prisoners of our era, we are all tempted to make him the criterion of the past. But the history of poetry deals with something else: the great poet stands out as an independent island (and) we approach him with the guidebooks of our aesthetic prejudices . . . A translation should be primarily a mirror (of the original, and) not ... a colonization or an extension of the translator's personality. In summing up the basic tenets of this review, it is necessary to ask how both poet-translators enriched Slovak literature by translating parts of Petrarca's masterpiece into Slovak and how each of them contributed to the advancement of general scholarly knowledge. Considering the first part of the question , I wish to point out that these translations complement each other. Each poet selected different portions from the original and consequently offered a wider selection from the Italian work to his Slovak readers. A limited number of the poems translated by both poets makes it possible, on the other hand, to study these poems in juxtaposition with each other and facilitates their close comparison. As to the second part of the question, I thank that both Slovak selections from Il Canzoniere provide new thoughts for a theoretical approach to aesthetics in general and Slovak Petrarchian studies in particular . Two basic points of this review, namely verse structure and the " kinetics" of language, are common denominators in the comparative study of specific segments of the respective works and , at the same time , of the · specifics of the individual parts within the artistic whole. Conversely , any segment of Il Canzoniere - if juxtaposed with its counterparts in Slovak translations - will give at least a hint about the character and merits of the respective work. In practical terms, the lines cited in Slovak from Mihalik's and Strmen's translations (as well as any other lines from their selections) �126 SLOVAKIA will give the reader at least a broad idea about the formal aspects of either translation. Italian Slavists will, even by a dissection of these brief segments, gain insight into "hidden" linguistic and artistic concepts governing Strmen's and Mihalik's translations. Economy, idea, and sound quality were the most importat denominators shaping Petrarca's masterpiece. Without expressing any subjective valuejudgment about the Slovak selections from Il Canzoniere, I can state that Mihalik and Strmen fulfilled scholarly expectations in coping with these three fundamental principles of Petrarca's work. ANDREW CINCURA □□□ Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Slovak Language and Literature: Essays. Winnipeg and Cleveland: University of Manitoba, Department of Slavic Studies, 1975. (Readings in Slavic Literature, 12). 336 pages. This is a collection of twelve essays on various aspects of Slovak language and literature which Prof. Kirschbaum has read at conferences and-or published in journals over the past twenty years. He has divided them into three parts, the first (2 essays) discussing questions of language, the second (7 essays) presenting selected topics in Slovak literature through the latter part of the nineteenth century, and the third (3 essays) surveying post-World War II trends. There is a fourth part which purports to be a '' French summary'', but in reality is a slightly rearranged translation of the first and third English chapters. Prof. Kirschbaum's purpose is "to acquaint students and scholars . . . with the development of the Slovak vernacular into a literary medium and with the literature created by the Slovaks in their own language as well as other languages used in Slovakia ... '' The goal is admirable, but he has missed a splendid opportunity to create a solid synthetic survey. There are several reasons to regret his choice of method. As is unfortunately true with much material published by Slovaks in the West, one is left in doubt as to precisely what audience he is trying to reach. Part of the time, Prof. Kirschbaum devotes essays to polemics, particularly with those who sub,s cribe to the concept of Czechoslovakism. He uses expressions such 'as ''misconceptions'' and ''errors' ', charging that these ''wrongs' ' are based on flimsy evidence. But in turn, Kirschbaum himself offers minimal ''proof'' for some of his assertions. Nevertheless, it is disappointing to see polemical essays alongside more serious academic treatments (particularly those chapters on Jan Kollar, Pavol Safarik, and :Cudovit Stur). Further, Western scholars in recent years have taken note of changing perceptions of the development of Slovak national consciousness. (See, for example, Joseph Zacek's remarks in his study of "Nationalism in �SLOVAKIA 127 Czechoslovakia" in Peter F. Sugar and Ivo J. Lederer, eds., Nationalism in Eastern Europe - 1969.) The second problem is that Prof. Kirschbaum has several times repeated his use of the same evidence. He indicates in his introduction that he has done some editing to avoid repetitions, but what are we to make of his double use of a statement by the Polish philologist Tadeusz Lehr-Splawinski (pp. 20 and 68), or of "western" discussions of the origin of Slovak as a literazy language (pp . 18-19 and 52-53)? This is also a problem in books in · which the essays of multiple authors are collected, but one wishes Prof. Kirschbaum had been more diligent in overcoming it. Why, though , when such a golden opportunity presented itself, didn't Prof. Kirschbaum give us a synthetic survey of Slovak literature? There would have been no fear of his repeating himself, and the scholars and students, for whom he says he is writing, would have had an overall view of the evolving Slovak language and literature. Kirschbaum himself remarks on the particular importance of Slovak literature between the wars, but he allows as that would require too much space to discuss, and so he skips the subject. Similarly, his discussion of post1945 literary development is a bare outline of the 1945-1956 period, with only a couple of paragraphs given over to the extremely important dozen years after that, a period so necessary for an understanding of the events of 1968 and after. Kirschbaum alludes to a few important matters after 1956, such as the rapidly growing research on Slovak language and literature in the early 1960s (pp. 35-36). He suggests that this development resulted from the Communist Party's perception of language and literature as being a neutral field. The reader is left wondering why it was, then, that manifestations of Slovak nationalism developed precisely in those areas. The plea of complexity is inadequate. The inclusion of the two chapters of Slovak emigre literature is puzzling, since Kirschbaum tells us twice that only about 50 writers are involved. He does cite their availablity to the reader in the West, but in fact, after the passage of three decades, they now belong more among Slovak ethnic writers in the United States and Canada (or wherever else they live) than to continuing Slovak literary trends in Czecho-Slovakia. Sad as it might be, these authors are writing for a decreasing number of readers. The interesting aspect of these chapters is the report of the publication in post-February Czecho-Slovakia of works · by :Cudo Besenovsky and Milos Mlynarovic. Prof. Kirschbaum should be cautioned in his use of Robert Kann's praise of Slovak cultural development in the whole of the nineteenth century (pp. 147-8). It is clear from Kann's context that he includes Kollar, Safarik, Stefanik, and Masaryk in his kudos, a quartet who are usually ascribed major roles in the Czecho-Slovak movement, a concept Prof. Kirschbaum would certainly take strong offense to. �128 SLOVAKIA The number of printing errors is atrocious . Thus, R. W. SetonWatson becomes Seton-Weston (p. 9), Nicholas Spulber is Spuller (p. 9), Jan Tibensky comes out T. Tibeasky (p . 119) , the Spolok sv. Vojtecha is said to have been founded in 1780, rather than 1870 (p. 206), Timrava and Podjavorinska become Timarava and Podajavorisnka (also p. 206), Cyrillic is spelled in at least 5 or 6 different ways, ad infinitum. The French resume fares no better. I counted at least a half dozen errors in the first paragraph on page 286. An inserted errata catches a small number of errors, but tells us, "The word 'Slovensky' in Chapter III should have an accent on the letter e (! ) unavailable to the printers.' ' A couple of other minor carps: (1) the use of Loe. cit., op. cit., etc., is functional for article-length material, but not very feasible in a monograph. A reference to Robert Auty, loc. cit., on page 117 requires the reader to go all the way back to page 21. A reference to Noge, op. cit. on page 203 lacks any earlier reference whatsoever. It belongs to Julius Noge, An Outline of Slovakian Literature (Bratislava, 1968) which certainly also belongs in the bibliography. (2) In Chapter XII we suddenly have titles of Slovak works given only in English, making them harder to locate. In sum, a book whose title held so much promise turns out to be a disappointment. I share Prof. J. B. Rudnyckyj's prefaced complaint that there is far too little scholarly material available in English about Slovak literature, and I would add, about Slovak history, and Slovakia in general. Unfortunately, this compendium has not improved the situation. - OWENV. JOHNSON \ �Our Contributors Edward J. Behuncik, J.D., attorney; America, Stratford, Connecticut president, Slovak League of John Bodnar, Ph.D., historian, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Andrew Cincura, Ph.D., author; professor, Riverside, California Owen V. Johnson, Ph.D., historian, University of Michigan Joseph M. Kirschbaum, LLD., Ph.D., historian; author, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Margaret Matus, student, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Michael Novak, Ph.D., author; lecturer; professor, Bayville, New York Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B., M.A., historian; author, Cleveland, Ohio M. Mark Stolarik, Ph.D., historian; professor, Cleveland, Ohio Anthony X. Sutherland, Ph.D., historian, Stony Point, New York Daniel F. Tanzone, 8.A., author; fraternalist, Yonkers, New York Francis Vnuk, M.A., author; historian, Broadview, Australia �OFFICERS OF THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Honorary President: Stephen J. Tkach, K.H.S. JOHN A. HOLY Secretary 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, N.J. 07424 EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President 178 Elliott Street Stratford, Conn. 06497 Vice Presidents: Milan V. Blazek Frances L. Mizenko Daniel F. Tanzone Executive Committee: Edward J . Behuncik, John A. Holy, Louise Yash, Irma A. Vrbancic, John A. Sabol, George J. Kostelnik, Stephen J. Kavulich, Andrew Hudak, Jr., Dr. Joseph Mikula Anna E. Hletko Auditors: Dr. Stanislav Duris George N. Kantor SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION Cleveland, Ohio - Membership 104,000 THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio - Membership 100,000 THE SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J. - Membership 53,000 THE LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. - Membership 16,500 PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. - Membership 15,000 SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA John C. Sciranka, President SLOVAK AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) JEDNOTA (circulation 40,000) SLOVAK v AMERIKE (circulation 3,000) ZENS KA JEDNOTA (circulation 35,000) ZORNICKA (circulation 5,000) KATOLICKY SOKOL (circulation 20,000) BRATSTVO (circulation 7,000) PR IA TEL DIETOK (circulation 9,000) SLOVAKIA $4.00 per annum in the U.S.A. - $5.00 elsewhere Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown, Pennsylvania U.S.A. � SLOVAKIA 111 Henry Delfiner, Vienna Broadcasts to Slovakia. East European Quarterly, Boulder, Colorado, 1974. 142 pp . (Distributed by Columbia University Press, New York and London). Delfiner's study is a valuable source of information both on the German policy towards Eastern Europe on the threshhold of the Second World War and on the disruption of Czecho-Slovakia. Vienna broadcasts became influential after Berlin interpreted the Munich Agreement as giving Germany a "free hand" in Central Eastern Europe . The dissatisfied and frightened peoples and minorities, uncertain about their future, were more than inclined to consider the broadcasts as an interpreter of Berlin's foreign policy. Slovakia was one of the countries whose future was most uncertain. Hungarians , Poles and Germans claimed parts of Slovak territory and, even though the relations between the Czechs and the Slovaks improved after Slovakia was granted autonomy, Prague was unable either to defend Slovakia against her neighbors or assure her future. In fact, the government of Prague advised the Slovak autonomous government to turn to Berlin for protection against Hungarian claims. As a result, in the case of Slovakia, the broadcasts undoubtedly influenced the relations between the Czechs and the Slovaks, as well as the attitude of the Slovak population towards the Jews. The influence was, however, not as decisive as the author asserts . Mutnansky, as announcer and author of the major part of the broadcasts, was not the best person to perform the task. Unknown, without the necessary good contacts with Slovak politicians, and having a doubtful political record, he was not taken seriously in political circles. The anti-clericalism of his broadcasts and their violent anti-semitism also diminished their impact. As Delfiner rightly states, ''One of the first issues on which Slovakian Catholicism (Slovakia's population was 82 percent Catholic) and Nazi ideology clashed concerned treatment of the Jews." (p. 24) In addition, the broadcasts promoted K . Sidor at a time when Dr. Tiso was the head of the Populist Party and, from October 6, 1938, also the head of the Slovak government. The broadcasts also promoted Dr. Tuka who had no political office after he returned from Czech jails and neither Sidor nor Tiso were eager to adopt Tuka' s political views and plans. In fact Tiso protested on certain occasions against the broadcasts. It was in the March crisis of 1939, when Prague deposed the Slovak government, arrested hundreds of Slovak political and civic leaders, and militarily occupied public buildings, that the Vienna broadcasts and the Viennese politicians (Seyss-Inquart, Burckel) played the im- �112 SLOVAKIA portant role ascribed to them by the author in the final decision of the Slovaks to part with the Czechs. Since the story of the disruption of Czecho-Slovakia was presented in the West with a certain bias, the collection of these broadcasts will be useful for historians. The text of the broadcasts published in Mutnansky's books as well as his interpretation of them are not, however, necessarily accurate. He was not rewarded in Slovakia and advocated German policies even after the broadcasts were terminated. The work is enhanced by a useful bibliography and chronology. Some minor errors slipped into the glossary and chronology: Dr. Tuka made his first speech for independence on December 6, 1938 and not on December 9; Dr. Durcansky did not ask for "Hitler's intervention" on March 10. He merely hinted in his broadcast from Vienna that Slovaks '' aim to achieve national freedom with the help of our friends, the great German nation", (p. 117); Karol Sidor died in Montreal on October 20, 1953 and not 1954. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM ••• Bohemia - Jahrbuch des Collegium Carolinum, Band 15, R. Oldenburg Verlag, (Munich, 1974). Edited by Dr. Gerhard Hanke, pp. 532. Even though the symposium Bohemia deals predominantly with the history, the culture and Czech-German relations in the present Czech part of Czecho-Slovakia, known throughout the centuries as Bohemia, many issues of this carefully edited annual publication have also paid attention to Slovakia and the Slovaks. The present volume contains three contributions dealing with Slovakia: Helmut Slapnicka writes about German lectures at the Law Academy in Bratislava in the middle of the 19th century; Ladislav Lipscher contributes an excellent essay on the constitution and regional political administration in Czecho-Slovakia during the 1920s; and Stanislav Kirschbaum deals with the contin_uity and political changes in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968. While Slapnicka i~ of German background, the two other contributors were born in Slovakia. Ladislav Lipscher is a noted historian of the political and legal organization of pre-war Czecho-Slovakia. Before escaping to the West in 1968 he published books and studies in this field in Slovakia and in spite of the difficulty of access to sources, Lipscher continues to do so from his Swiss exile . This is his third contribution published abroad, and it deserves our special attention because legal and administrative questions were by-passed by Slovak writers in the West. The institution of regional administration had political implications, being conceived as a substitute for political autonomy, promised to the Slovaks during the First World War. Based on solid knowledge and thorough research �SLOVAKIA 113 of the subject, Lipscher's study analyses political and administrative problems and presents an objective outline of the regional administration and the party politics behind it. Stanislav Kirschbaum, a specialist on Eastern Europe who teaches Political Science at York University in Toronto, deals with the political changes in Dubcek's era. There are numerous books and articles on this period in several W estem languages. Unfortunately , they are concerned predominantly with the Czech part of the country . Those that deal with Slovakia do so from a Czech perspective or treat the Slovaks as quantite negli[leable even though their role was of primary importance in the events between 1963 and 1968. Kirschbaum's contribution is a well documented scholarly analysis of the political situation in Czecho-Slovakia in the 1960s. It is a presentation of the changes which brought about the liberalization of the regime and the federalization of the State in that fateful year of 1968. Collegium Carolinum deserves our recognition for regularly including studies on Slovak topics in the annual Bohemia. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM ••• Ludwig v. Gogolak, Beitraege zur Geschichte des slowakischen Volkes, II. Die slowakische nationale Frage in der Reformepoche Ungams 1790-1848, (Contributions to the History of the Slovak People - The Slovak National Question in the Reform Period of Hungary, 1790-1848). Verlag R. Oldenburg, (Muenchen, 1969), pp. 280. The second volume(+) of Gogolak's work on Slovakia's selfassertion in Hungary is a detailed and well-documented insight into the crucial years of Slovak history when the Slovaks had to fight not only the Magyar nationalism, but also the ''Czechoslovak'' tendencies of the Slovak Lutheran leaders. Though of Slovak origin and related to Bernolak' s family, Gogolak belonged to the Hungarian aristocracy and his interpretation of Slovak national movement is consequently quite different from the Czech or Slovak nationalist interpretations. The present volume deals predominantly with the second half of the 19th and the first decade of the 20th Centuries. Special attention was paid by the author to the Pan-Slav movement and its representatives in Slovakia and to the movement of tudovit Stur which clashed with both the Magyar assimilation policy and "Czechoslovak" orientation of some Lutheran leaders, especially Kollar and Safarik. Particular attention is paid also to Jan Holly and his influence on the Slovak national movement in the 19th Century. According to Gogolak, Holly deserves credit for giving Slovaks the consciousness of their history (Geschichtsbewusstsein) and faith in their future. In this respect Gogolak is in agreement not only with the older school of Slovak �114 SLOVAKIA historians but also with the present " Marxist" historians and clashes only with the views of the "Czechoslovak" historiography. Gogolak is not denying the oppressive policy of Budapest, but explains it in the context of European nationalism and liberalism and points out the weakness of the Slovak movement whose leaders were divided by religion into two camps, one of which looked for a solution outside Hungary, in a merger with the Czechs . There are many aspects of the Slovak national question in Gogolak's work which were by-passed in Slovak history books or interpreted with bias by Czech historians. Unfortunately, we are unable, outside Slovakia, to pass judgment on their correctness. Gogolak refers to a great number of sources in Slovak, Czech, Hungarian and German which are not accessible to us . Supported by references to reliable sources, Gogolak's conclusions and interpretations seem to be convincing, and as a result we face a new interpretation of the Slovak national movement and of the role the Catholics and the Protestans played in modem Slovak history . In some respects Gogolak is in complete disagreement with the Czech interpretation, especially with the unfounded assertion that Catholics took a minor part in national revival. In his view, "only the activity of several Catholic priests and scholars who were conscious of their goal and mission allowed the Slovak national character not to lose its own characteristics and identity in the clash with the menacing political Magyarization and the spiritual Czechoslovak in the age of modem nationalism and preponderance of the bourgeoisie .... Had the Protestant intelligentsia, which in fact lived mostly on their historical heritage and foreign German-Czech connections, remained in its leading role, the result would probably have been the complete disappearance of the Slovak people." (Vol. I. p. 229 and 238). Considering the fact that Gogolak's work was published by a wellknown publisher and, except for T. J. Locher's book Die Nazionale Differenzierung der Slowaken und Tschechen in ihren geschichtlichen Verlauf bis 1848 (Harlem, 1931), it is the only.work in German by nonSlovak writer, we should not underestimate' its importance. Slovak historians should thoroughly analyze this new interpretation of modem Slovak history. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM (+)For my review of Volume I see Slovakia, No. 35, 1964, pp. 156-158. ■■■ Roger Portal , The Slavs. Weidenfeld & Nicolson (London, 1969), pp. 508, Bihl., index, illustrations. Portal's voluminous book is a survey of the cultural and historical development of the Slavic peoples, including the Slovaks. It was �SLOVAKIA 115 written, and originally published, in French (Librairie Armand Colin, 1965), probably as a manual for students at French universities at which Portal has been a professor. The work is illustrated by maps and pictures and presents the Slavs in a much more objective light than some American books have done in the past. French scholars were interested in the Slavs for more than a century, but rarely have any French Slavists presented a global picture similar to Portars book. Slovaks and Slovakia are treated by Portal in proportion to their place and significance among the Slavs without the usual bias encountered in the West. His interpretation of certain periods of Slovak history was apparently influenced by Czech sources, which is, to a degree, understandable. While historiography in Slovakia developed considerably during the past three decades, there are still very few books in foreign languages which could be used by Slavists outside Slovakia. Moreover, even the summaries in scholarly works are always in Russian or German, and only occasionally in French and English. As a result one can hardly reproach Portal or other foreign Slavists if their chapters or paragraphs on Slovaks are sketchy, superficial or if they omit certain periods considered as important for Slovaks but less important in the context of the general history of the Slavs . It is evident that we cannot expect an objective and complete history of Slovakia and Slovaks until there are good history books on Slovakia translated into or written in foreign languages and until there are foreign students at Slovak universities specializing in Slovak history, culture, literature, and language. The absence of statehood, resulting in limited or non-existent cultural exchanges with other countries , necessarily reflects on the knowledge of Slovakia abroad. Many books on Czech history and culture were written by former foreign students at Prague 's university or by Slavists invited to Prague and studying there on scholarships. The same goes for Poland and other Slavic countries. Except for the six years of the Slovak Republic, there was never a government ruling in Slovakia which would have been interested in making Slovakia known in the World. Looking at Portal's book from this angle, we have to welcome it as a great step ahead. Slovak intellectuals in Western Europe should carefully analyze the book and supply Professor Portal with correct information on periods or events which were omitted or misinterpreted. That is the only way to obtain a change in presenting Slovakia abroad until the Slovaks have their own government and normal cultural relations with the world. In Portal's book Slovakia is at least not a footnote to Czech history as happens so often in other books. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM ••• �116 SLOVAKIA R. Krajcovic, Slovencina a slovanske jazyky (The Slovak and the Slavic Languages), Slovenske pedagogicke nakladatelstvo (Bratislava, 1974), pp. 324, illustrations, Russian and German summary. Slovak philology has experienced a remarkable development during the past fifty years for reasons which can properly be understood only in the context of political developments in Slovakia.(+) The attempts to make the Slovak language a dialect of the Czech or nonexistent "Czechoslovak" language gave a strong impetus to Slovak philologists to prove that there was no scientific basis for such theories. The subsequent attempts at Russification of the Slovak language worked in the same direction: they intensified the desire of Slovak philologists to elaborate their own theories about the independent place of the Slovak language among Slavic languages. As a result, Slovak philology developed favorably in all areas of philological research: dialectology, lexicology, comparative philology, morphology, phonology, etc. and the Slovak language was finally established as a distinct Slavic tongue. The book by Krajcovic expertly deals with the place of the Slovak language among Slavic languages and asserts its originality from the time when the Slavic macro-dialects split into dialects with the distinct characteristics of the present Slavic languages. He analyzes the theories which aimed at proving that the Slovak language did not have a homogeneous proto-slavic basis as well as the theories which substantiated the thesis that the Slovak language was formed on the homogeneous West Slavic basis, and corroborates the distinct character of the Slovak language. The book is destined by its terminology for scholars and philologists, but its conclusions are understandable by everybody. In many ways, the book is a good example of the high academic level of the new generation of Slovak philologists. The German summary makes the book accessible also to Wes tern scholars. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM ( +) See Chapter II in Kirschbaum, Slovak Language and Literature, University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, 1975), I\- 25-38 . ••• Dr. J. Mesaros (ed.), Slovaci a ich narodny vyvin (The Slovaks and Their National Development). Proceedings of the V Congress of Slovak Historians. Published by Vydavatel'stvo-Slovenskej akademie vied, (Bratislava, 1969); pp. 305. This symposium is composed of 12 papers delivered at the Conference of Slovak Historians and deserves mention not only for the academic value of individual contributions, but also in connection with �SLOVAKIA 117 Gogolak's work mentioned above. While Gogolak's two volumes present an interpretation by a non-Slovak historian, this volume, edited by Dr. Mesaros, gives us an interpretation of Slovak history by the generation of Slovak historians who adopted nolens-volens, a Marxist approach to history. It is regrettable that the symposium is not available in W estem languages for it demolishes the "Czechoslovak" interpretation of Slovakia 's past and present, and substantiates the thesis that Slovaks developed independently of Czechs or other Slavs into a distinct nation culturally, linguistically and politically from the Middle Ages. The contributions by P. Ratkos , J. Tibensky, J. Butvin , K. Rebro and Mesaros are especially explicit in this regard. The contribution by Z. Holotikova is of interest for understanding the attitude of the Communists towards Slovak !llational aspirations. Like the "bourgeois" adherents of "Czechoslov'a kism" who retarded Slovak development towards full national independence, the Communists were also liable for the confusion and for Prague's rule in Slovakia, both of which were detrimental to Slovak development towards a distinct national identity and self-rule. The admission by Marxist historians that religious divisions and Communist adherence to "Czechoslovakism" were harmful to Slovak national development is expressed with caution, but it is present throughout the book and sets the record straight. The majority of Slovaks never doubted their distinct national identity and fought for equal rights with other nations. The minority - political and religious - nevertheless succeeded, with Prague's help, in creating confusion even among foreign Slavists. The post-war experiences with Prague centralism in the economy and renewed efforts to stifle Slovak nationalism resulted in the re.thinking and re-appraising of the Slovak question not only by politicians but also by historians. The publication under review presents their conclusions. Most of the contributions are well-researched and well-written and deal with problems of primary interest for the Slovak struggle for self-assertion. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM □□□ Jednota Annual FURDEK 1977, Volume XVI, 303 pages. Edited by Joseph C. Krajsa. Published by the First Catholic Slovak Union of the United States and Canada. Printed by the Jednota Press , Middletown, Pennsylvania . FURDEK 1977, Jednota's sixteenth in a series of annuals in the English language, offers the reader a variety of articles written by a number of old pros, several new authors and semi-pros, but all have something interesting for the reader who wants to know more about his Slovak ethnic background . �118 SLOVAKIA Doctor Pauco 's invaluable contributions (superbly translated from the Slovak by Sister M . Martina Tybor, SS.C .M .) enrich this year's production , which is easily the most informative and probably the best of the series inaugurated by the late Editor Philip A. Hrobak and continued by the present editor-in-chief, Joseph C. Krajsa. Every effort should be made to send this edition to as many Slovak homes, as well as to public, college, and university libraries, as possible. Thomas (Belejcak) Bell, American novelist of Slovak ancestry, is presented, and his half dozen works are ably reviewed by John F. Berko. Bell's books generally reflect the somber and tragic side of life among Slovak (and other Slavic) immigrants in the steel city of Pittsburgh and its suburbs. By a slim margin of one, the young men hold the edge over the Jednota scholarship winners (31-30) in the past year as the fair sex scored high in the final standings. This is a sound display of nondiscrimination in a men's organization. As always, the attractive photos of our intelligent youth give us renewed hope for the future destiny of our J ednota in particular and the ethnic identity of the American Slovaks in general. Michael Novak, Ph.D . , who holds the center stage as the acknowledged champion of ethnics in America, discusses the subject in his usual profound manner and inimitable style. In his " Long Life to Slovaks" contribution, Doctor William Gombar counters Michael Simko's realistic but bleak view for the future of the ethnic population in America. Joseph Kirschbaum, Ph.D., LL.D., is well known for his many writings. In this issue of FURDEK the Slovak diplomat and author contributes a valuable review of the influence of American Slovak organizations on his fellow countrymen in Canada. Glimpses into the ancient historical past of the Slovak nation are presented by a newcomer, Michael Kolarci~, ~S.J. His sketches of the life and times of Prince Pribina, Kings Mojmir I, Rastislav, and Svatopluk the Great, are concise and accurate. Michael Krajsa's tribute to General Stefanik and Doctor Pauco's firsthand information on President Tiso during wartime recall outstanding national heroes of the First and Second World Wars respectively. Tonka Kral, Anna Maria Kulhan, and Theresa Sapak make their debut as a talented trio of promising youthful writers . Sister M . Gabriel Hricko 's biographical sketch of Doctor Joseph Pauco on the first anniversary of the death of a fearless fighter for Slovakia 's national freedom and statehood is a timely tribute to one of the greatest Slovak newspapermen and patriots in our time. Sister Gabriel's beautiful article on the Miracle of Fatima rounds out this year's publication . �SLOVAKIA 119 Two Congressmen, namely, the Honorable Daniel Flood of Pennsylvania and the Honorable Peter Rodino, Jr. of New Jersey are contributors who add prestige to this edition. Sophia Zufa finds Slovakia a picturesque country inhabited by a warm, hospitable people, and her father's hometown of Nizna nad Oravou full of memories as recalled by her aunt during her visit. Paul Fenchak's article on Slavic Studies in Maryland's public schools is typical of their place in the public schools around the country - shamefully neglected. Karol Sidor, Slovak newspaperman, diplomat, and statesman, is remembered as a distinguished author, thanks to Imrich Stolarik's contribution. Astronaut Eugene Ceman rates a photograph taken at Youngstown, Ohio's American Slovak Bicentennial celebration last year. A number of other articles of interest in this issue of FURDEK include ones by Fathers Edward Hancko, S.J., Francis Kuba, C.P., Joseph Adamec, Andrew Pier, O.S.B., as well as by Archbishop Joseph Bernardin, D.D., Monsignor J. Jaworski, S.T.D., and by Vincent Drobniak, John Herling, and Edward Svercek. Seventy-five concise articles of a diversified nature cover a wide spectrum of historical, political, cultural, religious, and social subjects. Several poems are added to enhance a rich assortment of carefully selected writings. Nevertheless, the Slovak sources of interesting subjects remain far from being exhausted. There remains a great deal more to be told about Slovakia and her people at home and scattered throughout the world. - ANDREW V. PIER, O.S.B . ••• An Anthology of Slovak Literature, by Andrew Cincura, Ph.D., University of California. Not the last but the latest and most complete and comprehensive study of Slovak prose and poetry in the English language is Dr. Cincura' s scholarly work produced after several years of research by the Slovak Professor whom the Rockefeller Foundation sponsored in compiling a truly pioneer project that merits the highest praise on the basis of its contents and superb presentation. A quarter of a century ago, Ivan Kramoris, M.A., of the Marquette University Preparatory School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, published the first anthology of Slovak literature in English, but since then many new writers have appeared in Slovakia and in exile. This literary development necessitated an up-to-date edition to review the writings of new Slovak authors and poets. Michael Novak, Ph.D., the prolific author of a number of works on the ethnics, introduces the book as "done with taste, intelligence, �120 SLOVAKIA judgment and perception ... " Moreover, Karol Strmen, Ph.D., an eminent Slovak poet, provides the setting for a proper appreciation of a representative series of selections from the surprisingly extensive output of Slovak literary works since the beginning of the nineteenth century. His historical review of Slovak literature is enlightening and informative . While most of Slovak poets and prose writers in Dr. Cincura's selective list rate a high place in their field, some of them compare favorably with leading writers in world literature. By their imagination , workmanship, originality, realism, and idealism, the works of the Slovak nation's literary men and women prove their genuine value as enduring products that have a universal appeal. Certainly Dr. Cincura cannot be accused of male chauvinism, for he chose ten women writers of some thirty authors of prose, although only two women poets are included in approximately forty Slovak poets in his selection. And a woman dramatist is on his list of four Slovak playwrights. Doubtless, there are many more selections of prose and poetry that manifest the natural genius of the Slovak people in expressing their ideas and feelings, but the author was limited by inadequate space. Perhaps in the near future a second volume may be added to supplement this excellent book that will acquaint the English-speaking world with some of the best creative writers of Slovakia. Obviously the very nature of this work presents but a fragmentary part of the entire literary field of Slovak literature, but the reader is given a wide assortment of creative works by writers and poets who are intimately related to their historic land and its people. - ANDREW V. PIER, O.S.B . ••• J.M. Kirschbaum, Slovak Language and Literature, Series: Readings in Slavic Literatures, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, 1975, pp . XIV, 366, Index, ill., bibl. Slovak Language and Literature, the ~test publication by Dr. Joseph M. Kirschbaum, the distinguished author of historical, political and literary works relating to the Slovak nation, contains a vast wealth of facts, opinions, reflections and references to standard works of prominent Slavists in several languages. The Series Editor, Professor J.B. Rudnyckyj, in his preface acknowledges: "Slovakia, a central part of the Great Moravian Empire of the ninth century, was the cradle of Slavic letters and civilization, for there were the beginnings of the rich and highly cultivated Cyrillo-Methodian literature which spread in the tenth century to other Slavic countries, especially to the southern and eastern Slavs." �SLOVAKIA 121 The author deems a background to the development of Slovak literature ve ry helpful to the understanding of the evolution of the Slovak language itself. His book is the most comprehensive study of the Slovak language and literature in the English language. Moreover, the author, who has spent years in research and has lectured on the subject during the past two decades, alludes to historical and philosophical aspects that affected the growth of the language and literature of the Slovak people from earliest times to the present day. The impact of the Slovak literary language on the national life of historic Slovakia aided considerably in the emergence of a strong national consciousness in the 19th and 20th centuries. , '' Slovakia,'' Professor Rudnyckyj notes , ''played an important role in the Pan-Slav movement. Not only was the word Panslavism coined by a Slovak, but Slovakia also gave the Pan-Slav idea, which stirred the national consciousness of several Slavic peoples, the most prominent representatives: Jan Kollar, Pavol J. Safarik, and :Cudovit Stur. ' ' Dr. Kirschbaum points out that "Slovak literature achieved a level comparable to other Slavic literatures in the first half of the twentieth century.'' It was during this period that Slovak writers came under the influence of Slavic authors but also drew their inspiration from English, French , and Scandinavian writers . Their works reflected a wide variety of literary trends : Romanticism, Pan-Slavism, Symbolism, Modernism, and Surrealism. Despite World War II, Slovak writers (even proletarian poets) were given a free hand to publish their works in the era of the Slovak Republic (1939-1945). This freedom was sharply curtailed soon after World War II by the communist takeover in Slovakia. As a result, the boycott inaugurated officially by the regime has been in force against all Slovak writers in the free world for more than a quarter of a century. Inside Slovakia, after the ' ' liberation'' of the country by armies of the Soviet Union and the communist coup of 1948, only "proletarian" writers, surrealic;ts, and leftist poets and authors, journalists and newspapermen have been permitted to publish their writings. All others, even leading novelists like Hronsky (and to some extent Gaspar and Urban) have been excluded, as have such prominent poets as Beniak, while others (Andrej Zarnov, R. Dilong, M. Sprinc, K . Strmen) were forced to go into exile, and the poetry and prose of the latter are not acceptable in the country of their birth. Outside Slovakia, in the past three decades Slovak writers in exile from their communist-controlled homeland have published prolific works in literature and history that have offset an outpouring of communist-oriented publications of poetry and prose within the narrow limits of the ruling regime. These creative writers living in the free world have been "excommunicated" from the socialist state imposed upon their countrymen - and their works are "verboten. " Completely unlike the literary picture painted by captive artists of �122 SLOVAKIA the communist regime in present-day Slovakia, the portrait of Slovak literature both in and out of the country, produced by Dr. Kirschbaum in the free world, is a realistic work depicting the landscape and people of Slovakia in their true colors. It is also an objective delineation of the men and women of letters working under close surveillance in their homeland held captive by foreign invaders and oppressors . Although the impact of Professor Kirschbaum 's book in the field in western literature will be strongly felt, it is a foregone conclusion that it will be totally ignored or attacked in Slovakia. Meanwhile , readers, Slovak and non-Slovak alike, who are interested in true literature, will welcome this highly creditable and scholarly volume that is richly supported by an extensive bibliography. We cannot but agree with Professor Constantine Bida of the University of Ottawa, who reviewed the manuscript, that the book is ''a valuable compendium, necessary for Slovaks abroad and useful for the Anglophone peoples since it supplies a great deal of valuable information on Slovak philology and literature, by using the biobibliographical method''. - ANDREW V. PIER, O.S.B. □□□ Francesco Petrarca, Vavrin (a Slovak selection from Il Canzoniere), translated by Karol Strmen. Rome: Slovak Institute of St. Cyril and Methodius, 1974, 216 pp . The time-honored tradition of observing the anniversary of a deceased foreign author by honoring him with a volume of translations from his work found new expression in a recent Slovak selection from Francesco Petrarca' s ll Canzoniere. Translated from the Italian original by Professor Karol Strmen, who is a poet in .his own right, and titled Vavrin (The Laurel Crown), the most rece:dt Slovak rendition of Il Canzoniere commemorates the 600th anniversary of Petrarca's death. The work presents almost one-third of Petrarca's own collection as well as a scholarly resume of the life, works, and aesthetics of the Italian poet. There are likewise explanatory notes and a bibliography of Petrarca' s works and scholarly criticisms. The purpose of the work as indicated explicitly in its introduction is two-fold: (1) to present "all really important poems (from the original) in the suggested order and framework" of Petrarca's own collection; and (2) to give to Slovak readers background information necessary for a better understanding of the great Italian poet and scholar. Professor Strmen has also tried to show implicitly that able translators can render even the most profound concepts and intricate patterns of foreign masterpieces in the Slovak language without damaging distortion, and that modern Slovak scholarship, if unburdened by historical, political, �SLOVAKIA 123 and other non-literary forces, can fulfill the most challenging tasks of standard literary investigation. For at least a partial response to anticipated questions about norms for Strmen's selection, I shall at least curiously examine some fortunes of Petrarca' s poetry in Slovakia and then concentrate on the more germane relationship of Vavrin to the only other extensive Slovak selection from Il Canzoniere, the work Francesco Petrarca, Sonety pre Lauru, translated by the Slovak poet, Vojtech Mihalik, in 1968. Besides Mihalik' s extensive translation, there are also shorter selections translated by Zvonicky and Durica. Together with Strmen's new renditions from Il Can'zoniere these all testify to the great interest that Slovak men of letters and patrons of literature take in Petrarca's works. The Petrarca ''vogue,'' nevertheless, had already taken hold among Slovak poets and scholars as early as the beginning of the 19th century when Pavel Jozef Safarik, Jan Kollar, and Jan Holly employed Il Canzoniere either as a formal model for their poems or as a starting point in their arguments about the role of the Slavs in Europe. The followers of Safarik, Kollar, and Holly, including both post-Romantic and modern Slovak poets, experimented with Petrarchian forms primarily as to their conceptual and linguistic appropriateness in the spectrum of Slovak poetry. The renowned Slovak poet Pavol Orszagh-Hviezdoslav, and his contemporary Svetozar Hurban-Vajansky, used the Petrarchian sonnets mostly as prototypes for their own reflective-intellectual poems. Janko Jesensky, on the contrary, returned in his Poems (1905) to love themes inherent to the Petrarchian sonnets. Ivan Krasko followed Petrarca in the use of the so-called '' squared oxymoron'' in his collections, Nox et solitudo (1909) and Poems (1912) (cf. Slovenske pohl'ady 85 (1969; cited hereafter as SP) , No. XI, 129) . The gallery of Petrarca's followers in Slovak literature was further complemented by Valentin Beniak (Sophia, 1941) and Jan Kostra (Ave Eva, 1943). Mihalik's selection from Il Canzoniere , both as a pioneering undertaking and as a work briefly preceding Strmen's Vavrin, constitutes a valuable contribution to Slovak literature and general aesthetics. Like Strmen in the work under review, Mihalik according to one reviewer, presents parts of Il Canzoniere as faithfully as possible. His translated version of the original "sings" in Slovak as it does in the original Italian (SP, No. XI, 124). It may be noted that Mihalik and Strmen, who are both poets-translators, chose slightly different formal and conceptual paths to attain their goals. Mihalik, living in Slovakia and somewhat burdened by his limited knowledge of the Italian language, was forced to seek the assistance of a translator and depend on the present politically-motivated scholarship of the Society sphere. Strmen, residing abroad and fluent in a dozen of foreign languages, had the capacity and the circumstances to approach the task and to accomplish it singlehandedly. In each case, the net result is characterized by some �124 SLOVAKIA similarities in an overall consideration and by specific differences in matters of detail. Let us now briefly examine some prominent features of both translations. To begin with, Mihalik used the thirteen foot iambic feminine verse alternated by the masculine hexameter exclusively. Examples: Vy po-slu-cha-ci bas-ni, v kto-rych iial'-i chve-nie ai do-sial' mu-ci mo-je srd-ce u-sta-te ... (Sonnet I, vv. 1-2) Do-bro-re-ce-ne mie-sto, mo-jej Las-ky sud-ca, den, me-siac, rok a chvi-l'a, pa-miit-ny ten kut kra-ji-ny, kde ma vrh-li do ca-rov-nych put due o-ci pre-kras-ne, ie v6-bec ne-viem hnut' sa. (Sonnet LXI, vv. 1-4) An analysis of Mihalik' s translation and expository writing shows that his strict adherence to a specific form might have been prompted by several formal and quasi-polemical considerations. As the poet of a somewhat conservative bent, he tried to counteract "the wave of amorphism governing the preponderant part of (modem Slovak) poetry" (SP , No. XI , 132). As a scholar, he seems to defend some modern concepts exalting the creative role of a translator over the older claims of Kollar and Holly, who hold that no translation can surpass the artistry of the original Slovak creations. Viliam Turcany, a modem Slovak scholar , commented that Mihalik' s translations "read as if they were his own original works" (SP, No. XII, 122). In the specific reference to the form used in Mihalik's rendition of fl Canzoniere, Turcany stressed the fact that the thirteen-foot iambic line alternated with the hexameter is the metric form best sv.ited for expressing ''the similar quantitative-conceptual density of the Italian and Slovak prosody line" (SP, No. XII, 127). Strmen disregarded both the explicit and the implied claims of Mihalik and Turcany, and translated his selected parts of fl Canzoniere in accordance with his own aesthetic and semantic tenets. Cutting down the length of Petrarca's sonnet line to eleven and ten syllables respectively, he indirectly confirmed the fact that translations from Italian poetry - like translations of prose - require about 15 percent less space in Slovak. Examples: Vy, co tu v zlom-koch ver-sov za-chy-ti-te sum vzdy-chov, kto-re l'u-bost' ii-vi-li . . . (Sonnet I, vv. 1-2) �125 SLOVAKIA Bla-ho-sla-ve-ny me-siac, deii i rok i pek-ny kraj i vcas-na jar i chvi-l'a i mie-sto, kde mi Las-ka za-lo-ii-la na mih jej o-ka kru-hy ie-lie-zok .. (Sonnet LXI , vv. 1-4) On the other hand, preserving the prevailing "dynamic" subjectverb structure of Petrarca,' s sentence in his rendition of the Italian work, Strrnen established a close relationship between poet and theme . In the remarks which introduce his translation of Il Canzoniere, Strrnen underlined the importance of the original work for the quality of its translation and for general scholarly consideration. According to him every new great poet represents, so to speak, the last word , the exhaustion of literary potentials. And since, we all are willy-nilly prisoners of our era, we are all tempted to make him the criterion of the past. But the history of poetry deals with something else: the great poet stands out as an independent island (and) we approach him with the guidebooks of our aesthetic prejudices . . . A translation should be primarily a mirror (of the original, and) not ... a colonization or an extension of the translator's personality. In summing up the basic tenets of this review, it is necessary to ask how both poet-translators enriched Slovak literature by translating parts of Petrarca's masterpiece into Slovak and how each of them contributed to the advancement of general scholarly knowledge. Considering the first part of the question , I wish to point out that these translations complement each other. Each poet selected different portions from the original and consequently offered a wider selection from the Italian work to his Slovak readers. A limited number of the poems translated by both poets makes it possible, on the other hand, to study these poems in juxtaposition with each other and facilitates their close comparison. As to the second part of the question, I thank that both Slovak selections from Il Canzoniere provide new thoughts for a theoretical approach to aesthetics in general and Slovak Petrarchian studies in particular . Two basic points of this review, namely verse structure and the " kinetics" of language, are common denominators in the comparative study of specific segments of the respective works and , at the same time , of the · specifics of the individual parts within the artistic whole. Conversely , any segment of Il Canzoniere - if juxtaposed with its counterparts in Slovak translations - will give at least a hint about the character and merits of the respective work. In practical terms, the lines cited in Slovak from Mihalik's and Strmen's translations (as well as any other lines from their selections) �126 SLOVAKIA will give the reader at least a broad idea about the formal aspects of either translation. Italian Slavists will, even by a dissection of these brief segments, gain insight into "hidden" linguistic and artistic concepts governing Strmen's and Mihalik's translations. Economy, idea, and sound quality were the most importat denominators shaping Petrarca's masterpiece. Without expressing any subjective valuejudgment about the Slovak selections from Il Canzoniere, I can state that Mihalik and Strmen fulfilled scholarly expectations in coping with these three fundamental principles of Petrarca's work. ANDREW CINCURA □□□ Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Slovak Language and Literature: Essays. Winnipeg and Cleveland: University of Manitoba, Department of Slavic Studies, 1975. (Readings in Slavic Literature, 12). 336 pages. This is a collection of twelve essays on various aspects of Slovak language and literature which Prof. Kirschbaum has read at conferences and-or published in journals over the past twenty years. He has divided them into three parts, the first (2 essays) discussing questions of language, the second (7 essays) presenting selected topics in Slovak literature through the latter part of the nineteenth century, and the third (3 essays) surveying post-World War II trends. There is a fourth part which purports to be a '' French summary'', but in reality is a slightly rearranged translation of the first and third English chapters. Prof. Kirschbaum's purpose is "to acquaint students and scholars . . . with the development of the Slovak vernacular into a literary medium and with the literature created by the Slovaks in their own language as well as other languages used in Slovakia ... '' The goal is admirable, but he has missed a splendid opportunity to create a solid synthetic survey. There are several reasons to regret his choice of method. As is unfortunately true with much material published by Slovaks in the West, one is left in doubt as to precisely what audience he is trying to reach. Part of the time, Prof. Kirschbaum devotes essays to polemics, particularly with those who sub,s cribe to the concept of Czechoslovakism. He uses expressions such 'as ''misconceptions'' and ''errors' ', charging that these ''wrongs' ' are based on flimsy evidence. But in turn, Kirschbaum himself offers minimal ''proof'' for some of his assertions. Nevertheless, it is disappointing to see polemical essays alongside more serious academic treatments (particularly those chapters on Jan Kollar, Pavol Safarik, and :Cudovit Stur). Further, Western scholars in recent years have taken note of changing perceptions of the development of Slovak national consciousness. (See, for example, Joseph Zacek's remarks in his study of "Nationalism in �SLOVAKIA 127 Czechoslovakia" in Peter F. Sugar and Ivo J. Lederer, eds., Nationalism in Eastern Europe - 1969.) The second problem is that Prof. Kirschbaum has several times repeated his use of the same evidence. He indicates in his introduction that he has done some editing to avoid repetitions, but what are we to make of his double use of a statement by the Polish philologist Tadeusz Lehr-Splawinski (pp. 20 and 68), or of "western" discussions of the origin of Slovak as a literazy language (pp . 18-19 and 52-53)? This is also a problem in books in · which the essays of multiple authors are collected, but one wishes Prof. Kirschbaum had been more diligent in overcoming it. Why, though , when such a golden opportunity presented itself, didn't Prof. Kirschbaum give us a synthetic survey of Slovak literature? There would have been no fear of his repeating himself, and the scholars and students, for whom he says he is writing, would have had an overall view of the evolving Slovak language and literature. Kirschbaum himself remarks on the particular importance of Slovak literature between the wars, but he allows as that would require too much space to discuss, and so he skips the subject. Similarly, his discussion of post1945 literary development is a bare outline of the 1945-1956 period, with only a couple of paragraphs given over to the extremely important dozen years after that, a period so necessary for an understanding of the events of 1968 and after. Kirschbaum alludes to a few important matters after 1956, such as the rapidly growing research on Slovak language and literature in the early 1960s (pp. 35-36). He suggests that this development resulted from the Communist Party's perception of language and literature as being a neutral field. The reader is left wondering why it was, then, that manifestations of Slovak nationalism developed precisely in those areas. The plea of complexity is inadequate. The inclusion of the two chapters of Slovak emigre literature is puzzling, since Kirschbaum tells us twice that only about 50 writers are involved. He does cite their availablity to the reader in the West, but in fact, after the passage of three decades, they now belong more among Slovak ethnic writers in the United States and Canada (or wherever else they live) than to continuing Slovak literary trends in Czecho-Slovakia. Sad as it might be, these authors are writing for a decreasing number of readers. The interesting aspect of these chapters is the report of the publication in post-February Czecho-Slovakia of works · by :Cudo Besenovsky and Milos Mlynarovic. Prof. Kirschbaum should be cautioned in his use of Robert Kann's praise of Slovak cultural development in the whole of the nineteenth century (pp. 147-8). It is clear from Kann's context that he includes Kollar, Safarik, Stefanik, and Masaryk in his kudos, a quartet who are usually ascribed major roles in the Czecho-Slovak movement, a concept Prof. Kirschbaum would certainly take strong offense to. �128 SLOVAKIA The number of printing errors is atrocious . Thus, R. W. SetonWatson becomes Seton-Weston (p. 9), Nicholas Spulber is Spuller (p. 9), Jan Tibensky comes out T. Tibeasky (p . 119) , the Spolok sv. Vojtecha is said to have been founded in 1780, rather than 1870 (p. 206), Timrava and Podjavorinska become Timarava and Podajavorisnka (also p. 206), Cyrillic is spelled in at least 5 or 6 different ways, ad infinitum. The French resume fares no better. I counted at least a half dozen errors in the first paragraph on page 286. An inserted errata catches a small number of errors, but tells us, "The word 'Slovensky' in Chapter III should have an accent on the letter e (! ) unavailable to the printers.' ' A couple of other minor carps: (1) the use of Loe. cit., op. cit., etc., is functional for article-length material, but not very feasible in a monograph. A reference to Robert Auty, loc. cit., on page 117 requires the reader to go all the way back to page 21. A reference to Noge, op. cit. on page 203 lacks any earlier reference whatsoever. It belongs to Julius Noge, An Outline of Slovakian Literature (Bratislava, 1968) which certainly also belongs in the bibliography. (2) In Chapter XII we suddenly have titles of Slovak works given only in English, making them harder to locate. In sum, a book whose title held so much promise turns out to be a disappointment. I share Prof. J. B. Rudnyckyj's prefaced complaint that there is far too little scholarly material available in English about Slovak literature, and I would add, about Slovak history, and Slovakia in general. Unfortunately, this compendium has not improved the situation. - OWENV. JOHNSON \ �Our Contributors Edward J. Behuncik, J.D., attorney; America, Stratford, Connecticut president, Slovak League of John Bodnar, Ph.D., historian, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Andrew Cincura, Ph.D., author; professor, Riverside, California Owen V. Johnson, Ph.D., historian, University of Michigan Joseph M. Kirschbaum, LLD., Ph.D., historian; author, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Margaret Matus, student, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Michael Novak, Ph.D., author; lecturer; professor, Bayville, New York Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B., M.A., historian; author, Cleveland, Ohio M. Mark Stolarik, Ph.D., historian; professor, Cleveland, Ohio Anthony X. Sutherland, Ph.D., historian, Stony Point, New York Daniel F. Tanzone, 8.A., author; fraternalist, Yonkers, New York Francis Vnuk, M.A., author; historian, Broadview, Australia �OFFICERS OF THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Honorary President: Stephen J. Tkach, K.H.S. JOHN A. HOLY Secretary 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, N.J. 07424 EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President 178 Elliott Street Stratford, Conn. 06497 Vice Presidents: Milan V. Blazek Frances L. Mizenko Daniel F. Tanzone Executive Committee: Edward J . Behuncik, John A. Holy, Louise Yash, Irma A. Vrbancic, John A. Sabol, George J. Kostelnik, Stephen J. Kavulich, Andrew Hudak, Jr., Dr. Joseph Mikula Anna E. Hletko Auditors: Dr. Stanislav Duris George N. Kantor SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION Cleveland, Ohio - Membership 104,000 THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio - Membership 100,000 THE SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J. - Membership 53,000 THE LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. - Membership 16,500 PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. - Membership 15,000 SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA John C. Sciranka, President SLOVAK AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) JEDNOTA (circulation 40,000) SLOVAK v AMERIKE (circulation 3,000) ZENS KA JEDNOTA (circulation 35,000) ZORNICKA (circulation 5,000) KATOLICKY SOKOL (circulation 20,000) BRATSTVO (circulation 7,000) PR IA TEL DIETOK (circulation 9,000) SLOVAKIA $4.00 per annum in the U.S.A. - $5.00 elsewhere Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown, Pennsylvania U.S.A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1976, Vol. 26 Description An account of the resource Vol. 26 (No. 49), 1976. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 111 Henry Delfiner, Vienna Broadcasts to Slovakia. East European Quarterly, Boulder, Colorado, 1974. 142 pp . (Distributed by Columbia University Press, New York and London). Delfiner's study is a valuable source of information both on the German policy towards Eastern Europe on the threshhold of the Second World War and on the disruption of Czecho-Slovakia. Vienna broadcasts became influential after Berlin interpreted the Munich Agreement as giving Germany a "free hand" in Central Eastern Europe . The dissatisfied and frightened peoples and minorities, uncertain about their future, were more than inclined to consider the broadcasts as an interpreter of Berlin's foreign policy. Slovakia was one of the countries whose future was most uncertain. Hungarians , Poles and Germans claimed parts of Slovak territory and, even though the relations between the Czechs and the Slovaks improved after Slovakia was granted autonomy, Prague was unable either to defend Slovakia against her neighbors or assure her future. In fact, the government of Prague advised the Slovak autonomous government to turn to Berlin for protection against Hungarian claims. As a result, in the case of Slovakia, the broadcasts undoubtedly influenced the relations between the Czechs and the Slovaks, as well as the attitude of the Slovak population towards the Jews. The influence was, however, not as decisive as the author asserts . Mutnansky, as announcer and author of the major part of the broadcasts, was not the best person to perform the task. Unknown, without the necessary good contacts with Slovak politicians, and having a doubtful political record, he was not taken seriously in political circles. The anti-clericalism of his broadcasts and their violent anti-semitism also diminished their impact. As Delfiner rightly states, ''One of the first issues on which Slovakian Catholicism (Slovakia's population was 82 percent Catholic) and Nazi ideology clashed concerned treatment of the Jews." (p. 24) In addition, the broadcasts promoted K . Sidor at a time when Dr. Tiso was the head of the Populist Party and, from October 6, 1938, also the head of the Slovak government. The broadcasts also promoted Dr. Tuka who had no political office after he returned from Czech jails and neither Sidor nor Tiso were eager to adopt Tuka' s political views and plans. In fact Tiso protested on certain occasions against the broadcasts. It was in the March crisis of 1939, when Prague deposed the Slovak government, arrested hundreds of Slovak political and civic leaders, and militarily occupied public buildings, that the Vienna broadcasts and the Viennese politicians (Seyss-Inquart, Burckel) played the im- 112 SLOVAKIA portant role ascribed to them by the author in the final decision of the Slovaks to part with the Czechs. Since the story of the disruption of Czecho-Slovakia was presented in the West with a certain bias, the collection of these broadcasts will be useful for historians. The text of the broadcasts published in Mutnansky's books as well as his interpretation of them are not, however, necessarily accurate. He was not rewarded in Slovakia and advocated German policies even after the broadcasts were terminated. The work is enhanced by a useful bibliography and chronology. Some minor errors slipped into the glossary and chronology: Dr. Tuka made his first speech for independence on December 6, 1938 and not on December 9; Dr. Durcansky did not ask for "Hitler's intervention" on March 10. He merely hinted in his broadcast from Vienna that Slovaks '' aim to achieve national freedom with the help of our friends, the great German nation", (p. 117); Karol Sidor died in Montreal on October 20, 1953 and not 1954. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM ••• Bohemia - Jahrbuch des Collegium Carolinum, Band 15, R. Oldenburg Verlag, (Munich, 1974). Edited by Dr. Gerhard Hanke, pp. 532. Even though the symposium Bohemia deals predominantly with the history, the culture and Czech-German relations in the present Czech part of Czecho-Slovakia, known throughout the centuries as Bohemia, many issues of this carefully edited annual publication have also paid attention to Slovakia and the Slovaks. The present volume contains three contributions dealing with Slovakia: Helmut Slapnicka writes about German lectures at the Law Academy in Bratislava in the middle of the 19th century; Ladislav Lipscher contributes an excellent essay on the constitution and regional political administration in Czecho-Slovakia during the 1920s; and Stanislav Kirschbaum deals with the contin_uity and political changes in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968. While Slapnicka i~ of German background, the two other contributors were born in Slovakia. Ladislav Lipscher is a noted historian of the political and legal organization of pre-war Czecho-Slovakia. Before escaping to the West in 1968 he published books and studies in this field in Slovakia and in spite of the difficulty of access to sources, Lipscher continues to do so from his Swiss exile . This is his third contribution published abroad, and it deserves our special attention because legal and administrative questions were by-passed by Slovak writers in the West. The institution of regional administration had political implications, being conceived as a substitute for political autonomy, promised to the Slovaks during the First World War. Based on solid knowledge and thorough research SLOVAKIA 113 of the subject, Lipscher's study analyses political and administrative problems and presents an objective outline of the regional administration and the party politics behind it. Stanislav Kirschbaum, a specialist on Eastern Europe who teaches Political Science at York University in Toronto, deals with the political changes in Dubcek's era. There are numerous books and articles on this period in several W estem languages. Unfortunately , they are concerned predominantly with the Czech part of the country . Those that deal with Slovakia do so from a Czech perspective or treat the Slovaks as quantite negli[leable even though their role was of primary importance in the events between 1963 and 1968. Kirschbaum's contribution is a well documented scholarly analysis of the political situation in Czecho-Slovakia in the 1960s. It is a presentation of the changes which brought about the liberalization of the regime and the federalization of the State in that fateful year of 1968. Collegium Carolinum deserves our recognition for regularly including studies on Slovak topics in the annual Bohemia. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM ••• Ludwig v. Gogolak, Beitraege zur Geschichte des slowakischen Volkes, II. Die slowakische nationale Frage in der Reformepoche Ungams 1790-1848, (Contributions to the History of the Slovak People - The Slovak National Question in the Reform Period of Hungary, 1790-1848). Verlag R. Oldenburg, (Muenchen, 1969), pp. 280. The second volume(+) of Gogolak's work on Slovakia's selfassertion in Hungary is a detailed and well-documented insight into the crucial years of Slovak history when the Slovaks had to fight not only the Magyar nationalism, but also the ''Czechoslovak'' tendencies of the Slovak Lutheran leaders. Though of Slovak origin and related to Bernolak' s family, Gogolak belonged to the Hungarian aristocracy and his interpretation of Slovak national movement is consequently quite different from the Czech or Slovak nationalist interpretations. The present volume deals predominantly with the second half of the 19th and the first decade of the 20th Centuries. Special attention was paid by the author to the Pan-Slav movement and its representatives in Slovakia and to the movement of tudovit Stur which clashed with both the Magyar assimilation policy and "Czechoslovak" orientation of some Lutheran leaders, especially Kollar and Safarik. Particular attention is paid also to Jan Holly and his influence on the Slovak national movement in the 19th Century. According to Gogolak, Holly deserves credit for giving Slovaks the consciousness of their history (Geschichtsbewusstsein) and faith in their future. In this respect Gogolak is in agreement not only with the older school of Slovak 114 SLOVAKIA historians but also with the present " Marxist" historians and clashes only with the views of the "Czechoslovak" historiography. Gogolak is not denying the oppressive policy of Budapest, but explains it in the context of European nationalism and liberalism and points out the weakness of the Slovak movement whose leaders were divided by religion into two camps, one of which looked for a solution outside Hungary, in a merger with the Czechs . There are many aspects of the Slovak national question in Gogolak's work which were by-passed in Slovak history books or interpreted with bias by Czech historians. Unfortunately, we are unable, outside Slovakia, to pass judgment on their correctness. Gogolak refers to a great number of sources in Slovak, Czech, Hungarian and German which are not accessible to us . Supported by references to reliable sources, Gogolak's conclusions and interpretations seem to be convincing, and as a result we face a new interpretation of the Slovak national movement and of the role the Catholics and the Protestans played in modem Slovak history . In some respects Gogolak is in complete disagreement with the Czech interpretation, especially with the unfounded assertion that Catholics took a minor part in national revival. In his view, "only the activity of several Catholic priests and scholars who were conscious of their goal and mission allowed the Slovak national character not to lose its own characteristics and identity in the clash with the menacing political Magyarization and the spiritual Czechoslovak in the age of modem nationalism and preponderance of the bourgeoisie .... Had the Protestant intelligentsia, which in fact lived mostly on their historical heritage and foreign German-Czech connections, remained in its leading role, the result would probably have been the complete disappearance of the Slovak people." (Vol. I. p. 229 and 238). Considering the fact that Gogolak's work was published by a wellknown publisher and, except for T. J. Locher's book Die Nazionale Differenzierung der Slowaken und Tschechen in ihren geschichtlichen Verlauf bis 1848 (Harlem, 1931), it is the only.work in German by nonSlovak writer, we should not underestimate' its importance. Slovak historians should thoroughly analyze this new interpretation of modem Slovak history. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM (+)For my review of Volume I see Slovakia, No. 35, 1964, pp. 156-158. ■■■ Roger Portal , The Slavs. Weidenfeld & Nicolson (London, 1969), pp. 508, Bihl., index, illustrations. Portal's voluminous book is a survey of the cultural and historical development of the Slavic peoples, including the Slovaks. It was SLOVAKIA 115 written, and originally published, in French (Librairie Armand Colin, 1965), probably as a manual for students at French universities at which Portal has been a professor. The work is illustrated by maps and pictures and presents the Slavs in a much more objective light than some American books have done in the past. French scholars were interested in the Slavs for more than a century, but rarely have any French Slavists presented a global picture similar to Portars book. Slovaks and Slovakia are treated by Portal in proportion to their place and significance among the Slavs without the usual bias encountered in the West. His interpretation of certain periods of Slovak history was apparently influenced by Czech sources, which is, to a degree, understandable. While historiography in Slovakia developed considerably during the past three decades, there are still very few books in foreign languages which could be used by Slavists outside Slovakia. Moreover, even the summaries in scholarly works are always in Russian or German, and only occasionally in French and English. As a result one can hardly reproach Portal or other foreign Slavists if their chapters or paragraphs on Slovaks are sketchy, superficial or if they omit certain periods considered as important for Slovaks but less important in the context of the general history of the Slavs . It is evident that we cannot expect an objective and complete history of Slovakia and Slovaks until there are good history books on Slovakia translated into or written in foreign languages and until there are foreign students at Slovak universities specializing in Slovak history, culture, literature, and language. The absence of statehood, resulting in limited or non-existent cultural exchanges with other countries , necessarily reflects on the knowledge of Slovakia abroad. Many books on Czech history and culture were written by former foreign students at Prague 's university or by Slavists invited to Prague and studying there on scholarships. The same goes for Poland and other Slavic countries. Except for the six years of the Slovak Republic, there was never a government ruling in Slovakia which would have been interested in making Slovakia known in the World. Looking at Portal's book from this angle, we have to welcome it as a great step ahead. Slovak intellectuals in Western Europe should carefully analyze the book and supply Professor Portal with correct information on periods or events which were omitted or misinterpreted. That is the only way to obtain a change in presenting Slovakia abroad until the Slovaks have their own government and normal cultural relations with the world. In Portal's book Slovakia is at least not a footnote to Czech history as happens so often in other books. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM ••• 116 SLOVAKIA R. Krajcovic, Slovencina a slovanske jazyky (The Slovak and the Slavic Languages), Slovenske pedagogicke nakladatelstvo (Bratislava, 1974), pp. 324, illustrations, Russian and German summary. Slovak philology has experienced a remarkable development during the past fifty years for reasons which can properly be understood only in the context of political developments in Slovakia.(+) The attempts to make the Slovak language a dialect of the Czech or nonexistent "Czechoslovak" language gave a strong impetus to Slovak philologists to prove that there was no scientific basis for such theories. The subsequent attempts at Russification of the Slovak language worked in the same direction: they intensified the desire of Slovak philologists to elaborate their own theories about the independent place of the Slovak language among Slavic languages. As a result, Slovak philology developed favorably in all areas of philological research: dialectology, lexicology, comparative philology, morphology, phonology, etc. and the Slovak language was finally established as a distinct Slavic tongue. The book by Krajcovic expertly deals with the place of the Slovak language among Slavic languages and asserts its originality from the time when the Slavic macro-dialects split into dialects with the distinct characteristics of the present Slavic languages. He analyzes the theories which aimed at proving that the Slovak language did not have a homogeneous proto-slavic basis as well as the theories which substantiated the thesis that the Slovak language was formed on the homogeneous West Slavic basis, and corroborates the distinct character of the Slovak language. The book is destined by its terminology for scholars and philologists, but its conclusions are understandable by everybody. In many ways, the book is a good example of the high academic level of the new generation of Slovak philologists. The German summary makes the book accessible also to Wes tern scholars. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM ( +) See Chapter II in Kirschbaum, Slovak Language and Literature, University of Manitoba (Winnipeg, 1975), I\- 25-38 . ••• Dr. J. Mesaros (ed.), Slovaci a ich narodny vyvin (The Slovaks and Their National Development). Proceedings of the V Congress of Slovak Historians. Published by Vydavatel'stvo-Slovenskej akademie vied, (Bratislava, 1969); pp. 305. This symposium is composed of 12 papers delivered at the Conference of Slovak Historians and deserves mention not only for the academic value of individual contributions, but also in connection with SLOVAKIA 117 Gogolak's work mentioned above. While Gogolak's two volumes present an interpretation by a non-Slovak historian, this volume, edited by Dr. Mesaros, gives us an interpretation of Slovak history by the generation of Slovak historians who adopted nolens-volens, a Marxist approach to history. It is regrettable that the symposium is not available in W estem languages for it demolishes the "Czechoslovak" interpretation of Slovakia 's past and present, and substantiates the thesis that Slovaks developed independently of Czechs or other Slavs into a distinct nation culturally, linguistically and politically from the Middle Ages. The contributions by P. Ratkos , J. Tibensky, J. Butvin , K. Rebro and Mesaros are especially explicit in this regard. The contribution by Z. Holotikova is of interest for understanding the attitude of the Communists towards Slovak !llational aspirations. Like the "bourgeois" adherents of "Czechoslov'a kism" who retarded Slovak development towards full national independence, the Communists were also liable for the confusion and for Prague's rule in Slovakia, both of which were detrimental to Slovak development towards a distinct national identity and self-rule. The admission by Marxist historians that religious divisions and Communist adherence to "Czechoslovakism" were harmful to Slovak national development is expressed with caution, but it is present throughout the book and sets the record straight. The majority of Slovaks never doubted their distinct national identity and fought for equal rights with other nations. The minority - political and religious - nevertheless succeeded, with Prague's help, in creating confusion even among foreign Slavists. The post-war experiences with Prague centralism in the economy and renewed efforts to stifle Slovak nationalism resulted in the re.thinking and re-appraising of the Slovak question not only by politicians but also by historians. The publication under review presents their conclusions. Most of the contributions are well-researched and well-written and deal with problems of primary interest for the Slovak struggle for self-assertion. - PROF. J.M. KIRSCHBAUM □□□ Jednota Annual FURDEK 1977, Volume XVI, 303 pages. Edited by Joseph C. Krajsa. Published by the First Catholic Slovak Union of the United States and Canada. Printed by the Jednota Press , Middletown, Pennsylvania . FURDEK 1977, Jednota's sixteenth in a series of annuals in the English language, offers the reader a variety of articles written by a number of old pros, several new authors and semi-pros, but all have something interesting for the reader who wants to know more about his Slovak ethnic background . 118 SLOVAKIA Doctor Pauco 's invaluable contributions (superbly translated from the Slovak by Sister M . Martina Tybor, SS.C .M .) enrich this year's production , which is easily the most informative and probably the best of the series inaugurated by the late Editor Philip A. Hrobak and continued by the present editor-in-chief, Joseph C. Krajsa. Every effort should be made to send this edition to as many Slovak homes, as well as to public, college, and university libraries, as possible. Thomas (Belejcak) Bell, American novelist of Slovak ancestry, is presented, and his half dozen works are ably reviewed by John F. Berko. Bell's books generally reflect the somber and tragic side of life among Slovak (and other Slavic) immigrants in the steel city of Pittsburgh and its suburbs. By a slim margin of one, the young men hold the edge over the Jednota scholarship winners (31-30) in the past year as the fair sex scored high in the final standings. This is a sound display of nondiscrimination in a men's organization. As always, the attractive photos of our intelligent youth give us renewed hope for the future destiny of our J ednota in particular and the ethnic identity of the American Slovaks in general. Michael Novak, Ph.D . , who holds the center stage as the acknowledged champion of ethnics in America, discusses the subject in his usual profound manner and inimitable style. In his " Long Life to Slovaks" contribution, Doctor William Gombar counters Michael Simko's realistic but bleak view for the future of the ethnic population in America. Joseph Kirschbaum, Ph.D., LL.D., is well known for his many writings. In this issue of FURDEK the Slovak diplomat and author contributes a valuable review of the influence of American Slovak organizations on his fellow countrymen in Canada. Glimpses into the ancient historical past of the Slovak nation are presented by a newcomer, Michael Kolarci~, ~S.J. His sketches of the life and times of Prince Pribina, Kings Mojmir I, Rastislav, and Svatopluk the Great, are concise and accurate. Michael Krajsa's tribute to General Stefanik and Doctor Pauco's firsthand information on President Tiso during wartime recall outstanding national heroes of the First and Second World Wars respectively. Tonka Kral, Anna Maria Kulhan, and Theresa Sapak make their debut as a talented trio of promising youthful writers . Sister M . Gabriel Hricko 's biographical sketch of Doctor Joseph Pauco on the first anniversary of the death of a fearless fighter for Slovakia 's national freedom and statehood is a timely tribute to one of the greatest Slovak newspapermen and patriots in our time. Sister Gabriel's beautiful article on the Miracle of Fatima rounds out this year's publication . SLOVAKIA 119 Two Congressmen, namely, the Honorable Daniel Flood of Pennsylvania and the Honorable Peter Rodino, Jr. of New Jersey are contributors who add prestige to this edition. Sophia Zufa finds Slovakia a picturesque country inhabited by a warm, hospitable people, and her father's hometown of Nizna nad Oravou full of memories as recalled by her aunt during her visit. Paul Fenchak's article on Slavic Studies in Maryland's public schools is typical of their place in the public schools around the country - shamefully neglected. Karol Sidor, Slovak newspaperman, diplomat, and statesman, is remembered as a distinguished author, thanks to Imrich Stolarik's contribution. Astronaut Eugene Ceman rates a photograph taken at Youngstown, Ohio's American Slovak Bicentennial celebration last year. A number of other articles of interest in this issue of FURDEK include ones by Fathers Edward Hancko, S.J., Francis Kuba, C.P., Joseph Adamec, Andrew Pier, O.S.B., as well as by Archbishop Joseph Bernardin, D.D., Monsignor J. Jaworski, S.T.D., and by Vincent Drobniak, John Herling, and Edward Svercek. Seventy-five concise articles of a diversified nature cover a wide spectrum of historical, political, cultural, religious, and social subjects. Several poems are added to enhance a rich assortment of carefully selected writings. Nevertheless, the Slovak sources of interesting subjects remain far from being exhausted. There remains a great deal more to be told about Slovakia and her people at home and scattered throughout the world. - ANDREW V. PIER, O.S.B . ••• An Anthology of Slovak Literature, by Andrew Cincura, Ph.D., University of California. Not the last but the latest and most complete and comprehensive study of Slovak prose and poetry in the English language is Dr. Cincura' s scholarly work produced after several years of research by the Slovak Professor whom the Rockefeller Foundation sponsored in compiling a truly pioneer project that merits the highest praise on the basis of its contents and superb presentation. A quarter of a century ago, Ivan Kramoris, M.A., of the Marquette University Preparatory School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, published the first anthology of Slovak literature in English, but since then many new writers have appeared in Slovakia and in exile. This literary development necessitated an up-to-date edition to review the writings of new Slovak authors and poets. Michael Novak, Ph.D., the prolific author of a number of works on the ethnics, introduces the book as "done with taste, intelligence, 120 SLOVAKIA judgment and perception ... " Moreover, Karol Strmen, Ph.D., an eminent Slovak poet, provides the setting for a proper appreciation of a representative series of selections from the surprisingly extensive output of Slovak literary works since the beginning of the nineteenth century. His historical review of Slovak literature is enlightening and informative . While most of Slovak poets and prose writers in Dr. Cincura's selective list rate a high place in their field, some of them compare favorably with leading writers in world literature. By their imagination , workmanship, originality, realism, and idealism, the works of the Slovak nation's literary men and women prove their genuine value as enduring products that have a universal appeal. Certainly Dr. Cincura cannot be accused of male chauvinism, for he chose ten women writers of some thirty authors of prose, although only two women poets are included in approximately forty Slovak poets in his selection. And a woman dramatist is on his list of four Slovak playwrights. Doubtless, there are many more selections of prose and poetry that manifest the natural genius of the Slovak people in expressing their ideas and feelings, but the author was limited by inadequate space. Perhaps in the near future a second volume may be added to supplement this excellent book that will acquaint the English-speaking world with some of the best creative writers of Slovakia. Obviously the very nature of this work presents but a fragmentary part of the entire literary field of Slovak literature, but the reader is given a wide assortment of creative works by writers and poets who are intimately related to their historic land and its people. - ANDREW V. PIER, O.S.B . ••• J.M. Kirschbaum, Slovak Language and Literature, Series: Readings in Slavic Literatures, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, 1975, pp . XIV, 366, Index, ill., bibl. Slovak Language and Literature, the ~test publication by Dr. Joseph M. Kirschbaum, the distinguished author of historical, political and literary works relating to the Slovak nation, contains a vast wealth of facts, opinions, reflections and references to standard works of prominent Slavists in several languages. The Series Editor, Professor J.B. Rudnyckyj, in his preface acknowledges: "Slovakia, a central part of the Great Moravian Empire of the ninth century, was the cradle of Slavic letters and civilization, for there were the beginnings of the rich and highly cultivated Cyrillo-Methodian literature which spread in the tenth century to other Slavic countries, especially to the southern and eastern Slavs." SLOVAKIA 121 The author deems a background to the development of Slovak literature ve ry helpful to the understanding of the evolution of the Slovak language itself. His book is the most comprehensive study of the Slovak language and literature in the English language. Moreover, the author, who has spent years in research and has lectured on the subject during the past two decades, alludes to historical and philosophical aspects that affected the growth of the language and literature of the Slovak people from earliest times to the present day. The impact of the Slovak literary language on the national life of historic Slovakia aided considerably in the emergence of a strong national consciousness in the 19th and 20th centuries. , '' Slovakia,'' Professor Rudnyckyj notes , ''played an important role in the Pan-Slav movement. Not only was the word Panslavism coined by a Slovak, but Slovakia also gave the Pan-Slav idea, which stirred the national consciousness of several Slavic peoples, the most prominent representatives: Jan Kollar, Pavol J. Safarik, and :Cudovit Stur. ' ' Dr. Kirschbaum points out that "Slovak literature achieved a level comparable to other Slavic literatures in the first half of the twentieth century.'' It was during this period that Slovak writers came under the influence of Slavic authors but also drew their inspiration from English, French , and Scandinavian writers . Their works reflected a wide variety of literary trends : Romanticism, Pan-Slavism, Symbolism, Modernism, and Surrealism. Despite World War II, Slovak writers (even proletarian poets) were given a free hand to publish their works in the era of the Slovak Republic (1939-1945). This freedom was sharply curtailed soon after World War II by the communist takeover in Slovakia. As a result, the boycott inaugurated officially by the regime has been in force against all Slovak writers in the free world for more than a quarter of a century. Inside Slovakia, after the ' ' liberation'' of the country by armies of the Soviet Union and the communist coup of 1948, only "proletarian" writers, surrealic;ts, and leftist poets and authors, journalists and newspapermen have been permitted to publish their writings. All others, even leading novelists like Hronsky (and to some extent Gaspar and Urban) have been excluded, as have such prominent poets as Beniak, while others (Andrej Zarnov, R. Dilong, M. Sprinc, K . Strmen) were forced to go into exile, and the poetry and prose of the latter are not acceptable in the country of their birth. Outside Slovakia, in the past three decades Slovak writers in exile from their communist-controlled homeland have published prolific works in literature and history that have offset an outpouring of communist-oriented publications of poetry and prose within the narrow limits of the ruling regime. These creative writers living in the free world have been "excommunicated" from the socialist state imposed upon their countrymen - and their works are "verboten. " Completely unlike the literary picture painted by captive artists of 122 SLOVAKIA the communist regime in present-day Slovakia, the portrait of Slovak literature both in and out of the country, produced by Dr. Kirschbaum in the free world, is a realistic work depicting the landscape and people of Slovakia in their true colors. It is also an objective delineation of the men and women of letters working under close surveillance in their homeland held captive by foreign invaders and oppressors . Although the impact of Professor Kirschbaum 's book in the field in western literature will be strongly felt, it is a foregone conclusion that it will be totally ignored or attacked in Slovakia. Meanwhile , readers, Slovak and non-Slovak alike, who are interested in true literature, will welcome this highly creditable and scholarly volume that is richly supported by an extensive bibliography. We cannot but agree with Professor Constantine Bida of the University of Ottawa, who reviewed the manuscript, that the book is ''a valuable compendium, necessary for Slovaks abroad and useful for the Anglophone peoples since it supplies a great deal of valuable information on Slovak philology and literature, by using the biobibliographical method''. - ANDREW V. PIER, O.S.B. □□□ Francesco Petrarca, Vavrin (a Slovak selection from Il Canzoniere), translated by Karol Strmen. Rome: Slovak Institute of St. Cyril and Methodius, 1974, 216 pp . The time-honored tradition of observing the anniversary of a deceased foreign author by honoring him with a volume of translations from his work found new expression in a recent Slovak selection from Francesco Petrarca' s ll Canzoniere. Translated from the Italian original by Professor Karol Strmen, who is a poet in .his own right, and titled Vavrin (The Laurel Crown), the most rece:dt Slovak rendition of Il Canzoniere commemorates the 600th anniversary of Petrarca's death. The work presents almost one-third of Petrarca's own collection as well as a scholarly resume of the life, works, and aesthetics of the Italian poet. There are likewise explanatory notes and a bibliography of Petrarca' s works and scholarly criticisms. The purpose of the work as indicated explicitly in its introduction is two-fold: (1) to present "all really important poems (from the original) in the suggested order and framework" of Petrarca's own collection; and (2) to give to Slovak readers background information necessary for a better understanding of the great Italian poet and scholar. Professor Strmen has also tried to show implicitly that able translators can render even the most profound concepts and intricate patterns of foreign masterpieces in the Slovak language without damaging distortion, and that modern Slovak scholarship, if unburdened by historical, political, SLOVAKIA 123 and other non-literary forces, can fulfill the most challenging tasks of standard literary investigation. For at least a partial response to anticipated questions about norms for Strmen's selection, I shall at least curiously examine some fortunes of Petrarca' s poetry in Slovakia and then concentrate on the more germane relationship of Vavrin to the only other extensive Slovak selection from Il Canzoniere, the work Francesco Petrarca, Sonety pre Lauru, translated by the Slovak poet, Vojtech Mihalik, in 1968. Besides Mihalik' s extensive translation, there are also shorter selections translated by Zvonicky and Durica. Together with Strmen's new renditions from Il Can'zoniere these all testify to the great interest that Slovak men of letters and patrons of literature take in Petrarca's works. The Petrarca ''vogue,'' nevertheless, had already taken hold among Slovak poets and scholars as early as the beginning of the 19th century when Pavel Jozef Safarik, Jan Kollar, and Jan Holly employed Il Canzoniere either as a formal model for their poems or as a starting point in their arguments about the role of the Slavs in Europe. The followers of Safarik, Kollar, and Holly, including both post-Romantic and modern Slovak poets, experimented with Petrarchian forms primarily as to their conceptual and linguistic appropriateness in the spectrum of Slovak poetry. The renowned Slovak poet Pavol Orszagh-Hviezdoslav, and his contemporary Svetozar Hurban-Vajansky, used the Petrarchian sonnets mostly as prototypes for their own reflective-intellectual poems. Janko Jesensky, on the contrary, returned in his Poems (1905) to love themes inherent to the Petrarchian sonnets. Ivan Krasko followed Petrarca in the use of the so-called '' squared oxymoron'' in his collections, Nox et solitudo (1909) and Poems (1912) (cf. Slovenske pohl'ady 85 (1969; cited hereafter as SP) , No. XI, 129) . The gallery of Petrarca's followers in Slovak literature was further complemented by Valentin Beniak (Sophia, 1941) and Jan Kostra (Ave Eva, 1943). Mihalik's selection from Il Canzoniere , both as a pioneering undertaking and as a work briefly preceding Strmen's Vavrin, constitutes a valuable contribution to Slovak literature and general aesthetics. Like Strmen in the work under review, Mihalik according to one reviewer, presents parts of Il Canzoniere as faithfully as possible. His translated version of the original "sings" in Slovak as it does in the original Italian (SP, No. XI, 124). It may be noted that Mihalik and Strmen, who are both poets-translators, chose slightly different formal and conceptual paths to attain their goals. Mihalik, living in Slovakia and somewhat burdened by his limited knowledge of the Italian language, was forced to seek the assistance of a translator and depend on the present politically-motivated scholarship of the Society sphere. Strmen, residing abroad and fluent in a dozen of foreign languages, had the capacity and the circumstances to approach the task and to accomplish it singlehandedly. In each case, the net result is characterized by some 124 SLOVAKIA similarities in an overall consideration and by specific differences in matters of detail. Let us now briefly examine some prominent features of both translations. To begin with, Mihalik used the thirteen foot iambic feminine verse alternated by the masculine hexameter exclusively. Examples: Vy po-slu-cha-ci bas-ni, v kto-rych iial'-i chve-nie ai do-sial' mu-ci mo-je srd-ce u-sta-te ... (Sonnet I, vv. 1-2) Do-bro-re-ce-ne mie-sto, mo-jej Las-ky sud-ca, den, me-siac, rok a chvi-l'a, pa-miit-ny ten kut kra-ji-ny, kde ma vrh-li do ca-rov-nych put due o-ci pre-kras-ne, ie v6-bec ne-viem hnut' sa. (Sonnet LXI, vv. 1-4) An analysis of Mihalik' s translation and expository writing shows that his strict adherence to a specific form might have been prompted by several formal and quasi-polemical considerations. As the poet of a somewhat conservative bent, he tried to counteract "the wave of amorphism governing the preponderant part of (modem Slovak) poetry" (SP , No. XI , 132). As a scholar, he seems to defend some modern concepts exalting the creative role of a translator over the older claims of Kollar and Holly, who hold that no translation can surpass the artistry of the original Slovak creations. Viliam Turcany, a modem Slovak scholar , commented that Mihalik' s translations "read as if they were his own original works" (SP, No. XII, 122). In the specific reference to the form used in Mihalik's rendition of fl Canzoniere, Turcany stressed the fact that the thirteen-foot iambic line alternated with the hexameter is the metric form best sv.ited for expressing ''the similar quantitative-conceptual density of the Italian and Slovak prosody line" (SP, No. XII, 127). Strmen disregarded both the explicit and the implied claims of Mihalik and Turcany, and translated his selected parts of fl Canzoniere in accordance with his own aesthetic and semantic tenets. Cutting down the length of Petrarca's sonnet line to eleven and ten syllables respectively, he indirectly confirmed the fact that translations from Italian poetry - like translations of prose - require about 15 percent less space in Slovak. Examples: Vy, co tu v zlom-koch ver-sov za-chy-ti-te sum vzdy-chov, kto-re l'u-bost' ii-vi-li . . . (Sonnet I, vv. 1-2) 125 SLOVAKIA Bla-ho-sla-ve-ny me-siac, deii i rok i pek-ny kraj i vcas-na jar i chvi-l'a i mie-sto, kde mi Las-ka za-lo-ii-la na mih jej o-ka kru-hy ie-lie-zok .. (Sonnet LXI , vv. 1-4) On the other hand, preserving the prevailing "dynamic" subjectverb structure of Petrarca,' s sentence in his rendition of the Italian work, Strrnen established a close relationship between poet and theme . In the remarks which introduce his translation of Il Canzoniere, Strrnen underlined the importance of the original work for the quality of its translation and for general scholarly consideration. According to him every new great poet represents, so to speak, the last word , the exhaustion of literary potentials. And since, we all are willy-nilly prisoners of our era, we are all tempted to make him the criterion of the past. But the history of poetry deals with something else: the great poet stands out as an independent island (and) we approach him with the guidebooks of our aesthetic prejudices . . . A translation should be primarily a mirror (of the original, and) not ... a colonization or an extension of the translator's personality. In summing up the basic tenets of this review, it is necessary to ask how both poet-translators enriched Slovak literature by translating parts of Petrarca's masterpiece into Slovak and how each of them contributed to the advancement of general scholarly knowledge. Considering the first part of the question , I wish to point out that these translations complement each other. Each poet selected different portions from the original and consequently offered a wider selection from the Italian work to his Slovak readers. A limited number of the poems translated by both poets makes it possible, on the other hand, to study these poems in juxtaposition with each other and facilitates their close comparison. As to the second part of the question, I thank that both Slovak selections from Il Canzoniere provide new thoughts for a theoretical approach to aesthetics in general and Slovak Petrarchian studies in particular . Two basic points of this review, namely verse structure and the " kinetics" of language, are common denominators in the comparative study of specific segments of the respective works and , at the same time , of the · specifics of the individual parts within the artistic whole. Conversely , any segment of Il Canzoniere - if juxtaposed with its counterparts in Slovak translations - will give at least a hint about the character and merits of the respective work. In practical terms, the lines cited in Slovak from Mihalik's and Strmen's translations (as well as any other lines from their selections) 126 SLOVAKIA will give the reader at least a broad idea about the formal aspects of either translation. Italian Slavists will, even by a dissection of these brief segments, gain insight into "hidden" linguistic and artistic concepts governing Strmen's and Mihalik's translations. Economy, idea, and sound quality were the most importat denominators shaping Petrarca's masterpiece. Without expressing any subjective valuejudgment about the Slovak selections from Il Canzoniere, I can state that Mihalik and Strmen fulfilled scholarly expectations in coping with these three fundamental principles of Petrarca's work. ANDREW CINCURA □□□ Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Slovak Language and Literature: Essays. Winnipeg and Cleveland: University of Manitoba, Department of Slavic Studies, 1975. (Readings in Slavic Literature, 12). 336 pages. This is a collection of twelve essays on various aspects of Slovak language and literature which Prof. Kirschbaum has read at conferences and-or published in journals over the past twenty years. He has divided them into three parts, the first (2 essays) discussing questions of language, the second (7 essays) presenting selected topics in Slovak literature through the latter part of the nineteenth century, and the third (3 essays) surveying post-World War II trends. There is a fourth part which purports to be a '' French summary'', but in reality is a slightly rearranged translation of the first and third English chapters. Prof. Kirschbaum's purpose is "to acquaint students and scholars . . . with the development of the Slovak vernacular into a literary medium and with the literature created by the Slovaks in their own language as well as other languages used in Slovakia ... '' The goal is admirable, but he has missed a splendid opportunity to create a solid synthetic survey. There are several reasons to regret his choice of method. As is unfortunately true with much material published by Slovaks in the West, one is left in doubt as to precisely what audience he is trying to reach. Part of the time, Prof. Kirschbaum devotes essays to polemics, particularly with those who sub,s cribe to the concept of Czechoslovakism. He uses expressions such 'as ''misconceptions'' and ''errors' ', charging that these ''wrongs' ' are based on flimsy evidence. But in turn, Kirschbaum himself offers minimal ''proof'' for some of his assertions. Nevertheless, it is disappointing to see polemical essays alongside more serious academic treatments (particularly those chapters on Jan Kollar, Pavol Safarik, and :Cudovit Stur). Further, Western scholars in recent years have taken note of changing perceptions of the development of Slovak national consciousness. (See, for example, Joseph Zacek's remarks in his study of "Nationalism in SLOVAKIA 127 Czechoslovakia" in Peter F. Sugar and Ivo J. Lederer, eds., Nationalism in Eastern Europe - 1969.) The second problem is that Prof. Kirschbaum has several times repeated his use of the same evidence. He indicates in his introduction that he has done some editing to avoid repetitions, but what are we to make of his double use of a statement by the Polish philologist Tadeusz Lehr-Splawinski (pp. 20 and 68), or of "western" discussions of the origin of Slovak as a literazy language (pp . 18-19 and 52-53)? This is also a problem in books in · which the essays of multiple authors are collected, but one wishes Prof. Kirschbaum had been more diligent in overcoming it. Why, though , when such a golden opportunity presented itself, didn't Prof. Kirschbaum give us a synthetic survey of Slovak literature? There would have been no fear of his repeating himself, and the scholars and students, for whom he says he is writing, would have had an overall view of the evolving Slovak language and literature. Kirschbaum himself remarks on the particular importance of Slovak literature between the wars, but he allows as that would require too much space to discuss, and so he skips the subject. Similarly, his discussion of post1945 literary development is a bare outline of the 1945-1956 period, with only a couple of paragraphs given over to the extremely important dozen years after that, a period so necessary for an understanding of the events of 1968 and after. Kirschbaum alludes to a few important matters after 1956, such as the rapidly growing research on Slovak language and literature in the early 1960s (pp. 35-36). He suggests that this development resulted from the Communist Party's perception of language and literature as being a neutral field. The reader is left wondering why it was, then, that manifestations of Slovak nationalism developed precisely in those areas. The plea of complexity is inadequate. The inclusion of the two chapters of Slovak emigre literature is puzzling, since Kirschbaum tells us twice that only about 50 writers are involved. He does cite their availablity to the reader in the West, but in fact, after the passage of three decades, they now belong more among Slovak ethnic writers in the United States and Canada (or wherever else they live) than to continuing Slovak literary trends in Czecho-Slovakia. Sad as it might be, these authors are writing for a decreasing number of readers. The interesting aspect of these chapters is the report of the publication in post-February Czecho-Slovakia of works · by :Cudo Besenovsky and Milos Mlynarovic. Prof. Kirschbaum should be cautioned in his use of Robert Kann's praise of Slovak cultural development in the whole of the nineteenth century (pp. 147-8). It is clear from Kann's context that he includes Kollar, Safarik, Stefanik, and Masaryk in his kudos, a quartet who are usually ascribed major roles in the Czecho-Slovak movement, a concept Prof. Kirschbaum would certainly take strong offense to. 128 SLOVAKIA The number of printing errors is atrocious . Thus, R. W. SetonWatson becomes Seton-Weston (p. 9), Nicholas Spulber is Spuller (p. 9), Jan Tibensky comes out T. Tibeasky (p . 119) , the Spolok sv. Vojtecha is said to have been founded in 1780, rather than 1870 (p. 206), Timrava and Podjavorinska become Timarava and Podajavorisnka (also p. 206), Cyrillic is spelled in at least 5 or 6 different ways, ad infinitum. The French resume fares no better. I counted at least a half dozen errors in the first paragraph on page 286. An inserted errata catches a small number of errors, but tells us, "The word 'Slovensky' in Chapter III should have an accent on the letter e (! ) unavailable to the printers.' ' A couple of other minor carps: (1) the use of Loe. cit., op. cit., etc., is functional for article-length material, but not very feasible in a monograph. A reference to Robert Auty, loc. cit., on page 117 requires the reader to go all the way back to page 21. A reference to Noge, op. cit. on page 203 lacks any earlier reference whatsoever. It belongs to Julius Noge, An Outline of Slovakian Literature (Bratislava, 1968) which certainly also belongs in the bibliography. (2) In Chapter XII we suddenly have titles of Slovak works given only in English, making them harder to locate. In sum, a book whose title held so much promise turns out to be a disappointment. I share Prof. J. B. Rudnyckyj's prefaced complaint that there is far too little scholarly material available in English about Slovak literature, and I would add, about Slovak history, and Slovakia in general. Unfortunately, this compendium has not improved the situation. - OWENV. JOHNSON \ Our Contributors Edward J. Behuncik, J.D., attorney; America, Stratford, Connecticut president, Slovak League of John Bodnar, Ph.D., historian, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Andrew Cincura, Ph.D., author; professor, Riverside, California Owen V. Johnson, Ph.D., historian, University of Michigan Joseph M. Kirschbaum, LLD., Ph.D., historian; author, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Margaret Matus, student, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Michael Novak, Ph.D., author; lecturer; professor, Bayville, New York Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B., M.A., historian; author, Cleveland, Ohio M. Mark Stolarik, Ph.D., historian; professor, Cleveland, Ohio Anthony X. Sutherland, Ph.D., historian, Stony Point, New York Daniel F. Tanzone, 8.A., author; fraternalist, Yonkers, New York Francis Vnuk, M.A., author; historian, Broadview, Australia OFFICERS OF THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Honorary President: Stephen J. Tkach, K.H.S. JOHN A. HOLY Secretary 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, N.J. 07424 EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President 178 Elliott Street Stratford, Conn. 06497 Vice Presidents: Milan V. Blazek Frances L. Mizenko Daniel F. Tanzone Executive Committee: Edward J . Behuncik, John A. Holy, Louise Yash, Irma A. Vrbancic, John A. Sabol, George J. Kostelnik, Stephen J. Kavulich, Andrew Hudak, Jr., Dr. Joseph Mikula Anna E. Hletko Auditors: Dr. Stanislav Duris George N. Kantor SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION Cleveland, Ohio - Membership 104,000 THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Beachwood, Ohio - Membership 100,000 THE SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J. - Membership 53,000 THE LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. - Membership 16,500 PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. - Membership 15,000 SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA John C. Sciranka, President SLOVAK AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) JEDNOTA (circulation 40,000) SLOVAK v AMERIKE (circulation 3,000) ZENS KA JEDNOTA (circulation 35,000) ZORNICKA (circulation 5,000) KATOLICKY SOKOL (circulation 20,000) BRATSTVO (circulation 7,000) PR IA TEL DIETOK (circulation 9,000) SLOVAKIA $4.00 per annum in the U.S.A. - $5.00 elsewhere Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown, Pennsylvania U.S.A.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 26 (No. 49) Description An account of the resource includes Book Reviews; Our Contributors Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/734da316e42e6264501f7cb440a5134b.pdf 6948b17707269467d8b0ad0619d4b1b7 PDF Text Text �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXV •• 1975 • NO. 48 Editor JOSEPH PA UCO _. Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �PRINTED BY JEDNOTA PRESS, MIDD•LETOWN, PA. 17057, U.S.A. �3 SLOVAKIA Contents Dr. Joseph Tiso in the Light of Nazi Documents Grebert - 5 Good Times and Love - Sonya Jason - 18 70th Anniversary of the Slovak People's Party Ph.D. - Joseph Pauco , 28 Dark Hours of the Church in Slovakia - - Dr. Arved Theodoric Zubek, O.F.M. 36 Good Slovak Republic - Konstantin Culen - 41 Juraj Fandly : An Introduction to His Life and Work - X. Sutherland, Ph.D. - 59 Slovak Fraternal Organizations 68 Daniel F. Tanzone - Praised-be in the Coal Region - - Anthony Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS .C.M . 71 Visible Signs of Slovak Culture in Cleveland, Ohio Pier, O.S.B. - Andrew V. 73 Slovak Piano Composition - Antonia Maza.nova - 80 Incarnation and Resurrection in the Last Poems of Milos K. Mlynarovic - Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS.C.M. - The Slovak Dilemma in Austria-Hungary - 99 Gabor Vermes - 105 Centennial of Slovak Health Spas in the Tatra Mountains Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B. - Slovak Contributions to the American Cultural Mosaic F. Tanzone - St. Cyril in Love - Rev. 117 Daniel 119 Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS.C.M. - f.udovit Stur and Slovak Cultural Nationalism Sutherland, Ph.D. 134 Anthony X. Before Life's Stirring . . . and Beyond the Grave Scientific Literature by Slovaks Abroad - 128 148 J. M. Kirschbaum - History and Tradition of Wooden Houses of Slovakia Fialkovic 160 Paul 151 �SLOVAKIA 4 Milan Rastislav Stefanik and the Tragedy of the Slovak People Robert Pojer - 168 Slovakia Before the Czechs As Others See it Book Reviews - John Berta - 190 194 Slovak American Bicentennial Commission Who 's Who Among Slovak Americans Our Contributors - 180 208 206 207 � �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXV •• 1975 • NO. 48 Editor JOSEPH PA UCO _. Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �PRINTED BY JEDNOTA PRESS, MIDD•LETOWN, PA. 17057, U.S.A. �3 SLOVAKIA Contents Dr. Joseph Tiso in the Light of Nazi Documents Grebert - 5 Good Times and Love - Sonya Jason - 18 70th Anniversary of the Slovak People's Party Ph.D. - Joseph Pauco , 28 Dark Hours of the Church in Slovakia - - Dr. Arved Theodoric Zubek, O.F.M. 36 Good Slovak Republic - Konstantin Culen - 41 Juraj Fandly : An Introduction to His Life and Work - X. Sutherland, Ph.D. - 59 Slovak Fraternal Organizations 68 Daniel F. Tanzone - Praised-be in the Coal Region - - Anthony Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS .C.M . 71 Visible Signs of Slovak Culture in Cleveland, Ohio Pier, O.S.B. - Andrew V. 73 Slovak Piano Composition - Antonia Maza.nova - 80 Incarnation and Resurrection in the Last Poems of Milos K. Mlynarovic - Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS.C.M. - The Slovak Dilemma in Austria-Hungary - 99 Gabor Vermes - 105 Centennial of Slovak Health Spas in the Tatra Mountains Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B. - Slovak Contributions to the American Cultural Mosaic F. Tanzone - St. Cyril in Love - Rev. 117 Daniel 119 Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS.C.M. - f.udovit Stur and Slovak Cultural Nationalism Sutherland, Ph.D. 134 Anthony X. Before Life's Stirring . . . and Beyond the Grave Scientific Literature by Slovaks Abroad - 128 148 J. M. Kirschbaum - History and Tradition of Wooden Houses of Slovakia Fialkovic 160 Paul 151 �SLOVAKIA 4 Milan Rastislav Stefanik and the Tragedy of the Slovak People Robert Pojer - 168 Slovakia Before the Czechs As Others See it Book Reviews - John Berta - 190 194 Slovak American Bicentennial Commission Who 's Who Among Slovak Americans Our Contributors - 180 208 206 207 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1975, Vol. 25 Description An account of the resource Vol. 25 (No. 48), 1975. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXV •• 1975 • NO. 48 Editor JOSEPH PA UCO _. Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 PRINTED BY JEDNOTA PRESS, MIDD•LETOWN, PA. 17057, U.S.A. 3 SLOVAKIA Contents Dr. Joseph Tiso in the Light of Nazi Documents Grebert - 5 Good Times and Love - Sonya Jason - 18 70th Anniversary of the Slovak People's Party Ph.D. - Joseph Pauco , 28 Dark Hours of the Church in Slovakia - - Dr. Arved Theodoric Zubek, O.F.M. 36 Good Slovak Republic - Konstantin Culen - 41 Juraj Fandly : An Introduction to His Life and Work - X. Sutherland, Ph.D. - 59 Slovak Fraternal Organizations 68 Daniel F. Tanzone - Praised-be in the Coal Region - - Anthony Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS .C.M . 71 Visible Signs of Slovak Culture in Cleveland, Ohio Pier, O.S.B. - Andrew V. 73 Slovak Piano Composition - Antonia Maza.nova - 80 Incarnation and Resurrection in the Last Poems of Milos K. Mlynarovic - Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS.C.M. - The Slovak Dilemma in Austria-Hungary - 99 Gabor Vermes - 105 Centennial of Slovak Health Spas in the Tatra Mountains Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B. - Slovak Contributions to the American Cultural Mosaic F. Tanzone - St. Cyril in Love - Rev. 117 Daniel 119 Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS.C.M. - f.udovit Stur and Slovak Cultural Nationalism Sutherland, Ph.D. 134 Anthony X. Before Life's Stirring . . . and Beyond the Grave Scientific Literature by Slovaks Abroad - 128 148 J. M. Kirschbaum - History and Tradition of Wooden Houses of Slovakia Fialkovic 160 Paul 151 SLOVAKIA 4 Milan Rastislav Stefanik and the Tragedy of the Slovak People Robert Pojer - 168 Slovakia Before the Czechs As Others See it Book Reviews - John Berta - 190 194 Slovak American Bicentennial Commission Who 's Who Among Slovak Americans Our Contributors - 180 208 206 207  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 25 (No. 48) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/5a376ab10e6521274535c037bbedd018.pdf 9e28adb30f75dd082e19fee3aeaaed22 PDF Text Text 148 SLOVAKIA Be/ore Life's Stirring ... and Beyond the Grave In one of our loved Slovak folk ballads we sing: Love! 0 Love! Dear God, where do we people get you, Love ? You neither grow on sweeping hillsides nor do they sow you in the planted fields! And when it comes to the subject of a mother's love, there is no beginning nor will there ever be an end to the countless poetic tributes that this topic inspires. It is a love that develops even before a child's conception and it endures long beyond the grave. It is a love that comes closest to the Creator's own ... and closest to the created. Let us briefly consider one of its manifestations. There once lived an ordinary simple Slovak mother who cherished a genuinely profound love of God and neighbor. She had a typically hard life, and she struggled along valiantly, comforted by the privilege of bringing ten children into this world. In the proverbial sweat of her brow and by dint of heroic effort, often at the cost of such extreme self-denial that it bordered on near-starvation, she nurtured her brood, trained her children and brought them up to serve their God and their country faithfully. And all along, day by day, the relentless hardships of life and the taxing demands that were made upon her as a wife and mother began to consume the candle of her life at both ends. She was not unaware of the waning of her energies; she sensed the approach of the last breath of her life, the final beat of that generous heart of hers that had meted out unstinted love, devotion and sacrifice as only an ideal mother can give it. She kept the premonition of her declining a deep personal secret. She felt the approach of death but she bravely fulfilled her daily tasks without complaint until utter exhaustion finally put her to bed where she suffered patiently until death finally snapped the thread of her life. �SLOVAKIA 149 After her funeral, her children found her will. Her weak and trembling hand had written it on a bit of pape;,· in the intimate expression of her own tender eastern Slovak dialect which defies exact translation: My dearest ones-my husband, children and Mother. My limbs grow weak and helpless ... my breath is labored n:>w . . . I lnve no way of knowing whether I shall h:1ve time to bid you all a loving farewell or not. But when I do go, do not mourn for me too greatly, for all of us must one day go beyond the point of return to this life. I ask you, instead, to pray for me. And so, God be with you, good-bye . May the dear Lord bless you. I have fifty dollars saved in the bank. Use that to have Masses offered for my soul. A hundred dollars are saved up in a box at home. Fifty dollars of that is to go for Christine's dowery, and the other fifty is for Tom's high school graduation outfit-a new suit, shoes, shirt, hat, under-clothing and socks. We generally claim that there is no love that can match the extreme or supreme sacrifices often made on behalf of family, children, nation or friend. And what commentary can we offer in the case of the mother whose sentiments are embodied in the lines quoted above? How many of us have ever witnessed a greater love and concern, a lovelier and a fairer sharing of a charmingly modest accumulation of this world's goods, representing the gross sum of hard earned and lovingly reserved savings of a hard lifetime amid scant blessings in material assets? Has there been at death's door another such remembering of significant and memorable events to come in the lives of others? We must admit that it is not often so. Very often we share in glorious eulogies-odes and panegyrics, resounding accounts and distinguished documentation of the Hchievements and deserts of great men-rulers, deserving statesmen, soldiers, philosophers and scholars-all individual~ of renown. Yet this simple great-souled mother excels the merits and the glory of the famed and glorified, of the great figure s of heroic stature. Unassuming and charming, simple and limitless in self-sacrifice in all her lifetime ... she is compellingly beautiful, loving, and most touchingly thoughtful even in the extreme hour of death .. . concerned with R. movingly loving .solicitude and personal measure of sacrifice �SLOVAKIA 150 to make it possible for her dear children to be assured of the extra details that will add to the personally momentous events in their young lives. Even in death, she reaches out with her undying maternal love. It must be added that these were th.e delicate lineaments that distinguished the mother of our late Peter P. Yurchak, former President of the Slovak League of America, an outstanding Slovak jurist earlier in our time. She was Mary Yurchak, one among the many superlatively motherly, solicitous ideals of Slovak womanhood, exemplary in marriage and family ties, eminently outstanding as mothers in their homes-the rare blessing and blessedness with which God has so generously endowed so many of our Slovak young people even to our day. These then are among the rare gifts committed to us by the provident love of our Heavenly Father, but-most unfortunately and regrettably-it is a heart-breaking tragedy of our times that some unthinking modern Slovak young people fail to value and appreciate these crown jewels of God's own goodness and blessing to us. The unchangeable mandate HONOR YOUR FATHER AND MOTHER, has a unique applicability and value for children of Slovak parenthood and ancestry. (Translated at Jankola Library) * * * THE AIMS OF THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ARE: To promote education among the Slovaks in America; To encourage them to become alert and loyal citizens of the United States; To advance the Slovaks in the United States and elsewhere morally, economically, socially and politically; To promote and support cultural, civic, and charitable projects for the benefit of its members. No member of the communist party or of any organization recognized as subversive under the laws of the United States can become a member of the Slovak League of America. � 148 SLOVAKIA Be/ore Life's Stirring ... and Beyond the Grave In one of our loved Slovak folk ballads we sing: Love! 0 Love! Dear God, where do we people get you, Love ? You neither grow on sweeping hillsides nor do they sow you in the planted fields! And when it comes to the subject of a mother's love, there is no beginning nor will there ever be an end to the countless poetic tributes that this topic inspires. It is a love that develops even before a child's conception and it endures long beyond the grave. It is a love that comes closest to the Creator's own ... and closest to the created. Let us briefly consider one of its manifestations. There once lived an ordinary simple Slovak mother who cherished a genuinely profound love of God and neighbor. She had a typically hard life, and she struggled along valiantly, comforted by the privilege of bringing ten children into this world. In the proverbial sweat of her brow and by dint of heroic effort, often at the cost of such extreme self-denial that it bordered on near-starvation, she nurtured her brood, trained her children and brought them up to serve their God and their country faithfully. And all along, day by day, the relentless hardships of life and the taxing demands that were made upon her as a wife and mother began to consume the candle of her life at both ends. She was not unaware of the waning of her energies; she sensed the approach of the last breath of her life, the final beat of that generous heart of hers that had meted out unstinted love, devotion and sacrifice as only an ideal mother can give it. She kept the premonition of her declining a deep personal secret. She felt the approach of death but she bravely fulfilled her daily tasks without complaint until utter exhaustion finally put her to bed where she suffered patiently until death finally snapped the thread of her life. �SLOVAKIA 149 After her funeral, her children found her will. Her weak and trembling hand had written it on a bit of pape;,· in the intimate expression of her own tender eastern Slovak dialect which defies exact translation: My dearest ones-my husband, children and Mother. My limbs grow weak and helpless ... my breath is labored n:>w . . . I lnve no way of knowing whether I shall h:1ve time to bid you all a loving farewell or not. But when I do go, do not mourn for me too greatly, for all of us must one day go beyond the point of return to this life. I ask you, instead, to pray for me. And so, God be with you, good-bye . May the dear Lord bless you. I have fifty dollars saved in the bank. Use that to have Masses offered for my soul. A hundred dollars are saved up in a box at home. Fifty dollars of that is to go for Christine's dowery, and the other fifty is for Tom's high school graduation outfit-a new suit, shoes, shirt, hat, under-clothing and socks. We generally claim that there is no love that can match the extreme or supreme sacrifices often made on behalf of family, children, nation or friend. And what commentary can we offer in the case of the mother whose sentiments are embodied in the lines quoted above? How many of us have ever witnessed a greater love and concern, a lovelier and a fairer sharing of a charmingly modest accumulation of this world's goods, representing the gross sum of hard earned and lovingly reserved savings of a hard lifetime amid scant blessings in material assets? Has there been at death's door another such remembering of significant and memorable events to come in the lives of others? We must admit that it is not often so. Very often we share in glorious eulogies-odes and panegyrics, resounding accounts and distinguished documentation of the Hchievements and deserts of great men-rulers, deserving statesmen, soldiers, philosophers and scholars-all individual~ of renown. Yet this simple great-souled mother excels the merits and the glory of the famed and glorified, of the great figure s of heroic stature. Unassuming and charming, simple and limitless in self-sacrifice in all her lifetime ... she is compellingly beautiful, loving, and most touchingly thoughtful even in the extreme hour of death .. . concerned with R. movingly loving .solicitude and personal measure of sacrifice �SLOVAKIA 150 to make it possible for her dear children to be assured of the extra details that will add to the personally momentous events in their young lives. Even in death, she reaches out with her undying maternal love. It must be added that these were th.e delicate lineaments that distinguished the mother of our late Peter P. Yurchak, former President of the Slovak League of America, an outstanding Slovak jurist earlier in our time. She was Mary Yurchak, one among the many superlatively motherly, solicitous ideals of Slovak womanhood, exemplary in marriage and family ties, eminently outstanding as mothers in their homes-the rare blessing and blessedness with which God has so generously endowed so many of our Slovak young people even to our day. These then are among the rare gifts committed to us by the provident love of our Heavenly Father, but-most unfortunately and regrettably-it is a heart-breaking tragedy of our times that some unthinking modern Slovak young people fail to value and appreciate these crown jewels of God's own goodness and blessing to us. The unchangeable mandate HONOR YOUR FATHER AND MOTHER, has a unique applicability and value for children of Slovak parenthood and ancestry. (Translated at Jankola Library) * * * THE AIMS OF THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ARE: To promote education among the Slovaks in America; To encourage them to become alert and loyal citizens of the United States; To advance the Slovaks in the United States and elsewhere morally, economically, socially and politically; To promote and support cultural, civic, and charitable projects for the benefit of its members. No member of the communist party or of any organization recognized as subversive under the laws of the United States can become a member of the Slovak League of America. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1975, Vol. 25 Description An account of the resource Vol. 25 (No. 48), 1975. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 148 SLOVAKIA Be/ore Life's Stirring ... and Beyond the Grave In one of our loved Slovak folk ballads we sing: Love! 0 Love! Dear God, where do we people get you, Love ? You neither grow on sweeping hillsides nor do they sow you in the planted fields! And when it comes to the subject of a mother's love, there is no beginning nor will there ever be an end to the countless poetic tributes that this topic inspires. It is a love that develops even before a child's conception and it endures long beyond the grave. It is a love that comes closest to the Creator's own ... and closest to the created. Let us briefly consider one of its manifestations. There once lived an ordinary simple Slovak mother who cherished a genuinely profound love of God and neighbor. She had a typically hard life, and she struggled along valiantly, comforted by the privilege of bringing ten children into this world. In the proverbial sweat of her brow and by dint of heroic effort, often at the cost of such extreme self-denial that it bordered on near-starvation, she nurtured her brood, trained her children and brought them up to serve their God and their country faithfully. And all along, day by day, the relentless hardships of life and the taxing demands that were made upon her as a wife and mother began to consume the candle of her life at both ends. She was not unaware of the waning of her energies; she sensed the approach of the last breath of her life, the final beat of that generous heart of hers that had meted out unstinted love, devotion and sacrifice as only an ideal mother can give it. She kept the premonition of her declining a deep personal secret. She felt the approach of death but she bravely fulfilled her daily tasks without complaint until utter exhaustion finally put her to bed where she suffered patiently until death finally snapped the thread of her life. SLOVAKIA 149 After her funeral, her children found her will. Her weak and trembling hand had written it on a bit of pape;,· in the intimate expression of her own tender eastern Slovak dialect which defies exact translation: My dearest ones-my husband, children and Mother. My limbs grow weak and helpless ... my breath is labored n:>w . . . I lnve no way of knowing whether I shall h:1ve time to bid you all a loving farewell or not. But when I do go, do not mourn for me too greatly, for all of us must one day go beyond the point of return to this life. I ask you, instead, to pray for me. And so, God be with you, good-bye . May the dear Lord bless you. I have fifty dollars saved in the bank. Use that to have Masses offered for my soul. A hundred dollars are saved up in a box at home. Fifty dollars of that is to go for Christine's dowery, and the other fifty is for Tom's high school graduation outfit-a new suit, shoes, shirt, hat, under-clothing and socks. We generally claim that there is no love that can match the extreme or supreme sacrifices often made on behalf of family, children, nation or friend. And what commentary can we offer in the case of the mother whose sentiments are embodied in the lines quoted above? How many of us have ever witnessed a greater love and concern, a lovelier and a fairer sharing of a charmingly modest accumulation of this world's goods, representing the gross sum of hard earned and lovingly reserved savings of a hard lifetime amid scant blessings in material assets? Has there been at death's door another such remembering of significant and memorable events to come in the lives of others? We must admit that it is not often so. Very often we share in glorious eulogies-odes and panegyrics, resounding accounts and distinguished documentation of the Hchievements and deserts of great men-rulers, deserving statesmen, soldiers, philosophers and scholars-all individual~ of renown. Yet this simple great-souled mother excels the merits and the glory of the famed and glorified, of the great figure s of heroic stature. Unassuming and charming, simple and limitless in self-sacrifice in all her lifetime ... she is compellingly beautiful, loving, and most touchingly thoughtful even in the extreme hour of death .. . concerned with R. movingly loving .solicitude and personal measure of sacrifice SLOVAKIA 150 to make it possible for her dear children to be assured of the extra details that will add to the personally momentous events in their young lives. Even in death, she reaches out with her undying maternal love. It must be added that these were th.e delicate lineaments that distinguished the mother of our late Peter P. Yurchak, former President of the Slovak League of America, an outstanding Slovak jurist earlier in our time. She was Mary Yurchak, one among the many superlatively motherly, solicitous ideals of Slovak womanhood, exemplary in marriage and family ties, eminently outstanding as mothers in their homes-the rare blessing and blessedness with which God has so generously endowed so many of our Slovak young people even to our day. These then are among the rare gifts committed to us by the provident love of our Heavenly Father, but-most unfortunately and regrettably-it is a heart-breaking tragedy of our times that some unthinking modern Slovak young people fail to value and appreciate these crown jewels of God's own goodness and blessing to us. The unchangeable mandate HONOR YOUR FATHER AND MOTHER, has a unique applicability and value for children of Slovak parenthood and ancestry. (Translated at Jankola Library) * * * THE AIMS OF THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ARE: To promote education among the Slovaks in America; To encourage them to become alert and loyal citizens of the United States; To advance the Slovaks in the United States and elsewhere morally, economically, socially and politically; To promote and support cultural, civic, and charitable projects for the benefit of its members. No member of the communist party or of any organization recognized as subversive under the laws of the United States can become a member of the Slovak League of America.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Before Life's Stirring ... and Beyond the Grave Description An account of the resource Slovakia, Vol. 25 (No. 48), 1975 pp. 148-150 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/4cbae7fea8b7e3f8c4251b2c9630727d.pdf 41c21b9199ef2a157e0d8b63f1258f09 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 190 As others see it We are fortunate, in Canada, in having within our midst, a strong and vital Slovak community. Our many traditions, mingled together throughout society cannot but make us a stronger, more resilient, more tolerant and understanding people. - Pierre EUiot Trudeau Freedom and independence have long been the backbone of Slovak national thought. The Slovak people now suffer under Communist domination and yet have made tremendous sacrifices on both personal and national levels to preserve their native culture, language, and religion. One-third of all Slovak people now live in the United States and in other parts of the Western World. Freedom-loving people throughout Michigan and the world join with Slovak people in their desire to reestablish independence from totalW illiam G. Militarian rule. liken, Governor of the State of Michigan Your continuing efforts to share Slovak traditions and culture are a source of pride to all Americans. - Robert P. Griffin, U.S. Senator As one whose ancestors grew up and lived in Slovakia, I am very proud of my Slovak heritage. Moreover, we Americans of Slovak background can also point with pride to the tremendous contributions the people of the American Slovak Community have made to our great nation. - Philip E . Ruppe, Member of Congress In my own experience, I have found Slovak Americans to be bright, industrious, and filled with a zest for life. Moreover, you have successfully preserved a sense of identity and pride in the Slovak roots, a passion which has been further nourished by the more recent arrivals. As a Slovak citizen recently told a western newsman, "Here we have absolutely no shortage of unful filled desires." Some day in our lifetimes, I trust, democracy and individual liberty will live again in the land of your forefathers. - Lucien N. Nedzi, Member of Congress America is an immeasurably better nation because of the tremen dous contributions of Slovaks. Vigor and dedication to excellence have epitomized the Slovak way of life on America's farmlands, in her cities and educational institution3 and on the Apollo flight to the moon of Commander Eugene Cernan. In remembering Slovakia, you are reminding the world of the special ethnic heritage of Slovaks around the world. - Marvin L . Esch, Member of Congress The Slovak people are a proud and talented people who have enriched the lives of the many countries in which they live. We can all be proud of the contribution of Slovak people to the development of America. The Slovak people have helped to build this country into a great democracy, while retaining their ethnic identity. William S. Broomfield, Member of Congress Although self-determination and democracy have been denied them, the freedom-loving Slovak people have maintained their traditions even after many centuries of foreign oppression. �SLOVAKIA Slovaks living in the western world continue to cherish the dream of an independent Slovak nation. Coieman A. Young, Mayor, City of Detroit Catholic Church is the prime target of the Communists in Slovakia because she is considered an organization that is administered by the Vatican and is in contradiction with the idea of a state-controlled church as is the case in Russia. The major pressure is on the practising Catholics who live their faith, and not so much on the so-called "Catholics of the baptismal register." State employees in influential positions and the teachers are hardest hit. After the removal of Dubcek, they were all carefully scrutinized and their files updated. Only the teachers and professors who are considered reliable Marxists can teach in the high schools and universities. It is requiried of them to sever their affiliation with their Church. That is a condition which must be fulfilled if they wish to keep their post. , In the high schools the teaching of religion is forbidden. In the elementary schools, religion can be taught only if both parents demand it for their children. The headmasters are obliged to try to persuade them not to send the children to religion classes. They have to warn the parents about the grave and adverse consequences this would have if they persist. The parents could lose their good positions in employment, and the children may find it difficult to be accepted for higher studies. All teachers and higheT-ranking white collar workers must be party members or they are subject to obligatory courses in Marxistatheistic ideology. After the fall of 191 Dubcek, more than 30,000 Marxist agitators were trained and no w they are conducting re-educational courses among the students and the intelligentsia. Anybody who refuses such courses is considrered an opponent of the regime and his " negative attitude" is entered into his "cadre" file which accompanies every citizen. The assessment in the file can make it hard to get or to change employment for which the person may have qualifications. The ideological pressure is felt, too, in the family circle. The communist ideal is a family without religion. The generation gap in socialism is intensified because in the family circle unity is destroyed - there is two-track thinking. The open practice of the Faith is in conflict with the ideology of the state. Therefore, the parents have to hide their religious conviction from their children or from each other. If they dare to bring up their children in the Faith, if they teach them to pray, there is the danger that the children will betray them in the school and that leads to stress and conflicts in the family. The denial of religious freedom has, in practice, painful consequences in the very nucleus of human society. Bishop Dominic Kai'ata Slovak Communist authorities have stepped up their promotion of "civil ceremonies" to replace baptism, confirmation, wedding and funeral ceremonies in church. Austrian Catholic sources reported from Slovakia, that "wedding centers" and "funeral halls" for civil ceremonies have been installed in many areas. More than 1750 committees were formed to organize the ceremonies. The sources said such civil rites �192 SLOVAKIA have failed to meet with much suecess. Slovak Interior Minister Egyd Pepych has complained that only 3.4 per cent of people who died in Czecho-Slovakia were buried with civil ceremonies. "The Citizens Committees still have much work to do," he said. Communist officials intensified propaganda in recent w1ieks, our sources said. They distributed booklets explaining the purpose and advantages of the ceremonies. Moreover, "presents" are distributed in the civil program that seeks to replace Christian baptism, confirmation and matrimony. Slovak newpapers and I!'lagazines have published reports of civil ceremonies to increase interest. One Communist daily described a civil "baptism" as follows: "A committee secretary took the baby out of the hands of the mother and placed it into a hand-carved cradle. The parents-both teachers -vecited a promise: "We, the parents, solemnly declare that we will do everything in our power to educate our son as an outstanding citizen of our Socialist country." _ (RNS) Communist professors and state officials in Czecho-Slovakia have been waging a persistent campaign against religion despite constitutional guarantees of freedom of thought and religious choice. This is the central point of Italian Jesuit Father Guiseppe Rulli, writing in the Rome Jesuit review Civilta Cattolica. In a long analytical article, Fr. Rulli examines the writings of several eminent Marxist professors attacking religion and the Roman Catholic Church in particular over the past several years. Among the authors cited by Fr. Rulli were Ladislav Tomasek of the Marxist Leninist Institute of Bratislava; Frantisek Kubovic of the Slovak University, and Minister of Culture Jaroslav Hajek. Despite the Communist government's claims that it is tolerant of religion, Father Rulli stressed that over the past few years a consistent campaign has been mounted against religious freedom . The professors in particular have called for "a battle against idealistic philosophy," which for Fr. Rulli is "without a doubt religious philosophy." Father Rulli cited an article by Frantisek Kubovic in which the Slovak professor declared : "to Catholicism in socialist countries it is not possible to grant 'freedom of action,' because that would mean going along with its anti-socialistic, anti-communist, anti-state and antinational attitudes. Therefove, it is indispensable that it be placed under the control of the socialist state so that political activity and the exploitation of the religious feelings of believers may be halt1id ." Demands by the bishops to be allowed to carry out their religious functions in freedom, to run their seminaries without state control and to enjoy the right of giving instruction freely have been interpreted as examples of their antisocialist, anticommunist attitudes, Father Rulli stated. He also pointed out: "The Czech and Slovak communists accuse the Catholic Church of being an expression of an unilluminating idealism of defending a nonscientific and negative vision of the world and of always having been opposed to communism." In the early 70's both Slovak and Czech public officials moved in on the Catholic Church to restrict its freedom. In 1970, Fr. Rulli report- �SLOVAKIA ed, the Slovak Socialist Republic made it a requirement that priests get government permission to celebrate even a private Mass. Authorities of the Czech Republic followed suit. This was only the beginning of greater and more restrictive controls placed on the bishops and the parishes, Father Rulli reported. Concluding his observations, Fr. Rulli declared that from the opening attacks on religion, "religious faith has been considered an expression of sentiment," and there fore must be controlled by the state to safeguard the people. (NC) In the struggle against communism the Church has always offered the stiffest resistance and countless members of the clergy have sacrificed their lives for their faith and country. The Catholic Church ')f Lithuania was brutally persecuted by the Kremlin regime as were thC' Churches of other nations under the despotic yoke of Moscow. Msgr. Jozef Tiso was the wartime president of the Slovak Republic (Independent Lithuania officially recognized Slovakia in 1939) and was executed by the communists in 1947 because he refused to betray his people and proclaim Slovakia a Soviet republic. As the prelatepresident of his country, Msgr. Tiso provided his beloved Slovakia with a Christian-democratic ideology and based his politics on papal encyclicals, Christian philosophy and national Slovak traditions. Two hours before his execution on the gallows Msgr. Tiso wrote this final message from prison to the Slovak people. The eloquence of this fare well also symbolizes the spirit with which -the heroic priests of Lithuania offered up their lives on the altar of freedom for the salvation of their country and in Heaven in 193 the pFesence of the Almighty became the radiant hope of the Lith uanian people. "In the spirit of this sacrifice which I am about to make," wrot':l Dr. Tiso, "these are my words to the Slovak people: Be unanimous and united in pursuing always, everywhere and in every respect the great principle : For God and for the Nation! This is not only the unequivocal intent of Slovak history, but also the explicit command of God, who mad e it the law of nature, and inculcated it in the nation and all its members. This law I have served all my life and for this reason I regard myself as a martyr in the defense of Chri,tianity against Bolshevism, against which our nation must in all possible ways defend itself, and n ot only in order to remain true to its Christian character, but also in th'} interest of its future survival. In the same way as I am as!dng all of you to remember me in your prayers, so will I also pray to God Al mighty on your behalf and supplicate that He bless the Slovak people in their life-struggle for God and for the nation, and that the Slovak nation shall always remain a faithful and devoted son to the Church of Christ." Blessed are those whose way is blameless, who walk in the law of the Lord! - Bulletin of the Lithuanian Affairs Committ ee In Slovakia, dozens of churches stand half-finished because of an edict forbidding new building of them. Unofficially, childrm, who go to church can't go to trade school or the university. But that doesn't matter as much as being home, even though strange things are happening to that home. I expected to find little old ladies, safe in the security of family �194 SLOVAKIA doing folk arts and embroidery. In stead, Slovakia has gone doubleknit. "Do you have a car?" was the first question, usually. And then, "Do you have a color television set?" . There is a song they sing over endless vodkas when the sun goes down, a song that obviously has never been written down. "Our lives are much better here," is the rough translation, "since our fath• ers went to work in America." In some of the villages we visit, social and economic status is determined by who has relatives in the U.S. If your father happened to go there to work, you get Social Security benefits, and you are comfortable . If he worked in the mines around Wilkes-Barl'le and caught the black lung, you are wealthy. American money is important, because Czecho-Slovak money won't buy much. It's not unusual to find houses with television sets but no toilets, simply because it's easier to buy television sets than plumbing materials. But if you have American money, you can buy "boni" - special certificates which must be spent in six months - to use in the Tuzex. And perhaps the Tuzex is the most telling memory of Slovakia. It is a store that accepts only foreign currency. There is fruit juice and liquor, dry goods and clothing. The!'le are baby carriages and radios. The people crowd in, sometimes pushing each other like so many American suburbanites at a bargain basement sale. In a corner, one woman is selling her "boni." When I pull out a notebook to mark down prices, people stare. A friend cautions me to put away the notebook, and the tension ebbs. Over it all, staring down on the Ban-Lon and baby carriages, is a picture of Lenin. - Carol Towarnicky, Philadelphia Daily News, December 28, 1974. Book Reviews BOOKS AND STUDIES ON SLOVAKIA AND SLOVAKS Reviewed by Prof. J. M. K i r s c h b a u m Robert W. Dean, Nationalism and historiography mostly as a footnote Political Change in Eastern Eu· or a postscript to Czech history rope: The Slovak Question and and were seen "through the Czech the Czechoslovak Reform Move- eyes" by specialists in Eastern Eument, University of Denver, Col- rope, several recent studies (Galia orado, The Social Science Foun- Golan, Eugene Steiner, John Condation and Graduate School of way etc.) departed from this politiInternational Studies, Monograph cally and ideologically oriented Series in World Affairs, Vol. 10, tradition. 1973. Among the large numbers of While in the past Slovakia and books published on post-war politiSlovaks were treated in Western cal developments in Czecho-Slova- �SLOVAKIA kia and especially on the "Dubcek period," Robert W. Dean's concise study seems to be the most objective and his analysis of the reform movement free of anti-Slovak bias. Moreover, the value of Dean's book lies in its research and evaluation of original sources published in Czech Lands or in Slovakia during the period under his examination. As a result, Dean is drawing quite a different picturie of Slovakia's post-war political situation and aspirations of her leadership and population from the account of some other specia1.sts in that area. Communist governments in Prague were not more successful in solving the Slovak question than were the bourgeois governments before the war, and even the purges of leading Slovak Communists for alleged "bourgeois nationalism" were not able to silence the cries for equality, justice and self-government. Slovak intellectuals fought, therefore, not only for the reform of the system, but also for the solution of the Slovak question, because "In Slovakia, the distortion of the Novotny system had been expressed by the subjugation of national aspirations - political, economic and cultural." (p. 28) In 1968, the year of liberalization brought also by the opposition of Slovak intellectuals, Slovaks cla imed more than federalization in Dean's view. There were clear voices of leading intellectuals for confederation and the Slovak Republic of 1939-45 was not only put into a more objective light, but its existence was to remind Prague that there was another solution of the Slovak question. Dean quotes from Kuiturny zivot: " ... it will nevertheless remain true that the Slovak Republic existed as the national state of the 195 Slovaks, the only one in our history ... Let us not turn away from it; it is part of our national traditions. It is important for an accurate scrutiny of our national idea to know that the idea or the remembrance of the Slovak state's independence is alive in the national memory. It connot be ignored forever in examining the alterna tives in the solution of the perspectives of a small nation .. ." (Pavol Stevcek, "Sev,e.ral Theses on the Situation of the Slovak Nation," Kulturny zivot, No. 3, August 2, 1968) . Husak is portrayed by Dean as one of the most articulate promoters of federalization but he did not fail to notice that Husak used the movement for federalization to come to power and abandoned it in order to remain in power. As a result, the Slovak question remained unsolved. The present situation is "centralism in a new guise" (see pages 28-37 ) and the persecution of intellectuals by Husak's regime is but a confirmation of his fear that they could expose the true aspirations of the Slovak people. Die Slowakische Volkskultur (Slo- vak Folk Arts and Culture) . Edited by Emilia Horvathova and Viera Urbancova. Published by Slovak Academy of Sciences, (Bratislava, 1972), 304 pages, 342 illustrations. Slovak folk arts and folk culture have long attracted the attention of foreign visitors and ethnographers by their beauty, richness of colors and inexhaustible fantasy. Some observers regard Slovaks "artists by birth," whose songs and national costumes have a natural expression of a poetry full of sensibility and freshness and whose carvings, toolmakings, paintings and architecture of peasant houses �196 SLOVAKIA excell by a constructive sense of color and design. Exposed for centuries to foreign domination and assimilation, Slovaks cultivated folk arts, songs and costumes as an expression of national consciousness and national identity and pre served a great part of them to this day. The book Die Slowakische Volkskultur deals with and reflects the rich cultural heritage of the Slovak people. It contains elev,e n contributions by eight authors, of whom 5 are women. All contributors belong to the younger generation educated at post-war universities in Slovakia, but they also refer to essays and studies by scholars of earlier periods. The title of the book is actually the same as was the title of the first book in German on Slovak folk art and culture by R. Bednarik, published during the Slovak Republic (Bratislava, 1943) . The present book is larger in scope and relies on new research and scholarly methods. The growth of universities in Slovakia is reflected in many fields of academic endeavor previously neglected. Ethnography was one of these fields even though the first known ,e thnographer among Slavs, P. J. Safarik, was from Slovakia. In spite of regimentation and political pressures, the present Slovak universities produced experts in many disciplines, including ethnography. The book Die Slowakische Volkskultur is a product of this new cultural atmosphere in Slovakia. Divided into eleven chapters, the volume deals with practically all aspects of the life of Slovakia's population - from agriculture and came breeding to family life, housebuilding, folk arts, superstitions and customs. Individual chap- ters are illustrated by photographs, many of them well chosen and enhancing the value of the book. It should be stressed, however, that foreign readers should not visualize present day Slovakia as depicted in this book. Folk arts and folk culture belong to the past in Slovakia as in any other Europ!7 an country and are but a part of Slovak cultural heritage. Slovakia kept pace with European cultural development and is adorned by hundreds of medieval fortresses, cast1es and churches of Renaissance and Baroque art. The beautiful valleys and hills lost their original beauty to industrialization and technological progress did not bypass Slovaks and Slovakia. J. Stasko, Slovaks in the United States of America, Edition Dobra Kniha, (Galt, Ontario, 1974) 79 pages, bibl. and statistics. This concise study contains valuable basic information on a number of topics pertaining to the history of the Slovaks in the United States. There are several mohographs by F . Hrusovsky, J. Pauco and others and two volumes history of American Slovaks by K. culen in the Slovak language but Stasko's work is the first scholarly outline in English and as such should be welcome. The author divided his study into 14 short chapters co·v ering the his- torical background of the Slovak nation, causes and effects of the migration of Slovaks, statistical survey of Slovaks in the United States and their hard beginnings and life in America. Briefly but with solid knowledge of the subjects and appropriate statistics Dr. Stasko analyses the social conditions, religions and civic organizations, education, contributions to American political and economic �SLOVAKIA development and the assimilation process. The booklet is an intelligent look at the basic questions which a historian has to deal with in writing a history of an ethnic group in today's United States. It is, however, rather an outline for a longer book, than a comprehensive story of some 3 million Americans of Slovak origin. No doubt, scholars and students of American history will welcome Dr. Stasko's study as a valuable source of information, while American Slovak historians should be encouraged to use it as a solid foundation and a well balanced structure for a comprehensive history of Slovaks in the United States. The large number of monographs on Slovak-American fraternal organizations, parishes, religious orders, regional histories and preserved newspapers and publica tions will make it possible, even in the absence of regular archives, to prepare for the second centennial of America a history book which will tell other Americans and Slovaks as well the fascinating saga of struggles, trials and final success of American Slovaks. The value of Stasko's work for American historians also lies in his brief survey of Slovak history and in his suggested approach to studying and understanding Slovak history. As often mentioned, the neighbors of Slovakia who wanted to dominate and rule Slovaks, suc ceeded in misleading many historians to accept a false concept of the history of the Slovak people. Even if recent history books seem to be more free of anti-Slovak bias and conceptional errors, there will be for a long time urgent need for serious literature in English and other work. languages on Slovakia and Slovaks. 197 Eckbert K. Jahn, Die Deutschen in der Slowakei 1918-1929, (Germans in Slovakia 1918-1929) , Collegium Carolinum (Munich, 1971), 186 pages, bib!. Jahn's book on German minority in Slovakia is a valuable contribution to the history of Slovakia and it is only to be regretted that he limited his research to such a short period. Neglected before the War and written with ideological prejudice by communist historians since 1948, the history of national minorities in Slovakia is very little known. Yet, the role of minorities in Slovakia's history was of great political, cultural and economic importance. German settlements in Slovakia go back to the 14th century at which time, according to the author, there were over 200,000 Germans on Slovak territory. In 19181929 the German minority counted some 150,000 people. Before the first World War Germans of Slovakia were closer to Magyars than to Slovaks in their political and cultural leanings, but during the centuries which proceed the era of nationalism they helped to develop Slovak cities, mining industries, trades and commerce to the benefit of Slovakia. On the other hand, they were at the origin of the religious division of Slovaks. After the First World War Germans in Slovakia did not take part in Slovak struggle for autonomy and equal status with the Czechs. Affiliated with the socialist and partly with the communist parties, they fought in Prague for minority rights together with other German3 of Czecho-Slovakia. Jahn's study sheds light on many aspects of the life of the German minority in Slovakia and even though the author was not allowed �198 SLOVAKIA by the communist regime to study the archives, except for statistics concerning the elections, he wrote an interesting book, well researched and remarkably free of bias. It is predominantly a political history with special emphasis on the interplay of nationalism and patriotism. -,'he book is divided into six chapters and contains interesting statistics about political and linguistic polarization not only among Germans but also among Jews in Slovakia who claimed German or Hungarian as their mothertongue. The fate of German minority in Slovakia was tragic. First they were indiscriminately murdered by Soviet and Slovak communist partisans and then expelled from Slorakia within the scheme of Dr. Benes' policy of revenge which the Slovaks were unable to change. An extensive bibliography of works in German, Slovak and Engli,h enhanced the value of the book. Victor Mamatey and R. Luza, (ed.) A H isto ry of the Czechoslovak Republic 1918-1948, Princeton U- niversity Press (Princeton, N. J. 1973). More than a score of writers contributed to this volume and while some of them are known as historians with established reputation (Mamatey, Taborsky, Hoensch, Rhode, Wandycz, etc), others are less known or do not belong to the academic community at all (A. J osko) . As a result, the value of individual contributions varies and the points of view differ, except for the general tendency which favors Czechs and views the Slovak question through Czech eyes. In the contributions by Professor Mamatey and J. K. Hoensch, which belong to the best in the volume, this bias was to a great degree avoided. Both are thoroughly acquainted with the subject and they even corrected some malicious accusations of Slovaks (e.g. cooperation with Germans before 1938) spread in the West by Czechs and their Slovak fellow-travelers (J. Lettrich) . Nevertheless, we can also say about this volume what the Canadian historiaq Z. Pech wrote about Western specialists in Eastern European History: "The history of Slovaks in the West has usually been presented from the point of view of 'Czechoslovakism' and has appeared as hardly more than a postscript to Czech history." (Canadian Slavonic Papers, X, 4, 1968). The most conspicuous example of bias in this volume is the contribution by Anna Jasko, whose article -in style and concept-is of such value that it would not be accepted by any serious journal. In R. Lufa's selected bibliography the prejudice against Slovaks who do not advocate Czech domination over Slovakia, attained the point of the ridiculous. And more or less the same can be said about the selection of sources and references quoted. With one or two exceptions, the majority of contributors quoted or referred exclusively to sources which favor the Czechoslovak concept and are hostile to Slovak aspirations for national independence. If we disregard the bias of many contributions, the book can be re garded as a vast source of informa tion. Especially the two chapters by Prof. Mamatey (The Establishment of the Republic and The Development of Czechoslovak Dem0cracy) and Hoensch's survey of the Slovak Republic present well documented accounts of the periods treated by the authors. Taborsky's contribution on "Politics in Exile" �SLOVAKIA has all the attributes of academic writing but he displays the usual Czech unfounded conceit when writing about Slovaks. As the .thorough research of British archives by Prof. F. Vnuk indicates, it is hardly true that "Benes prevailed with ease over his few challengers among the exiled statesmen, such as the former Czecho-Slovak premier, Milan Hodza and Czecho-Slovakia's envoy to Paris, Stefan 0 susky ... ". And it is completely untrue that Benes "fully respected the opposite view holding the Czechs and Slovaks to be two different Slav nations" or that "the Czech-Slovak relations created no problem during the war." It is regrettable that even a historian of Taborsky's reputation wrote such mystifications. 199 riodicals, published in Europe, the United States and Canada. The essays have been written mostly by historians of the younger generation of foreign and Slovak origin, the latter predominantly educated in the West. Notheworthy among the essays is John S. Conway's article in The Slavonic and East European Review (Volume LIi, 126, January, 1974, London, England): "The Churches, the Slovak State and the Jews 1939-1945." The subject was treated in the past by several spe cialists in Eastern Europe (:l'.lurica, Lipscher, Jellinek) and further studies are to be expected. Conway's treatise seems to be the most objective by a foreign historian, and free of usual bias against Slovaks advocating the independence The editors expressed thanks to of Slovakia. Czech emigre politicians who left Prof. Mark Stolarik's essay on their country after their unsuccess- "Agrarian Problems in Slovakia ful collaboration with the commu- 1848-1918," published in Histoire nists "for their advice and encour- Sociale - Social History (Vol. VIII, agement in organizing this study," 3, University of Ottawa, May, 1974), and they "have greatly profited is a valuable contribution to a field from the valuable help of the which was generally neglected by Council of Free Czechoslovakia in Slovak historians until recently. It Washington, D. C." This clearly in- is an historiographic essay and will dicates the background and purpose provide useful information for of the book. The fact that there is further study. among the contributors from the Contemporary political developSlovak side only Prof. Mamatey and ments in Slovakia have been a clerk of the Library of Congress, treated by Prof. Stanislav J . KirschAnna Josko, confirms the prejudice baum of York University in Toand political bias mentioned above. ronto in two essays. Canadian JourAnd this is to be regretted especial- nal of Political Science (Vol. VII, ly for the reason that the book wiH 2, June, 1974) published his French be listed under the name of Prof. essay "Le nationalisme minoritaire: Mamatey who is a reputable hisle cas de la Tcheco-Slovaquie" (Natorian. tionalism of Minorities - the Case Czecho-Slovakia) in which the of ESSAYS ON SLOVAKIA Slovak question is subject to a In recent years, Slovak histol") thorough and objective analysis. The events of 1968 with special and the present political situation in Slovakia became the subject of regard for Slovakia are treated by essays and articles in academic pe- Dr. Stanislav Kirschbaum in the �200 SLOVAKIA (Vol. 15, Munich, 1973), an annual published by Collegium Carolinum and specialized in problems of Czecho-Slovakia. Under the title "Kontinuitat und politischen Wechsels in der Tschecho-Slowakei 1968" (Continu ity ,a nd Political Change in CzechoSlovakia 1968) Prof. Kirschbaum gives Western historians a well documented view of the reform and liberalization movement which was generally ascribed to Czechs in Western historiography even though Slovaks were its spearhead. Bohemia- Jahrbuch Eran Laor: Vergangen und ausgeloscht (Erinnerungen an das slowakisch-ungarische Judentum Reminiscences about Slovak-Magyar Jews), Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1972, 280 pp. Review by Dr. Arved G r e b e r t, Geneva. - A translation A. P. The author of this book until recently was director of a Jewish Travel Agency in Geneva, Switzerland. Eran Laor was born in 1900 in the Slovak town of Cifer in southwestern Slovakia. In this fas cinating book, which is only the first volume of a projected trilogy, he describes town life in Cifer during the first twenty-two years of his own life there, and his student days at the Slovak cultural center in Trnava and later in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia at the present time. This book by Eran Laor is an invaluable record of Jewish life in Slovakia at the beginning of this century. Laor's father was a well known and highly r•e spected doctor in the region. When he died, writes the author, the people and priests from nearby villages came to pay their last respects to a highly revered humanitarian. Interesting incidents in the book illustrate the symbiosis between the Jews and Slovak people. The history of the Skvarenina, Du~insky and Peterselka (Petrzelka) families from· 1700 portrays in miniature the destiny of the Jews in Slovakia: by their customs, and a revelation of their thoughts and feelings, and a list of their successes and tragedies. Slovakia became a refuge and an island of freedom for the Jews in the 17th and 18th centuries when the author's predecessors settled in the western town of Sen ic1 in 1700. They came from nearby Moravia on the Slovak border because stringent restrictions .h ad been placed on the Jews in all Czech-ruled lands at the time. The author's narrative is chiefly based on family documents such a, family correspondence, locll registries and other official documents, and inscriptions on tombstones , as well as on oral traditions in his immediate family circle. Laor's work is a valuable addition to the history of Slovakil. His concluding chapters, in wh ich he describes the war years in Bratislava (first World War) and subsequently Czech domination of the country, is very interesting. He correctly terms this period as "Czech occup1tion," and he admits tha t he personally participated in demonstrations protesting against the pos~war regime. From his early youth Eran Laor was active as a writer, as a poet and philosophical reviewer. Ha published these in German, Magyar, Hebrew, French and En ] lish. Although originally he wrote chiefly in Magyar, he stopped writing in this language in protest to the wave of anti-semitism that swept ove:· Hungary immediately after the first World War. Today he writes exclusively in Hebrew, German and �SLOVAKIA French but speaks Slovak fluently. From a literary standpoint the book has great value. His style is elegant and his interpretations of events far-reaching. Laor's commentaries give the reader an impression of his wide and rich experiences and wisdom. Above all, he manifests warm effection for his people and love for the country where he was born and spent the most wonderful years of his life : his childh0od and youth. A grand seigneur, in the ful! sense of the word, a person ·µho actually existed in the flesh, an ideal person, is depicted by the author in his book, and he has preserved this image of a sterling personality for our materialisticminded world. Character was still admired in the common homeland of the J ews and Slovaks in his time. Many full page photographs enrich the book. There are pictures of the tombstones of his ancestors: the Skvareninas, Dusinskys in Nadas, his parents in Cifer, and the picture of the Palfy castle in' Pudmerice, photos of Trnava and Bratislava. As we have stated above, this is the first volume of his memoirs. Future volumes promise to be equally interesting, for the author went to live in Constantinople (Istanbul) where he was manager of a family commercial firm. He continued to write poetry, translated poetic works from Turkish and Greek writers, and became intensely involved in the Zionistic movement. During the second World War he worked indefatigably in various high positions to save his £ellow Jews in Europe. After the establishment of the independent state of Israel he became one of the chief founders of the Jewish navy. 201 As director of the Jewish Agency he has rendered invaluable service to his people. One of the most serious problems faced by the fledgling Jewish state of Israel in the beginning was the small number of Jewish inhabitants. Under Laor's dynamic leadership this was soon remedied through the work of the Jewish Agency in Geneva, Switzerland. In a few short years fully one and a half million Jews were transported from Europe to Israel. This influx of Jewish immigrants from the Continent at a critical stage strengthened the economy of the new state and furnished man-power for Israel, all of which enabled Israel to defend itself successfully against the attacks of the neighboring Arabic countries in the ensuing years. Eran Laor's contributions for the establishment and preservation of the state of Israel have been important and vital from the very beginning of its history in our times. Woodlands Above - Mines Below, by Rev. Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B Published by the First Catholic Slovak Union, Cleveland, Ohio. Printed by the Jednota Press, Middletown, Pa. 120 pp., with pictorial supplement, 1974. Price: $2.00 soft cover and $3.00 hard cover. The latest English publication of the First Catholic Slovak Union, printed by its Jednota Press in Middletown, Pa., "Woodlands Above-Mines Below," is virtually a translation by the author, Father Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B., M.A., of his original Slovak edition "Nau nami hory-pod nami bane," which came off the press under his ancient family name, "Pir". The Slovak book was published by the Slovak Institute in Rome, Italy in �202 SLOVAKIA 1972. The English version is revised somewhat and at least eight new episodes have been added. Father Pier is a Slovak Benedictine Monk of St. Andrew's Abbey in Cleveland, Ohio, so it was proper that his superior, the Rt. Rev. Abbot Jerome Koval, O.S.B., wrote the Foreword to his new book. Abbot Koval introduces the mountain village of Blandburg, Pennsylvania, to the readers of this unique volume on life there more than a half century ago. His personal impressions of the locale of the series of boyhood experiences of the author prepare the reader for many pleasant surprises in the book. The book has been selling very v.rell to date. Aside from hundreds of single orders, there have been orders for six, a dozen, fifty, and even for a 100 copies. The early sales indicate that the book will be going to its second printing. The reactions of the readers so far range from such exclamations as 'unbelievable,' 'colorful,' 'a bittersweet work of nostalgia,' 'true to life,' 'the good old days,' 'sweet memories,' 'told simply and beautifully, ' to immediate criticism as 'a modern utopia,' 'a town that never existed' and 'a too, too sweet picture of a town this side of heaven.' At the very outset, however, the author gives his word of honor that all the episodes recounted occured in actual life. At any rate, each reader can judge for himself what rings true or what is imaginative in the book of memories of happenings in a small town in the heart of the Alleghenies in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Christmas scenes are given the spotlight with no less than three incidents in the very beginningincidents that tug at the heartstrings and set the stage for a happy childhood as seen through the eyes of a bright-eyed, care-free, though pensive boy who never ceased to gaze at the parade of life around him with wonder and joy of being alive. School, not the in-thing for most schoolboys, proved to be a pleasant interlude in early life for a boy to learn and anxious to please his parents and teachers-but he was by no means a teacher's pet. A well-merited tribute is given to the zealous priests who paid parlicular attention to the spiritual needs of their immigrant parishioners. Teachers, physicians, and even the businessmen rate a note of genuine appreciation, while a much admired high school principal gets a special chapter dedicated to his immortal memory. Probably the most popular story in the entire book is that of a recalcitrant bovine creature. Wild life-rabbits, grouse, deer, snakes and bears-is discussed from various angles, as are guns that are both a menace to nature's woodland creatures or a means of maintaining a balance in our ecologydepending on one's point of view. Lightening from the sky, the $20 cigar and a fire are true-to-life acc:mnts of the author in the unusual procession of experiences that are narrated in simple inimitable style. Reference to the work in the brickyard and toil in the mines give a prosaic but realistic touch to an otherwise nostalgic, and in many respects, a utopian picture of the writer's hometown. Moreover, the account of the sudd-e n mysterious appearance of the Ku Klux Klan appears like an ominous black cloud obliterating the rainbow in the sky above Blandburg, but it disappear~ as quickly as it appeared on the horizon. Meditative reflections on "The Good Earth" provide the back- �SLOVAKIA ground to the types of people who lived in the village: 1) Oldtimers, 2) Immigrants, 3) The Justice of Peace, and 4) Boarders. All in all, the book presents an authentic portrayal of a phase of life that was and probably will never again be repeated. Doubtless, the book has not exhausted the memory bank, either of the writer or of the people who experienced a similar way of life. That's the key to the popularity of this book - -people can say, "Why I too re member an incident .... " In fact, Father Pier is writing the episodes for them in this book. So this collection of vignettes will stimulate others to recall and record their experiences so that our generation, and future generations, will not only find pleasure in reading about them, but derive inspiration in the great adventure of life under God. There is a pictorial supplement at the end of the book which seems like an afterthought, but it serves to strengthen the authenticity of th~ work that will hopefully open the door to a whole series of narrations of life in America at the early part of the 20th century. Joseph C. Krajsa Jednota Annual FURDEK. Edited by Joseph C. Krajsa. Published ny the First. Catholic Slovak Unnion, Cleveland, Ohio. l-rinted by Jednota Press, Middletown, Pa. Vol. XIV, 175 pages. Price : $3.00. This year's edition ot the annual Furdek, publication of the Jednota, features a number of new writers who join such regular standbys as Msgr. Jan Rekem, S.T.I'., and Dr. Joseph Kirschbaum, LL.D., Ph.D., of Canada, and Rev. Andrew Pier, O.S.B., and Daniel Tanzone of this country. Edward Kovac's "Ca., tles and Chateaux in Slovakia" with striking photographs of Bojnice, Orava, Lupca, Nedeca, Trencin, Strecno, Devin and Bratislava castles gives the reader a graphic picture of the beauty and gra11deur of only a few of the medieval strongholds in Slovakia, for altogether there are approximately two hundred castles and more than a thousand mansions scattered throughout the historic homeland of our Slovak forefathers. Father Stevko's pictorial montage of his variegated work as missioner, doctor and teacher in the Indonesian missions on the island of West Flores is a reminder of the fact that many Slovak priests, nuns, and Brothers are in the missions in Asia (Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Burma, India), Africa and South America, as well as in New Guinea and a number of islands in the South Pacific, and Australia. "The Apostolate of Msgr . .C:ugen Filkorn" is a tribute to a dedicated and holy Slovak educator at the University of Bratislava by a former student at the Svoradov Catholic fraternity house at the Slovak university_ Daniel Tanzone's review of the life of Father K11basek on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Slovak leader's death in Yonkers, N.Y. is a timely rememberance of a remarkable personality. The panel with photographs of Slovak college students who won Jednota scholarships in 1974 (36 handsome boys and 25 attractive girls) is proof positive of the vital interest of the Jednota organization in higher education and of the high quality of intelligence in our talented youth. May our hopes in their future contributions to our �204 SLOVAKIA Slovak cause, our Jednota society and to American life be justified in the years ahead. By far the most colorful of the contents of the volume is the series of photos of the Sarisan Slovak folk-dancers of Detroit-Windsor and Pittsburgh's Slovakians directed by the dedicated Roman Niznik. "At the Lake" by Helen Majorossy, a new contributor (a talented linguist in Cleveland), is a pensive nature study. Sister M. Mercedes Voytko, SS. C.M., of Danville, Pa., analyzes the much debated controversy of the hyphen in "Czecho-Slovakia" and goes on to give an objective historical survey of the years from 1939 (the year of Slovak Independence and the formation of the Slovak Republic) to 1968 when the Soviet armies invaded the country and sealed its fate (for the time being at least) by leaving a permanent army of occupation. Slovak recruits for the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart are listed by name and contributing Slovak parishes: St. Michael's, Lansford, Pa., St. John's, Allentown, Pa., SS. Cyril and Methodius, Bethlehem, Pa., SS. Cy;ril and Methodius, Coaldale, Pa., St. Andrew's, Catasauqua, Pa., St. Mary's, Northampton, Pa., St. Mary's, McAdoo, Pa., Sacred Heart, Palmerton, Pa., SS. Cyril and Methodius, Reading, Pa., Our Mother of Sorrows, Bridgeport, Pa. Sister M. Bridget Ulicny, M.SE.C., a Slovak nun, has been general superior of the 1700 Sisters of the Sacred Heart the past three years with headquarters in Rome, Italy. A somber and profound note is added to the Furdek annual by Msgr. Jan Rekem, S.T.D., by his "Philosophy of History of the Slovak nation." Dr. Kirschbaum's highly documented commentary "Slovak Language under Communism'' gives the reaqer insight into how the historic language of the Slovak nation has been strongly subjected to pressures by the postwar communist regime in the past three decades. Undoubtedly, the ground-breaking ceremonies that are depicted at the beginning of the annual show that our Jednota is forging ahead and keeping pace with the pressing needs of a hew era. The highly important event that marked the start of a building development program and expansion of the Jednota Press headquarters is truly historic. It is another great milestone in the progress of our fraternal society that is meeting the challenge of our times with renewed hope and vigor. Joyce Iezzi's "Slovak Traditions" and the accompanying picture of the mixed Church choir of St. Florian's parish in United, Pa., provide incontrovertible evidence that our ancient and time-honored liturgy is very much alive despite recent radica•l changes in Church worship in many quarters. Paul Berish's "Chit-Chats with a Giant" is so genuine and heartwarming that the article merits a niche in the literary hall of fame, and the incidental meeting with Karol Sidor reflects the lasting impression the great Slovak political leader and diplomat at the Vatican made upon a total stranger who was a true son of St. Francis. Our Lady of Levocha Shrine in Bedford, Ohio, rates a well deserv• ed historical background furnished origin;illy by Sister M. Augustine, V.S.C., from Slovak sources for her collaborator, Sr. M. Regis, V.S.C., �SLOVAKIA the author of "The History of Our Lady of Levoca." Levoca (Levocha) is known to thousands of American Slovaks from the eastern Spis region where they were accustomed to go on pilgrimage each year to the famous Marian shrine in Slovakia. Editor's Note: On October 5, 1975, the Slovak nuns at the Marian shrine of Our Lady of Levocha in Bedford, Ohio, will commemorate the 45th anniversary of the Blessing of the statue (carved from the wood of an apple tree in Slovakia, touched by the miraculous statue of Mt. Levoca and sent to the U.S. in the summer of 1930) by Archbishop Joseph Schrembs, D.D. Nellie Kovalik, R.N., strikes an ecumenical note in her article, "New St. Gabriel's Candle" while Father Schmieder recalls the delightful activity of a lovable prelate "The Good Monsignor." Rev. Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B, Krcisa slovenskych pamiatkovych kostolov (The Beauty of Slovak Churches). Published by the St. Adalbert Society, Trnava, Slovakia. St. Adalbert Society Press, 1970. Slovakia can boast of many rare monuments of historical and artistic value, besides its wealth of natural beauty. One of the most important places among these monuments is taken by the old Roman Catholic churches which are unique from a historic, architectural and artistic point of view. These Slovak churches, whether they be cathe drals, or local parish churches are gems of sacred art from the gothic and baroque periods and are admired throughout international spheres of culture. Besides reflecting the art heritage of Slovakia 205 during specific periods, these churches remain a valuable source of art history. The review was published by the St. Adalbert Society (Spolok svateho Vojtecha ) in Trnava to com memorate the centenary of its founding in 1870. The front covel' depicts the majestic gothic sanctuary of St. Nicholas Cathedral in Trnava, enclosed by a septagonal apse and four sections of artistically worked reticulated vaulting. It was in this cathedral, which dates from the 14th century, that the founding meeting of the St. Adalbert Society took place on September 14, 1870. The following Slovak churchi:?s or shrines are depicted in this commemorative work: 1. The Holy Rood altar with the neo-gothic pulpit of the Cathedral of St. Martin in Bratislava. 2. The baroque altar in the sanctuary of the Good Church in thr Nitra Cathedral which dates from the year 1732 together with frescoes by G. A. Galliardi dating from 1720. 3. The gothic sanctuary and renaissance baroque main altar of the Roziiava cathedral dating from 1672. 4. The renaissance baroque main altar of St. Adalbert, dating from the 17th century in the Saris pilgrim shrine of Gaboltov. 5. The baroque main altar with the statue of the Sorrowful Mother, patroness of Slovakia in the basilica of Sastin. 6. The 15th century sanctuary and main altar of the pilgrim church at Stare Hory. 7. The gothic main altar, the work of Master Pavol of Levoca, together with frescoes dating from the 14th century in the pari,h church of St. James in Levoca. 8. The interior of the Marianka �206 SLOVAKIA pilgrim church, originally a gothic church today ornamented in baroque style. 9. The main altar of the Kosice Cathedral of Saint Elizabeth, the largest gothic altar in the world. 10. The reconstructed baroque Cathedral of the Assumption ln Banska Bystrica displaying main altar painting by J. L. Kracker dating from 1774. 11. The baroque Lady chapel, the work of G. R. Donner from the first half of the 18th century in the Cathedral of St. Nicholas in Trna'\la. 12. The 15th century altar of St. Michael the Archangel together with the main altar dating from the 19th century in the Church of St. Martin in Spisske Podhradie. The collection offers the student of Slovak ecclesiastical art a wide range of Slovak church art and architecture as found in Slovakia. Daniel F. Tanzone Slovak American Bicentennial Commission Through the initiative of the Slovak League of America and with the cooperative effort of the great majority of Slovak organizations, publications and other entities, a Slovak American Bicentennial Commission was formulated in 1974. The purpose of the Commission is to provide national celebrations commemorating the 200th Birthday of the United States of America in 1976. The first event will be held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in March, and the second week-long celebration will be held in Detroit, Michigan in June. It is expected that many tens of thousands of Slovak Americans will attend the festivities in Detroit. The Commission will also publish a commemorative book Slovaks in America-A Bicentennial Study, which will encompass a brief history of the Slovak Americans. The officers of the Slovak American Bicentennial Commission are: President, Frances Mizenko, National Secretary of the First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association; Vice President, Dr. Joseph Pauco, National Secretary of the Slovak League of America; and Secretary, Joseph Kristofik, Detroit, Michigan. The Chairman of the Editorial Board for the publication of the book Slovaks in America-A Bicentennial Study is Joseph C. Kra,isa, Editor of Jednota �SLOVAKIA 207 Who's Who Among Slovak Americans Ml CHAE L NOVAK Michael Novak has written two novels and several influential books, including The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics (1972), Choosing Our King (1974), The Experience of Nothingness (1970),A New Generation (1964), and Ascent of the Mountain, Flight of the Dove (1971). His books and articles have been published in nine languages. In two of his three years on the faculty at Stanford, 1967 and 1968, the Senior Class elected him "most influential professor." He was a judge for the National Bank Awards in 1972 and has been a juror for the DuPont Awards in Broadcast Journalism since 1971. He leads a seminar in television criticism for the Aspen Institute, and also chairs a private study group on the future of the city of Jerusalem. In 1970, he was a senior staff advisor for Sargent Shriver in congressional campaigns across the nation, and in 1972 he served with McGovern and then with Shriver. As associate director for humanities at the Rockefel- ler Foundation during 1973 and 1974, he created a new program for the humanities, ra1smg the Foundation's spending for the humanities from $400,000 to $4 million per year. He established a widely acclaimed Fellowship program, and instigated programs for working people and high school students under the title of "The Public Humanities.'' He has been a consultant to AT&T, IBM (for an interview in Think magazine), and has participated in many corporate seminars, including the annual seminar of Northern States Power Company in Minnesota. He is Executive Director of EMPAC (Ethnic Millions Political Action Committee), a consulting firm and membership organization, with a nationally recognized board and groups of active advisors in virtually every urban center. EMPAC supports aspirations for equality and justice on the part of the one in four Americans of white ethnic b a ck ground, particularly from Southern and Eastern European cultures. The firm is bi-partisan. �!08 SLOVAKIA Annual S L O V A K I A is published by the Slovak league of America, 313 Ridge Ave., Middletown, Pa. 17057. Subscription $4.00. Editor: Joseph Pauco, Ph.D. Editorial Board: Draga Divinska, Louis Kandra, Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D., Susan Mikula, Ph.D., Joseph A. Mikus, Ph.D., Fr. Andrew Pier O.S.B., M.A., Daniel F. Tanzone, Sister M. Tybor, SS.C.M., M.A. Our Contributo rs Dr. Arved Grebert, former Slovak diplomat, now in Switzerland Sonya Jason, Slovak American author, Woodland Hills, Ca:it. Joseph Pauco, Ph.D., author, historian, Middletown, Pa. Theodoric J. Zubek, O.F.M., author, Joliet, Ill. Konstantin Cu/en, author, historian (deceased) Anthony X. Sutherland, Ph.D., Columbus, Ohio Daniel F. Tanzone, teacher, Yonkers, N. Y. Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS .C.M., teacher, Danville, Pa. Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B., author, Cleveland, Ohio Antonia Mazanova, on faculty of music, University of Western Ontario Gabor Vermes, department of history, Rutgers Universi ty J. M. Kirschbaum, LL.D., Ph.D., historian, Toronto, Ontario Joseph C. Krajsa , Editor, Jednota, Middletown, Pa. Paul Fia/kovic, Robert Pojer, John Berta - Slovak League of America Scholarship Winners �PRI NTI D IN U.S. A. JIDN OTA PlllN TER Y, MID DLli TOW N, PA. � SLOVAKIA 190 As others see it We are fortunate, in Canada, in having within our midst, a strong and vital Slovak community. Our many traditions, mingled together throughout society cannot but make us a stronger, more resilient, more tolerant and understanding people. - Pierre EUiot Trudeau Freedom and independence have long been the backbone of Slovak national thought. The Slovak people now suffer under Communist domination and yet have made tremendous sacrifices on both personal and national levels to preserve their native culture, language, and religion. One-third of all Slovak people now live in the United States and in other parts of the Western World. Freedom-loving people throughout Michigan and the world join with Slovak people in their desire to reestablish independence from totalW illiam G. Militarian rule. liken, Governor of the State of Michigan Your continuing efforts to share Slovak traditions and culture are a source of pride to all Americans. - Robert P. Griffin, U.S. Senator As one whose ancestors grew up and lived in Slovakia, I am very proud of my Slovak heritage. Moreover, we Americans of Slovak background can also point with pride to the tremendous contributions the people of the American Slovak Community have made to our great nation. - Philip E . Ruppe, Member of Congress In my own experience, I have found Slovak Americans to be bright, industrious, and filled with a zest for life. Moreover, you have successfully preserved a sense of identity and pride in the Slovak roots, a passion which has been further nourished by the more recent arrivals. As a Slovak citizen recently told a western newsman, "Here we have absolutely no shortage of unful filled desires." Some day in our lifetimes, I trust, democracy and individual liberty will live again in the land of your forefathers. - Lucien N. Nedzi, Member of Congress America is an immeasurably better nation because of the tremen dous contributions of Slovaks. Vigor and dedication to excellence have epitomized the Slovak way of life on America's farmlands, in her cities and educational institution3 and on the Apollo flight to the moon of Commander Eugene Cernan. In remembering Slovakia, you are reminding the world of the special ethnic heritage of Slovaks around the world. - Marvin L . Esch, Member of Congress The Slovak people are a proud and talented people who have enriched the lives of the many countries in which they live. We can all be proud of the contribution of Slovak people to the development of America. The Slovak people have helped to build this country into a great democracy, while retaining their ethnic identity. William S. Broomfield, Member of Congress Although self-determination and democracy have been denied them, the freedom-loving Slovak people have maintained their traditions even after many centuries of foreign oppression. �SLOVAKIA Slovaks living in the western world continue to cherish the dream of an independent Slovak nation. Coieman A. Young, Mayor, City of Detroit Catholic Church is the prime target of the Communists in Slovakia because she is considered an organization that is administered by the Vatican and is in contradiction with the idea of a state-controlled church as is the case in Russia. The major pressure is on the practising Catholics who live their faith, and not so much on the so-called "Catholics of the baptismal register." State employees in influential positions and the teachers are hardest hit. After the removal of Dubcek, they were all carefully scrutinized and their files updated. Only the teachers and professors who are considered reliable Marxists can teach in the high schools and universities. It is requiried of them to sever their affiliation with their Church. That is a condition which must be fulfilled if they wish to keep their post. , In the high schools the teaching of religion is forbidden. In the elementary schools, religion can be taught only if both parents demand it for their children. The headmasters are obliged to try to persuade them not to send the children to religion classes. They have to warn the parents about the grave and adverse consequences this would have if they persist. The parents could lose their good positions in employment, and the children may find it difficult to be accepted for higher studies. All teachers and higheT-ranking white collar workers must be party members or they are subject to obligatory courses in Marxistatheistic ideology. After the fall of 191 Dubcek, more than 30,000 Marxist agitators were trained and no w they are conducting re-educational courses among the students and the intelligentsia. Anybody who refuses such courses is considrered an opponent of the regime and his " negative attitude" is entered into his "cadre" file which accompanies every citizen. The assessment in the file can make it hard to get or to change employment for which the person may have qualifications. The ideological pressure is felt, too, in the family circle. The communist ideal is a family without religion. The generation gap in socialism is intensified because in the family circle unity is destroyed - there is two-track thinking. The open practice of the Faith is in conflict with the ideology of the state. Therefore, the parents have to hide their religious conviction from their children or from each other. If they dare to bring up their children in the Faith, if they teach them to pray, there is the danger that the children will betray them in the school and that leads to stress and conflicts in the family. The denial of religious freedom has, in practice, painful consequences in the very nucleus of human society. Bishop Dominic Kai'ata Slovak Communist authorities have stepped up their promotion of "civil ceremonies" to replace baptism, confirmation, wedding and funeral ceremonies in church. Austrian Catholic sources reported from Slovakia, that "wedding centers" and "funeral halls" for civil ceremonies have been installed in many areas. More than 1750 committees were formed to organize the ceremonies. The sources said such civil rites �192 SLOVAKIA have failed to meet with much suecess. Slovak Interior Minister Egyd Pepych has complained that only 3.4 per cent of people who died in Czecho-Slovakia were buried with civil ceremonies. "The Citizens Committees still have much work to do," he said. Communist officials intensified propaganda in recent w1ieks, our sources said. They distributed booklets explaining the purpose and advantages of the ceremonies. Moreover, "presents" are distributed in the civil program that seeks to replace Christian baptism, confirmation and matrimony. Slovak newpapers and I!'lagazines have published reports of civil ceremonies to increase interest. One Communist daily described a civil "baptism" as follows: "A committee secretary took the baby out of the hands of the mother and placed it into a hand-carved cradle. The parents-both teachers -vecited a promise: "We, the parents, solemnly declare that we will do everything in our power to educate our son as an outstanding citizen of our Socialist country." _ (RNS) Communist professors and state officials in Czecho-Slovakia have been waging a persistent campaign against religion despite constitutional guarantees of freedom of thought and religious choice. This is the central point of Italian Jesuit Father Guiseppe Rulli, writing in the Rome Jesuit review Civilta Cattolica. In a long analytical article, Fr. Rulli examines the writings of several eminent Marxist professors attacking religion and the Roman Catholic Church in particular over the past several years. Among the authors cited by Fr. Rulli were Ladislav Tomasek of the Marxist Leninist Institute of Bratislava; Frantisek Kubovic of the Slovak University, and Minister of Culture Jaroslav Hajek. Despite the Communist government's claims that it is tolerant of religion, Father Rulli stressed that over the past few years a consistent campaign has been mounted against religious freedom . The professors in particular have called for "a battle against idealistic philosophy," which for Fr. Rulli is "without a doubt religious philosophy." Father Rulli cited an article by Frantisek Kubovic in which the Slovak professor declared : "to Catholicism in socialist countries it is not possible to grant 'freedom of action,' because that would mean going along with its anti-socialistic, anti-communist, anti-state and antinational attitudes. Therefove, it is indispensable that it be placed under the control of the socialist state so that political activity and the exploitation of the religious feelings of believers may be halt1id ." Demands by the bishops to be allowed to carry out their religious functions in freedom, to run their seminaries without state control and to enjoy the right of giving instruction freely have been interpreted as examples of their antisocialist, anticommunist attitudes, Father Rulli stated. He also pointed out: "The Czech and Slovak communists accuse the Catholic Church of being an expression of an unilluminating idealism of defending a nonscientific and negative vision of the world and of always having been opposed to communism." In the early 70's both Slovak and Czech public officials moved in on the Catholic Church to restrict its freedom. In 1970, Fr. Rulli report- �SLOVAKIA ed, the Slovak Socialist Republic made it a requirement that priests get government permission to celebrate even a private Mass. Authorities of the Czech Republic followed suit. This was only the beginning of greater and more restrictive controls placed on the bishops and the parishes, Father Rulli reported. Concluding his observations, Fr. Rulli declared that from the opening attacks on religion, "religious faith has been considered an expression of sentiment," and there fore must be controlled by the state to safeguard the people. (NC) In the struggle against communism the Church has always offered the stiffest resistance and countless members of the clergy have sacrificed their lives for their faith and country. The Catholic Church ')f Lithuania was brutally persecuted by the Kremlin regime as were thC' Churches of other nations under the despotic yoke of Moscow. Msgr. Jozef Tiso was the wartime president of the Slovak Republic (Independent Lithuania officially recognized Slovakia in 1939) and was executed by the communists in 1947 because he refused to betray his people and proclaim Slovakia a Soviet republic. As the prelatepresident of his country, Msgr. Tiso provided his beloved Slovakia with a Christian-democratic ideology and based his politics on papal encyclicals, Christian philosophy and national Slovak traditions. Two hours before his execution on the gallows Msgr. Tiso wrote this final message from prison to the Slovak people. The eloquence of this fare well also symbolizes the spirit with which -the heroic priests of Lithuania offered up their lives on the altar of freedom for the salvation of their country and in Heaven in 193 the pFesence of the Almighty became the radiant hope of the Lith uanian people. "In the spirit of this sacrifice which I am about to make," wrot':l Dr. Tiso, "these are my words to the Slovak people: Be unanimous and united in pursuing always, everywhere and in every respect the great principle : For God and for the Nation! This is not only the unequivocal intent of Slovak history, but also the explicit command of God, who mad e it the law of nature, and inculcated it in the nation and all its members. This law I have served all my life and for this reason I regard myself as a martyr in the defense of Chri,tianity against Bolshevism, against which our nation must in all possible ways defend itself, and n ot only in order to remain true to its Christian character, but also in th'} interest of its future survival. In the same way as I am as!dng all of you to remember me in your prayers, so will I also pray to God Al mighty on your behalf and supplicate that He bless the Slovak people in their life-struggle for God and for the nation, and that the Slovak nation shall always remain a faithful and devoted son to the Church of Christ." Blessed are those whose way is blameless, who walk in the law of the Lord! - Bulletin of the Lithuanian Affairs Committ ee In Slovakia, dozens of churches stand half-finished because of an edict forbidding new building of them. Unofficially, childrm, who go to church can't go to trade school or the university. But that doesn't matter as much as being home, even though strange things are happening to that home. I expected to find little old ladies, safe in the security of family �194 SLOVAKIA doing folk arts and embroidery. In stead, Slovakia has gone doubleknit. "Do you have a car?" was the first question, usually. And then, "Do you have a color television set?" . There is a song they sing over endless vodkas when the sun goes down, a song that obviously has never been written down. "Our lives are much better here," is the rough translation, "since our fath• ers went to work in America." In some of the villages we visit, social and economic status is determined by who has relatives in the U.S. If your father happened to go there to work, you get Social Security benefits, and you are comfortable . If he worked in the mines around Wilkes-Barl'le and caught the black lung, you are wealthy. American money is important, because Czecho-Slovak money won't buy much. It's not unusual to find houses with television sets but no toilets, simply because it's easier to buy television sets than plumbing materials. But if you have American money, you can buy "boni" - special certificates which must be spent in six months - to use in the Tuzex. And perhaps the Tuzex is the most telling memory of Slovakia. It is a store that accepts only foreign currency. There is fruit juice and liquor, dry goods and clothing. The!'le are baby carriages and radios. The people crowd in, sometimes pushing each other like so many American suburbanites at a bargain basement sale. In a corner, one woman is selling her "boni." When I pull out a notebook to mark down prices, people stare. A friend cautions me to put away the notebook, and the tension ebbs. Over it all, staring down on the Ban-Lon and baby carriages, is a picture of Lenin. - Carol Towarnicky, Philadelphia Daily News, December 28, 1974. Book Reviews BOOKS AND STUDIES ON SLOVAKIA AND SLOVAKS Reviewed by Prof. J. M. K i r s c h b a u m Robert W. Dean, Nationalism and historiography mostly as a footnote Political Change in Eastern Eu· or a postscript to Czech history rope: The Slovak Question and and were seen "through the Czech the Czechoslovak Reform Move- eyes" by specialists in Eastern Eument, University of Denver, Col- rope, several recent studies (Galia orado, The Social Science Foun- Golan, Eugene Steiner, John Condation and Graduate School of way etc.) departed from this politiInternational Studies, Monograph cally and ideologically oriented Series in World Affairs, Vol. 10, tradition. 1973. Among the large numbers of While in the past Slovakia and books published on post-war politiSlovaks were treated in Western cal developments in Czecho-Slova- �SLOVAKIA kia and especially on the "Dubcek period," Robert W. Dean's concise study seems to be the most objective and his analysis of the reform movement free of anti-Slovak bias. Moreover, the value of Dean's book lies in its research and evaluation of original sources published in Czech Lands or in Slovakia during the period under his examination. As a result, Dean is drawing quite a different picturie of Slovakia's post-war political situation and aspirations of her leadership and population from the account of some other specia1.sts in that area. Communist governments in Prague were not more successful in solving the Slovak question than were the bourgeois governments before the war, and even the purges of leading Slovak Communists for alleged "bourgeois nationalism" were not able to silence the cries for equality, justice and self-government. Slovak intellectuals fought, therefore, not only for the reform of the system, but also for the solution of the Slovak question, because "In Slovakia, the distortion of the Novotny system had been expressed by the subjugation of national aspirations - political, economic and cultural." (p. 28) In 1968, the year of liberalization brought also by the opposition of Slovak intellectuals, Slovaks cla imed more than federalization in Dean's view. There were clear voices of leading intellectuals for confederation and the Slovak Republic of 1939-45 was not only put into a more objective light, but its existence was to remind Prague that there was another solution of the Slovak question. Dean quotes from Kuiturny zivot: " ... it will nevertheless remain true that the Slovak Republic existed as the national state of the 195 Slovaks, the only one in our history ... Let us not turn away from it; it is part of our national traditions. It is important for an accurate scrutiny of our national idea to know that the idea or the remembrance of the Slovak state's independence is alive in the national memory. It connot be ignored forever in examining the alterna tives in the solution of the perspectives of a small nation .. ." (Pavol Stevcek, "Sev,e.ral Theses on the Situation of the Slovak Nation," Kulturny zivot, No. 3, August 2, 1968) . Husak is portrayed by Dean as one of the most articulate promoters of federalization but he did not fail to notice that Husak used the movement for federalization to come to power and abandoned it in order to remain in power. As a result, the Slovak question remained unsolved. The present situation is "centralism in a new guise" (see pages 28-37 ) and the persecution of intellectuals by Husak's regime is but a confirmation of his fear that they could expose the true aspirations of the Slovak people. Die Slowakische Volkskultur (Slo- vak Folk Arts and Culture) . Edited by Emilia Horvathova and Viera Urbancova. Published by Slovak Academy of Sciences, (Bratislava, 1972), 304 pages, 342 illustrations. Slovak folk arts and folk culture have long attracted the attention of foreign visitors and ethnographers by their beauty, richness of colors and inexhaustible fantasy. Some observers regard Slovaks "artists by birth," whose songs and national costumes have a natural expression of a poetry full of sensibility and freshness and whose carvings, toolmakings, paintings and architecture of peasant houses �196 SLOVAKIA excell by a constructive sense of color and design. Exposed for centuries to foreign domination and assimilation, Slovaks cultivated folk arts, songs and costumes as an expression of national consciousness and national identity and pre served a great part of them to this day. The book Die Slowakische Volkskultur deals with and reflects the rich cultural heritage of the Slovak people. It contains elev,e n contributions by eight authors, of whom 5 are women. All contributors belong to the younger generation educated at post-war universities in Slovakia, but they also refer to essays and studies by scholars of earlier periods. The title of the book is actually the same as was the title of the first book in German on Slovak folk art and culture by R. Bednarik, published during the Slovak Republic (Bratislava, 1943) . The present book is larger in scope and relies on new research and scholarly methods. The growth of universities in Slovakia is reflected in many fields of academic endeavor previously neglected. Ethnography was one of these fields even though the first known ,e thnographer among Slavs, P. J. Safarik, was from Slovakia. In spite of regimentation and political pressures, the present Slovak universities produced experts in many disciplines, including ethnography. The book Die Slowakische Volkskultur is a product of this new cultural atmosphere in Slovakia. Divided into eleven chapters, the volume deals with practically all aspects of the life of Slovakia's population - from agriculture and came breeding to family life, housebuilding, folk arts, superstitions and customs. Individual chap- ters are illustrated by photographs, many of them well chosen and enhancing the value of the book. It should be stressed, however, that foreign readers should not visualize present day Slovakia as depicted in this book. Folk arts and folk culture belong to the past in Slovakia as in any other Europ!7 an country and are but a part of Slovak cultural heritage. Slovakia kept pace with European cultural development and is adorned by hundreds of medieval fortresses, cast1es and churches of Renaissance and Baroque art. The beautiful valleys and hills lost their original beauty to industrialization and technological progress did not bypass Slovaks and Slovakia. J. Stasko, Slovaks in the United States of America, Edition Dobra Kniha, (Galt, Ontario, 1974) 79 pages, bibl. and statistics. This concise study contains valuable basic information on a number of topics pertaining to the history of the Slovaks in the United States. There are several mohographs by F . Hrusovsky, J. Pauco and others and two volumes history of American Slovaks by K. culen in the Slovak language but Stasko's work is the first scholarly outline in English and as such should be welcome. The author divided his study into 14 short chapters co·v ering the his- torical background of the Slovak nation, causes and effects of the migration of Slovaks, statistical survey of Slovaks in the United States and their hard beginnings and life in America. Briefly but with solid knowledge of the subjects and appropriate statistics Dr. Stasko analyses the social conditions, religions and civic organizations, education, contributions to American political and economic �SLOVAKIA development and the assimilation process. The booklet is an intelligent look at the basic questions which a historian has to deal with in writing a history of an ethnic group in today's United States. It is, however, rather an outline for a longer book, than a comprehensive story of some 3 million Americans of Slovak origin. No doubt, scholars and students of American history will welcome Dr. Stasko's study as a valuable source of information, while American Slovak historians should be encouraged to use it as a solid foundation and a well balanced structure for a comprehensive history of Slovaks in the United States. The large number of monographs on Slovak-American fraternal organizations, parishes, religious orders, regional histories and preserved newspapers and publica tions will make it possible, even in the absence of regular archives, to prepare for the second centennial of America a history book which will tell other Americans and Slovaks as well the fascinating saga of struggles, trials and final success of American Slovaks. The value of Stasko's work for American historians also lies in his brief survey of Slovak history and in his suggested approach to studying and understanding Slovak history. As often mentioned, the neighbors of Slovakia who wanted to dominate and rule Slovaks, suc ceeded in misleading many historians to accept a false concept of the history of the Slovak people. Even if recent history books seem to be more free of anti-Slovak bias and conceptional errors, there will be for a long time urgent need for serious literature in English and other work. languages on Slovakia and Slovaks. 197 Eckbert K. Jahn, Die Deutschen in der Slowakei 1918-1929, (Germans in Slovakia 1918-1929) , Collegium Carolinum (Munich, 1971), 186 pages, bib!. Jahn's book on German minority in Slovakia is a valuable contribution to the history of Slovakia and it is only to be regretted that he limited his research to such a short period. Neglected before the War and written with ideological prejudice by communist historians since 1948, the history of national minorities in Slovakia is very little known. Yet, the role of minorities in Slovakia's history was of great political, cultural and economic importance. German settlements in Slovakia go back to the 14th century at which time, according to the author, there were over 200,000 Germans on Slovak territory. In 19181929 the German minority counted some 150,000 people. Before the first World War Germans of Slovakia were closer to Magyars than to Slovaks in their political and cultural leanings, but during the centuries which proceed the era of nationalism they helped to develop Slovak cities, mining industries, trades and commerce to the benefit of Slovakia. On the other hand, they were at the origin of the religious division of Slovaks. After the First World War Germans in Slovakia did not take part in Slovak struggle for autonomy and equal status with the Czechs. Affiliated with the socialist and partly with the communist parties, they fought in Prague for minority rights together with other German3 of Czecho-Slovakia. Jahn's study sheds light on many aspects of the life of the German minority in Slovakia and even though the author was not allowed �198 SLOVAKIA by the communist regime to study the archives, except for statistics concerning the elections, he wrote an interesting book, well researched and remarkably free of bias. It is predominantly a political history with special emphasis on the interplay of nationalism and patriotism. -,'he book is divided into six chapters and contains interesting statistics about political and linguistic polarization not only among Germans but also among Jews in Slovakia who claimed German or Hungarian as their mothertongue. The fate of German minority in Slovakia was tragic. First they were indiscriminately murdered by Soviet and Slovak communist partisans and then expelled from Slorakia within the scheme of Dr. Benes' policy of revenge which the Slovaks were unable to change. An extensive bibliography of works in German, Slovak and Engli,h enhanced the value of the book. Victor Mamatey and R. Luza, (ed.) A H isto ry of the Czechoslovak Republic 1918-1948, Princeton U- niversity Press (Princeton, N. J. 1973). More than a score of writers contributed to this volume and while some of them are known as historians with established reputation (Mamatey, Taborsky, Hoensch, Rhode, Wandycz, etc), others are less known or do not belong to the academic community at all (A. J osko) . As a result, the value of individual contributions varies and the points of view differ, except for the general tendency which favors Czechs and views the Slovak question through Czech eyes. In the contributions by Professor Mamatey and J. K. Hoensch, which belong to the best in the volume, this bias was to a great degree avoided. Both are thoroughly acquainted with the subject and they even corrected some malicious accusations of Slovaks (e.g. cooperation with Germans before 1938) spread in the West by Czechs and their Slovak fellow-travelers (J. Lettrich) . Nevertheless, we can also say about this volume what the Canadian historiaq Z. Pech wrote about Western specialists in Eastern European History: "The history of Slovaks in the West has usually been presented from the point of view of 'Czechoslovakism' and has appeared as hardly more than a postscript to Czech history." (Canadian Slavonic Papers, X, 4, 1968). The most conspicuous example of bias in this volume is the contribution by Anna Jasko, whose article -in style and concept-is of such value that it would not be accepted by any serious journal. In R. Lufa's selected bibliography the prejudice against Slovaks who do not advocate Czech domination over Slovakia, attained the point of the ridiculous. And more or less the same can be said about the selection of sources and references quoted. With one or two exceptions, the majority of contributors quoted or referred exclusively to sources which favor the Czechoslovak concept and are hostile to Slovak aspirations for national independence. If we disregard the bias of many contributions, the book can be re garded as a vast source of informa tion. Especially the two chapters by Prof. Mamatey (The Establishment of the Republic and The Development of Czechoslovak Dem0cracy) and Hoensch's survey of the Slovak Republic present well documented accounts of the periods treated by the authors. Taborsky's contribution on "Politics in Exile" �SLOVAKIA has all the attributes of academic writing but he displays the usual Czech unfounded conceit when writing about Slovaks. As the .thorough research of British archives by Prof. F. Vnuk indicates, it is hardly true that "Benes prevailed with ease over his few challengers among the exiled statesmen, such as the former Czecho-Slovak premier, Milan Hodza and Czecho-Slovakia's envoy to Paris, Stefan 0 susky ... ". And it is completely untrue that Benes "fully respected the opposite view holding the Czechs and Slovaks to be two different Slav nations" or that "the Czech-Slovak relations created no problem during the war." It is regrettable that even a historian of Taborsky's reputation wrote such mystifications. 199 riodicals, published in Europe, the United States and Canada. The essays have been written mostly by historians of the younger generation of foreign and Slovak origin, the latter predominantly educated in the West. Notheworthy among the essays is John S. Conway's article in The Slavonic and East European Review (Volume LIi, 126, January, 1974, London, England): "The Churches, the Slovak State and the Jews 1939-1945." The subject was treated in the past by several spe cialists in Eastern Europe (:l'.lurica, Lipscher, Jellinek) and further studies are to be expected. Conway's treatise seems to be the most objective by a foreign historian, and free of usual bias against Slovaks advocating the independence The editors expressed thanks to of Slovakia. Czech emigre politicians who left Prof. Mark Stolarik's essay on their country after their unsuccess- "Agrarian Problems in Slovakia ful collaboration with the commu- 1848-1918," published in Histoire nists "for their advice and encour- Sociale - Social History (Vol. VIII, agement in organizing this study," 3, University of Ottawa, May, 1974), and they "have greatly profited is a valuable contribution to a field from the valuable help of the which was generally neglected by Council of Free Czechoslovakia in Slovak historians until recently. It Washington, D. C." This clearly in- is an historiographic essay and will dicates the background and purpose provide useful information for of the book. The fact that there is further study. among the contributors from the Contemporary political developSlovak side only Prof. Mamatey and ments in Slovakia have been a clerk of the Library of Congress, treated by Prof. Stanislav J . KirschAnna Josko, confirms the prejudice baum of York University in Toand political bias mentioned above. ronto in two essays. Canadian JourAnd this is to be regretted especial- nal of Political Science (Vol. VII, ly for the reason that the book wiH 2, June, 1974) published his French be listed under the name of Prof. essay "Le nationalisme minoritaire: Mamatey who is a reputable hisle cas de la Tcheco-Slovaquie" (Natorian. tionalism of Minorities - the Case Czecho-Slovakia) in which the of ESSAYS ON SLOVAKIA Slovak question is subject to a In recent years, Slovak histol") thorough and objective analysis. The events of 1968 with special and the present political situation in Slovakia became the subject of regard for Slovakia are treated by essays and articles in academic pe- Dr. Stanislav Kirschbaum in the �200 SLOVAKIA (Vol. 15, Munich, 1973), an annual published by Collegium Carolinum and specialized in problems of Czecho-Slovakia. Under the title "Kontinuitat und politischen Wechsels in der Tschecho-Slowakei 1968" (Continu ity ,a nd Political Change in CzechoSlovakia 1968) Prof. Kirschbaum gives Western historians a well documented view of the reform and liberalization movement which was generally ascribed to Czechs in Western historiography even though Slovaks were its spearhead. Bohemia- Jahrbuch Eran Laor: Vergangen und ausgeloscht (Erinnerungen an das slowakisch-ungarische Judentum Reminiscences about Slovak-Magyar Jews), Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1972, 280 pp. Review by Dr. Arved G r e b e r t, Geneva. - A translation A. P. The author of this book until recently was director of a Jewish Travel Agency in Geneva, Switzerland. Eran Laor was born in 1900 in the Slovak town of Cifer in southwestern Slovakia. In this fas cinating book, which is only the first volume of a projected trilogy, he describes town life in Cifer during the first twenty-two years of his own life there, and his student days at the Slovak cultural center in Trnava and later in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia at the present time. This book by Eran Laor is an invaluable record of Jewish life in Slovakia at the beginning of this century. Laor's father was a well known and highly r•e spected doctor in the region. When he died, writes the author, the people and priests from nearby villages came to pay their last respects to a highly revered humanitarian. Interesting incidents in the book illustrate the symbiosis between the Jews and Slovak people. The history of the Skvarenina, Du~insky and Peterselka (Petrzelka) families from· 1700 portrays in miniature the destiny of the Jews in Slovakia: by their customs, and a revelation of their thoughts and feelings, and a list of their successes and tragedies. Slovakia became a refuge and an island of freedom for the Jews in the 17th and 18th centuries when the author's predecessors settled in the western town of Sen ic1 in 1700. They came from nearby Moravia on the Slovak border because stringent restrictions .h ad been placed on the Jews in all Czech-ruled lands at the time. The author's narrative is chiefly based on family documents such a, family correspondence, locll registries and other official documents, and inscriptions on tombstones , as well as on oral traditions in his immediate family circle. Laor's work is a valuable addition to the history of Slovakil. His concluding chapters, in wh ich he describes the war years in Bratislava (first World War) and subsequently Czech domination of the country, is very interesting. He correctly terms this period as "Czech occup1tion," and he admits tha t he personally participated in demonstrations protesting against the pos~war regime. From his early youth Eran Laor was active as a writer, as a poet and philosophical reviewer. Ha published these in German, Magyar, Hebrew, French and En ] lish. Although originally he wrote chiefly in Magyar, he stopped writing in this language in protest to the wave of anti-semitism that swept ove:· Hungary immediately after the first World War. Today he writes exclusively in Hebrew, German and �SLOVAKIA French but speaks Slovak fluently. From a literary standpoint the book has great value. His style is elegant and his interpretations of events far-reaching. Laor's commentaries give the reader an impression of his wide and rich experiences and wisdom. Above all, he manifests warm effection for his people and love for the country where he was born and spent the most wonderful years of his life : his childh0od and youth. A grand seigneur, in the ful! sense of the word, a person ·µho actually existed in the flesh, an ideal person, is depicted by the author in his book, and he has preserved this image of a sterling personality for our materialisticminded world. Character was still admired in the common homeland of the J ews and Slovaks in his time. Many full page photographs enrich the book. There are pictures of the tombstones of his ancestors: the Skvareninas, Dusinskys in Nadas, his parents in Cifer, and the picture of the Palfy castle in' Pudmerice, photos of Trnava and Bratislava. As we have stated above, this is the first volume of his memoirs. Future volumes promise to be equally interesting, for the author went to live in Constantinople (Istanbul) where he was manager of a family commercial firm. He continued to write poetry, translated poetic works from Turkish and Greek writers, and became intensely involved in the Zionistic movement. During the second World War he worked indefatigably in various high positions to save his £ellow Jews in Europe. After the establishment of the independent state of Israel he became one of the chief founders of the Jewish navy. 201 As director of the Jewish Agency he has rendered invaluable service to his people. One of the most serious problems faced by the fledgling Jewish state of Israel in the beginning was the small number of Jewish inhabitants. Under Laor's dynamic leadership this was soon remedied through the work of the Jewish Agency in Geneva, Switzerland. In a few short years fully one and a half million Jews were transported from Europe to Israel. This influx of Jewish immigrants from the Continent at a critical stage strengthened the economy of the new state and furnished man-power for Israel, all of which enabled Israel to defend itself successfully against the attacks of the neighboring Arabic countries in the ensuing years. Eran Laor's contributions for the establishment and preservation of the state of Israel have been important and vital from the very beginning of its history in our times. Woodlands Above - Mines Below, by Rev. Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B Published by the First Catholic Slovak Union, Cleveland, Ohio. Printed by the Jednota Press, Middletown, Pa. 120 pp., with pictorial supplement, 1974. Price: $2.00 soft cover and $3.00 hard cover. The latest English publication of the First Catholic Slovak Union, printed by its Jednota Press in Middletown, Pa., "Woodlands Above-Mines Below," is virtually a translation by the author, Father Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B., M.A., of his original Slovak edition "Nau nami hory-pod nami bane," which came off the press under his ancient family name, "Pir". The Slovak book was published by the Slovak Institute in Rome, Italy in �202 SLOVAKIA 1972. The English version is revised somewhat and at least eight new episodes have been added. Father Pier is a Slovak Benedictine Monk of St. Andrew's Abbey in Cleveland, Ohio, so it was proper that his superior, the Rt. Rev. Abbot Jerome Koval, O.S.B., wrote the Foreword to his new book. Abbot Koval introduces the mountain village of Blandburg, Pennsylvania, to the readers of this unique volume on life there more than a half century ago. His personal impressions of the locale of the series of boyhood experiences of the author prepare the reader for many pleasant surprises in the book. The book has been selling very v.rell to date. Aside from hundreds of single orders, there have been orders for six, a dozen, fifty, and even for a 100 copies. The early sales indicate that the book will be going to its second printing. The reactions of the readers so far range from such exclamations as 'unbelievable,' 'colorful,' 'a bittersweet work of nostalgia,' 'true to life,' 'the good old days,' 'sweet memories,' 'told simply and beautifully, ' to immediate criticism as 'a modern utopia,' 'a town that never existed' and 'a too, too sweet picture of a town this side of heaven.' At the very outset, however, the author gives his word of honor that all the episodes recounted occured in actual life. At any rate, each reader can judge for himself what rings true or what is imaginative in the book of memories of happenings in a small town in the heart of the Alleghenies in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Christmas scenes are given the spotlight with no less than three incidents in the very beginningincidents that tug at the heartstrings and set the stage for a happy childhood as seen through the eyes of a bright-eyed, care-free, though pensive boy who never ceased to gaze at the parade of life around him with wonder and joy of being alive. School, not the in-thing for most schoolboys, proved to be a pleasant interlude in early life for a boy to learn and anxious to please his parents and teachers-but he was by no means a teacher's pet. A well-merited tribute is given to the zealous priests who paid parlicular attention to the spiritual needs of their immigrant parishioners. Teachers, physicians, and even the businessmen rate a note of genuine appreciation, while a much admired high school principal gets a special chapter dedicated to his immortal memory. Probably the most popular story in the entire book is that of a recalcitrant bovine creature. Wild life-rabbits, grouse, deer, snakes and bears-is discussed from various angles, as are guns that are both a menace to nature's woodland creatures or a means of maintaining a balance in our ecologydepending on one's point of view. Lightening from the sky, the $20 cigar and a fire are true-to-life acc:mnts of the author in the unusual procession of experiences that are narrated in simple inimitable style. Reference to the work in the brickyard and toil in the mines give a prosaic but realistic touch to an otherwise nostalgic, and in many respects, a utopian picture of the writer's hometown. Moreover, the account of the sudd-e n mysterious appearance of the Ku Klux Klan appears like an ominous black cloud obliterating the rainbow in the sky above Blandburg, but it disappear~ as quickly as it appeared on the horizon. Meditative reflections on "The Good Earth" provide the back- �SLOVAKIA ground to the types of people who lived in the village: 1) Oldtimers, 2) Immigrants, 3) The Justice of Peace, and 4) Boarders. All in all, the book presents an authentic portrayal of a phase of life that was and probably will never again be repeated. Doubtless, the book has not exhausted the memory bank, either of the writer or of the people who experienced a similar way of life. That's the key to the popularity of this book - -people can say, "Why I too re member an incident .... " In fact, Father Pier is writing the episodes for them in this book. So this collection of vignettes will stimulate others to recall and record their experiences so that our generation, and future generations, will not only find pleasure in reading about them, but derive inspiration in the great adventure of life under God. There is a pictorial supplement at the end of the book which seems like an afterthought, but it serves to strengthen the authenticity of th~ work that will hopefully open the door to a whole series of narrations of life in America at the early part of the 20th century. Joseph C. Krajsa Jednota Annual FURDEK. Edited by Joseph C. Krajsa. Published ny the First. Catholic Slovak Unnion, Cleveland, Ohio. l-rinted by Jednota Press, Middletown, Pa. Vol. XIV, 175 pages. Price : $3.00. This year's edition ot the annual Furdek, publication of the Jednota, features a number of new writers who join such regular standbys as Msgr. Jan Rekem, S.T.I'., and Dr. Joseph Kirschbaum, LL.D., Ph.D., of Canada, and Rev. Andrew Pier, O.S.B., and Daniel Tanzone of this country. Edward Kovac's "Ca., tles and Chateaux in Slovakia" with striking photographs of Bojnice, Orava, Lupca, Nedeca, Trencin, Strecno, Devin and Bratislava castles gives the reader a graphic picture of the beauty and gra11deur of only a few of the medieval strongholds in Slovakia, for altogether there are approximately two hundred castles and more than a thousand mansions scattered throughout the historic homeland of our Slovak forefathers. Father Stevko's pictorial montage of his variegated work as missioner, doctor and teacher in the Indonesian missions on the island of West Flores is a reminder of the fact that many Slovak priests, nuns, and Brothers are in the missions in Asia (Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Burma, India), Africa and South America, as well as in New Guinea and a number of islands in the South Pacific, and Australia. "The Apostolate of Msgr . .C:ugen Filkorn" is a tribute to a dedicated and holy Slovak educator at the University of Bratislava by a former student at the Svoradov Catholic fraternity house at the Slovak university_ Daniel Tanzone's review of the life of Father K11basek on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Slovak leader's death in Yonkers, N.Y. is a timely rememberance of a remarkable personality. The panel with photographs of Slovak college students who won Jednota scholarships in 1974 (36 handsome boys and 25 attractive girls) is proof positive of the vital interest of the Jednota organization in higher education and of the high quality of intelligence in our talented youth. May our hopes in their future contributions to our �204 SLOVAKIA Slovak cause, our Jednota society and to American life be justified in the years ahead. By far the most colorful of the contents of the volume is the series of photos of the Sarisan Slovak folk-dancers of Detroit-Windsor and Pittsburgh's Slovakians directed by the dedicated Roman Niznik. "At the Lake" by Helen Majorossy, a new contributor (a talented linguist in Cleveland), is a pensive nature study. Sister M. Mercedes Voytko, SS. C.M., of Danville, Pa., analyzes the much debated controversy of the hyphen in "Czecho-Slovakia" and goes on to give an objective historical survey of the years from 1939 (the year of Slovak Independence and the formation of the Slovak Republic) to 1968 when the Soviet armies invaded the country and sealed its fate (for the time being at least) by leaving a permanent army of occupation. Slovak recruits for the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart are listed by name and contributing Slovak parishes: St. Michael's, Lansford, Pa., St. John's, Allentown, Pa., SS. Cyril and Methodius, Bethlehem, Pa., SS. Cy;ril and Methodius, Coaldale, Pa., St. Andrew's, Catasauqua, Pa., St. Mary's, Northampton, Pa., St. Mary's, McAdoo, Pa., Sacred Heart, Palmerton, Pa., SS. Cyril and Methodius, Reading, Pa., Our Mother of Sorrows, Bridgeport, Pa. Sister M. Bridget Ulicny, M.SE.C., a Slovak nun, has been general superior of the 1700 Sisters of the Sacred Heart the past three years with headquarters in Rome, Italy. A somber and profound note is added to the Furdek annual by Msgr. Jan Rekem, S.T.D., by his "Philosophy of History of the Slovak nation." Dr. Kirschbaum's highly documented commentary "Slovak Language under Communism'' gives the reaqer insight into how the historic language of the Slovak nation has been strongly subjected to pressures by the postwar communist regime in the past three decades. Undoubtedly, the ground-breaking ceremonies that are depicted at the beginning of the annual show that our Jednota is forging ahead and keeping pace with the pressing needs of a hew era. The highly important event that marked the start of a building development program and expansion of the Jednota Press headquarters is truly historic. It is another great milestone in the progress of our fraternal society that is meeting the challenge of our times with renewed hope and vigor. Joyce Iezzi's "Slovak Traditions" and the accompanying picture of the mixed Church choir of St. Florian's parish in United, Pa., provide incontrovertible evidence that our ancient and time-honored liturgy is very much alive despite recent radica•l changes in Church worship in many quarters. Paul Berish's "Chit-Chats with a Giant" is so genuine and heartwarming that the article merits a niche in the literary hall of fame, and the incidental meeting with Karol Sidor reflects the lasting impression the great Slovak political leader and diplomat at the Vatican made upon a total stranger who was a true son of St. Francis. Our Lady of Levocha Shrine in Bedford, Ohio, rates a well deserv• ed historical background furnished origin;illy by Sister M. Augustine, V.S.C., from Slovak sources for her collaborator, Sr. M. Regis, V.S.C., �SLOVAKIA the author of "The History of Our Lady of Levoca." Levoca (Levocha) is known to thousands of American Slovaks from the eastern Spis region where they were accustomed to go on pilgrimage each year to the famous Marian shrine in Slovakia. Editor's Note: On October 5, 1975, the Slovak nuns at the Marian shrine of Our Lady of Levocha in Bedford, Ohio, will commemorate the 45th anniversary of the Blessing of the statue (carved from the wood of an apple tree in Slovakia, touched by the miraculous statue of Mt. Levoca and sent to the U.S. in the summer of 1930) by Archbishop Joseph Schrembs, D.D. Nellie Kovalik, R.N., strikes an ecumenical note in her article, "New St. Gabriel's Candle" while Father Schmieder recalls the delightful activity of a lovable prelate "The Good Monsignor." Rev. Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B, Krcisa slovenskych pamiatkovych kostolov (The Beauty of Slovak Churches). Published by the St. Adalbert Society, Trnava, Slovakia. St. Adalbert Society Press, 1970. Slovakia can boast of many rare monuments of historical and artistic value, besides its wealth of natural beauty. One of the most important places among these monuments is taken by the old Roman Catholic churches which are unique from a historic, architectural and artistic point of view. These Slovak churches, whether they be cathe drals, or local parish churches are gems of sacred art from the gothic and baroque periods and are admired throughout international spheres of culture. Besides reflecting the art heritage of Slovakia 205 during specific periods, these churches remain a valuable source of art history. The review was published by the St. Adalbert Society (Spolok svateho Vojtecha ) in Trnava to com memorate the centenary of its founding in 1870. The front covel' depicts the majestic gothic sanctuary of St. Nicholas Cathedral in Trnava, enclosed by a septagonal apse and four sections of artistically worked reticulated vaulting. It was in this cathedral, which dates from the 14th century, that the founding meeting of the St. Adalbert Society took place on September 14, 1870. The following Slovak churchi:?s or shrines are depicted in this commemorative work: 1. The Holy Rood altar with the neo-gothic pulpit of the Cathedral of St. Martin in Bratislava. 2. The baroque altar in the sanctuary of the Good Church in thr Nitra Cathedral which dates from the year 1732 together with frescoes by G. A. Galliardi dating from 1720. 3. The gothic sanctuary and renaissance baroque main altar of the Roziiava cathedral dating from 1672. 4. The renaissance baroque main altar of St. Adalbert, dating from the 17th century in the Saris pilgrim shrine of Gaboltov. 5. The baroque main altar with the statue of the Sorrowful Mother, patroness of Slovakia in the basilica of Sastin. 6. The 15th century sanctuary and main altar of the pilgrim church at Stare Hory. 7. The gothic main altar, the work of Master Pavol of Levoca, together with frescoes dating from the 14th century in the pari,h church of St. James in Levoca. 8. The interior of the Marianka �206 SLOVAKIA pilgrim church, originally a gothic church today ornamented in baroque style. 9. The main altar of the Kosice Cathedral of Saint Elizabeth, the largest gothic altar in the world. 10. The reconstructed baroque Cathedral of the Assumption ln Banska Bystrica displaying main altar painting by J. L. Kracker dating from 1774. 11. The baroque Lady chapel, the work of G. R. Donner from the first half of the 18th century in the Cathedral of St. Nicholas in Trna'\la. 12. The 15th century altar of St. Michael the Archangel together with the main altar dating from the 19th century in the Church of St. Martin in Spisske Podhradie. The collection offers the student of Slovak ecclesiastical art a wide range of Slovak church art and architecture as found in Slovakia. Daniel F. Tanzone Slovak American Bicentennial Commission Through the initiative of the Slovak League of America and with the cooperative effort of the great majority of Slovak organizations, publications and other entities, a Slovak American Bicentennial Commission was formulated in 1974. The purpose of the Commission is to provide national celebrations commemorating the 200th Birthday of the United States of America in 1976. The first event will be held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in March, and the second week-long celebration will be held in Detroit, Michigan in June. It is expected that many tens of thousands of Slovak Americans will attend the festivities in Detroit. The Commission will also publish a commemorative book Slovaks in America-A Bicentennial Study, which will encompass a brief history of the Slovak Americans. The officers of the Slovak American Bicentennial Commission are: President, Frances Mizenko, National Secretary of the First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association; Vice President, Dr. Joseph Pauco, National Secretary of the Slovak League of America; and Secretary, Joseph Kristofik, Detroit, Michigan. The Chairman of the Editorial Board for the publication of the book Slovaks in America-A Bicentennial Study is Joseph C. Kra,isa, Editor of Jednota �SLOVAKIA 207 Who's Who Among Slovak Americans Ml CHAE L NOVAK Michael Novak has written two novels and several influential books, including The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics (1972), Choosing Our King (1974), The Experience of Nothingness (1970),A New Generation (1964), and Ascent of the Mountain, Flight of the Dove (1971). His books and articles have been published in nine languages. In two of his three years on the faculty at Stanford, 1967 and 1968, the Senior Class elected him "most influential professor." He was a judge for the National Bank Awards in 1972 and has been a juror for the DuPont Awards in Broadcast Journalism since 1971. He leads a seminar in television criticism for the Aspen Institute, and also chairs a private study group on the future of the city of Jerusalem. In 1970, he was a senior staff advisor for Sargent Shriver in congressional campaigns across the nation, and in 1972 he served with McGovern and then with Shriver. As associate director for humanities at the Rockefel- ler Foundation during 1973 and 1974, he created a new program for the humanities, ra1smg the Foundation's spending for the humanities from $400,000 to $4 million per year. He established a widely acclaimed Fellowship program, and instigated programs for working people and high school students under the title of "The Public Humanities.'' He has been a consultant to AT&T, IBM (for an interview in Think magazine), and has participated in many corporate seminars, including the annual seminar of Northern States Power Company in Minnesota. He is Executive Director of EMPAC (Ethnic Millions Political Action Committee), a consulting firm and membership organization, with a nationally recognized board and groups of active advisors in virtually every urban center. EMPAC supports aspirations for equality and justice on the part of the one in four Americans of white ethnic b a ck ground, particularly from Southern and Eastern European cultures. The firm is bi-partisan. �!08 SLOVAKIA Annual S L O V A K I A is published by the Slovak league of America, 313 Ridge Ave., Middletown, Pa. 17057. Subscription $4.00. Editor: Joseph Pauco, Ph.D. Editorial Board: Draga Divinska, Louis Kandra, Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D., Susan Mikula, Ph.D., Joseph A. Mikus, Ph.D., Fr. Andrew Pier O.S.B., M.A., Daniel F. Tanzone, Sister M. Tybor, SS.C.M., M.A. Our Contributo rs Dr. Arved Grebert, former Slovak diplomat, now in Switzerland Sonya Jason, Slovak American author, Woodland Hills, Ca:it. Joseph Pauco, Ph.D., author, historian, Middletown, Pa. Theodoric J. Zubek, O.F.M., author, Joliet, Ill. Konstantin Cu/en, author, historian (deceased) Anthony X. Sutherland, Ph.D., Columbus, Ohio Daniel F. Tanzone, teacher, Yonkers, N. Y. Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS .C.M., teacher, Danville, Pa. Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B., author, Cleveland, Ohio Antonia Mazanova, on faculty of music, University of Western Ontario Gabor Vermes, department of history, Rutgers Universi ty J. M. Kirschbaum, LL.D., Ph.D., historian, Toronto, Ontario Joseph C. Krajsa , Editor, Jednota, Middletown, Pa. Paul Fia/kovic, Robert Pojer, John Berta - Slovak League of America Scholarship Winners �PRI NTI D IN U.S. A. JIDN OTA PlllN TER Y, MID DLli TOW N, PA. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1975, Vol. 25 Description An account of the resource Vol. 25 (No. 48), 1975. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 190 As others see it We are fortunate, in Canada, in having within our midst, a strong and vital Slovak community. Our many traditions, mingled together throughout society cannot but make us a stronger, more resilient, more tolerant and understanding people. - Pierre EUiot Trudeau Freedom and independence have long been the backbone of Slovak national thought. The Slovak people now suffer under Communist domination and yet have made tremendous sacrifices on both personal and national levels to preserve their native culture, language, and religion. One-third of all Slovak people now live in the United States and in other parts of the Western World. Freedom-loving people throughout Michigan and the world join with Slovak people in their desire to reestablish independence from totalW illiam G. Militarian rule. liken, Governor of the State of Michigan Your continuing efforts to share Slovak traditions and culture are a source of pride to all Americans. - Robert P. Griffin, U.S. Senator As one whose ancestors grew up and lived in Slovakia, I am very proud of my Slovak heritage. Moreover, we Americans of Slovak background can also point with pride to the tremendous contributions the people of the American Slovak Community have made to our great nation. - Philip E . Ruppe, Member of Congress In my own experience, I have found Slovak Americans to be bright, industrious, and filled with a zest for life. Moreover, you have successfully preserved a sense of identity and pride in the Slovak roots, a passion which has been further nourished by the more recent arrivals. As a Slovak citizen recently told a western newsman, "Here we have absolutely no shortage of unful filled desires." Some day in our lifetimes, I trust, democracy and individual liberty will live again in the land of your forefathers. - Lucien N. Nedzi, Member of Congress America is an immeasurably better nation because of the tremen dous contributions of Slovaks. Vigor and dedication to excellence have epitomized the Slovak way of life on America's farmlands, in her cities and educational institution3 and on the Apollo flight to the moon of Commander Eugene Cernan. In remembering Slovakia, you are reminding the world of the special ethnic heritage of Slovaks around the world. - Marvin L . Esch, Member of Congress The Slovak people are a proud and talented people who have enriched the lives of the many countries in which they live. We can all be proud of the contribution of Slovak people to the development of America. The Slovak people have helped to build this country into a great democracy, while retaining their ethnic identity. William S. Broomfield, Member of Congress Although self-determination and democracy have been denied them, the freedom-loving Slovak people have maintained their traditions even after many centuries of foreign oppression. SLOVAKIA Slovaks living in the western world continue to cherish the dream of an independent Slovak nation. Coieman A. Young, Mayor, City of Detroit Catholic Church is the prime target of the Communists in Slovakia because she is considered an organization that is administered by the Vatican and is in contradiction with the idea of a state-controlled church as is the case in Russia. The major pressure is on the practising Catholics who live their faith, and not so much on the so-called "Catholics of the baptismal register." State employees in influential positions and the teachers are hardest hit. After the removal of Dubcek, they were all carefully scrutinized and their files updated. Only the teachers and professors who are considered reliable Marxists can teach in the high schools and universities. It is requiried of them to sever their affiliation with their Church. That is a condition which must be fulfilled if they wish to keep their post. , In the high schools the teaching of religion is forbidden. In the elementary schools, religion can be taught only if both parents demand it for their children. The headmasters are obliged to try to persuade them not to send the children to religion classes. They have to warn the parents about the grave and adverse consequences this would have if they persist. The parents could lose their good positions in employment, and the children may find it difficult to be accepted for higher studies. All teachers and higheT-ranking white collar workers must be party members or they are subject to obligatory courses in Marxistatheistic ideology. After the fall of 191 Dubcek, more than 30,000 Marxist agitators were trained and no w they are conducting re-educational courses among the students and the intelligentsia. Anybody who refuses such courses is considrered an opponent of the regime and his " negative attitude" is entered into his "cadre" file which accompanies every citizen. The assessment in the file can make it hard to get or to change employment for which the person may have qualifications. The ideological pressure is felt, too, in the family circle. The communist ideal is a family without religion. The generation gap in socialism is intensified because in the family circle unity is destroyed - there is two-track thinking. The open practice of the Faith is in conflict with the ideology of the state. Therefore, the parents have to hide their religious conviction from their children or from each other. If they dare to bring up their children in the Faith, if they teach them to pray, there is the danger that the children will betray them in the school and that leads to stress and conflicts in the family. The denial of religious freedom has, in practice, painful consequences in the very nucleus of human society. Bishop Dominic Kai'ata Slovak Communist authorities have stepped up their promotion of "civil ceremonies" to replace baptism, confirmation, wedding and funeral ceremonies in church. Austrian Catholic sources reported from Slovakia, that "wedding centers" and "funeral halls" for civil ceremonies have been installed in many areas. More than 1750 committees were formed to organize the ceremonies. The sources said such civil rites 192 SLOVAKIA have failed to meet with much suecess. Slovak Interior Minister Egyd Pepych has complained that only 3.4 per cent of people who died in Czecho-Slovakia were buried with civil ceremonies. "The Citizens Committees still have much work to do," he said. Communist officials intensified propaganda in recent w1ieks, our sources said. They distributed booklets explaining the purpose and advantages of the ceremonies. Moreover, "presents" are distributed in the civil program that seeks to replace Christian baptism, confirmation and matrimony. Slovak newpapers and I!'lagazines have published reports of civil ceremonies to increase interest. One Communist daily described a civil "baptism" as follows: "A committee secretary took the baby out of the hands of the mother and placed it into a hand-carved cradle. The parents-both teachers -vecited a promise: "We, the parents, solemnly declare that we will do everything in our power to educate our son as an outstanding citizen of our Socialist country." _ (RNS) Communist professors and state officials in Czecho-Slovakia have been waging a persistent campaign against religion despite constitutional guarantees of freedom of thought and religious choice. This is the central point of Italian Jesuit Father Guiseppe Rulli, writing in the Rome Jesuit review Civilta Cattolica. In a long analytical article, Fr. Rulli examines the writings of several eminent Marxist professors attacking religion and the Roman Catholic Church in particular over the past several years. Among the authors cited by Fr. Rulli were Ladislav Tomasek of the Marxist Leninist Institute of Bratislava; Frantisek Kubovic of the Slovak University, and Minister of Culture Jaroslav Hajek. Despite the Communist government's claims that it is tolerant of religion, Father Rulli stressed that over the past few years a consistent campaign has been mounted against religious freedom . The professors in particular have called for "a battle against idealistic philosophy," which for Fr. Rulli is "without a doubt religious philosophy." Father Rulli cited an article by Frantisek Kubovic in which the Slovak professor declared : "to Catholicism in socialist countries it is not possible to grant 'freedom of action,' because that would mean going along with its anti-socialistic, anti-communist, anti-state and antinational attitudes. Therefove, it is indispensable that it be placed under the control of the socialist state so that political activity and the exploitation of the religious feelings of believers may be halt1id ." Demands by the bishops to be allowed to carry out their religious functions in freedom, to run their seminaries without state control and to enjoy the right of giving instruction freely have been interpreted as examples of their antisocialist, anticommunist attitudes, Father Rulli stated. He also pointed out: "The Czech and Slovak communists accuse the Catholic Church of being an expression of an unilluminating idealism of defending a nonscientific and negative vision of the world and of always having been opposed to communism." In the early 70's both Slovak and Czech public officials moved in on the Catholic Church to restrict its freedom. In 1970, Fr. Rulli report- SLOVAKIA ed, the Slovak Socialist Republic made it a requirement that priests get government permission to celebrate even a private Mass. Authorities of the Czech Republic followed suit. This was only the beginning of greater and more restrictive controls placed on the bishops and the parishes, Father Rulli reported. Concluding his observations, Fr. Rulli declared that from the opening attacks on religion, "religious faith has been considered an expression of sentiment," and there fore must be controlled by the state to safeguard the people. (NC) In the struggle against communism the Church has always offered the stiffest resistance and countless members of the clergy have sacrificed their lives for their faith and country. The Catholic Church ')f Lithuania was brutally persecuted by the Kremlin regime as were thC' Churches of other nations under the despotic yoke of Moscow. Msgr. Jozef Tiso was the wartime president of the Slovak Republic (Independent Lithuania officially recognized Slovakia in 1939) and was executed by the communists in 1947 because he refused to betray his people and proclaim Slovakia a Soviet republic. As the prelatepresident of his country, Msgr. Tiso provided his beloved Slovakia with a Christian-democratic ideology and based his politics on papal encyclicals, Christian philosophy and national Slovak traditions. Two hours before his execution on the gallows Msgr. Tiso wrote this final message from prison to the Slovak people. The eloquence of this fare well also symbolizes the spirit with which -the heroic priests of Lithuania offered up their lives on the altar of freedom for the salvation of their country and in Heaven in 193 the pFesence of the Almighty became the radiant hope of the Lith uanian people. "In the spirit of this sacrifice which I am about to make," wrot':l Dr. Tiso, "these are my words to the Slovak people: Be unanimous and united in pursuing always, everywhere and in every respect the great principle : For God and for the Nation! This is not only the unequivocal intent of Slovak history, but also the explicit command of God, who mad e it the law of nature, and inculcated it in the nation and all its members. This law I have served all my life and for this reason I regard myself as a martyr in the defense of Chri,tianity against Bolshevism, against which our nation must in all possible ways defend itself, and n ot only in order to remain true to its Christian character, but also in th'} interest of its future survival. In the same way as I am as!dng all of you to remember me in your prayers, so will I also pray to God Al mighty on your behalf and supplicate that He bless the Slovak people in their life-struggle for God and for the nation, and that the Slovak nation shall always remain a faithful and devoted son to the Church of Christ." Blessed are those whose way is blameless, who walk in the law of the Lord! - Bulletin of the Lithuanian Affairs Committ ee In Slovakia, dozens of churches stand half-finished because of an edict forbidding new building of them. Unofficially, childrm, who go to church can't go to trade school or the university. But that doesn't matter as much as being home, even though strange things are happening to that home. I expected to find little old ladies, safe in the security of family 194 SLOVAKIA doing folk arts and embroidery. In stead, Slovakia has gone doubleknit. "Do you have a car?" was the first question, usually. And then, "Do you have a color television set?" . There is a song they sing over endless vodkas when the sun goes down, a song that obviously has never been written down. "Our lives are much better here," is the rough translation, "since our fath• ers went to work in America." In some of the villages we visit, social and economic status is determined by who has relatives in the U.S. If your father happened to go there to work, you get Social Security benefits, and you are comfortable . If he worked in the mines around Wilkes-Barl'le and caught the black lung, you are wealthy. American money is important, because Czecho-Slovak money won't buy much. It's not unusual to find houses with television sets but no toilets, simply because it's easier to buy television sets than plumbing materials. But if you have American money, you can buy "boni" - special certificates which must be spent in six months - to use in the Tuzex. And perhaps the Tuzex is the most telling memory of Slovakia. It is a store that accepts only foreign currency. There is fruit juice and liquor, dry goods and clothing. The!'le are baby carriages and radios. The people crowd in, sometimes pushing each other like so many American suburbanites at a bargain basement sale. In a corner, one woman is selling her "boni." When I pull out a notebook to mark down prices, people stare. A friend cautions me to put away the notebook, and the tension ebbs. Over it all, staring down on the Ban-Lon and baby carriages, is a picture of Lenin. - Carol Towarnicky, Philadelphia Daily News, December 28, 1974. Book Reviews BOOKS AND STUDIES ON SLOVAKIA AND SLOVAKS Reviewed by Prof. J. M. K i r s c h b a u m Robert W. Dean, Nationalism and historiography mostly as a footnote Political Change in Eastern Eu· or a postscript to Czech history rope: The Slovak Question and and were seen "through the Czech the Czechoslovak Reform Move- eyes" by specialists in Eastern Eument, University of Denver, Col- rope, several recent studies (Galia orado, The Social Science Foun- Golan, Eugene Steiner, John Condation and Graduate School of way etc.) departed from this politiInternational Studies, Monograph cally and ideologically oriented Series in World Affairs, Vol. 10, tradition. 1973. Among the large numbers of While in the past Slovakia and books published on post-war politiSlovaks were treated in Western cal developments in Czecho-Slova- SLOVAKIA kia and especially on the "Dubcek period," Robert W. Dean's concise study seems to be the most objective and his analysis of the reform movement free of anti-Slovak bias. Moreover, the value of Dean's book lies in its research and evaluation of original sources published in Czech Lands or in Slovakia during the period under his examination. As a result, Dean is drawing quite a different picturie of Slovakia's post-war political situation and aspirations of her leadership and population from the account of some other specia1.sts in that area. Communist governments in Prague were not more successful in solving the Slovak question than were the bourgeois governments before the war, and even the purges of leading Slovak Communists for alleged "bourgeois nationalism" were not able to silence the cries for equality, justice and self-government. Slovak intellectuals fought, therefore, not only for the reform of the system, but also for the solution of the Slovak question, because "In Slovakia, the distortion of the Novotny system had been expressed by the subjugation of national aspirations - political, economic and cultural." (p. 28) In 1968, the year of liberalization brought also by the opposition of Slovak intellectuals, Slovaks cla imed more than federalization in Dean's view. There were clear voices of leading intellectuals for confederation and the Slovak Republic of 1939-45 was not only put into a more objective light, but its existence was to remind Prague that there was another solution of the Slovak question. Dean quotes from Kuiturny zivot: " ... it will nevertheless remain true that the Slovak Republic existed as the national state of the 195 Slovaks, the only one in our history ... Let us not turn away from it; it is part of our national traditions. It is important for an accurate scrutiny of our national idea to know that the idea or the remembrance of the Slovak state's independence is alive in the national memory. It connot be ignored forever in examining the alterna tives in the solution of the perspectives of a small nation .. ." (Pavol Stevcek, "Sev,e.ral Theses on the Situation of the Slovak Nation," Kulturny zivot, No. 3, August 2, 1968) . Husak is portrayed by Dean as one of the most articulate promoters of federalization but he did not fail to notice that Husak used the movement for federalization to come to power and abandoned it in order to remain in power. As a result, the Slovak question remained unsolved. The present situation is "centralism in a new guise" (see pages 28-37 ) and the persecution of intellectuals by Husak's regime is but a confirmation of his fear that they could expose the true aspirations of the Slovak people. Die Slowakische Volkskultur (Slo- vak Folk Arts and Culture) . Edited by Emilia Horvathova and Viera Urbancova. Published by Slovak Academy of Sciences, (Bratislava, 1972), 304 pages, 342 illustrations. Slovak folk arts and folk culture have long attracted the attention of foreign visitors and ethnographers by their beauty, richness of colors and inexhaustible fantasy. Some observers regard Slovaks "artists by birth," whose songs and national costumes have a natural expression of a poetry full of sensibility and freshness and whose carvings, toolmakings, paintings and architecture of peasant houses 196 SLOVAKIA excell by a constructive sense of color and design. Exposed for centuries to foreign domination and assimilation, Slovaks cultivated folk arts, songs and costumes as an expression of national consciousness and national identity and pre served a great part of them to this day. The book Die Slowakische Volkskultur deals with and reflects the rich cultural heritage of the Slovak people. It contains elev,e n contributions by eight authors, of whom 5 are women. All contributors belong to the younger generation educated at post-war universities in Slovakia, but they also refer to essays and studies by scholars of earlier periods. The title of the book is actually the same as was the title of the first book in German on Slovak folk art and culture by R. Bednarik, published during the Slovak Republic (Bratislava, 1943) . The present book is larger in scope and relies on new research and scholarly methods. The growth of universities in Slovakia is reflected in many fields of academic endeavor previously neglected. Ethnography was one of these fields even though the first known ,e thnographer among Slavs, P. J. Safarik, was from Slovakia. In spite of regimentation and political pressures, the present Slovak universities produced experts in many disciplines, including ethnography. The book Die Slowakische Volkskultur is a product of this new cultural atmosphere in Slovakia. Divided into eleven chapters, the volume deals with practically all aspects of the life of Slovakia's population - from agriculture and came breeding to family life, housebuilding, folk arts, superstitions and customs. Individual chap- ters are illustrated by photographs, many of them well chosen and enhancing the value of the book. It should be stressed, however, that foreign readers should not visualize present day Slovakia as depicted in this book. Folk arts and folk culture belong to the past in Slovakia as in any other Europ!7 an country and are but a part of Slovak cultural heritage. Slovakia kept pace with European cultural development and is adorned by hundreds of medieval fortresses, cast1es and churches of Renaissance and Baroque art. The beautiful valleys and hills lost their original beauty to industrialization and technological progress did not bypass Slovaks and Slovakia. J. Stasko, Slovaks in the United States of America, Edition Dobra Kniha, (Galt, Ontario, 1974) 79 pages, bibl. and statistics. This concise study contains valuable basic information on a number of topics pertaining to the history of the Slovaks in the United States. There are several mohographs by F . Hrusovsky, J. Pauco and others and two volumes history of American Slovaks by K. culen in the Slovak language but Stasko's work is the first scholarly outline in English and as such should be welcome. The author divided his study into 14 short chapters co·v ering the his- torical background of the Slovak nation, causes and effects of the migration of Slovaks, statistical survey of Slovaks in the United States and their hard beginnings and life in America. Briefly but with solid knowledge of the subjects and appropriate statistics Dr. Stasko analyses the social conditions, religions and civic organizations, education, contributions to American political and economic SLOVAKIA development and the assimilation process. The booklet is an intelligent look at the basic questions which a historian has to deal with in writing a history of an ethnic group in today's United States. It is, however, rather an outline for a longer book, than a comprehensive story of some 3 million Americans of Slovak origin. No doubt, scholars and students of American history will welcome Dr. Stasko's study as a valuable source of information, while American Slovak historians should be encouraged to use it as a solid foundation and a well balanced structure for a comprehensive history of Slovaks in the United States. The large number of monographs on Slovak-American fraternal organizations, parishes, religious orders, regional histories and preserved newspapers and publica tions will make it possible, even in the absence of regular archives, to prepare for the second centennial of America a history book which will tell other Americans and Slovaks as well the fascinating saga of struggles, trials and final success of American Slovaks. The value of Stasko's work for American historians also lies in his brief survey of Slovak history and in his suggested approach to studying and understanding Slovak history. As often mentioned, the neighbors of Slovakia who wanted to dominate and rule Slovaks, suc ceeded in misleading many historians to accept a false concept of the history of the Slovak people. Even if recent history books seem to be more free of anti-Slovak bias and conceptional errors, there will be for a long time urgent need for serious literature in English and other work. languages on Slovakia and Slovaks. 197 Eckbert K. Jahn, Die Deutschen in der Slowakei 1918-1929, (Germans in Slovakia 1918-1929) , Collegium Carolinum (Munich, 1971), 186 pages, bib!. Jahn's book on German minority in Slovakia is a valuable contribution to the history of Slovakia and it is only to be regretted that he limited his research to such a short period. Neglected before the War and written with ideological prejudice by communist historians since 1948, the history of national minorities in Slovakia is very little known. Yet, the role of minorities in Slovakia's history was of great political, cultural and economic importance. German settlements in Slovakia go back to the 14th century at which time, according to the author, there were over 200,000 Germans on Slovak territory. In 19181929 the German minority counted some 150,000 people. Before the first World War Germans of Slovakia were closer to Magyars than to Slovaks in their political and cultural leanings, but during the centuries which proceed the era of nationalism they helped to develop Slovak cities, mining industries, trades and commerce to the benefit of Slovakia. On the other hand, they were at the origin of the religious division of Slovaks. After the First World War Germans in Slovakia did not take part in Slovak struggle for autonomy and equal status with the Czechs. Affiliated with the socialist and partly with the communist parties, they fought in Prague for minority rights together with other German3 of Czecho-Slovakia. Jahn's study sheds light on many aspects of the life of the German minority in Slovakia and even though the author was not allowed 198 SLOVAKIA by the communist regime to study the archives, except for statistics concerning the elections, he wrote an interesting book, well researched and remarkably free of bias. It is predominantly a political history with special emphasis on the interplay of nationalism and patriotism. -,'he book is divided into six chapters and contains interesting statistics about political and linguistic polarization not only among Germans but also among Jews in Slovakia who claimed German or Hungarian as their mothertongue. The fate of German minority in Slovakia was tragic. First they were indiscriminately murdered by Soviet and Slovak communist partisans and then expelled from Slorakia within the scheme of Dr. Benes' policy of revenge which the Slovaks were unable to change. An extensive bibliography of works in German, Slovak and Engli,h enhanced the value of the book. Victor Mamatey and R. Luza, (ed.) A H isto ry of the Czechoslovak Republic 1918-1948, Princeton U- niversity Press (Princeton, N. J. 1973). More than a score of writers contributed to this volume and while some of them are known as historians with established reputation (Mamatey, Taborsky, Hoensch, Rhode, Wandycz, etc), others are less known or do not belong to the academic community at all (A. J osko) . As a result, the value of individual contributions varies and the points of view differ, except for the general tendency which favors Czechs and views the Slovak question through Czech eyes. In the contributions by Professor Mamatey and J. K. Hoensch, which belong to the best in the volume, this bias was to a great degree avoided. Both are thoroughly acquainted with the subject and they even corrected some malicious accusations of Slovaks (e.g. cooperation with Germans before 1938) spread in the West by Czechs and their Slovak fellow-travelers (J. Lettrich) . Nevertheless, we can also say about this volume what the Canadian historiaq Z. Pech wrote about Western specialists in Eastern European History: "The history of Slovaks in the West has usually been presented from the point of view of 'Czechoslovakism' and has appeared as hardly more than a postscript to Czech history." (Canadian Slavonic Papers, X, 4, 1968). The most conspicuous example of bias in this volume is the contribution by Anna Jasko, whose article -in style and concept-is of such value that it would not be accepted by any serious journal. In R. Lufa's selected bibliography the prejudice against Slovaks who do not advocate Czech domination over Slovakia, attained the point of the ridiculous. And more or less the same can be said about the selection of sources and references quoted. With one or two exceptions, the majority of contributors quoted or referred exclusively to sources which favor the Czechoslovak concept and are hostile to Slovak aspirations for national independence. If we disregard the bias of many contributions, the book can be re garded as a vast source of informa tion. Especially the two chapters by Prof. Mamatey (The Establishment of the Republic and The Development of Czechoslovak Dem0cracy) and Hoensch's survey of the Slovak Republic present well documented accounts of the periods treated by the authors. Taborsky's contribution on "Politics in Exile" SLOVAKIA has all the attributes of academic writing but he displays the usual Czech unfounded conceit when writing about Slovaks. As the .thorough research of British archives by Prof. F. Vnuk indicates, it is hardly true that "Benes prevailed with ease over his few challengers among the exiled statesmen, such as the former Czecho-Slovak premier, Milan Hodza and Czecho-Slovakia's envoy to Paris, Stefan 0 susky ... ". And it is completely untrue that Benes "fully respected the opposite view holding the Czechs and Slovaks to be two different Slav nations" or that "the Czech-Slovak relations created no problem during the war." It is regrettable that even a historian of Taborsky's reputation wrote such mystifications. 199 riodicals, published in Europe, the United States and Canada. The essays have been written mostly by historians of the younger generation of foreign and Slovak origin, the latter predominantly educated in the West. Notheworthy among the essays is John S. Conway's article in The Slavonic and East European Review (Volume LIi, 126, January, 1974, London, England): "The Churches, the Slovak State and the Jews 1939-1945." The subject was treated in the past by several spe cialists in Eastern Europe (:l'.lurica, Lipscher, Jellinek) and further studies are to be expected. Conway's treatise seems to be the most objective by a foreign historian, and free of usual bias against Slovaks advocating the independence The editors expressed thanks to of Slovakia. Czech emigre politicians who left Prof. Mark Stolarik's essay on their country after their unsuccess- "Agrarian Problems in Slovakia ful collaboration with the commu- 1848-1918," published in Histoire nists "for their advice and encour- Sociale - Social History (Vol. VIII, agement in organizing this study," 3, University of Ottawa, May, 1974), and they "have greatly profited is a valuable contribution to a field from the valuable help of the which was generally neglected by Council of Free Czechoslovakia in Slovak historians until recently. It Washington, D. C." This clearly in- is an historiographic essay and will dicates the background and purpose provide useful information for of the book. The fact that there is further study. among the contributors from the Contemporary political developSlovak side only Prof. Mamatey and ments in Slovakia have been a clerk of the Library of Congress, treated by Prof. Stanislav J . KirschAnna Josko, confirms the prejudice baum of York University in Toand political bias mentioned above. ronto in two essays. Canadian JourAnd this is to be regretted especial- nal of Political Science (Vol. VII, ly for the reason that the book wiH 2, June, 1974) published his French be listed under the name of Prof. essay "Le nationalisme minoritaire: Mamatey who is a reputable hisle cas de la Tcheco-Slovaquie" (Natorian. tionalism of Minorities - the Case Czecho-Slovakia) in which the of ESSAYS ON SLOVAKIA Slovak question is subject to a In recent years, Slovak histol") thorough and objective analysis. The events of 1968 with special and the present political situation in Slovakia became the subject of regard for Slovakia are treated by essays and articles in academic pe- Dr. Stanislav Kirschbaum in the 200 SLOVAKIA (Vol. 15, Munich, 1973), an annual published by Collegium Carolinum and specialized in problems of Czecho-Slovakia. Under the title "Kontinuitat und politischen Wechsels in der Tschecho-Slowakei 1968" (Continu ity ,a nd Political Change in CzechoSlovakia 1968) Prof. Kirschbaum gives Western historians a well documented view of the reform and liberalization movement which was generally ascribed to Czechs in Western historiography even though Slovaks were its spearhead. Bohemia- Jahrbuch Eran Laor: Vergangen und ausgeloscht (Erinnerungen an das slowakisch-ungarische Judentum Reminiscences about Slovak-Magyar Jews), Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1972, 280 pp. Review by Dr. Arved G r e b e r t, Geneva. - A translation A. P. The author of this book until recently was director of a Jewish Travel Agency in Geneva, Switzerland. Eran Laor was born in 1900 in the Slovak town of Cifer in southwestern Slovakia. In this fas cinating book, which is only the first volume of a projected trilogy, he describes town life in Cifer during the first twenty-two years of his own life there, and his student days at the Slovak cultural center in Trnava and later in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia at the present time. This book by Eran Laor is an invaluable record of Jewish life in Slovakia at the beginning of this century. Laor's father was a well known and highly r•e spected doctor in the region. When he died, writes the author, the people and priests from nearby villages came to pay their last respects to a highly revered humanitarian. Interesting incidents in the book illustrate the symbiosis between the Jews and Slovak people. The history of the Skvarenina, Du~insky and Peterselka (Petrzelka) families from· 1700 portrays in miniature the destiny of the Jews in Slovakia: by their customs, and a revelation of their thoughts and feelings, and a list of their successes and tragedies. Slovakia became a refuge and an island of freedom for the Jews in the 17th and 18th centuries when the author's predecessors settled in the western town of Sen ic1 in 1700. They came from nearby Moravia on the Slovak border because stringent restrictions .h ad been placed on the Jews in all Czech-ruled lands at the time. The author's narrative is chiefly based on family documents such a, family correspondence, locll registries and other official documents, and inscriptions on tombstones , as well as on oral traditions in his immediate family circle. Laor's work is a valuable addition to the history of Slovakil. His concluding chapters, in wh ich he describes the war years in Bratislava (first World War) and subsequently Czech domination of the country, is very interesting. He correctly terms this period as "Czech occup1tion," and he admits tha t he personally participated in demonstrations protesting against the pos~war regime. From his early youth Eran Laor was active as a writer, as a poet and philosophical reviewer. Ha published these in German, Magyar, Hebrew, French and En ] lish. Although originally he wrote chiefly in Magyar, he stopped writing in this language in protest to the wave of anti-semitism that swept ove:· Hungary immediately after the first World War. Today he writes exclusively in Hebrew, German and SLOVAKIA French but speaks Slovak fluently. From a literary standpoint the book has great value. His style is elegant and his interpretations of events far-reaching. Laor's commentaries give the reader an impression of his wide and rich experiences and wisdom. Above all, he manifests warm effection for his people and love for the country where he was born and spent the most wonderful years of his life : his childh0od and youth. A grand seigneur, in the ful! sense of the word, a person ·µho actually existed in the flesh, an ideal person, is depicted by the author in his book, and he has preserved this image of a sterling personality for our materialisticminded world. Character was still admired in the common homeland of the J ews and Slovaks in his time. Many full page photographs enrich the book. There are pictures of the tombstones of his ancestors: the Skvareninas, Dusinskys in Nadas, his parents in Cifer, and the picture of the Palfy castle in' Pudmerice, photos of Trnava and Bratislava. As we have stated above, this is the first volume of his memoirs. Future volumes promise to be equally interesting, for the author went to live in Constantinople (Istanbul) where he was manager of a family commercial firm. He continued to write poetry, translated poetic works from Turkish and Greek writers, and became intensely involved in the Zionistic movement. During the second World War he worked indefatigably in various high positions to save his £ellow Jews in Europe. After the establishment of the independent state of Israel he became one of the chief founders of the Jewish navy. 201 As director of the Jewish Agency he has rendered invaluable service to his people. One of the most serious problems faced by the fledgling Jewish state of Israel in the beginning was the small number of Jewish inhabitants. Under Laor's dynamic leadership this was soon remedied through the work of the Jewish Agency in Geneva, Switzerland. In a few short years fully one and a half million Jews were transported from Europe to Israel. This influx of Jewish immigrants from the Continent at a critical stage strengthened the economy of the new state and furnished man-power for Israel, all of which enabled Israel to defend itself successfully against the attacks of the neighboring Arabic countries in the ensuing years. Eran Laor's contributions for the establishment and preservation of the state of Israel have been important and vital from the very beginning of its history in our times. Woodlands Above - Mines Below, by Rev. Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B Published by the First Catholic Slovak Union, Cleveland, Ohio. Printed by the Jednota Press, Middletown, Pa. 120 pp., with pictorial supplement, 1974. Price: $2.00 soft cover and $3.00 hard cover. The latest English publication of the First Catholic Slovak Union, printed by its Jednota Press in Middletown, Pa., "Woodlands Above-Mines Below," is virtually a translation by the author, Father Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B., M.A., of his original Slovak edition "Nau nami hory-pod nami bane," which came off the press under his ancient family name, "Pir". The Slovak book was published by the Slovak Institute in Rome, Italy in 202 SLOVAKIA 1972. The English version is revised somewhat and at least eight new episodes have been added. Father Pier is a Slovak Benedictine Monk of St. Andrew's Abbey in Cleveland, Ohio, so it was proper that his superior, the Rt. Rev. Abbot Jerome Koval, O.S.B., wrote the Foreword to his new book. Abbot Koval introduces the mountain village of Blandburg, Pennsylvania, to the readers of this unique volume on life there more than a half century ago. His personal impressions of the locale of the series of boyhood experiences of the author prepare the reader for many pleasant surprises in the book. The book has been selling very v.rell to date. Aside from hundreds of single orders, there have been orders for six, a dozen, fifty, and even for a 100 copies. The early sales indicate that the book will be going to its second printing. The reactions of the readers so far range from such exclamations as 'unbelievable,' 'colorful,' 'a bittersweet work of nostalgia,' 'true to life,' 'the good old days,' 'sweet memories,' 'told simply and beautifully, ' to immediate criticism as 'a modern utopia,' 'a town that never existed' and 'a too, too sweet picture of a town this side of heaven.' At the very outset, however, the author gives his word of honor that all the episodes recounted occured in actual life. At any rate, each reader can judge for himself what rings true or what is imaginative in the book of memories of happenings in a small town in the heart of the Alleghenies in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Christmas scenes are given the spotlight with no less than three incidents in the very beginningincidents that tug at the heartstrings and set the stage for a happy childhood as seen through the eyes of a bright-eyed, care-free, though pensive boy who never ceased to gaze at the parade of life around him with wonder and joy of being alive. School, not the in-thing for most schoolboys, proved to be a pleasant interlude in early life for a boy to learn and anxious to please his parents and teachers-but he was by no means a teacher's pet. A well-merited tribute is given to the zealous priests who paid parlicular attention to the spiritual needs of their immigrant parishioners. Teachers, physicians, and even the businessmen rate a note of genuine appreciation, while a much admired high school principal gets a special chapter dedicated to his immortal memory. Probably the most popular story in the entire book is that of a recalcitrant bovine creature. Wild life-rabbits, grouse, deer, snakes and bears-is discussed from various angles, as are guns that are both a menace to nature's woodland creatures or a means of maintaining a balance in our ecologydepending on one's point of view. Lightening from the sky, the $20 cigar and a fire are true-to-life acc:mnts of the author in the unusual procession of experiences that are narrated in simple inimitable style. Reference to the work in the brickyard and toil in the mines give a prosaic but realistic touch to an otherwise nostalgic, and in many respects, a utopian picture of the writer's hometown. Moreover, the account of the sudd-e n mysterious appearance of the Ku Klux Klan appears like an ominous black cloud obliterating the rainbow in the sky above Blandburg, but it disappear~ as quickly as it appeared on the horizon. Meditative reflections on "The Good Earth" provide the back- SLOVAKIA ground to the types of people who lived in the village: 1) Oldtimers, 2) Immigrants, 3) The Justice of Peace, and 4) Boarders. All in all, the book presents an authentic portrayal of a phase of life that was and probably will never again be repeated. Doubtless, the book has not exhausted the memory bank, either of the writer or of the people who experienced a similar way of life. That's the key to the popularity of this book - -people can say, "Why I too re member an incident .... " In fact, Father Pier is writing the episodes for them in this book. So this collection of vignettes will stimulate others to recall and record their experiences so that our generation, and future generations, will not only find pleasure in reading about them, but derive inspiration in the great adventure of life under God. There is a pictorial supplement at the end of the book which seems like an afterthought, but it serves to strengthen the authenticity of th~ work that will hopefully open the door to a whole series of narrations of life in America at the early part of the 20th century. Joseph C. Krajsa Jednota Annual FURDEK. Edited by Joseph C. Krajsa. Published ny the First. Catholic Slovak Unnion, Cleveland, Ohio. l-rinted by Jednota Press, Middletown, Pa. Vol. XIV, 175 pages. Price : $3.00. This year's edition ot the annual Furdek, publication of the Jednota, features a number of new writers who join such regular standbys as Msgr. Jan Rekem, S.T.I'., and Dr. Joseph Kirschbaum, LL.D., Ph.D., of Canada, and Rev. Andrew Pier, O.S.B., and Daniel Tanzone of this country. Edward Kovac's "Ca., tles and Chateaux in Slovakia" with striking photographs of Bojnice, Orava, Lupca, Nedeca, Trencin, Strecno, Devin and Bratislava castles gives the reader a graphic picture of the beauty and gra11deur of only a few of the medieval strongholds in Slovakia, for altogether there are approximately two hundred castles and more than a thousand mansions scattered throughout the historic homeland of our Slovak forefathers. Father Stevko's pictorial montage of his variegated work as missioner, doctor and teacher in the Indonesian missions on the island of West Flores is a reminder of the fact that many Slovak priests, nuns, and Brothers are in the missions in Asia (Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, South Korea, Burma, India), Africa and South America, as well as in New Guinea and a number of islands in the South Pacific, and Australia. "The Apostolate of Msgr . .C:ugen Filkorn" is a tribute to a dedicated and holy Slovak educator at the University of Bratislava by a former student at the Svoradov Catholic fraternity house at the Slovak university_ Daniel Tanzone's review of the life of Father K11basek on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Slovak leader's death in Yonkers, N.Y. is a timely rememberance of a remarkable personality. The panel with photographs of Slovak college students who won Jednota scholarships in 1974 (36 handsome boys and 25 attractive girls) is proof positive of the vital interest of the Jednota organization in higher education and of the high quality of intelligence in our talented youth. May our hopes in their future contributions to our 204 SLOVAKIA Slovak cause, our Jednota society and to American life be justified in the years ahead. By far the most colorful of the contents of the volume is the series of photos of the Sarisan Slovak folk-dancers of Detroit-Windsor and Pittsburgh's Slovakians directed by the dedicated Roman Niznik. "At the Lake" by Helen Majorossy, a new contributor (a talented linguist in Cleveland), is a pensive nature study. Sister M. Mercedes Voytko, SS. C.M., of Danville, Pa., analyzes the much debated controversy of the hyphen in "Czecho-Slovakia" and goes on to give an objective historical survey of the years from 1939 (the year of Slovak Independence and the formation of the Slovak Republic) to 1968 when the Soviet armies invaded the country and sealed its fate (for the time being at least) by leaving a permanent army of occupation. Slovak recruits for the Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart are listed by name and contributing Slovak parishes: St. Michael's, Lansford, Pa., St. John's, Allentown, Pa., SS. Cyril and Methodius, Bethlehem, Pa., SS. Cy;ril and Methodius, Coaldale, Pa., St. Andrew's, Catasauqua, Pa., St. Mary's, Northampton, Pa., St. Mary's, McAdoo, Pa., Sacred Heart, Palmerton, Pa., SS. Cyril and Methodius, Reading, Pa., Our Mother of Sorrows, Bridgeport, Pa. Sister M. Bridget Ulicny, M.SE.C., a Slovak nun, has been general superior of the 1700 Sisters of the Sacred Heart the past three years with headquarters in Rome, Italy. A somber and profound note is added to the Furdek annual by Msgr. Jan Rekem, S.T.D., by his "Philosophy of History of the Slovak nation." Dr. Kirschbaum's highly documented commentary "Slovak Language under Communism'' gives the reaqer insight into how the historic language of the Slovak nation has been strongly subjected to pressures by the postwar communist regime in the past three decades. Undoubtedly, the ground-breaking ceremonies that are depicted at the beginning of the annual show that our Jednota is forging ahead and keeping pace with the pressing needs of a hew era. The highly important event that marked the start of a building development program and expansion of the Jednota Press headquarters is truly historic. It is another great milestone in the progress of our fraternal society that is meeting the challenge of our times with renewed hope and vigor. Joyce Iezzi's "Slovak Traditions" and the accompanying picture of the mixed Church choir of St. Florian's parish in United, Pa., provide incontrovertible evidence that our ancient and time-honored liturgy is very much alive despite recent radica•l changes in Church worship in many quarters. Paul Berish's "Chit-Chats with a Giant" is so genuine and heartwarming that the article merits a niche in the literary hall of fame, and the incidental meeting with Karol Sidor reflects the lasting impression the great Slovak political leader and diplomat at the Vatican made upon a total stranger who was a true son of St. Francis. Our Lady of Levocha Shrine in Bedford, Ohio, rates a well deserv• ed historical background furnished origin;illy by Sister M. Augustine, V.S.C., from Slovak sources for her collaborator, Sr. M. Regis, V.S.C., SLOVAKIA the author of "The History of Our Lady of Levoca." Levoca (Levocha) is known to thousands of American Slovaks from the eastern Spis region where they were accustomed to go on pilgrimage each year to the famous Marian shrine in Slovakia. Editor's Note: On October 5, 1975, the Slovak nuns at the Marian shrine of Our Lady of Levocha in Bedford, Ohio, will commemorate the 45th anniversary of the Blessing of the statue (carved from the wood of an apple tree in Slovakia, touched by the miraculous statue of Mt. Levoca and sent to the U.S. in the summer of 1930) by Archbishop Joseph Schrembs, D.D. Nellie Kovalik, R.N., strikes an ecumenical note in her article, "New St. Gabriel's Candle" while Father Schmieder recalls the delightful activity of a lovable prelate "The Good Monsignor." Rev. Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B, Krcisa slovenskych pamiatkovych kostolov (The Beauty of Slovak Churches). Published by the St. Adalbert Society, Trnava, Slovakia. St. Adalbert Society Press, 1970. Slovakia can boast of many rare monuments of historical and artistic value, besides its wealth of natural beauty. One of the most important places among these monuments is taken by the old Roman Catholic churches which are unique from a historic, architectural and artistic point of view. These Slovak churches, whether they be cathe drals, or local parish churches are gems of sacred art from the gothic and baroque periods and are admired throughout international spheres of culture. Besides reflecting the art heritage of Slovakia 205 during specific periods, these churches remain a valuable source of art history. The review was published by the St. Adalbert Society (Spolok svateho Vojtecha ) in Trnava to com memorate the centenary of its founding in 1870. The front covel' depicts the majestic gothic sanctuary of St. Nicholas Cathedral in Trnava, enclosed by a septagonal apse and four sections of artistically worked reticulated vaulting. It was in this cathedral, which dates from the 14th century, that the founding meeting of the St. Adalbert Society took place on September 14, 1870. The following Slovak churchi:?s or shrines are depicted in this commemorative work: 1. The Holy Rood altar with the neo-gothic pulpit of the Cathedral of St. Martin in Bratislava. 2. The baroque altar in the sanctuary of the Good Church in thr Nitra Cathedral which dates from the year 1732 together with frescoes by G. A. Galliardi dating from 1720. 3. The gothic sanctuary and renaissance baroque main altar of the Roziiava cathedral dating from 1672. 4. The renaissance baroque main altar of St. Adalbert, dating from the 17th century in the Saris pilgrim shrine of Gaboltov. 5. The baroque main altar with the statue of the Sorrowful Mother, patroness of Slovakia in the basilica of Sastin. 6. The 15th century sanctuary and main altar of the pilgrim church at Stare Hory. 7. The gothic main altar, the work of Master Pavol of Levoca, together with frescoes dating from the 14th century in the pari,h church of St. James in Levoca. 8. The interior of the Marianka 206 SLOVAKIA pilgrim church, originally a gothic church today ornamented in baroque style. 9. The main altar of the Kosice Cathedral of Saint Elizabeth, the largest gothic altar in the world. 10. The reconstructed baroque Cathedral of the Assumption ln Banska Bystrica displaying main altar painting by J. L. Kracker dating from 1774. 11. The baroque Lady chapel, the work of G. R. Donner from the first half of the 18th century in the Cathedral of St. Nicholas in Trna'\la. 12. The 15th century altar of St. Michael the Archangel together with the main altar dating from the 19th century in the Church of St. Martin in Spisske Podhradie. The collection offers the student of Slovak ecclesiastical art a wide range of Slovak church art and architecture as found in Slovakia. Daniel F. Tanzone Slovak American Bicentennial Commission Through the initiative of the Slovak League of America and with the cooperative effort of the great majority of Slovak organizations, publications and other entities, a Slovak American Bicentennial Commission was formulated in 1974. The purpose of the Commission is to provide national celebrations commemorating the 200th Birthday of the United States of America in 1976. The first event will be held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in March, and the second week-long celebration will be held in Detroit, Michigan in June. It is expected that many tens of thousands of Slovak Americans will attend the festivities in Detroit. The Commission will also publish a commemorative book Slovaks in America-A Bicentennial Study, which will encompass a brief history of the Slovak Americans. The officers of the Slovak American Bicentennial Commission are: President, Frances Mizenko, National Secretary of the First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association; Vice President, Dr. Joseph Pauco, National Secretary of the Slovak League of America; and Secretary, Joseph Kristofik, Detroit, Michigan. The Chairman of the Editorial Board for the publication of the book Slovaks in America-A Bicentennial Study is Joseph C. Kra,isa, Editor of Jednota SLOVAKIA 207 Who's Who Among Slovak Americans Ml CHAE L NOVAK Michael Novak has written two novels and several influential books, including The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics (1972), Choosing Our King (1974), The Experience of Nothingness (1970),A New Generation (1964), and Ascent of the Mountain, Flight of the Dove (1971). His books and articles have been published in nine languages. In two of his three years on the faculty at Stanford, 1967 and 1968, the Senior Class elected him "most influential professor." He was a judge for the National Bank Awards in 1972 and has been a juror for the DuPont Awards in Broadcast Journalism since 1971. He leads a seminar in television criticism for the Aspen Institute, and also chairs a private study group on the future of the city of Jerusalem. In 1970, he was a senior staff advisor for Sargent Shriver in congressional campaigns across the nation, and in 1972 he served with McGovern and then with Shriver. As associate director for humanities at the Rockefel- ler Foundation during 1973 and 1974, he created a new program for the humanities, ra1smg the Foundation's spending for the humanities from $400,000 to $4 million per year. He established a widely acclaimed Fellowship program, and instigated programs for working people and high school students under the title of "The Public Humanities.'' He has been a consultant to AT&T, IBM (for an interview in Think magazine), and has participated in many corporate seminars, including the annual seminar of Northern States Power Company in Minnesota. He is Executive Director of EMPAC (Ethnic Millions Political Action Committee), a consulting firm and membership organization, with a nationally recognized board and groups of active advisors in virtually every urban center. EMPAC supports aspirations for equality and justice on the part of the one in four Americans of white ethnic b a ck ground, particularly from Southern and Eastern European cultures. The firm is bi-partisan. !08 SLOVAKIA Annual S L O V A K I A is published by the Slovak league of America, 313 Ridge Ave., Middletown, Pa. 17057. Subscription $4.00. Editor: Joseph Pauco, Ph.D. Editorial Board: Draga Divinska, Louis Kandra, Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D., Susan Mikula, Ph.D., Joseph A. Mikus, Ph.D., Fr. Andrew Pier O.S.B., M.A., Daniel F. Tanzone, Sister M. Tybor, SS.C.M., M.A. Our Contributo rs Dr. Arved Grebert, former Slovak diplomat, now in Switzerland Sonya Jason, Slovak American author, Woodland Hills, Ca:it. Joseph Pauco, Ph.D., author, historian, Middletown, Pa. Theodoric J. Zubek, O.F.M., author, Joliet, Ill. Konstantin Cu/en, author, historian (deceased) Anthony X. Sutherland, Ph.D., Columbus, Ohio Daniel F. Tanzone, teacher, Yonkers, N. Y. Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS .C.M., teacher, Danville, Pa. Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B., author, Cleveland, Ohio Antonia Mazanova, on faculty of music, University of Western Ontario Gabor Vermes, department of history, Rutgers Universi ty J. M. Kirschbaum, LL.D., Ph.D., historian, Toronto, Ontario Joseph C. Krajsa , Editor, Jednota, Middletown, Pa. Paul Fia/kovic, Robert Pojer, John Berta - Slovak League of America Scholarship Winners PRI NTI D IN U.S. A. JIDN OTA PlllN TER Y, MID DLli TOW N, PA.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 25 (No. 48) Description An account of the resource includes As Others See It; Book Reviews; Slovak American Bicentennial Commission; Who's Who Among Slovak Americans; Our Contributors Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/c30f945dcf2daf44efdb7612fa4a4bf6.pdf bdd1e80a5e2b6d03615aa8421a4c8c36 PDF Text Text Editor JOSEPH PAU C 0, Ph.D. Published by: THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Volume XXIV Number 47 �SLOVAKIA • VOLUME XXIV 1974 • NO. 47 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. . Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U.S. A. �s SLOVAKIA Contents Ma:i:imilian Hell, S. J. - Stephen Sencik, S. J. - 5 Anthony X. Suther- Tiso's Formative Years and Early Political Career - land, Ph.D. - 24 Sr. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. - Philip A . Hrobak - 36 Andrew Pier, The 35th Anniversary of Slovak Independence Day - O.S.B. - 51 American Sl.ovaks Lost a Great Man - Stephen B. Roman - Slovak Destiny - Joseph C. Krajsa - 54 57 Slovak League of America and Slovak World Congress - Behuncik - Edward J. 60 Slovaks Abr,oad and Their Role in Slovakia's Struggle for Freedom - J. M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D. Slovak Pioneers in America Slovaks in Blandburg - 63 Joseph Pauco, Ph.D. - Andrew Pier, O.S.B. - · 80 . . • Michael O'Pake, Esq. - Slovak Heritage - The Youth Conference - Tanzone - 67 84 Slovak League of America - Daniel F. 88 Some Personal Observations • on the 1973 Slovak League of America Conference - Susan Pojer, B.A. 92 One Species, Many Cultures - Michael Novak - 96 The Artful Dodgers: Directors of Ethnic Studies Programs Fenchak - Paul 112 Survey Research and Ethnic Studies Great Slovak Talent - Steven I. Miller, Ph.D. 120 130 The Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius and the Preservation of Slovak Culture in America - William Wagner 132 156 Famous Slovak Inve'ntors - Slovak Background of Events Through the Soviet Takeover in 1968 Jane Noonan - 162 The Slovak Arts in Perspective Slovak som ja - Marlene Bartos - Stephen John Knoblock - Noted Slovak Jubilarians - J. M. Kirschbaum - 210 Current Issues - As the Others See It - 213 Who's Who Among American Slovaks Book Reviews - 217 Our Contributors - 232 169 177 215 Francis Vnuk - 181 �SLOVAKIA Annual S L O V A K I A is published by the Slovak League of America, 313 Ridge Avenue, Middletown, Pa. 17057. Subscription $4.00. Editor: Joseph Pa u co, Ph .D. Editorial Board: Draga Divinska, Louis Kandra , Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D., Susan Mikula, M.A., Joseph A. Mikus, Ph .D., Fr. Andrew Pier, O.S.B., M.A. , Daniel F. Tanzone, M.A., Sister Martina Tybor, SS.C.M., M.A. � Editor JOSEPH PAU C 0, Ph.D. Published by: THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Volume XXIV Number 47 �SLOVAKIA • VOLUME XXIV 1974 • NO. 47 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. . Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U.S. A. �s SLOVAKIA Contents Ma:i:imilian Hell, S. J. - Stephen Sencik, S. J. - 5 Anthony X. Suther- Tiso's Formative Years and Early Political Career - land, Ph.D. - 24 Sr. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. - Philip A . Hrobak - 36 Andrew Pier, The 35th Anniversary of Slovak Independence Day - O.S.B. - 51 American Sl.ovaks Lost a Great Man - Stephen B. Roman - Slovak Destiny - Joseph C. Krajsa - 54 57 Slovak League of America and Slovak World Congress - Behuncik - Edward J. 60 Slovaks Abr,oad and Their Role in Slovakia's Struggle for Freedom - J. M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D. Slovak Pioneers in America Slovaks in Blandburg - 63 Joseph Pauco, Ph.D. - Andrew Pier, O.S.B. - · 80 . . • Michael O'Pake, Esq. - Slovak Heritage - The Youth Conference - Tanzone - 67 84 Slovak League of America - Daniel F. 88 Some Personal Observations • on the 1973 Slovak League of America Conference - Susan Pojer, B.A. 92 One Species, Many Cultures - Michael Novak - 96 The Artful Dodgers: Directors of Ethnic Studies Programs Fenchak - Paul 112 Survey Research and Ethnic Studies Great Slovak Talent - Steven I. Miller, Ph.D. 120 130 The Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius and the Preservation of Slovak Culture in America - William Wagner 132 156 Famous Slovak Inve'ntors - Slovak Background of Events Through the Soviet Takeover in 1968 Jane Noonan - 162 The Slovak Arts in Perspective Slovak som ja - Marlene Bartos - Stephen John Knoblock - Noted Slovak Jubilarians - J. M. Kirschbaum - 210 Current Issues - As the Others See It - 213 Who's Who Among American Slovaks Book Reviews - 217 Our Contributors - 232 169 177 215 Francis Vnuk - 181 �SLOVAKIA Annual S L O V A K I A is published by the Slovak League of America, 313 Ridge Avenue, Middletown, Pa. 17057. Subscription $4.00. Editor: Joseph Pa u co, Ph .D. Editorial Board: Draga Divinska, Louis Kandra , Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D., Susan Mikula, M.A., Joseph A. Mikus, Ph .D., Fr. Andrew Pier, O.S.B., M.A. , Daniel F. Tanzone, M.A., Sister Martina Tybor, SS.C.M., M.A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1974, Vol. 24 Description An account of the resource Vol. 24 (No. 47), 1974. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Editor JOSEPH PAU C 0, Ph.D. Published by: THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Volume XXIV Number 47 SLOVAKIA • VOLUME XXIV 1974 • NO. 47 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. . Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U.S. A. s SLOVAKIA Contents Ma:i:imilian Hell, S. J. - Stephen Sencik, S. J. - 5 Anthony X. Suther- Tiso's Formative Years and Early Political Career - land, Ph.D. - 24 Sr. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. - Philip A . Hrobak - 36 Andrew Pier, The 35th Anniversary of Slovak Independence Day - O.S.B. - 51 American Sl.ovaks Lost a Great Man - Stephen B. Roman - Slovak Destiny - Joseph C. Krajsa - 54 57 Slovak League of America and Slovak World Congress - Behuncik - Edward J. 60 Slovaks Abr,oad and Their Role in Slovakia's Struggle for Freedom - J. M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D. Slovak Pioneers in America Slovaks in Blandburg - 63 Joseph Pauco, Ph.D. - Andrew Pier, O.S.B. - · 80 . . • Michael O'Pake, Esq. - Slovak Heritage - The Youth Conference - Tanzone - 67 84 Slovak League of America - Daniel F. 88 Some Personal Observations • on the 1973 Slovak League of America Conference - Susan Pojer, B.A. 92 One Species, Many Cultures - Michael Novak - 96 The Artful Dodgers: Directors of Ethnic Studies Programs Fenchak - Paul 112 Survey Research and Ethnic Studies Great Slovak Talent - Steven I. Miller, Ph.D. 120 130 The Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius and the Preservation of Slovak Culture in America - William Wagner 132 156 Famous Slovak Inve'ntors - Slovak Background of Events Through the Soviet Takeover in 1968 Jane Noonan - 162 The Slovak Arts in Perspective Slovak som ja - Marlene Bartos - Stephen John Knoblock - Noted Slovak Jubilarians - J. M. Kirschbaum - 210 Current Issues - As the Others See It - 213 Who's Who Among American Slovaks Book Reviews - 217 Our Contributors - 232 169 177 215 Francis Vnuk - 181 SLOVAKIA Annual S L O V A K I A is published by the Slovak League of America, 313 Ridge Avenue, Middletown, Pa. 17057. Subscription $4.00. Editor: Joseph Pa u co, Ph .D. Editorial Board: Draga Divinska, Louis Kandra , Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D., Susan Mikula, M.A., Joseph A. Mikus, Ph .D., Fr. Andrew Pier, O.S.B., M.A. , Daniel F. Tanzone, M.A., Sister Martina Tybor, SS.C.M., M.A.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 24 (No. 47) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/df353948399f5034df14401db3114502.pdf ad9b12e7af62c4acb9b45cf9bc721e8e PDF Text Text 60 SLOVAKIA Slovak League of America and Slovak World Congress Edward J . B e h u n c i k President of the Slovak League of America Remarks at the closing banque t - Slovak World Congress Saturday, June 30, 1973, Pick-Congress Hotel, Chicago, Illinois Tonight, as you did two years ago at Toronto, you do me the honor of having me as President of the Slovak League of America speak on behalf of the Slovak American organizations and societies. It is a great pleasure to join this assemblage where we find a greater amount of Slovak cultivation of mind, of natural genius, of everything which constitutes the development of Slovak intelligence than undoubtedly ever has assembled within the same space anywhere else except perhaps at another Slovak World Congress. Three years ago, week before last, we free men of Slovak origin made a great decision. With an unanimity so complete that it absolutely silenced opposition, we took our place formally against the schemes and purposes of the temporary oppressors of our brethren in subjugated Slovakia. We have a peculiar satisfaction today in the reflection that when we made the decision we made no reservation. We cast in all we had; we asked nothing for ourselves for, even if we had, our oppressed brethren could not, however they might wish, give us anything. But, we made no terms with anyone but ourselves. Our newly formed organization was to be, and is, open to all men af good will, freedom loving and God fearing, whether they be Protestant or Catholic, Gentile or Jew, irrespective of color or creed - only so long as they be Slovak, by origin or marriage. Immediately after that great decision, and largely as a result of that great decision, we soon became the target of the Communist dominated governments in the subjugated �SLOVAKIA 61 states of Eastern Europe, especially that of Prague. This action, however, merely proved that we had become a recognizable enemy, worthy of the attention of, and of interest to, the Prague stooges of Moscow. Today, I venture to say, that deep in the heart of every Slovak everywhere throughout the globe, - and even for a brief time on the moon when Slovak Astronaut Ceman was aloft - there is a feeling of pride, pride about which we grow more certain everyday; pride over something we did that we believe will be endorsed absolutely by history, and vrill be the richest heritage we can leave to our children; pride not merely because we were able, at this time of crisis in Slovak history, to strike a giant blow in the interests of humanity but pride primarily because we struck that blow unselfishly. Your very presence at this Chicago Congress reinvigorates and revives all the impulses which earlier gripped and drove us on and made us worthy morally and with dedication to undertake to germinate the noble idea of a Slovak World Congress. We are now in a time of progress - that means advancement not retrogression, improvement not decay; it means accomplishment not failure, it means onward and forward. And so we must go or we will merely be making the Congress a factor only inside our small parochial circles. This we must not do! For if we regress instead of progress, if our drift is away from and not toward its highest ideals and traditions, slowly but surely the vitality which sustains the Slovak World Congress will slip away, and I say, without hesitation, that our Congress and the Slovak cause will cease to appeal to intelligent men. It will become nothing but an empty shell, a jargon of titles and platitudes - for we will be following the shadow and not the substance. That we must not permit it to become. And I am confident that we will not. No matter what previous opinions we have entertained, �62 SLOVAKIA no matter what we may charge to the past lack of cooperation between our various groups, no matter what our own ideas of the future relations of these groups - our paramount duty for the present and future is, as I said at Toronto, and again here repeat - to rise above all selfish contributions , all jealousies, all prejudices and give the Slovak people the true Slovak ideals - the best there is in us. This is the day of test for free Slovaks everywhere, but it is also the day of priceless opportunity. And those who today spend their treasure and give of their blood and energy in this sacred cause will have their memory perpetuated for all time. First, as the true defenders of freedom, then as the true children of our institutions those who learned from our fathers and retained the simple lessons of trust. This trust is the sincere trust in Almighty God and in the principles of justice that He has put in the hearts of men. Let us then look and move forward and onward as we fight and struggle not only for ourselves and our brethren in Slovakia but for future generations as well. Because if we do, then those who come after us will enjoy the freedom which will have been bought by our contributions of time, energy, money and dedicated devotion. Thus, we will be fully carrying out our duties as energetic and inspired members of our Slovak World Congress. Thus, I am fully confident, we will move forward in peace and harmony. And thus, we will help our subjugated brothers and sisters in oppressed Slovakia to approach the dream of Milton, where he says: Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation rousing herself like a strong man after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks; Methinks I see her as an eagle mewing her mighty youU and kindling her un<lazzled eyes at the full midday beam . . . � 60 SLOVAKIA Slovak League of America and Slovak World Congress Edward J . B e h u n c i k President of the Slovak League of America Remarks at the closing banque t - Slovak World Congress Saturday, June 30, 1973, Pick-Congress Hotel, Chicago, Illinois Tonight, as you did two years ago at Toronto, you do me the honor of having me as President of the Slovak League of America speak on behalf of the Slovak American organizations and societies. It is a great pleasure to join this assemblage where we find a greater amount of Slovak cultivation of mind, of natural genius, of everything which constitutes the development of Slovak intelligence than undoubtedly ever has assembled within the same space anywhere else except perhaps at another Slovak World Congress. Three years ago, week before last, we free men of Slovak origin made a great decision. With an unanimity so complete that it absolutely silenced opposition, we took our place formally against the schemes and purposes of the temporary oppressors of our brethren in subjugated Slovakia. We have a peculiar satisfaction today in the reflection that when we made the decision we made no reservation. We cast in all we had; we asked nothing for ourselves for, even if we had, our oppressed brethren could not, however they might wish, give us anything. But, we made no terms with anyone but ourselves. Our newly formed organization was to be, and is, open to all men af good will, freedom loving and God fearing, whether they be Protestant or Catholic, Gentile or Jew, irrespective of color or creed - only so long as they be Slovak, by origin or marriage. Immediately after that great decision, and largely as a result of that great decision, we soon became the target of the Communist dominated governments in the subjugated �SLOVAKIA 61 states of Eastern Europe, especially that of Prague. This action, however, merely proved that we had become a recognizable enemy, worthy of the attention of, and of interest to, the Prague stooges of Moscow. Today, I venture to say, that deep in the heart of every Slovak everywhere throughout the globe, - and even for a brief time on the moon when Slovak Astronaut Ceman was aloft - there is a feeling of pride, pride about which we grow more certain everyday; pride over something we did that we believe will be endorsed absolutely by history, and vrill be the richest heritage we can leave to our children; pride not merely because we were able, at this time of crisis in Slovak history, to strike a giant blow in the interests of humanity but pride primarily because we struck that blow unselfishly. Your very presence at this Chicago Congress reinvigorates and revives all the impulses which earlier gripped and drove us on and made us worthy morally and with dedication to undertake to germinate the noble idea of a Slovak World Congress. We are now in a time of progress - that means advancement not retrogression, improvement not decay; it means accomplishment not failure, it means onward and forward. And so we must go or we will merely be making the Congress a factor only inside our small parochial circles. This we must not do! For if we regress instead of progress, if our drift is away from and not toward its highest ideals and traditions, slowly but surely the vitality which sustains the Slovak World Congress will slip away, and I say, without hesitation, that our Congress and the Slovak cause will cease to appeal to intelligent men. It will become nothing but an empty shell, a jargon of titles and platitudes - for we will be following the shadow and not the substance. That we must not permit it to become. And I am confident that we will not. No matter what previous opinions we have entertained, �62 SLOVAKIA no matter what we may charge to the past lack of cooperation between our various groups, no matter what our own ideas of the future relations of these groups - our paramount duty for the present and future is, as I said at Toronto, and again here repeat - to rise above all selfish contributions , all jealousies, all prejudices and give the Slovak people the true Slovak ideals - the best there is in us. This is the day of test for free Slovaks everywhere, but it is also the day of priceless opportunity. And those who today spend their treasure and give of their blood and energy in this sacred cause will have their memory perpetuated for all time. First, as the true defenders of freedom, then as the true children of our institutions those who learned from our fathers and retained the simple lessons of trust. This trust is the sincere trust in Almighty God and in the principles of justice that He has put in the hearts of men. Let us then look and move forward and onward as we fight and struggle not only for ourselves and our brethren in Slovakia but for future generations as well. Because if we do, then those who come after us will enjoy the freedom which will have been bought by our contributions of time, energy, money and dedicated devotion. Thus, we will be fully carrying out our duties as energetic and inspired members of our Slovak World Congress. Thus, I am fully confident, we will move forward in peace and harmony. And thus, we will help our subjugated brothers and sisters in oppressed Slovakia to approach the dream of Milton, where he says: Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation rousing herself like a strong man after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks; Methinks I see her as an eagle mewing her mighty youU and kindling her un<lazzled eyes at the full midday beam . . . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1974, Vol. 24 Description An account of the resource Vol. 24 (No. 47), 1974. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 60 SLOVAKIA Slovak League of America and Slovak World Congress Edward J . B e h u n c i k President of the Slovak League of America Remarks at the closing banque t - Slovak World Congress Saturday, June 30, 1973, Pick-Congress Hotel, Chicago, Illinois Tonight, as you did two years ago at Toronto, you do me the honor of having me as President of the Slovak League of America speak on behalf of the Slovak American organizations and societies. It is a great pleasure to join this assemblage where we find a greater amount of Slovak cultivation of mind, of natural genius, of everything which constitutes the development of Slovak intelligence than undoubtedly ever has assembled within the same space anywhere else except perhaps at another Slovak World Congress. Three years ago, week before last, we free men of Slovak origin made a great decision. With an unanimity so complete that it absolutely silenced opposition, we took our place formally against the schemes and purposes of the temporary oppressors of our brethren in subjugated Slovakia. We have a peculiar satisfaction today in the reflection that when we made the decision we made no reservation. We cast in all we had; we asked nothing for ourselves for, even if we had, our oppressed brethren could not, however they might wish, give us anything. But, we made no terms with anyone but ourselves. Our newly formed organization was to be, and is, open to all men af good will, freedom loving and God fearing, whether they be Protestant or Catholic, Gentile or Jew, irrespective of color or creed - only so long as they be Slovak, by origin or marriage. Immediately after that great decision, and largely as a result of that great decision, we soon became the target of the Communist dominated governments in the subjugated SLOVAKIA 61 states of Eastern Europe, especially that of Prague. This action, however, merely proved that we had become a recognizable enemy, worthy of the attention of, and of interest to, the Prague stooges of Moscow. Today, I venture to say, that deep in the heart of every Slovak everywhere throughout the globe, - and even for a brief time on the moon when Slovak Astronaut Ceman was aloft - there is a feeling of pride, pride about which we grow more certain everyday; pride over something we did that we believe will be endorsed absolutely by history, and vrill be the richest heritage we can leave to our children; pride not merely because we were able, at this time of crisis in Slovak history, to strike a giant blow in the interests of humanity but pride primarily because we struck that blow unselfishly. Your very presence at this Chicago Congress reinvigorates and revives all the impulses which earlier gripped and drove us on and made us worthy morally and with dedication to undertake to germinate the noble idea of a Slovak World Congress. We are now in a time of progress - that means advancement not retrogression, improvement not decay; it means accomplishment not failure, it means onward and forward. And so we must go or we will merely be making the Congress a factor only inside our small parochial circles. This we must not do! For if we regress instead of progress, if our drift is away from and not toward its highest ideals and traditions, slowly but surely the vitality which sustains the Slovak World Congress will slip away, and I say, without hesitation, that our Congress and the Slovak cause will cease to appeal to intelligent men. It will become nothing but an empty shell, a jargon of titles and platitudes - for we will be following the shadow and not the substance. That we must not permit it to become. And I am confident that we will not. No matter what previous opinions we have entertained, 62 SLOVAKIA no matter what we may charge to the past lack of cooperation between our various groups, no matter what our own ideas of the future relations of these groups - our paramount duty for the present and future is, as I said at Toronto, and again here repeat - to rise above all selfish contributions , all jealousies, all prejudices and give the Slovak people the true Slovak ideals - the best there is in us. This is the day of test for free Slovaks everywhere, but it is also the day of priceless opportunity. And those who today spend their treasure and give of their blood and energy in this sacred cause will have their memory perpetuated for all time. First, as the true defenders of freedom, then as the true children of our institutions those who learned from our fathers and retained the simple lessons of trust. This trust is the sincere trust in Almighty God and in the principles of justice that He has put in the hearts of men. Let us then look and move forward and onward as we fight and struggle not only for ourselves and our brethren in Slovakia but for future generations as well. Because if we do, then those who come after us will enjoy the freedom which will have been bought by our contributions of time, energy, money and dedicated devotion. Thus, we will be fully carrying out our duties as energetic and inspired members of our Slovak World Congress. Thus, I am fully confident, we will move forward in peace and harmony. And thus, we will help our subjugated brothers and sisters in oppressed Slovakia to approach the dream of Milton, where he says: Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation rousing herself like a strong man after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks; Methinks I see her as an eagle mewing her mighty youU and kindling her un<lazzled eyes at the full midday beam . . .  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Slovak League of America and Slovak World Congress Description An account of the resource Edward J. Behuncik, President of the Slovak League of America Slovakia, Vol. 24 (No. 47), 1974 pp. 60-62 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Behuncik, Edward J. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 name https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/5c84ba193349ca8be719af99811dfa73.pdf 026bfe83c00414990c13fcfa434d188c PDF Text Text 210 SLOVAKIA CURRENT ISSUES RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT CONFERENCE OF THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA IN NEW YORK CITY, MAY 19, 1973 Your Holiness: In the name of more than 350,000 American-Slovaks, the greater majority Catholic, and supporting the Slovak League of America and its cultural and civic programs, we extend cordial greetings. We appreciate your efforts and dedication to obtain equal rights for all Catholics and to continue the ecumenical co-operation with all Christians and believers throughout the whole world. We also present to you a petition asking that you give particular attention to the land of our forefathers-Slovakia -cradle in 833 of Christianity in Central Europe and ever devotedly loyal to the Holy See. Notwithstanding this historic fact, Slovakia, oppressed by the atheistic Soviet regime in civil affairs, lacks, in the spiritual domain, its own province, does not have a single archbishop and for so long a time, no Slovak has achieved cardinalhood. Of course, Slovak Catholics share their sufferings with their Lutheran and Greek Catholic brethren. We respectfully suggest that Slovakia be accorded similar recognition as Bohemia, Moravia, Slovenia, Croatia and many other countries in Africa and Asia. We are confident that among dedicated and oppressed Slovak clergy can be found an archbishop to lead a Slovak ;irovince as in days gone by. Such a magnanimous gesture would invigorate all Slovaks at home as well as here in America. We believe that your Holiness by such a decision will strengthen us and thus fortify our fidelity to the Vatican and reverence to the throne of St. Peter. Very respectfully and sincerely, Edward J. Behuncik, President Dr. Joseph Pauco, Secretary Dear Mr. President: The Slovak League of America on the occasion of its 1973 Conference here in New York extends cordial greetings. We hope you will continue to enjoy good health and achieve even greater success in your efforts on behalf of all citizens of whatever origin. We unequivocally endorse your stand in Vietnam and welcome your policy in Europe and Asia. As you are well aware, our origins are in Central Europe, in �SLOVAKIA 211 Slovakia, which has a more than 1100 year Christian history and which for many centuries, excepting a brief period, has lived in subjugation. Now, Slovakia is in its fifth year of Soviet occupation and deprivation by the communists of all human, spiritual and political rights. So, today, we again respectfully request that you, individually as our leader, as well as your entire administration, continue to remember Slovakia and the other oppressed nations behind the Iron Curtain. All thes•e subjugated peoples seek and des·erve statehood and democratic freedom such as we in the United States are so fortunate to enjoy. In your discussions with the leaders of the totalitarian world, we ask that you give high priority to this humane cause. W!! are confident that if permitted free elections, our brethren in Slovakia would officially confirm their dedication and devotion to the United States of America as the stalwart guardian of human freedoms . Most Sincerely, Edward J. Behuncik, President Dr. Joseph Pauco, Secretary DECLARATION ADOPTED AT THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE SLOVAK WORLD CONGRESS HELD IN CHICAGO ON JUNE 30TH 1973 The representatives of Slovaks abroad gathered at the General Assembly of the Slovak World Congress, held in Chicago on June 28-30th, 1973, adopted the following Declaration: (1) We consider ourselves an integral part of the Slovak people. We are conscious of our co-responsibility for their destiny and for their contribution to the overall culture of humanity. (2) We claim for the Slovak nation, on the basis of its national individuality, recognition for an equal status with other sovereign nations of the world. (3) We deny any Great Power the right to interfere with the destiny of the Slovak people and to integrate Slovakia in other states or zones of influence which are opposed to the will of the Slovak people and their national interests. We consider such actions, condemned as they are by all civilized people of the world, to be a violation of the Charter of the United Nations. (4) We demand the departure of all occupation forces from Central Europe in order that, after more than a quarter �212 SLOVAKIA of a century since the end of the War, the nations of that area can finally govern themselves. (5) As representatives of a nation conscious of its responsibility towards others, we consider the principles of democracy and humanism the basis for peace and co-operation among the peoples of the world. (6) On these principles alone, life in freedom and a free culture can develop in Slovakia according to the traditions of the Slovak people and in harmony with the progress of the world. PHILIP A. HROBAK YEAR January 10, 1974 marked the tenth anniversary of the death of Philip A. Hrobak, and on May 1, 1974 we will mark the seventieth anniversary of his birth. These special dates impel us to honor his memory in a special way. He was one of the most deserving of our cultural and civic workers from among the many American-born Slovaks and one who dedicated himself to the Slovak cause since early manhoJd. Philip A. Hrobak, as a newspaperman, writer, histocian, linguist, fraternalist and organizer rose to heights in American Slovak life. His contributions to the Slovak cause in both English and Slovak are most noteworthy and memorable in Slovak history. Therefore, the Slovak League of America deems it a special honor to be able to lend itself to the legacy of Philip A. Hrobak. Not only did he honorably serve as a long time editor of JEDNOTA, as the founder and editor of "Slovak Newsletters," "Jednota Annual Furdek" and "Slo·v akia", but also as a distinguished President and member of the Executive Committee of the Slovak League of America-all this is his eternal monument. Bowing before his genius, we turn to our Slovak people and we seek recognition in 1974 of the unfinished dreams of Philip A. Hrobak and so-licit continued help in proving that we i>..re all worthy followers of this g,r eat son of our people. For the Slovak League of America, the year 1974 will be the time of increased activity, as he idealized and set by his example. In tribute to his linguistic talents, we can have the opportunity to help build a strong scholarship fund for the League, because the main purpose of this fund is to preserve and enhance, as he desired, the Slovak conscience in America. Surely, there cannot be any American Slovak who would not make his or her contribution to our scholarship fund in memory of Philip .A. Hirobak. The Slovak League of America also feels compelled to follow the �SLOVAKIA 213 footsteps of Philip A. Hrobak in other fields. In the firat place, we must preserve and continue with the annual "Slovakia", we must daily and fairly continue to inform the American public of the ideals and accomplishments of the American Slovaks, and we must continue our cl-forts to renew the rightful place of the Slovak nation as an independent unit in the family of nations. These were the goals of Philip A. Hrobak, and our Slovak League has so proceeded in the last ten years since we with heavy hearts bid a sad farewell to our never-forgotten leader. With prayer, with labor, and with sacrifices we thus honor this meritocious Slovak son. May the memory of Philip A. Hrobak be perpetual. Edward J. Behuncik, President Dr. Joseph Pauco, Secretary As the others see it represented. What to me is more worse, is the attempt to sublimate the Slovaks into the Czech people. That's why we hear about a 'Czechoslovak nation'. It does not exists! Czecho-Slovakia is a political entity of two nations - the Czechs and the Slovaks. I never think of myself as Czech. I am Slovak and nothing else."- Rev. John Zornan, President of the Slovak Zion Synod, "What kind of man is Alex Del- National News, Pittsburgh, Pa., vecchio? (Playing for Detroit Red August 1, 1973. Wings.) He's middle aged, 41. A guy who you can't get in an "Despite the courage and per• argument with. His salt-and-pepper severance the Slovaks and other gray hair is impeccably coiffured peoples of Eastern Europe have around round Eastern European displayed time and again in their face (his late mother was a Slovak; relentless search for internal liberhis father Italian.)" - Bob Naylor, ties and external sovereignty, they Detroit Free Press, December 9, cannot achieve their goals without 1973. outside help. It is our duty, and only in keeping with our own "The idea of 'Slovak Heritage' is to extend our support. The ideals, quite intriguing to me. It implies world will not know genuine that we have one. Looking at hisevery country enjoys tory books, however, you might peace until freedom and can exercise the right have doubts. Even when discussing to self-determination. Central Europe, the Slovaks as a "The history of Slovakia is one nation are often forgotten or mis- "Call a Slovak Czechoslovak and you plant a burr under his skin. To a Slovak, named for a geograph• ic region divided by the wars and politics, that frequent error is more than just misnomer; it conveys a complete historical misunderstanding of who he is." - Sue Morse, The Herald Statesman, Yonkers, N. Y., November 30, 1973. �214 SLOVAKIA of turmoil, frustration, and heroic struggle. Your continued devotion to the cause of a free and independent Slovakia - despite hundreds of years of oppression - is an inspiration to those of us who cherish freedom as you do. These are the characteristics that help us, in maintaining a better and stronger America. "The existence of the World Congress is an important step in achieving your long delayed place among the family of the free naRobert P. Hanrahan, tions." Member of Congress. U.S. Senator Adlai E. Stevenson. "I am sure all of the American Slovaks sincerely wish to acknowledge the plight of their brethren under Communist oppression. The Slovak people strongly pursue the course that someday freedom will reign in all corners of the world. People of America need to be remainded of the severe repressing of Communist-held nations of the world endure." - U.S. Senator Hugh Scott. "Slovaks of Cleveland brought many Christmas customs from the old country, notably the custom of caroling. Among the most cherished Slovak folk songs are those sung at Christmas time. These carols are sung not only in churches, but also in the homes of the faithful, no matter how many generations they have lived here." - Sun Herald, Cleveland, 0., December 20, 1973. "We must re-dedicate ourselves to cause of all captives of Communism. Recognizing that the world cannot enjoy peace until all peoples are free from yoke of Communism. Please continue your dedication to the traditions, cultural life, religious beliefs, and desire for independence on behalf of Slo"There is a strong feeling of vak people everywhere."- Edward awareness among some ethnic J. Derwinski, Member of Congress. members of the younger generation. "I do want you to know I share There are also strong indications your commitment to the Slovak that the melting pot concept can people and to strengthening the no longer be maintained and that ties with their sons and daughters America is beginning to recognize throughout the world. I know we and appreciate the diversity of its will not falter in our efforts to ethnic populations in terms of a insure that no people need face re- new cultural pluralism."- Dr. Goy, pression and indignity as a result a member of City College's library of their yearning to be free." - faculty, New York, N. Y. �SLOVAKIA 215 -------------- WHO'S WHO Among American Slovaks JOSEPH C. K RAJ SA It was a mark of social maturity when the Chamber of Commerce of the Greater Harrisburg Area decided to have "Slovak power" for its presidency. Such is progress that it is hardly news anymore when a second-generation American of ethnic background and working-class origins becomes the leader of the town's top capitalists. Pardon us, Karl Marx. Joseph Charles Krajsa is the 60th president of the Harrisburg Chamber. He is so ethnic that more than half the Chamber's members can't pronounce his name correctly: It is "Crysa," and Anglicized it would mean "nicer." Well beyond his own physical size - 6-foot-1 and 240 pounds Krajsa is a big man. He was manager of the Allentown Finance Co. for 14 years, which is owned by his older brother, John. He has the equivalent of two college degrees and has a speaking knowledge of seven languages. He was an outstanding football, baseball and basketball coach for 11 years. And, lastly, he served as auditor and vice president of the First Catholic Slovak Union, and is now the editor of its bilingual weekly, Jednota, and manager of the Jednota home, farm and printery. Very much a Slovak as a warm convivial person, Krajsa also is a Rotarian, Elk, Legionaire and democrat. He once was a topflight golfer who won country-club trophies. "I find more businessmen in this Chamber, for example, wanting to be more human, wanting to share their good fortune," he said. "The single-minded emphasis on economics has diminished. A person must be involved politically, socially and religiously, as well as economically, to be well-rounded, and more and more businessmen understand that." Krajsa, 56, grew up in Allentown. His father was a wire-worker from Skalica in Slovakia and emigrated to America in 1906. Old Joe Krajsa married a girl living here, Agnes Baranek, a native of Horna Krupa, Slovakia. He built his own home and started a corner grocery. Everybody knew and loved the Krajsas. "Put it on the book," or "na knizku," they said as Father Krajsa had a credit book, so the neighborhood could have its groceries. One of the articles in Krajsa's published Furdek 1974 is entitled "Slovaks Are Lovers." The author asserts, "Slovak mothers can equally match the 'Good Jewish Mother' of book fame." A Slovak mother will say to her daughter, "Ja som t'a nevychovala, aby si behala za muzami," or "I didn'-t raise you to go chasing after men." Many Slovaks came to America between 1880 and 1920, with most of them settling here between 1900 and 1910. Thousands settled in Pennsylvania, and the men became the muscle of this commonwealth's steel, coal and railroading indus- �216 SLOVAKIA tries. Of Slovak descent are Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, Penn State's great lineman, Mark Markovich; Will Hartack, Chuck Bednarik, Johnny Bucha and George Blanda. Stan Musial is half-Polish and half-Slovak. Blanda's mother is president of the Jednota lodge in Youngwood. There were 277 scattered Slovak fraternal organizations and widoworphan funds when in 1890 the Rev. Stephen Furdek, of Cleveland, organized the national union called Jednota (the word means union, or united). Nineteen years later the Middletown property of the aristocrat Simon Cameron Young was purchased for $38,000. What originally was 298 acres is now 255 acres, but worth well over one million dollars. The old orphanage, now phased out, cared for 4,000 children in its history. The newspaper Krajsa edits and writes for has a circulation of 40,000. Jednota also publishes 15 book titles annually. It is building a million dollar printery. Krajsa was elected editor for a three-year term in 1964, and he keeps being re-elected. He arrived in Middletown when Olmsted Air Force Base was closing, so immediately he plunged into civic activity. It got him involved in Chamber of Commerce work, and he did so well that the Chamber named him president last October. Krajsa had a typical Americanimmigrant family upbringing. He did well in his studies. He captained Allentown Central Catholic High School's basketball team, was center on the football team and pitched for the baseball team. He went on to East Stroudsburg State College, where he was a stellar athlete, and then was a Navy chief petty officer in World War II. After the war, he married Romanza Fairman, from Kansas City, and settled in Allentown. He put in 11 years at Central Catholic High lurning in several state championship teams and ending up as athletic director. Meanwhile, he was in the finance business, too. The Krajsas have four children: Joe, in insurance, Mike, administrative assistant in the Agriculture Department; Maryagnes, assistant to the Dauphin County Democratic chairman, and George, an athlete at Middletown High. Krajsa's desire for the Chamber of Commerce is a Slovak's wish for more unity, more strength of purpose and more aggressiveness for the community. "We can get unity and not take a thing away from anybody," he said looking toward the West Shore. He believes that the county line should be easier to cross than the ethnic line over which his presidency already has triumphed. Paul B. Beers, Associated Editor The Evening News Harrisburg, Pa. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA heartily commends all efforts of our governmental and other organs to ferret out and unmask all Communists and fellow travellers, as well as all persons and organizations who wittingly or unwittingly give aid and comfort to the conspiracy of Communism promoted by the Soviet Union. �SLOVAKIA - 217 Book Reviews Books on Slovakia and Slovaks Reviewed by Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum writes about the Czech l.'esistance during the last years of the War. Three contributions deal with the Slovak problem. Hans Kaiser writes about integration of Slovakia into national socialist war economy; In this carefully edited volume, Ladislav Lipscher examines the in12 German scholars and specialists fluence of the Third Reich on the in Czecho-Slovak affairs analyze the policy of the Slovak government eventful year of 1945 in Czecho- with regard to the Jewish problem, Slovakia. Some of the contributors and Jorg K. Hoensch gives a generare known as experts in the prob- al survey of the situation in Slovalems of Eastern Europe. Others kia in 1945. specialized in the German-Czech The remaining contributions deal relations or in the Slovak problem. with the transfer of the Sudeten Since until recently the German Germans and its consequences (Pescholars avoided publishing the re- ter Burian); with rebuilding of the sults of their research on Czecho- Communist Party of Czecho-SlovaSlovakia, their views will be of lda in 1945 (Heinrich Kuhn); with interest for schoiars in the West. the constitutional problems in The volume gives a survey of Czecho-Slovakia in 1945 (Helmut international, national and socio- Slapnicka); and with the integraeconomic problems in Czecho-Slova- tion of the Sudeten German expelkia in 1945, but two contributions, lees in Germany. The book provides abundant inone by Ferdinand Seibt, and the other by Karl Bosl, outline the formation on each topic and referhistorical background of boundary ences to sources used indicate that problems and basic information on German scholars weve dealing with the division of Germany by the their subjects with great effort to present an objective picture of Allies. Further contributions deal with Czecho-Slovakia in 1945. Their Czecho-Slovakia itself during the views and conclusions will, thereWar and her l'estoration in 1945. fore, be at variance with some Peter Kruger gives a survey of the Western specialists in East Central views of the Allies on Czecho-Slo- ; Europe, including the emigre Czech vakia from the Atlantic Charter to j historians. Czecho-Slovakia has the Potsdam Conference; Martin K. been presented in the West during Bachstein outlines the policy of I the past decades with evident relithe social democratic exiles from ance on Czech sources and favoring Czecho-Slovakia and Detlef Brandes I the Czechs. Especially Slovakia was Karl Bosl: Das Jahr 1945 in der Tschechoslowakei, Vortrag,e der wissenschaftlichen Tagung des Collegium Carolinum, R. Oldenbourg, Mlinchen-Wien, 1971, 316 p. �218 SLOVAKIA treated with bias, mostly as a "postscriptum" to Czech history, and the cruel and often inhuman treatment of minorities or political adversaries was overlooked. German scholars endeavored to be factual and objective and since some of them were born or raised in Czecho-Slovakia, their knowledge of the prob!ems discussed in their contribution cannot be doubted. Nevertheless, they present a German view, because nobody can separate himself fr.om his own background and personal or national experience. · And the manner in which Prague solved the Sudeten German problem in 1945 was bound to create deep resentiment and animosity, which is not easy to overcome. Slovakia is treated in the book with more understanding and impa.rtiality than is the usual case in Western historiography; there is nevertheless certain bias in all three contributors "with regard to the Slovak republic, including the article ·by Jorg Hoensch. Hoensch published two well researched books on Slovakia in the past but, in many instances, adopted the Czech or the Slovak Marxist view of the wartime Slovakia. This also occurred in his present contribution which is well researched and refers also to Slovak emigre political literature. Nevertheless, some conclusions were made by Hoensch on assumptions and not on facts. For instance, his view that "the majority of the Slovak leading strata and, even more, the large masses of the population believed during the war that their social ,i nterest and political rights would be better preserved in the restored Czechoslovakia" and that the Slovak Republic "could not give proof -of its viability (Lebensfiihigkeit)" is a part of Czech and Communist propaganda which was recen_tly contradicted and abandoned even by Slovak Marxist historians (see books by L. Liptak and S. Falt'an). Likewise is disputable his statement that the "Slovak population accepted with equal passivity the introduction of the peoples democracy and the declaration of the Slovak Republic." The enthusiastic manifestations in Slovakia in 1939 can hardly be compared with the fear from rape, confiscation, deportation and hiding in cellars which ·could be witness in Slovakia ' during the first months of the restoration of Czecho-Slovakia. Also treated in the volume are two important problems for Slovakia during the war years: the integration of Slovakia into the German war economy and the policy of the Slovak government with regard to the Jewish problem. Hans Kaiser deals with the first topic and gives a well researched survey of the impact of Germany on Slovak economy, and of the pressures used by Berlin on the Slovak government. Kaiser's contribution is the first one in the West to deal expertly · with the subject. So far, only the Marxist historians or economists published studies on the economic situation in Slovakia during th e War and their approach was a priori hostile. The views of the members of the Slovak government and Slovak economists who did not side with the regime imposed upon Slovakia in 1945, are buried in the archives of the "people's courts" and only in part were published by Slovak emigre politicians and writers. The picture of Slovak :war economy presented by Kaiser cannot, therefore, be without flaws. It is, in any case, a useful basis for further research and full presentation of the economic development of Slovakia during the Second , World War. �SLOVAKIA · 219 The third contributio n dealing I Horst Glass!: Die slowakische Geschichtswis senschaft nach 1945 with Slovakia touches on the prob(Slovak Historiogra phy After !em which harmed Slovaks and 1945), Otto Harrassowi tz, Wies their reputation in the world, but baden, 1971, 166 pages, Register. the11e were only a few attempts to put the policy of the Slovak governThe author and the publisher of ment towa!'ds Jews into a proper this book deserve recognition for perspective. making available to Western scholars and students of history an Lipscher's contributio n analyzes objective survey of Slovak historithe influence of the Third Reich on ography after 1945. Except for that policy on the basis of G€rman short summaries in one or two archives and partly also on the foreign languages, writings of Slohave been published Slovak sources. In comparison vak historians 1945 exclusively in Slovak since with many articles published on and, as such, they have remained this subject in the West, Lipscher's inaccessible to most of foreign hiscontributio n is marked by an effort torians. Glassl's book provides at to present the policy of the Slovak least those Western historians who impartial governmen t more objectively and read German with an phy and historiogra Slovak at look with considerab le restraint from during blaming only the Slovak govern- its remarkable developme nt decades. two past the ment in harsh terms, as has been the case until now. Lipscher does The book is the result of a thornot make any reference to sources ough research in Slovakia itself. of Slovak emigre historians and The author compiled considerab le political writers who dealt with the knowledge of writings on Slovak subject and he recognized that the history by both the old traditionalproblem would require further ist and the recent Marxist historistudy. This indicates that he enIn his attempt to give an obans. deJvored to approach the problem pictul'e he points to the jective wi th impartiality and, as a result, and ideological interrestrictions his contributio n may be a beginwhich Slovak histounder ference ning of dealing with the tragedy or remain silent write to had rians of Jews in Slovakia with more "It lasted 1956. until 1948 after understand ing of the circumstan ces "before Glassl, says years," several and pressures under which the developthe that possible was it Slovaks could not save more Jewment of Slovak historiogra phy and ish citizens than they did. research could come up with noA complete review of this volume ticeable results. Under the pressure would, of course, require to deal of the circumstan ces in those years with all the other contributio ns (Slovak) histo1ians had to take into which give a survey of many prob- considerati on the political goals lems in the Czech part of Czecho- and requiremen ts. The Communist Slovakia, and analyze the relations Party which took over power in between Czechs and G€rmans in- Czecho-Slovakia required complete cluding the expulsion, often under re-writing of the whole historiinhuman circumstan ces, of the Su- ography acco11ding to Marxist crideten Germans. teria ... many historians were fired �220 SLOVAKIA from their positions, and some of works on Slovakia. The author made undoubtedly a very thorough th,em were even sent to jails." On the other hand, the author research into the writings and publications of Slovak historians and underlines that there was a remarkable development of Slovak produced a standard work on a historiography since the War either high academic level. in the number of books published or in the number of institutes and people involved in research. Unlike Marxist or some Western historians, Glass! also states that "during the period of the Slovak Republic (]939-1945) , there was a fruitful development in the field of historical research even though the war was not the right time for a successful build-up of this discipline." He considers it as wrong and unjust of the Marxist historians to belittle the results of this period in research into the history of Slovakia. Glass! also refers to the writings of Slovak scholars in Western countries but for some reason he became acquainted only with the works published by Prof. M. Lacko and with one book and one essay by this reviewer. Writings of other Slovak historians, especially those pertaining to the period of the 18th and 19th centuries, escaped the author, which is regrettable, because they shed a different light on Slovak national awakening from that of Marxist historiography. The book stops at the year 1918 and leaves out the past 60 years during which Slovakia, as well as Slovak historiography, experienced an unexpected development. The explanation for this is given by the author in the Preface by one sentence: "For understandable political reasons, the inclusion in this survey of the writings dealing exclusive,l y with the period 1918-1960 was abandoned." Even in the present form the book is a very valuable scholarly addition to the foreign language MORE ABOUT BOOKS Slov akia in the 19th and 20th Centuries, Edited by Prof. Joseph M. Kirschbaum ; Preface by S. B. Roman, published by the Slovak World Congress, Toronto, Ont. , 1973, 368 p., bibl., $12.50. The Slovak World Congress published for the General Meeting held in Chicago on June 28th-July 1st, 1973, another English book on Slovakia which deserves special attention. While the first publication by the Congress outlined the historical and cultural background of Slovakia, this new voluminous work will give the readers an insight into the political and literary developments in Slovakia in the 19th and 20th centuries. In his Preface to the book, the President of the Slovak World Congress, Stephen B. Roman, explains that the Slovak World Congress "undertook to publish this book with the desire to contribute to the search for historical truth about Slovaks and thereby to help better understanding and co-operation among the nations of Central Europe. It is our firm belief that peoples of that vital area can regain their political freedom and build their future only in close co-oper ation and only if each recognizes the equal rights to independence that each has." One cannot but agree with such aim and the contents of the book confirm that it was also the intention of the editor and contributors. The book is composed of contributions by 20 authors, four of �221 SLOVAKIA whom are of non-Slovak origin, and it is divided into four parts. The first part deals with Slovak national philosophy and the subject is treated by two known Slovak professors, Charles Murin from the University of Montreal, and Stefan Polakovic, former professor at the University of Bratislava. The second part deals with Slovak politics and culture in the 19th and 20th centuries and contains contributions by Prof. J. A. Mikus, Msgr. J. Rekem, Dr. Stefan Osusky, Prof. F . Vnuk, Dr. F. f>urcansky, Prof. E. Loebl, Prof. Stefan Glejdura, Dr. lmrich Kruzliak and Rev. Mikulas Sprinc. Part three deals with the relations of Slovakia with her neighbors and among the contributors are mostly authors of non-Slovak origin. On Slovakia under the Habsburg rule, an interesting survey was written by a members of the Jlabsburg dynasty, Archduke Robert of Austria while Slovak-Hungarian relations are treated by Prof. George Perenyi-Lukacs with comments by Dr. Arved Grebert and Prof. J . M. Kirschbaum. Prof. Thaddeus Gromada contributed an excellent essay on Slovak-Polish relations and Slovak-Russian relations are analyzed and evaluated by Prof. Stefan Glejdura and Miroslav Licko. Prof. Kurt Glaser, author of the book, Czecho-Slovakia - A Critical History, closed this chapter with a scholarly treatise on "National States Versus Federalism in Central European Future," commented upon by Prof J. A. Mikus and Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum. In the last part, the book deals with Slovaks abroad and their attitude towards Slovakia. It contains two essays, one by Dr. Joseph Pauro and another by Dr. F . Braxator. An extensive Select Bibliography on Slovakia completes the contents of this standard work. We cannot but welcome this new English book on Slovakia and Slovaks abroad. It fills an important gap which existed for a long time in presenting Slovakia's political and cultural development in the 19th and 20th centuries to the Western world in an objective manner. For the first time 20 experts are expressing their opinions on various subjects pertaining to Slovakia. They belong not only to two generations, as the editor of the book observed, but "also represent two schools of thought and, therefore, the book presents a confrontation of views on the Slovak p:i.st and present." In form and contents, the book is a scholarly work. The editor, Prof. J . M. Kirschbaum, took his task seriously and enhanced the volume by an extensive bibliography in several languages. He also paid tribute to American Slovaks by stating that "at the end of the First World War, Slovakia was freed from Hungarian rule above all by the efforts of Slovaks who settled in the United States and by Slovak legionaries fighting on the side of the victorious powers. This gave American Slovaks and all Slovaks abroad not only recognition and a new sense of patriotism but also a consciousness of their mission to speak on behalf of the Slovak people when they are silenced." It would be desirable that this volume be followed by a book on Slovak culture, especially arts and literature of the past two hundred years. A conference on these topics, at the next general meeting of the Congress could help to achieve this goal. Joseph P a u co �222 SLOVAKIA TWO PUBLICATIONS BY l\'lATICA SLOVENSKA Matica slovenska was degraded by the Communist regime and went through several periods of regimentation and persecution of her leading representatives and cultural workers. Independent of political pressure and refusing to serve political parties or ideologies, Matica slovenska was, before 1945, a cultural institution which belonged to the nation and represented the highest aspirations of all Slovaks. The Communist Party made Matica slovenska a subservient tool of the regimes imposed upon S'lovakia since 1945. In spite of this nefarious situation, Matica slovenska succeeded in developing Slovak culture at least in some sectors. Among these sectors, literary history and philology deserve our consideration. vakia from literary to musical. This was a neglected sector in the past mainly due to the lack of experts and, therefore, we have to welcome this publication. Of special interest for elucidating some periods of Slovak history is, however, the essay by Jozef Kuzmik : Book Culture Among the Slova/c Slavs in the Years 863-1000. The period of Great Moravia became a favored subject for Slovak intellectuals during the past two decades. In Kuzmik's contribution we find some interesting information about the territorial extent of the ancestors of today's Slovaks, as well as about their book culture which were in the past hardly known or were insufficiently explored. Unfortunately, the publication has only a Russian and German summary and, therefore, it is accessible to a very limited number For several years, Matica has of scholars in the Anglo-Saxon published a series of publications world where there are still many dealing with Slovak literary life misconceptions about the Slovak entitled:Letopis pamiitnika sloven- past. A new confusion was created s/cej literatury and Literarny ar- even recently by scholars of Magchiv. We have revi,ewed some issues yar background who tried to deny in the past in Slovakia, underlying the cultural heritage of the Great their significance for Slovak litera- Moravian period to Slovaks. Li t erarny archiv 8/ 71 is a valuture. We have now received Litercirny archiv 8/ 71, edited by Michal able source for literary history on Elias, and Letopis 19 72 , edited by several Slovak poets and writers Juraj Chovan-Rehak, and some not only of the 19th century but comments would perhaps be ap- also of the 20th century. The publication deals mostly with archive propriate. Letopis 1972 contains a number of materials, unknown manuscripts, or contributions dealing with various correspondence among leading Slosubjects from book culture (kniz- vak literary figures and cultural na kultura) among Slovak Slavs in workers. Even though the Commuthe years 863-1000 to several in- nist regime tried to regiment Sloteresting contributions on the de- vak literary history and endeavorvelopment of museums in Slovakia ed to impose Marxist criteria, Sloand the idiomatic vocabulary in vak intellectuals display more or the writing of Martin Kukucin. The less equal interest in the literary main part of the book is dedicated life of poets and writers who were to the history and development of I neglected in the past because of various types of museums in Slo- their religion or ideological orien- �SLOVAKIA 223 Literature, government, law, education, etc. Even though hardly complete, the Bibliography shows that Canadian Slavists were not idle during the twenty post-war years. In spite of the fact that Slavic studies had to start in Canada from scratch, the Bibliography contains many titles of books, essays, studies and articles, which have given Canadian students a new picture of the history, culture and civilization of the Slavic peoples. From the Slovak point of view, we have many reasons to welcome this Bibliography. Similar American or European bibliographies either overlooked books, publicaJ.M. Kirschbaum tions and essays on Slovak history, Daniel Dorotich (ed.) : A Bibliogra- Language and literature by Slovak phy of Canadian Slavists 1951- authors, or made selection of writ1971 , University of Saskatchewan ings which presented Slovakia and Publications, Saskatoon, Sask., Slovak culture in the light of ad1972. verse propaganda and Czech linAfter the Second World War, a guistic and literary theses. The misnumber of Canadian universities conceptions about the Slovak people added to their usual curricular and their culture were cultivated courses on Slavic languages, litera- especially by the older generations ture and civilization. At some uni- of Slavists who studied at the Universities special Centres or Depart- versity of Prague and use as their ments of Slavic Studies were organ- source of information books pubized, while at other universities lished by Czech scholars before Slavic languages, literature and and during the Second World War. The new generation of Slavists history were taught within Departm ents of Modern Languages and at American and Canadian univerLiteratures and in History Depart- sities gradually detached itself from the old school. Using source ments. In Canada, professors of Slavic materials published in today's Slostudies were soon organized in the vakia and other socialist countries Ca nadian Association of Slavists ' as well as in Western countries' which held every year an annual they have no more any doubt that meeting within the framework of Slovaks are a distinct nation and Canadian Learned Societies. The their language and literature have present Bibliography gives an in- developed independently of the sight into the writings and pub- Czechs or other Slavs. The Bibliography compiled and lications of the members of the edited by Prof. Dorotich reflects Association. Prof. Dorotich, in compiling and this new trend in Slavic studies editing the Bibliography, followed with regard to Slovakia. By inlhe •usual division of subject mat- eluding over 50 titles (books, monoters _into general history, languages, graphs, essays, articles) published talion and those who were closer to the socialist outlook. As a result, Literarny archiv contains interesting information on Bernolak, Stur, Vajansky and Radlinsky, as well as on Janko Kral', Roy, Hamuljak and others. It is regrettable that also in this publication the summary is only in Russian and German. For Slovak literary history, both publications are nevertheless of importance and unveil to a great degree some periods of Slovak cultural development which were intentionally neglected before 1938 as well as during the Stalinist period. �224 SLOVAKIA by Prof. J . M. Kirschbaum in five languages, the Bibliography presents a new picture of Slovak history, culture, language and literature. Not only the main works on Slovakia in English are recorded, but also one book published in Slovak, monographs and essays in French, English, German and Spanish. In fact, the Bibliography is more complete in this respect that the Slovak Bibliography Abroad compiled by Prof. M. Lacko and published by the Slovak Institute (Rome, 1967). Since the Bibliography will go into the hands of many Slavists and into university libraries, we welcome this publication as a very useful guide for students and professors of Slavic studies. Joseph Pauco Joseph Pauco: Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike (Slovak Pioneers in America), The First Catholic Slovak Union, Cleveland, Ohio, 1972, English Introduction by J. C. Krajsa, Ill., 360 pages. Slovaks in the United States played an important role in the history of the Slovak people, but a complete story of their endeavors on behalf of Slovakia, their struggle for preserving national consciousness and cultural heritage has not yet been published. Due to political circumstances in Slovakia, historians either were not allowed or had no possibility to carry out research in order to compile a standard work which would present Slovaks in the United States in an objective light. It was only during the Second World War that two volumes: Dejiny Slovakov v Amerike (History of Slovaks in America) by Konstantin Culen were published in Slovakia. Since that time, only Slovak exiled intellectuals, including Culen, carried out a research and published monographs on the life and achievements of the large Slovak ethnic group in the United States. Historians in Slovakia were either not allowed by ,t he Communist regime or for ideological reasons avoided recording their struggle for survival and the many contributions of American Slovaks not only to their own national life but also to the fight for freedom and independence of the Slovak people. After Prof. F . Hrusovsky and K. Culen, Dr. Joseph Pauco deserves main credit for systematic research into the past and present of American Slovaks. For the past 20 years he published monographs on individual Slovak leaders and organizations of which the voluminous history of the First Catholic Slovak union deserves particular mention. In the present book he deals with 55 outstanding Slovak leaders who did the pioneering organizational, cultural and religious work among American Slovaks. The importance of this book should be, however, measured not only according to its literary value, but also against the fact that there are no organized archives and many printed documents are perishing. In spite of this, Dr. Pauco gathered many valuable facts about the individual leaders among whom there are clergymen of both denominations - Catholic and Lutheran - outstanding organizers of Slovak fraternal and cultural life, men and women of great dedication to the cause of preservation of Slovak cultural heritage. The author approached his subjects with great abjectivity and painted their profiles in a fluent, uncomplicated style to make the book readab1e to the general public and, at the same time, by many references to printed sources, useful to historians and researchers. �SLOVAKIA Some of the chapters are shorter and contain only the most important data. Others present a full life story and evaluation of the activities and of the role the individual leaders played in the Slovak organizational, religious and cultural life in America. The reason for the uneven treatment of some pioneers was given by the author in the introduction to the book. As he says he was sometimes unable to gather, even the most neces~ary information, because there was no organization and no individuals in the past who would have preserved old newpapers, almanacs, minutes of meetings, or other archive materials. Since the Second World War the Slovak Institute in Cleveland and the recently organized Jankola Library have made an effort to gather and preserve archive materials pertaining to the Slovak ethnic group in the United States. In these circumstances, Pauco's present work, as well as his book on the First Catholic Slovak Union and numerous monographs, deserve special recognition. The book has, however, also its own value due to its composition, contents and style. Dr. Pauco produced a standard work comparable with writings of this kind on any other ethnic groups in America. The book also has a useful introduction by Joseph C. Krajsa, but it lack an English summary which would have given to the younger generations of American Slovaks and researchers at least the basic information on Slovak pioneers in America. Unless the author and the publisher intend to publish this work in English, it would be a useful thing to attach to the second edition an extensive English summary. J. M. Ki rs c h b au m 225 Joseph L. Dieska: "Faith and Reason" in the Life and Philosophy of Jacques Maritain, An Offprint from Most, Vol. XIX, No. 3-4, Cleveland, Ohio, 1973. Shortly before the death of the famous French philosopher, Jacques Maritain, Slovaks paid his tribute on the occasion of his 90th birthday in a commemorative study by Prof. Joseph L. Dieska under the title The Religious and Philo sophical Profile of Jacques Maritain. The scholarly essay was pub- lished in Slovak but the author prepared also an English version under the above title. Prof. Dieska was one of the known adherents of Maritain's philosophy already in Slovakia, and pursued his interests in the great Catholic philosopher's concepts also as Professor of Philosophy at the University of Dayton, Ohio, where he has taught for the past several years. The present essay is one of his numerous articles on the subjects. The Slovak and English texts contain a well written and well documented insight and analysis of Maritain's religious and philosophical profile. Dieska approached Maritain's philosophy from the position of "Faith and Reason" and explains the role of reason as well as the mystery of faith in Maritain's philosophy which became a part of the Catholic doctrine and influenced the thinking of several generations in Europe and elsewhere. His theories of creative evolution and his ability to find basic reality through intuition ,e xalted the spirit of man in many parts of the world. Known as neo-Thomism Maritain's philosophy anchors in the works and philosophical concepts of St. Thomas Aquinas. As Dieska explains, Maritain became adherent to the philosophy of St. Thomas as a result of his own independent reflections and �226 SLOVAKIA studies of various philosophers and ing tribute to Maritain also on because of the comparison he made behalf of Slovak intellectuals who between them. He found the truth are silenced in their native counhe was searching for in the an- try where Maritain's philosophy had a strong influence before Marxswers of St. Thomas. However, if it is true that Mari- ism was imposed as the only philotain followed the logic and argu- sophical concept tolerated by the mentation of St. Thomas, he put regime. J. M. Ki rs c h b au m both, in the view of Prof. Dieska, in a " new, modern, and contemporary setting. His language was ad- Encydopedic Directory of Ethnic Newspapers and P eriodicals in justed to the philosophical expresthe United States. By Lubomyr sions used today. His arguments R. Wynar. 260 pp. Libraries Unare aimed at and against modern limited, Inc., Littleton, Colorado, and recent objectors and critics. 1972. $12.50. And above all, when he speaks of For those interested in ethnic the necessity of taking faith and supernatural, revealed truths into studies a valuable tool has recentconsiderations while solving the ly been published to aid in learning political, social, ethical and estheti- 1 about the complex mosaic that is cal difficulties and 'crises' of our ' the United States of America. time, Maritain must transcend Tho- Whereas in the past the student mas and go much farther not, of of ethnic Americana had to wade course, in essential immutable, and through Ulrich's directories, or universally valid principles but in through state manuals, or specialtheir applications to the new, dif- ized histories, facility in locating Icrent and more complex situations data about 903 ethnic publications and issues. In these new approach- can now be had by utilizing Luboes lie the tremendous responsibility myr R. Wynar's Encyclopedic Diand significance of Maritain's Tho- rectory of Ethnic Newspapers and mistic solutions, proposals and Periodicals in the United States. often even sharp and merciless Included in this directory are escriticisms of the 'evils of time'"- scntials about 53 ethnic presses, ranging from the Albanian Press, concludes Dieska. As St. Thomas had found in Assyrian Press, Italian Press, JaAristotle a philosophical basis for panese Pr,ess, Slovak Press, Ukrainreconciling man's reason and ian Press, etc. , to some not poChristian faith, so Maritain, in half pular enough presses such as the a lifetime of philosophical study, Cossack, Cax,patho-Ruthenian, Flembrought a rejuvenated Thomism ish, Swiss, and Welsh. In cases such as Croatian, Sloveinto a modern age of scepticism and science. After the Second nian, and Serbian, there is a generWorld War, Maritain's vision and al heading as Yugoslav, which in philosophy helped lend strength effect increases the number of also to the whole Christian demo- presses substantially beyond the cratic movement which stood as a figure of 53. Data cited for pub1.Julwark against Communism and lications are: title translations, year founded, complete address to the Catholic Church. The author and the editor of (including ZIP), name of editor, Most deserve recognition for pub- language(s) , sponsor, circulation, Jishing both versions and for pay- frequency of publication, and sub- �SLOVAKIA scription rate. In additions commentaries aid in explaining the scope of publications., e.g., the following for "The Handbook Ilbo'' (The Korea Times): "This publication, the only Korean daily in the United States, carries international, national, and local news of interest of the Korean community. Jllustrated. " Professor Wynar of Kent State University, both a librarian and an ethnic specialist, includes a very interesting Appendix of Statistical Analysis for each ethnic group, summarizing the number of publications, weekly circulation totals, monthly circulation totals, totals for native language publications, bi-lingual totals, and English language totals. An index to the publications completes the book. An interesting addendum to the book would have been an analysis of ethnic publications in each of the fifty states. This directory truly is the first comprehensive annotated guide to the current ethnic press in the United States and with its clear type and excellent alphabetical format clearly rates an A. Paul F e n c h a k Panorama: A H i storical Review of the Czechs and Slovaks i n the United States of America. Pub- lished by the Czechoslovak National Council of America, Cicero, Ill., U.S.A. Cicero-Berwyn Press, 1970, pp. 328, index. It is quite evident that there exists today in America a need for authorative works on the histories of the various ethnic groups which have contributed to the development of America. Objective, factual and concise histories of the various groups is essential. This volume of the dual histories of the Czech 227 and Slovak immigrations to America, unfortunately from a viewpoint of abjective Slovak history, seems to lack sufficient factual data to be accepted as a history of the Slovak immigration to America. From the standpoint of the history of the Czech immigration it is factu al, unbiased history but even then much is amiss particularly in the area of the religious development of the Czech community in the United States. Two basic criticisms can be found in the basic format of the work. The single most important error in the work is the fact that the various writers of Slovak topics are weak in objective reporting, so necessary in a historical work of this kind . Unfortunately the writers, who are of the " Czechoslovak" philosophical persuasion, would wa nt the reader to actually believe that only those Slovak organizations which support that philosophy have contributed to the development of the Slovak American community. In fact it must be remembered that over eighty per cent of the organized Slovak American community does not support the '· Czechoslovak" philosophy but ra ther a distinct Slovak philosophy within the family of nations. The authors seem to infer that the staunch Catholic mass of Slovak immigrants contributed little if anything at all to the development of the Slovak community in Am erica. It appears that such notables as Father Stephen Furdek, founder of the First Catholic Slovak Union, the co-founder of the First Catholic Slovak Ladies. Association and the founder of the Slovak League of America played a very minor role in the development of the Slovak community. Other prominent leaders such as Father Matthew Jankola, Joseph Rusek, �228 SLOVAKIA Anna Hurban and Philip Hrobak are not even mentioned. The second most important ingredient which is lacking in this work is organization. Various bits and pieces are scattered throughout the work on both the Czech and Slovak development in America and from an academic journalistic point of view it is quite primitive in its presentation. Too many writers cover certain geographical areas of the Slovak immigration but much is ignored and almost always repetitious. Too often the writers are offering opinionated biased reporting which is not acc-eptable by the vast majority of the Slovak community today. There exists a certain disorganization present in the work and most often it effects an objective Slovak history. In one area in particular the work is both factually deficient and openly opinionated, that is the area of the Slovak organization" in the United States. Such organizations as "Catholic Slovak Unity, Catholic Slovak Women's Unity. Unity of Catholic Sokols" are not acceptable as Slovak organizations, as such do not exist. Again faulty research is evidenced in the presentation of Slovak organizations. One area lists "all" the Czech and Slovak organizations in America and the largest and most important Slovak societies are not listed. Subjective reporting would lead one to believe that indeed the Slovak Gymnastic Union Sokol is the most importa nt and influential organization of Americans of Slovak descent. However factual research will reveal to the alert writer that in fact the above named organization has a membership of less than 24,000 while the First Catholic Slovak Union, the First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association, the Slovak Catholic Sokol, the Pennsyl- vania Slovak Catholic Union, the Ladies Pennsylvania Slovak Catholic Union and the First Slovak Wreath of the Free Eagle have a combined membership of over 300,000. The informed reader will at once note that Sokol U.S.A., as it is commonly associated and pubblicised in the America press is of the "Czechoslovak" philosophical persuasion while the other Catholic Slovak organizations representing the overwhelming majority of organized Americans of Slovak descent are not of the appendage philosophy but rather support a distinct Slovak path completely free of Czech domination. Another noteworthy fact is that the Sokol U.S.A. is the only Slovak organization of any magnitude which is a member of the Czechoslovak National Council of America. Included in the work is a Who's Who among Americans of Czech and Slovak ancestry. Again only those Slovaks who support the idea of a "Czechoslovak" culture, language and heritage are included. Not only are the above mentioned Slovaks notably absent but such luminary as Bishop Andrew G. Grutka, D.D., the Roman Catholic Bishop of Gary, Indiana and countless others who have contributed to the growth and development of the Slovak American Community. In the final analysis the work offers little insight into the history and development of the Slovaks in America. The history of the Czechs in America is acceptable but no t commendable since again the underlining theme is to discredit any theistic organizational development. The work in general is primitive in the Slovak sense and therefore can not be accepted as a factual history of the Slovaks in America. This work is a prime example of Czech and "Czechoslovak" chauvin- �SLOVAKIA 229 ism in the interpretation of Slovak suring Czech hegemony in CzechoSlovakia, regardless of the fact history. Daniel F. Tanzone that the Communist movement is discredited by their policy. In some Eugen Steiner: The Slovak Dilem- ways Czech Communists resemble ma, Cambridge, at the University to Czech non-Communists or antiPress, 1973, 229 pages. Series Communists who used and still are International Studies, Published using democracy, socialism, liberalfor the Centre for International ism or Catholicism for imposing or Studies, London School of Eco- maintaining Czech hegemony over nomics and Political Sciences. others, especially Slovaks. The situation in Czecho-Slovakia between inthe in writes author the As troduction his aim was "to trace 1918-1938 attests to it sufficiently. the Communist attitude to national- The policy of Prague Governments ism, and to define the effects of from 1918 to this day proved that this attitude as far as the Slovaks Czechs are not capable to fulfill the arc concerned." Or in other words mission which the victorious Powhe "deals in microcosm with a ers entrusted to them in 1918 or major problem which lies at the again in 1945. Czecho-Slovalda did heart of the Soviet Union's policies, not become a barrier against German expansion or a bridge between internal and external." (p. 3) and West. Czech governments East Dr. Steiner uses the case of Slovakia to show how Communism forced into opposition against the fa iled to solve nationality problems. European block which created Not only in the Soviet Union was Czecho-Slovakia, not only the mithis problem hidden behind slogans norities but also Slovaks. Czech on the equality of nations, while politicians did not honor any agreethe Russians are the rulers, but ment, promise or pledge given to also in restored and by Communists Slovaks. They practiced such a policy regoverned Czecho-Slovakia. Steiner's book leaves no doubt that the Marx- gardless of the danger for the Leninist thesis on the problems of existence of the state or the misnationalities did not bring a satis- sion Czecho-Slovakia was to fulfill factory solution to the relations according to its friends and creabetween the Czechs and Slovaks; tors. After occupying Slovakia with on the contrary, since 1945 when the help of French and Italian Czecho-Slovakia was restored (a- military units in 1918, and with the gainst the will of majority of Slo- help of the Soviet armies in 1945, vaks) the Czech rule was imposed they disregarded their promises on Slovaks step by step, brutally and the rights of Slovaks to selfand without regard to promises and government. About the period of agreements. Up to 1948, the Czech 1918-1938 there is in Western lanCommunists found accomplices in guages comparatively large literanon-Communists. After 1948, they ture dealing with this subject. The imposed their rule on Slovaks with book by Dr. Steiner gives to Westthe help of a handful of collabora- ern readers sufficient information tors from Slovakia, mostly of non- and documentary evidence for the Slovak origin (Bacilek, Bil'ak, Mos- period of 1945-1968. Dr. Steiner writes in the introkovic, Daubner, Siroky and others). Czech Communists are using Com- duction to his book that he has munism as an instrument for as- "chosen exile as a Jew, as a Com- �230 SLOVAK.IA On the cover of Steiner's book munist and as a Slovak." He wrote his book from this point of view, there are reproductions of pictures which makes his work more inter- from demonstrations of Slovak esting and more valuable. It is a youth in Bratislava against the testimony of a "Jew, Communist Soviet occupation in August 1968. and Slovak" about the political On the posters we can read: "Slodevelopments in Slovakia in this vaks stand firm, they won't pass! Occupa nts go home!" These slogans century. His background and ideological o- express the feelings of Slovaks in rientation explain to a great degree Slovakia as well as abroad not only not only his favorable attitude to- against the So·,iet occupants, but wards regimes in 1918-1938 (though any occupants, including the Czechs. Czech Statistics can easily prove This conclusion can be found, if the opposite) but his negative stand carefully read, also in Dr. Steiner's towards the Slovak republic of book: The Slovak Dilemma. Dr. A. Gr eb er t, 1939-1945 as well. We understand Geneva, Switzerland that the anti-communist and antijewish measures of the Slovak Government could not meet with Slovak Studies, Historica 7 and 8, Vol. X and XI, Slovak Institute, his approval. It is, however, hard Rome-Cleveland, Editor Prof. M. to understand his attitude towards Lacko, S. J . Dr. Benes and his Government-inBoth volumes of Slovak Studies exile. Even such adherents of "Czechoslovakism" as were Dr. M. deal with history of Slovakia and Hodfu and Dr. S. Osusky disagreed except for the contribution by Dr. and at the end fought against Be- S. Nahalka, with the events of our nes and his anti-Slovak policy which century. Since the Marxist historihe later (after 1945) also practiced ans not only avoid certain subjects in co-operation with Czech Commu- but also write with prejudice and nists and non-Communists. Unfor- strictly from the Marxist point of tunately, Dr. Steiner deals with view, these volumes perform specific this rather superficially and un- role in historiography on Slovakia. convincingly. The post-war develop- In addition, their value is enhanced ments in Czecho-Slovakia prove by the fact that they are published that the Slovak-Czech antagonism in foreign language and two of the is not a matter of temporary politi - contributors were educated abroad. Students of modern Slovak hiscal situation but a fundamental and lasting feature of Slovak-Czech tory will welcome especially the relations. It is impossible to solve Ph.D. thesis by Sister M. E. Lubek, this problem within the "Czecho- "An Inquiry into the United States Slovak" framework. The successive _ Czechoslovak Relations between a_bolition, ~~er 1969, _of C~nstitu- I 1918-1948." There were many myths t10nal prov1S1ons dealing with the published on this subjects, but to federalization of Czecho-Slovakia, my knowledge, no scholarly work. mentioned in Dr. Steiner's book, Some years ago Prof. M. Mamatey prove convincingly the validity of shed some light on the period of the First World War, later years the above conclusions. In spite of some shortcomings, Dr. remained, however, unresearched. Steiner's book is a valuable contri- Yet, this is an interesting topic, bution to the historiography on since the United States played an important role in the emergence Eastern Europe. �231 SLOVAKIA of Czecho-Slovakia in 1918 and in her re-emergence in 1945. Needless to say that the treatise by M. E. Lubek does not cover all the aspects of the inter-state relations, remaining mostly in the field of politics and diplomacy. The study is nevertheless of the importance and will be useful for further research. For foreign historians dealing with Slovakia of special interest will also be the contributions by Prof. M. S. :l'.>urica, who researched Italian Military Documents in order to shed a new light on the tragic death of M. R. Stefanik, one of the founders of Czecho-Slovakia, and German biography of President Dr. J. Tiso by F. H. Schneider. We commented on the value of Prof. Durica's study when it was first published in Italian language (Slovalcia, Vol. XXIII, 1973) , and cannot but welcome the English version. Schneider's essay on the life and historical role of Dr. J . Tiso in Slovak politics is of importance for more than one reason. The adversaries of Slovak aspirations for independence - Communists and non-Communists - succeeded in presenting Dr. Tiso and his policies in Western countries in a distorted light. Even though, Dr. Tiso mostly suffered for his forced cooperation with Germany, there was a long silence about him and Slovakia among German historians. Schneider's contribution does not exhaust the subject and shows gaps, but it was high time to draw a little differe nt picture of President Tiso in ♦ ♦ German language than it was done by Prague and Slovak Communists. Unfortunately, Schneider overlooked some books and articles which contain substantial information on Dr. Tiso's life and politics, such as Prof. Murin's articles, one of Dr. Polakovic's books, many articles in Sl.ovakia and other sources. Dr. S. Nahalka's istructive article on "Holy Scripture among Slovaks" is a valuable contribution to the religious and cultural history of Slovaks. Religious history of Slovakia is one of the completely neglected fields in today's historiography in Slovakia, even though Slova ks survived as a nation mostly due to the fact that clergy (Catholic and Protestant) took over the cultural leadership and national struggle. Professor Lacko in his contributions presents the synthesis of the studies on Great-Moravian and Cyrillo-Methodian period and a survey of events which led to the reestablishment of the Greek-Catholic Church in Slovakia. The latter study would deserve to be completed by documents and names of people who in Slovakia and abroad helped the re-establishment. Both contributions are timely and instructive. Prof. Lacko deserves recognition also for his efforts to continue publishing the Slovak Studies. Slovak cultural activities abroad would be much poorer without this series. J. M. Ki rs c h b au m ♦ Life Membership in the Slovak League of America is $100.00 - join us! Write to: Slovak League of America, 313 Ridge Avenue, Middletown, Pa. 17057. �SLOVAKlA 232 Our Contributor s theologian, author, Cambridge, Ontario Stephen Sencik, S.J. - Anthony X. Sutherland, Ph.D ., Columbus, Ohio Sr. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. - author, Director, Slovak Institute, Cleveland, 0 . Andrew Pier, O.S.B. Joseph C. Krajsa - teacher, author, Danville, Pa. Editor, Jednota, Middletown, Pa. industrialist, Toronto, Ontario Stephen B. Roman - attorney-at-law, Stratford, Conn. Edward J. Behuncik - Joseph M. Kirschbaum, LL.D., Ph.D . Jozef Pauco, Ph.D. - historian, author, Toronto, Ont. author, historian, Middletown, Pa. Michael O'Pake, Esq. - State Senator, Reading, Pa. Daniel F. Tanzone, M.A. - teacher, Yonkers, N. Y. Susan Pojer, B.A., Yonkers, N. Y. professor, author, consultant for Rockefeller Foundation, New York, N. Y. Michael Novak, Ph.D. Paul Fenchak - teacher, Baltimore, Md. Steven I. Miller, Ph.D. - assistant professor, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois Junior history major, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, Pa. William Wagner Francis Vnuk - historian; professor, Institute of Technology, Adelaide, Australia Dr. Arved Grebert - former Slovak diplomat, now in Switzerland Jane Noonan, Marlene Bartos, Stephen J. Knoblock - America Scholarship Winners Slovak League of �OFFICERS OF THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Honorary President : EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President 2385 Main Street Stratford, Conn. 06497 Stephen J. Tkach , DR. JOSEPH PAUCO Secretary 313 Ridge Avenue Middletown, Pa. 17057 Vice Presidents: Milan V. Blazek, Stephen Suhajcik, Mary Piroch ' Executive Committee : Edward J. Behuncik, John A. Holy, Paul C. Kazimer, Tibor Kovalovsky, Joseph R. Kristotik, Dr. Joseph Pauco, John A. Sabol SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION Cleveland, Ohio - Membership: 104,500 ·-:i THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio .;_ Membership: 96,000 THE SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N. J. - Membership: 53,000 PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa: - Membership: 18,000 LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. - Membership: 16,500 SLOVAK NEWSPAPER'S JOURNALISTS' ASSOCI.A.TION (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) SLOVAK NEWSPAPERS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of Americ,a) BRATSTVO Wilkes-Barre, Pa. SLOVAK V AMERIKE Middletown, Pa. JEDNOTA Middletown, Pa. ZENSKA JEDNOTA Cleveland, Ohio KATOLICKY SOKOL Passaic, N. J. ZORNICK_A Wilkes-Barre, Pa. SLOVAKIA $4.00 per annum in the U.S.A. - $5.00 elsewhere PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 � 210 SLOVAKIA CURRENT ISSUES RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT CONFERENCE OF THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA IN NEW YORK CITY, MAY 19, 1973 Your Holiness: In the name of more than 350,000 American-Slovaks, the greater majority Catholic, and supporting the Slovak League of America and its cultural and civic programs, we extend cordial greetings. We appreciate your efforts and dedication to obtain equal rights for all Catholics and to continue the ecumenical co-operation with all Christians and believers throughout the whole world. We also present to you a petition asking that you give particular attention to the land of our forefathers-Slovakia -cradle in 833 of Christianity in Central Europe and ever devotedly loyal to the Holy See. Notwithstanding this historic fact, Slovakia, oppressed by the atheistic Soviet regime in civil affairs, lacks, in the spiritual domain, its own province, does not have a single archbishop and for so long a time, no Slovak has achieved cardinalhood. Of course, Slovak Catholics share their sufferings with their Lutheran and Greek Catholic brethren. We respectfully suggest that Slovakia be accorded similar recognition as Bohemia, Moravia, Slovenia, Croatia and many other countries in Africa and Asia. We are confident that among dedicated and oppressed Slovak clergy can be found an archbishop to lead a Slovak ;irovince as in days gone by. Such a magnanimous gesture would invigorate all Slovaks at home as well as here in America. We believe that your Holiness by such a decision will strengthen us and thus fortify our fidelity to the Vatican and reverence to the throne of St. Peter. Very respectfully and sincerely, Edward J. Behuncik, President Dr. Joseph Pauco, Secretary Dear Mr. President: The Slovak League of America on the occasion of its 1973 Conference here in New York extends cordial greetings. We hope you will continue to enjoy good health and achieve even greater success in your efforts on behalf of all citizens of whatever origin. We unequivocally endorse your stand in Vietnam and welcome your policy in Europe and Asia. As you are well aware, our origins are in Central Europe, in �SLOVAKIA 211 Slovakia, which has a more than 1100 year Christian history and which for many centuries, excepting a brief period, has lived in subjugation. Now, Slovakia is in its fifth year of Soviet occupation and deprivation by the communists of all human, spiritual and political rights. So, today, we again respectfully request that you, individually as our leader, as well as your entire administration, continue to remember Slovakia and the other oppressed nations behind the Iron Curtain. All thes•e subjugated peoples seek and des·erve statehood and democratic freedom such as we in the United States are so fortunate to enjoy. In your discussions with the leaders of the totalitarian world, we ask that you give high priority to this humane cause. W!! are confident that if permitted free elections, our brethren in Slovakia would officially confirm their dedication and devotion to the United States of America as the stalwart guardian of human freedoms . Most Sincerely, Edward J. Behuncik, President Dr. Joseph Pauco, Secretary DECLARATION ADOPTED AT THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE SLOVAK WORLD CONGRESS HELD IN CHICAGO ON JUNE 30TH 1973 The representatives of Slovaks abroad gathered at the General Assembly of the Slovak World Congress, held in Chicago on June 28-30th, 1973, adopted the following Declaration: (1) We consider ourselves an integral part of the Slovak people. We are conscious of our co-responsibility for their destiny and for their contribution to the overall culture of humanity. (2) We claim for the Slovak nation, on the basis of its national individuality, recognition for an equal status with other sovereign nations of the world. (3) We deny any Great Power the right to interfere with the destiny of the Slovak people and to integrate Slovakia in other states or zones of influence which are opposed to the will of the Slovak people and their national interests. We consider such actions, condemned as they are by all civilized people of the world, to be a violation of the Charter of the United Nations. (4) We demand the departure of all occupation forces from Central Europe in order that, after more than a quarter �212 SLOVAKIA of a century since the end of the War, the nations of that area can finally govern themselves. (5) As representatives of a nation conscious of its responsibility towards others, we consider the principles of democracy and humanism the basis for peace and co-operation among the peoples of the world. (6) On these principles alone, life in freedom and a free culture can develop in Slovakia according to the traditions of the Slovak people and in harmony with the progress of the world. PHILIP A. HROBAK YEAR January 10, 1974 marked the tenth anniversary of the death of Philip A. Hrobak, and on May 1, 1974 we will mark the seventieth anniversary of his birth. These special dates impel us to honor his memory in a special way. He was one of the most deserving of our cultural and civic workers from among the many American-born Slovaks and one who dedicated himself to the Slovak cause since early manhoJd. Philip A. Hrobak, as a newspaperman, writer, histocian, linguist, fraternalist and organizer rose to heights in American Slovak life. His contributions to the Slovak cause in both English and Slovak are most noteworthy and memorable in Slovak history. Therefore, the Slovak League of America deems it a special honor to be able to lend itself to the legacy of Philip A. Hrobak. Not only did he honorably serve as a long time editor of JEDNOTA, as the founder and editor of "Slovak Newsletters," "Jednota Annual Furdek" and "Slo·v akia", but also as a distinguished President and member of the Executive Committee of the Slovak League of America-all this is his eternal monument. Bowing before his genius, we turn to our Slovak people and we seek recognition in 1974 of the unfinished dreams of Philip A. Hrobak and so-licit continued help in proving that we i>..re all worthy followers of this g,r eat son of our people. For the Slovak League of America, the year 1974 will be the time of increased activity, as he idealized and set by his example. In tribute to his linguistic talents, we can have the opportunity to help build a strong scholarship fund for the League, because the main purpose of this fund is to preserve and enhance, as he desired, the Slovak conscience in America. Surely, there cannot be any American Slovak who would not make his or her contribution to our scholarship fund in memory of Philip .A. Hirobak. The Slovak League of America also feels compelled to follow the �SLOVAKIA 213 footsteps of Philip A. Hrobak in other fields. In the firat place, we must preserve and continue with the annual "Slovakia", we must daily and fairly continue to inform the American public of the ideals and accomplishments of the American Slovaks, and we must continue our cl-forts to renew the rightful place of the Slovak nation as an independent unit in the family of nations. These were the goals of Philip A. Hrobak, and our Slovak League has so proceeded in the last ten years since we with heavy hearts bid a sad farewell to our never-forgotten leader. With prayer, with labor, and with sacrifices we thus honor this meritocious Slovak son. May the memory of Philip A. Hrobak be perpetual. Edward J. Behuncik, President Dr. Joseph Pauco, Secretary As the others see it represented. What to me is more worse, is the attempt to sublimate the Slovaks into the Czech people. That's why we hear about a 'Czechoslovak nation'. It does not exists! Czecho-Slovakia is a political entity of two nations - the Czechs and the Slovaks. I never think of myself as Czech. I am Slovak and nothing else."- Rev. John Zornan, President of the Slovak Zion Synod, "What kind of man is Alex Del- National News, Pittsburgh, Pa., vecchio? (Playing for Detroit Red August 1, 1973. Wings.) He's middle aged, 41. A guy who you can't get in an "Despite the courage and per• argument with. His salt-and-pepper severance the Slovaks and other gray hair is impeccably coiffured peoples of Eastern Europe have around round Eastern European displayed time and again in their face (his late mother was a Slovak; relentless search for internal liberhis father Italian.)" - Bob Naylor, ties and external sovereignty, they Detroit Free Press, December 9, cannot achieve their goals without 1973. outside help. It is our duty, and only in keeping with our own "The idea of 'Slovak Heritage' is to extend our support. The ideals, quite intriguing to me. It implies world will not know genuine that we have one. Looking at hisevery country enjoys tory books, however, you might peace until freedom and can exercise the right have doubts. Even when discussing to self-determination. Central Europe, the Slovaks as a "The history of Slovakia is one nation are often forgotten or mis- "Call a Slovak Czechoslovak and you plant a burr under his skin. To a Slovak, named for a geograph• ic region divided by the wars and politics, that frequent error is more than just misnomer; it conveys a complete historical misunderstanding of who he is." - Sue Morse, The Herald Statesman, Yonkers, N. Y., November 30, 1973. �214 SLOVAKIA of turmoil, frustration, and heroic struggle. Your continued devotion to the cause of a free and independent Slovakia - despite hundreds of years of oppression - is an inspiration to those of us who cherish freedom as you do. These are the characteristics that help us, in maintaining a better and stronger America. "The existence of the World Congress is an important step in achieving your long delayed place among the family of the free naRobert P. Hanrahan, tions." Member of Congress. U.S. Senator Adlai E. Stevenson. "I am sure all of the American Slovaks sincerely wish to acknowledge the plight of their brethren under Communist oppression. The Slovak people strongly pursue the course that someday freedom will reign in all corners of the world. People of America need to be remainded of the severe repressing of Communist-held nations of the world endure." - U.S. Senator Hugh Scott. "Slovaks of Cleveland brought many Christmas customs from the old country, notably the custom of caroling. Among the most cherished Slovak folk songs are those sung at Christmas time. These carols are sung not only in churches, but also in the homes of the faithful, no matter how many generations they have lived here." - Sun Herald, Cleveland, 0., December 20, 1973. "We must re-dedicate ourselves to cause of all captives of Communism. Recognizing that the world cannot enjoy peace until all peoples are free from yoke of Communism. Please continue your dedication to the traditions, cultural life, religious beliefs, and desire for independence on behalf of Slo"There is a strong feeling of vak people everywhere."- Edward awareness among some ethnic J. Derwinski, Member of Congress. members of the younger generation. "I do want you to know I share There are also strong indications your commitment to the Slovak that the melting pot concept can people and to strengthening the no longer be maintained and that ties with their sons and daughters America is beginning to recognize throughout the world. I know we and appreciate the diversity of its will not falter in our efforts to ethnic populations in terms of a insure that no people need face re- new cultural pluralism."- Dr. Goy, pression and indignity as a result a member of City College's library of their yearning to be free." - faculty, New York, N. Y. �SLOVAKIA 215 -------------- WHO'S WHO Among American Slovaks JOSEPH C. K RAJ SA It was a mark of social maturity when the Chamber of Commerce of the Greater Harrisburg Area decided to have "Slovak power" for its presidency. Such is progress that it is hardly news anymore when a second-generation American of ethnic background and working-class origins becomes the leader of the town's top capitalists. Pardon us, Karl Marx. Joseph Charles Krajsa is the 60th president of the Harrisburg Chamber. He is so ethnic that more than half the Chamber's members can't pronounce his name correctly: It is "Crysa," and Anglicized it would mean "nicer." Well beyond his own physical size - 6-foot-1 and 240 pounds Krajsa is a big man. He was manager of the Allentown Finance Co. for 14 years, which is owned by his older brother, John. He has the equivalent of two college degrees and has a speaking knowledge of seven languages. He was an outstanding football, baseball and basketball coach for 11 years. And, lastly, he served as auditor and vice president of the First Catholic Slovak Union, and is now the editor of its bilingual weekly, Jednota, and manager of the Jednota home, farm and printery. Very much a Slovak as a warm convivial person, Krajsa also is a Rotarian, Elk, Legionaire and democrat. He once was a topflight golfer who won country-club trophies. "I find more businessmen in this Chamber, for example, wanting to be more human, wanting to share their good fortune," he said. "The single-minded emphasis on economics has diminished. A person must be involved politically, socially and religiously, as well as economically, to be well-rounded, and more and more businessmen understand that." Krajsa, 56, grew up in Allentown. His father was a wire-worker from Skalica in Slovakia and emigrated to America in 1906. Old Joe Krajsa married a girl living here, Agnes Baranek, a native of Horna Krupa, Slovakia. He built his own home and started a corner grocery. Everybody knew and loved the Krajsas. "Put it on the book," or "na knizku," they said as Father Krajsa had a credit book, so the neighborhood could have its groceries. One of the articles in Krajsa's published Furdek 1974 is entitled "Slovaks Are Lovers." The author asserts, "Slovak mothers can equally match the 'Good Jewish Mother' of book fame." A Slovak mother will say to her daughter, "Ja som t'a nevychovala, aby si behala za muzami," or "I didn'-t raise you to go chasing after men." Many Slovaks came to America between 1880 and 1920, with most of them settling here between 1900 and 1910. Thousands settled in Pennsylvania, and the men became the muscle of this commonwealth's steel, coal and railroading indus- �216 SLOVAKIA tries. Of Slovak descent are Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, Penn State's great lineman, Mark Markovich; Will Hartack, Chuck Bednarik, Johnny Bucha and George Blanda. Stan Musial is half-Polish and half-Slovak. Blanda's mother is president of the Jednota lodge in Youngwood. There were 277 scattered Slovak fraternal organizations and widoworphan funds when in 1890 the Rev. Stephen Furdek, of Cleveland, organized the national union called Jednota (the word means union, or united). Nineteen years later the Middletown property of the aristocrat Simon Cameron Young was purchased for $38,000. What originally was 298 acres is now 255 acres, but worth well over one million dollars. The old orphanage, now phased out, cared for 4,000 children in its history. The newspaper Krajsa edits and writes for has a circulation of 40,000. Jednota also publishes 15 book titles annually. It is building a million dollar printery. Krajsa was elected editor for a three-year term in 1964, and he keeps being re-elected. He arrived in Middletown when Olmsted Air Force Base was closing, so immediately he plunged into civic activity. It got him involved in Chamber of Commerce work, and he did so well that the Chamber named him president last October. Krajsa had a typical Americanimmigrant family upbringing. He did well in his studies. He captained Allentown Central Catholic High School's basketball team, was center on the football team and pitched for the baseball team. He went on to East Stroudsburg State College, where he was a stellar athlete, and then was a Navy chief petty officer in World War II. After the war, he married Romanza Fairman, from Kansas City, and settled in Allentown. He put in 11 years at Central Catholic High lurning in several state championship teams and ending up as athletic director. Meanwhile, he was in the finance business, too. The Krajsas have four children: Joe, in insurance, Mike, administrative assistant in the Agriculture Department; Maryagnes, assistant to the Dauphin County Democratic chairman, and George, an athlete at Middletown High. Krajsa's desire for the Chamber of Commerce is a Slovak's wish for more unity, more strength of purpose and more aggressiveness for the community. "We can get unity and not take a thing away from anybody," he said looking toward the West Shore. He believes that the county line should be easier to cross than the ethnic line over which his presidency already has triumphed. Paul B. Beers, Associated Editor The Evening News Harrisburg, Pa. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA heartily commends all efforts of our governmental and other organs to ferret out and unmask all Communists and fellow travellers, as well as all persons and organizations who wittingly or unwittingly give aid and comfort to the conspiracy of Communism promoted by the Soviet Union. �SLOVAKIA - 217 Book Reviews Books on Slovakia and Slovaks Reviewed by Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum writes about the Czech l.'esistance during the last years of the War. Three contributions deal with the Slovak problem. Hans Kaiser writes about integration of Slovakia into national socialist war economy; In this carefully edited volume, Ladislav Lipscher examines the in12 German scholars and specialists fluence of the Third Reich on the in Czecho-Slovak affairs analyze the policy of the Slovak government eventful year of 1945 in Czecho- with regard to the Jewish problem, Slovakia. Some of the contributors and Jorg K. Hoensch gives a generare known as experts in the prob- al survey of the situation in Slovalems of Eastern Europe. Others kia in 1945. specialized in the German-Czech The remaining contributions deal relations or in the Slovak problem. with the transfer of the Sudeten Since until recently the German Germans and its consequences (Pescholars avoided publishing the re- ter Burian); with rebuilding of the sults of their research on Czecho- Communist Party of Czecho-SlovaSlovakia, their views will be of lda in 1945 (Heinrich Kuhn); with interest for schoiars in the West. the constitutional problems in The volume gives a survey of Czecho-Slovakia in 1945 (Helmut international, national and socio- Slapnicka); and with the integraeconomic problems in Czecho-Slova- tion of the Sudeten German expelkia in 1945, but two contributions, lees in Germany. The book provides abundant inone by Ferdinand Seibt, and the other by Karl Bosl, outline the formation on each topic and referhistorical background of boundary ences to sources used indicate that problems and basic information on German scholars weve dealing with the division of Germany by the their subjects with great effort to present an objective picture of Allies. Further contributions deal with Czecho-Slovakia in 1945. Their Czecho-Slovakia itself during the views and conclusions will, thereWar and her l'estoration in 1945. fore, be at variance with some Peter Kruger gives a survey of the Western specialists in East Central views of the Allies on Czecho-Slo- ; Europe, including the emigre Czech vakia from the Atlantic Charter to j historians. Czecho-Slovakia has the Potsdam Conference; Martin K. been presented in the West during Bachstein outlines the policy of I the past decades with evident relithe social democratic exiles from ance on Czech sources and favoring Czecho-Slovakia and Detlef Brandes I the Czechs. Especially Slovakia was Karl Bosl: Das Jahr 1945 in der Tschechoslowakei, Vortrag,e der wissenschaftlichen Tagung des Collegium Carolinum, R. Oldenbourg, Mlinchen-Wien, 1971, 316 p. �218 SLOVAKIA treated with bias, mostly as a "postscriptum" to Czech history, and the cruel and often inhuman treatment of minorities or political adversaries was overlooked. German scholars endeavored to be factual and objective and since some of them were born or raised in Czecho-Slovakia, their knowledge of the prob!ems discussed in their contribution cannot be doubted. Nevertheless, they present a German view, because nobody can separate himself fr.om his own background and personal or national experience. · And the manner in which Prague solved the Sudeten German problem in 1945 was bound to create deep resentiment and animosity, which is not easy to overcome. Slovakia is treated in the book with more understanding and impa.rtiality than is the usual case in Western historiography; there is nevertheless certain bias in all three contributors "with regard to the Slovak republic, including the article ·by Jorg Hoensch. Hoensch published two well researched books on Slovakia in the past but, in many instances, adopted the Czech or the Slovak Marxist view of the wartime Slovakia. This also occurred in his present contribution which is well researched and refers also to Slovak emigre political literature. Nevertheless, some conclusions were made by Hoensch on assumptions and not on facts. For instance, his view that "the majority of the Slovak leading strata and, even more, the large masses of the population believed during the war that their social ,i nterest and political rights would be better preserved in the restored Czechoslovakia" and that the Slovak Republic "could not give proof -of its viability (Lebensfiihigkeit)" is a part of Czech and Communist propaganda which was recen_tly contradicted and abandoned even by Slovak Marxist historians (see books by L. Liptak and S. Falt'an). Likewise is disputable his statement that the "Slovak population accepted with equal passivity the introduction of the peoples democracy and the declaration of the Slovak Republic." The enthusiastic manifestations in Slovakia in 1939 can hardly be compared with the fear from rape, confiscation, deportation and hiding in cellars which ·could be witness in Slovakia ' during the first months of the restoration of Czecho-Slovakia. Also treated in the volume are two important problems for Slovakia during the war years: the integration of Slovakia into the German war economy and the policy of the Slovak government with regard to the Jewish problem. Hans Kaiser deals with the first topic and gives a well researched survey of the impact of Germany on Slovak economy, and of the pressures used by Berlin on the Slovak government. Kaiser's contribution is the first one in the West to deal expertly · with the subject. So far, only the Marxist historians or economists published studies on the economic situation in Slovakia during th e War and their approach was a priori hostile. The views of the members of the Slovak government and Slovak economists who did not side with the regime imposed upon Slovakia in 1945, are buried in the archives of the "people's courts" and only in part were published by Slovak emigre politicians and writers. The picture of Slovak :war economy presented by Kaiser cannot, therefore, be without flaws. It is, in any case, a useful basis for further research and full presentation of the economic development of Slovakia during the Second , World War. �SLOVAKIA · 219 The third contributio n dealing I Horst Glass!: Die slowakische Geschichtswis senschaft nach 1945 with Slovakia touches on the prob(Slovak Historiogra phy After !em which harmed Slovaks and 1945), Otto Harrassowi tz, Wies their reputation in the world, but baden, 1971, 166 pages, Register. the11e were only a few attempts to put the policy of the Slovak governThe author and the publisher of ment towa!'ds Jews into a proper this book deserve recognition for perspective. making available to Western scholars and students of history an Lipscher's contributio n analyzes objective survey of Slovak historithe influence of the Third Reich on ography after 1945. Except for that policy on the basis of G€rman short summaries in one or two archives and partly also on the foreign languages, writings of Slohave been published Slovak sources. In comparison vak historians 1945 exclusively in Slovak since with many articles published on and, as such, they have remained this subject in the West, Lipscher's inaccessible to most of foreign hiscontributio n is marked by an effort torians. Glassl's book provides at to present the policy of the Slovak least those Western historians who impartial governmen t more objectively and read German with an phy and historiogra Slovak at look with considerab le restraint from during blaming only the Slovak govern- its remarkable developme nt decades. two past the ment in harsh terms, as has been the case until now. Lipscher does The book is the result of a thornot make any reference to sources ough research in Slovakia itself. of Slovak emigre historians and The author compiled considerab le political writers who dealt with the knowledge of writings on Slovak subject and he recognized that the history by both the old traditionalproblem would require further ist and the recent Marxist historistudy. This indicates that he enIn his attempt to give an obans. deJvored to approach the problem pictul'e he points to the jective wi th impartiality and, as a result, and ideological interrestrictions his contributio n may be a beginwhich Slovak histounder ference ning of dealing with the tragedy or remain silent write to had rians of Jews in Slovakia with more "It lasted 1956. until 1948 after understand ing of the circumstan ces "before Glassl, says years," several and pressures under which the developthe that possible was it Slovaks could not save more Jewment of Slovak historiogra phy and ish citizens than they did. research could come up with noA complete review of this volume ticeable results. Under the pressure would, of course, require to deal of the circumstan ces in those years with all the other contributio ns (Slovak) histo1ians had to take into which give a survey of many prob- considerati on the political goals lems in the Czech part of Czecho- and requiremen ts. The Communist Slovakia, and analyze the relations Party which took over power in between Czechs and G€rmans in- Czecho-Slovakia required complete cluding the expulsion, often under re-writing of the whole historiinhuman circumstan ces, of the Su- ography acco11ding to Marxist crideten Germans. teria ... many historians were fired �220 SLOVAKIA from their positions, and some of works on Slovakia. The author made undoubtedly a very thorough th,em were even sent to jails." On the other hand, the author research into the writings and publications of Slovak historians and underlines that there was a remarkable development of Slovak produced a standard work on a historiography since the War either high academic level. in the number of books published or in the number of institutes and people involved in research. Unlike Marxist or some Western historians, Glass! also states that "during the period of the Slovak Republic (]939-1945) , there was a fruitful development in the field of historical research even though the war was not the right time for a successful build-up of this discipline." He considers it as wrong and unjust of the Marxist historians to belittle the results of this period in research into the history of Slovakia. Glass! also refers to the writings of Slovak scholars in Western countries but for some reason he became acquainted only with the works published by Prof. M. Lacko and with one book and one essay by this reviewer. Writings of other Slovak historians, especially those pertaining to the period of the 18th and 19th centuries, escaped the author, which is regrettable, because they shed a different light on Slovak national awakening from that of Marxist historiography. The book stops at the year 1918 and leaves out the past 60 years during which Slovakia, as well as Slovak historiography, experienced an unexpected development. The explanation for this is given by the author in the Preface by one sentence: "For understandable political reasons, the inclusion in this survey of the writings dealing exclusive,l y with the period 1918-1960 was abandoned." Even in the present form the book is a very valuable scholarly addition to the foreign language MORE ABOUT BOOKS Slov akia in the 19th and 20th Centuries, Edited by Prof. Joseph M. Kirschbaum ; Preface by S. B. Roman, published by the Slovak World Congress, Toronto, Ont. , 1973, 368 p., bibl., $12.50. The Slovak World Congress published for the General Meeting held in Chicago on June 28th-July 1st, 1973, another English book on Slovakia which deserves special attention. While the first publication by the Congress outlined the historical and cultural background of Slovakia, this new voluminous work will give the readers an insight into the political and literary developments in Slovakia in the 19th and 20th centuries. In his Preface to the book, the President of the Slovak World Congress, Stephen B. Roman, explains that the Slovak World Congress "undertook to publish this book with the desire to contribute to the search for historical truth about Slovaks and thereby to help better understanding and co-operation among the nations of Central Europe. It is our firm belief that peoples of that vital area can regain their political freedom and build their future only in close co-oper ation and only if each recognizes the equal rights to independence that each has." One cannot but agree with such aim and the contents of the book confirm that it was also the intention of the editor and contributors. The book is composed of contributions by 20 authors, four of �221 SLOVAKIA whom are of non-Slovak origin, and it is divided into four parts. The first part deals with Slovak national philosophy and the subject is treated by two known Slovak professors, Charles Murin from the University of Montreal, and Stefan Polakovic, former professor at the University of Bratislava. The second part deals with Slovak politics and culture in the 19th and 20th centuries and contains contributions by Prof. J. A. Mikus, Msgr. J. Rekem, Dr. Stefan Osusky, Prof. F . Vnuk, Dr. F. f>urcansky, Prof. E. Loebl, Prof. Stefan Glejdura, Dr. lmrich Kruzliak and Rev. Mikulas Sprinc. Part three deals with the relations of Slovakia with her neighbors and among the contributors are mostly authors of non-Slovak origin. On Slovakia under the Habsburg rule, an interesting survey was written by a members of the Jlabsburg dynasty, Archduke Robert of Austria while Slovak-Hungarian relations are treated by Prof. George Perenyi-Lukacs with comments by Dr. Arved Grebert and Prof. J . M. Kirschbaum. Prof. Thaddeus Gromada contributed an excellent essay on Slovak-Polish relations and Slovak-Russian relations are analyzed and evaluated by Prof. Stefan Glejdura and Miroslav Licko. Prof. Kurt Glaser, author of the book, Czecho-Slovakia - A Critical History, closed this chapter with a scholarly treatise on "National States Versus Federalism in Central European Future," commented upon by Prof J. A. Mikus and Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum. In the last part, the book deals with Slovaks abroad and their attitude towards Slovakia. It contains two essays, one by Dr. Joseph Pauro and another by Dr. F . Braxator. An extensive Select Bibliography on Slovakia completes the contents of this standard work. We cannot but welcome this new English book on Slovakia and Slovaks abroad. It fills an important gap which existed for a long time in presenting Slovakia's political and cultural development in the 19th and 20th centuries to the Western world in an objective manner. For the first time 20 experts are expressing their opinions on various subjects pertaining to Slovakia. They belong not only to two generations, as the editor of the book observed, but "also represent two schools of thought and, therefore, the book presents a confrontation of views on the Slovak p:i.st and present." In form and contents, the book is a scholarly work. The editor, Prof. J . M. Kirschbaum, took his task seriously and enhanced the volume by an extensive bibliography in several languages. He also paid tribute to American Slovaks by stating that "at the end of the First World War, Slovakia was freed from Hungarian rule above all by the efforts of Slovaks who settled in the United States and by Slovak legionaries fighting on the side of the victorious powers. This gave American Slovaks and all Slovaks abroad not only recognition and a new sense of patriotism but also a consciousness of their mission to speak on behalf of the Slovak people when they are silenced." It would be desirable that this volume be followed by a book on Slovak culture, especially arts and literature of the past two hundred years. A conference on these topics, at the next general meeting of the Congress could help to achieve this goal. Joseph P a u co �222 SLOVAKIA TWO PUBLICATIONS BY l\'lATICA SLOVENSKA Matica slovenska was degraded by the Communist regime and went through several periods of regimentation and persecution of her leading representatives and cultural workers. Independent of political pressure and refusing to serve political parties or ideologies, Matica slovenska was, before 1945, a cultural institution which belonged to the nation and represented the highest aspirations of all Slovaks. The Communist Party made Matica slovenska a subservient tool of the regimes imposed upon S'lovakia since 1945. In spite of this nefarious situation, Matica slovenska succeeded in developing Slovak culture at least in some sectors. Among these sectors, literary history and philology deserve our consideration. vakia from literary to musical. This was a neglected sector in the past mainly due to the lack of experts and, therefore, we have to welcome this publication. Of special interest for elucidating some periods of Slovak history is, however, the essay by Jozef Kuzmik : Book Culture Among the Slova/c Slavs in the Years 863-1000. The period of Great Moravia became a favored subject for Slovak intellectuals during the past two decades. In Kuzmik's contribution we find some interesting information about the territorial extent of the ancestors of today's Slovaks, as well as about their book culture which were in the past hardly known or were insufficiently explored. Unfortunately, the publication has only a Russian and German summary and, therefore, it is accessible to a very limited number For several years, Matica has of scholars in the Anglo-Saxon published a series of publications world where there are still many dealing with Slovak literary life misconceptions about the Slovak entitled:Letopis pamiitnika sloven- past. A new confusion was created s/cej literatury and Literarny ar- even recently by scholars of Magchiv. We have revi,ewed some issues yar background who tried to deny in the past in Slovakia, underlying the cultural heritage of the Great their significance for Slovak litera- Moravian period to Slovaks. Li t erarny archiv 8/ 71 is a valuture. We have now received Litercirny archiv 8/ 71, edited by Michal able source for literary history on Elias, and Letopis 19 72 , edited by several Slovak poets and writers Juraj Chovan-Rehak, and some not only of the 19th century but comments would perhaps be ap- also of the 20th century. The publication deals mostly with archive propriate. Letopis 1972 contains a number of materials, unknown manuscripts, or contributions dealing with various correspondence among leading Slosubjects from book culture (kniz- vak literary figures and cultural na kultura) among Slovak Slavs in workers. Even though the Commuthe years 863-1000 to several in- nist regime tried to regiment Sloteresting contributions on the de- vak literary history and endeavorvelopment of museums in Slovakia ed to impose Marxist criteria, Sloand the idiomatic vocabulary in vak intellectuals display more or the writing of Martin Kukucin. The less equal interest in the literary main part of the book is dedicated life of poets and writers who were to the history and development of I neglected in the past because of various types of museums in Slo- their religion or ideological orien- �SLOVAKIA 223 Literature, government, law, education, etc. Even though hardly complete, the Bibliography shows that Canadian Slavists were not idle during the twenty post-war years. In spite of the fact that Slavic studies had to start in Canada from scratch, the Bibliography contains many titles of books, essays, studies and articles, which have given Canadian students a new picture of the history, culture and civilization of the Slavic peoples. From the Slovak point of view, we have many reasons to welcome this Bibliography. Similar American or European bibliographies either overlooked books, publicaJ.M. Kirschbaum tions and essays on Slovak history, Daniel Dorotich (ed.) : A Bibliogra- Language and literature by Slovak phy of Canadian Slavists 1951- authors, or made selection of writ1971 , University of Saskatchewan ings which presented Slovakia and Publications, Saskatoon, Sask., Slovak culture in the light of ad1972. verse propaganda and Czech linAfter the Second World War, a guistic and literary theses. The misnumber of Canadian universities conceptions about the Slovak people added to their usual curricular and their culture were cultivated courses on Slavic languages, litera- especially by the older generations ture and civilization. At some uni- of Slavists who studied at the Universities special Centres or Depart- versity of Prague and use as their ments of Slavic Studies were organ- source of information books pubized, while at other universities lished by Czech scholars before Slavic languages, literature and and during the Second World War. The new generation of Slavists history were taught within Departm ents of Modern Languages and at American and Canadian univerLiteratures and in History Depart- sities gradually detached itself from the old school. Using source ments. In Canada, professors of Slavic materials published in today's Slostudies were soon organized in the vakia and other socialist countries Ca nadian Association of Slavists ' as well as in Western countries' which held every year an annual they have no more any doubt that meeting within the framework of Slovaks are a distinct nation and Canadian Learned Societies. The their language and literature have present Bibliography gives an in- developed independently of the sight into the writings and pub- Czechs or other Slavs. The Bibliography compiled and lications of the members of the edited by Prof. Dorotich reflects Association. Prof. Dorotich, in compiling and this new trend in Slavic studies editing the Bibliography, followed with regard to Slovakia. By inlhe •usual division of subject mat- eluding over 50 titles (books, monoters _into general history, languages, graphs, essays, articles) published talion and those who were closer to the socialist outlook. As a result, Literarny archiv contains interesting information on Bernolak, Stur, Vajansky and Radlinsky, as well as on Janko Kral', Roy, Hamuljak and others. It is regrettable that also in this publication the summary is only in Russian and German. For Slovak literary history, both publications are nevertheless of importance and unveil to a great degree some periods of Slovak cultural development which were intentionally neglected before 1938 as well as during the Stalinist period. �224 SLOVAKIA by Prof. J . M. Kirschbaum in five languages, the Bibliography presents a new picture of Slovak history, culture, language and literature. Not only the main works on Slovakia in English are recorded, but also one book published in Slovak, monographs and essays in French, English, German and Spanish. In fact, the Bibliography is more complete in this respect that the Slovak Bibliography Abroad compiled by Prof. M. Lacko and published by the Slovak Institute (Rome, 1967). Since the Bibliography will go into the hands of many Slavists and into university libraries, we welcome this publication as a very useful guide for students and professors of Slavic studies. Joseph Pauco Joseph Pauco: Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike (Slovak Pioneers in America), The First Catholic Slovak Union, Cleveland, Ohio, 1972, English Introduction by J. C. Krajsa, Ill., 360 pages. Slovaks in the United States played an important role in the history of the Slovak people, but a complete story of their endeavors on behalf of Slovakia, their struggle for preserving national consciousness and cultural heritage has not yet been published. Due to political circumstances in Slovakia, historians either were not allowed or had no possibility to carry out research in order to compile a standard work which would present Slovaks in the United States in an objective light. It was only during the Second World War that two volumes: Dejiny Slovakov v Amerike (History of Slovaks in America) by Konstantin Culen were published in Slovakia. Since that time, only Slovak exiled intellectuals, including Culen, carried out a research and published monographs on the life and achievements of the large Slovak ethnic group in the United States. Historians in Slovakia were either not allowed by ,t he Communist regime or for ideological reasons avoided recording their struggle for survival and the many contributions of American Slovaks not only to their own national life but also to the fight for freedom and independence of the Slovak people. After Prof. F . Hrusovsky and K. Culen, Dr. Joseph Pauco deserves main credit for systematic research into the past and present of American Slovaks. For the past 20 years he published monographs on individual Slovak leaders and organizations of which the voluminous history of the First Catholic Slovak union deserves particular mention. In the present book he deals with 55 outstanding Slovak leaders who did the pioneering organizational, cultural and religious work among American Slovaks. The importance of this book should be, however, measured not only according to its literary value, but also against the fact that there are no organized archives and many printed documents are perishing. In spite of this, Dr. Pauco gathered many valuable facts about the individual leaders among whom there are clergymen of both denominations - Catholic and Lutheran - outstanding organizers of Slovak fraternal and cultural life, men and women of great dedication to the cause of preservation of Slovak cultural heritage. The author approached his subjects with great abjectivity and painted their profiles in a fluent, uncomplicated style to make the book readab1e to the general public and, at the same time, by many references to printed sources, useful to historians and researchers. �SLOVAKIA Some of the chapters are shorter and contain only the most important data. Others present a full life story and evaluation of the activities and of the role the individual leaders played in the Slovak organizational, religious and cultural life in America. The reason for the uneven treatment of some pioneers was given by the author in the introduction to the book. As he says he was sometimes unable to gather, even the most neces~ary information, because there was no organization and no individuals in the past who would have preserved old newpapers, almanacs, minutes of meetings, or other archive materials. Since the Second World War the Slovak Institute in Cleveland and the recently organized Jankola Library have made an effort to gather and preserve archive materials pertaining to the Slovak ethnic group in the United States. In these circumstances, Pauco's present work, as well as his book on the First Catholic Slovak Union and numerous monographs, deserve special recognition. The book has, however, also its own value due to its composition, contents and style. Dr. Pauco produced a standard work comparable with writings of this kind on any other ethnic groups in America. The book also has a useful introduction by Joseph C. Krajsa, but it lack an English summary which would have given to the younger generations of American Slovaks and researchers at least the basic information on Slovak pioneers in America. Unless the author and the publisher intend to publish this work in English, it would be a useful thing to attach to the second edition an extensive English summary. J. M. Ki rs c h b au m 225 Joseph L. Dieska: "Faith and Reason" in the Life and Philosophy of Jacques Maritain, An Offprint from Most, Vol. XIX, No. 3-4, Cleveland, Ohio, 1973. Shortly before the death of the famous French philosopher, Jacques Maritain, Slovaks paid his tribute on the occasion of his 90th birthday in a commemorative study by Prof. Joseph L. Dieska under the title The Religious and Philo sophical Profile of Jacques Maritain. The scholarly essay was pub- lished in Slovak but the author prepared also an English version under the above title. Prof. Dieska was one of the known adherents of Maritain's philosophy already in Slovakia, and pursued his interests in the great Catholic philosopher's concepts also as Professor of Philosophy at the University of Dayton, Ohio, where he has taught for the past several years. The present essay is one of his numerous articles on the subjects. The Slovak and English texts contain a well written and well documented insight and analysis of Maritain's religious and philosophical profile. Dieska approached Maritain's philosophy from the position of "Faith and Reason" and explains the role of reason as well as the mystery of faith in Maritain's philosophy which became a part of the Catholic doctrine and influenced the thinking of several generations in Europe and elsewhere. His theories of creative evolution and his ability to find basic reality through intuition ,e xalted the spirit of man in many parts of the world. Known as neo-Thomism Maritain's philosophy anchors in the works and philosophical concepts of St. Thomas Aquinas. As Dieska explains, Maritain became adherent to the philosophy of St. Thomas as a result of his own independent reflections and �226 SLOVAKIA studies of various philosophers and ing tribute to Maritain also on because of the comparison he made behalf of Slovak intellectuals who between them. He found the truth are silenced in their native counhe was searching for in the an- try where Maritain's philosophy had a strong influence before Marxswers of St. Thomas. However, if it is true that Mari- ism was imposed as the only philotain followed the logic and argu- sophical concept tolerated by the mentation of St. Thomas, he put regime. J. M. Ki rs c h b au m both, in the view of Prof. Dieska, in a " new, modern, and contemporary setting. His language was ad- Encydopedic Directory of Ethnic Newspapers and P eriodicals in justed to the philosophical expresthe United States. By Lubomyr sions used today. His arguments R. Wynar. 260 pp. Libraries Unare aimed at and against modern limited, Inc., Littleton, Colorado, and recent objectors and critics. 1972. $12.50. And above all, when he speaks of For those interested in ethnic the necessity of taking faith and supernatural, revealed truths into studies a valuable tool has recentconsiderations while solving the ly been published to aid in learning political, social, ethical and estheti- 1 about the complex mosaic that is cal difficulties and 'crises' of our ' the United States of America. time, Maritain must transcend Tho- Whereas in the past the student mas and go much farther not, of of ethnic Americana had to wade course, in essential immutable, and through Ulrich's directories, or universally valid principles but in through state manuals, or specialtheir applications to the new, dif- ized histories, facility in locating Icrent and more complex situations data about 903 ethnic publications and issues. In these new approach- can now be had by utilizing Luboes lie the tremendous responsibility myr R. Wynar's Encyclopedic Diand significance of Maritain's Tho- rectory of Ethnic Newspapers and mistic solutions, proposals and Periodicals in the United States. often even sharp and merciless Included in this directory are escriticisms of the 'evils of time'"- scntials about 53 ethnic presses, ranging from the Albanian Press, concludes Dieska. As St. Thomas had found in Assyrian Press, Italian Press, JaAristotle a philosophical basis for panese Pr,ess, Slovak Press, Ukrainreconciling man's reason and ian Press, etc. , to some not poChristian faith, so Maritain, in half pular enough presses such as the a lifetime of philosophical study, Cossack, Cax,patho-Ruthenian, Flembrought a rejuvenated Thomism ish, Swiss, and Welsh. In cases such as Croatian, Sloveinto a modern age of scepticism and science. After the Second nian, and Serbian, there is a generWorld War, Maritain's vision and al heading as Yugoslav, which in philosophy helped lend strength effect increases the number of also to the whole Christian demo- presses substantially beyond the cratic movement which stood as a figure of 53. Data cited for pub1.Julwark against Communism and lications are: title translations, year founded, complete address to the Catholic Church. The author and the editor of (including ZIP), name of editor, Most deserve recognition for pub- language(s) , sponsor, circulation, Jishing both versions and for pay- frequency of publication, and sub- �SLOVAKIA scription rate. In additions commentaries aid in explaining the scope of publications., e.g., the following for "The Handbook Ilbo'' (The Korea Times): "This publication, the only Korean daily in the United States, carries international, national, and local news of interest of the Korean community. Jllustrated. " Professor Wynar of Kent State University, both a librarian and an ethnic specialist, includes a very interesting Appendix of Statistical Analysis for each ethnic group, summarizing the number of publications, weekly circulation totals, monthly circulation totals, totals for native language publications, bi-lingual totals, and English language totals. An index to the publications completes the book. An interesting addendum to the book would have been an analysis of ethnic publications in each of the fifty states. This directory truly is the first comprehensive annotated guide to the current ethnic press in the United States and with its clear type and excellent alphabetical format clearly rates an A. Paul F e n c h a k Panorama: A H i storical Review of the Czechs and Slovaks i n the United States of America. Pub- lished by the Czechoslovak National Council of America, Cicero, Ill., U.S.A. Cicero-Berwyn Press, 1970, pp. 328, index. It is quite evident that there exists today in America a need for authorative works on the histories of the various ethnic groups which have contributed to the development of America. Objective, factual and concise histories of the various groups is essential. This volume of the dual histories of the Czech 227 and Slovak immigrations to America, unfortunately from a viewpoint of abjective Slovak history, seems to lack sufficient factual data to be accepted as a history of the Slovak immigration to America. From the standpoint of the history of the Czech immigration it is factu al, unbiased history but even then much is amiss particularly in the area of the religious development of the Czech community in the United States. Two basic criticisms can be found in the basic format of the work. The single most important error in the work is the fact that the various writers of Slovak topics are weak in objective reporting, so necessary in a historical work of this kind . Unfortunately the writers, who are of the " Czechoslovak" philosophical persuasion, would wa nt the reader to actually believe that only those Slovak organizations which support that philosophy have contributed to the development of the Slovak American community. In fact it must be remembered that over eighty per cent of the organized Slovak American community does not support the '· Czechoslovak" philosophy but ra ther a distinct Slovak philosophy within the family of nations. The authors seem to infer that the staunch Catholic mass of Slovak immigrants contributed little if anything at all to the development of the Slovak community in Am erica. It appears that such notables as Father Stephen Furdek, founder of the First Catholic Slovak Union, the co-founder of the First Catholic Slovak Ladies. Association and the founder of the Slovak League of America played a very minor role in the development of the Slovak community. Other prominent leaders such as Father Matthew Jankola, Joseph Rusek, �228 SLOVAKIA Anna Hurban and Philip Hrobak are not even mentioned. The second most important ingredient which is lacking in this work is organization. Various bits and pieces are scattered throughout the work on both the Czech and Slovak development in America and from an academic journalistic point of view it is quite primitive in its presentation. Too many writers cover certain geographical areas of the Slovak immigration but much is ignored and almost always repetitious. Too often the writers are offering opinionated biased reporting which is not acc-eptable by the vast majority of the Slovak community today. There exists a certain disorganization present in the work and most often it effects an objective Slovak history. In one area in particular the work is both factually deficient and openly opinionated, that is the area of the Slovak organization" in the United States. Such organizations as "Catholic Slovak Unity, Catholic Slovak Women's Unity. Unity of Catholic Sokols" are not acceptable as Slovak organizations, as such do not exist. Again faulty research is evidenced in the presentation of Slovak organizations. One area lists "all" the Czech and Slovak organizations in America and the largest and most important Slovak societies are not listed. Subjective reporting would lead one to believe that indeed the Slovak Gymnastic Union Sokol is the most importa nt and influential organization of Americans of Slovak descent. However factual research will reveal to the alert writer that in fact the above named organization has a membership of less than 24,000 while the First Catholic Slovak Union, the First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association, the Slovak Catholic Sokol, the Pennsyl- vania Slovak Catholic Union, the Ladies Pennsylvania Slovak Catholic Union and the First Slovak Wreath of the Free Eagle have a combined membership of over 300,000. The informed reader will at once note that Sokol U.S.A., as it is commonly associated and pubblicised in the America press is of the "Czechoslovak" philosophical persuasion while the other Catholic Slovak organizations representing the overwhelming majority of organized Americans of Slovak descent are not of the appendage philosophy but rather support a distinct Slovak path completely free of Czech domination. Another noteworthy fact is that the Sokol U.S.A. is the only Slovak organization of any magnitude which is a member of the Czechoslovak National Council of America. Included in the work is a Who's Who among Americans of Czech and Slovak ancestry. Again only those Slovaks who support the idea of a "Czechoslovak" culture, language and heritage are included. Not only are the above mentioned Slovaks notably absent but such luminary as Bishop Andrew G. Grutka, D.D., the Roman Catholic Bishop of Gary, Indiana and countless others who have contributed to the growth and development of the Slovak American Community. In the final analysis the work offers little insight into the history and development of the Slovaks in America. The history of the Czechs in America is acceptable but no t commendable since again the underlining theme is to discredit any theistic organizational development. The work in general is primitive in the Slovak sense and therefore can not be accepted as a factual history of the Slovaks in America. This work is a prime example of Czech and "Czechoslovak" chauvin- �SLOVAKIA 229 ism in the interpretation of Slovak suring Czech hegemony in CzechoSlovakia, regardless of the fact history. Daniel F. Tanzone that the Communist movement is discredited by their policy. In some Eugen Steiner: The Slovak Dilem- ways Czech Communists resemble ma, Cambridge, at the University to Czech non-Communists or antiPress, 1973, 229 pages. Series Communists who used and still are International Studies, Published using democracy, socialism, liberalfor the Centre for International ism or Catholicism for imposing or Studies, London School of Eco- maintaining Czech hegemony over nomics and Political Sciences. others, especially Slovaks. The situation in Czecho-Slovakia between inthe in writes author the As troduction his aim was "to trace 1918-1938 attests to it sufficiently. the Communist attitude to national- The policy of Prague Governments ism, and to define the effects of from 1918 to this day proved that this attitude as far as the Slovaks Czechs are not capable to fulfill the arc concerned." Or in other words mission which the victorious Powhe "deals in microcosm with a ers entrusted to them in 1918 or major problem which lies at the again in 1945. Czecho-Slovalda did heart of the Soviet Union's policies, not become a barrier against German expansion or a bridge between internal and external." (p. 3) and West. Czech governments East Dr. Steiner uses the case of Slovakia to show how Communism forced into opposition against the fa iled to solve nationality problems. European block which created Not only in the Soviet Union was Czecho-Slovakia, not only the mithis problem hidden behind slogans norities but also Slovaks. Czech on the equality of nations, while politicians did not honor any agreethe Russians are the rulers, but ment, promise or pledge given to also in restored and by Communists Slovaks. They practiced such a policy regoverned Czecho-Slovakia. Steiner's book leaves no doubt that the Marx- gardless of the danger for the Leninist thesis on the problems of existence of the state or the misnationalities did not bring a satis- sion Czecho-Slovakia was to fulfill factory solution to the relations according to its friends and creabetween the Czechs and Slovaks; tors. After occupying Slovakia with on the contrary, since 1945 when the help of French and Italian Czecho-Slovakia was restored (a- military units in 1918, and with the gainst the will of majority of Slo- help of the Soviet armies in 1945, vaks) the Czech rule was imposed they disregarded their promises on Slovaks step by step, brutally and the rights of Slovaks to selfand without regard to promises and government. About the period of agreements. Up to 1948, the Czech 1918-1938 there is in Western lanCommunists found accomplices in guages comparatively large literanon-Communists. After 1948, they ture dealing with this subject. The imposed their rule on Slovaks with book by Dr. Steiner gives to Westthe help of a handful of collabora- ern readers sufficient information tors from Slovakia, mostly of non- and documentary evidence for the Slovak origin (Bacilek, Bil'ak, Mos- period of 1945-1968. Dr. Steiner writes in the introkovic, Daubner, Siroky and others). Czech Communists are using Com- duction to his book that he has munism as an instrument for as- "chosen exile as a Jew, as a Com- �230 SLOVAK.IA On the cover of Steiner's book munist and as a Slovak." He wrote his book from this point of view, there are reproductions of pictures which makes his work more inter- from demonstrations of Slovak esting and more valuable. It is a youth in Bratislava against the testimony of a "Jew, Communist Soviet occupation in August 1968. and Slovak" about the political On the posters we can read: "Slodevelopments in Slovakia in this vaks stand firm, they won't pass! Occupa nts go home!" These slogans century. His background and ideological o- express the feelings of Slovaks in rientation explain to a great degree Slovakia as well as abroad not only not only his favorable attitude to- against the So·,iet occupants, but wards regimes in 1918-1938 (though any occupants, including the Czechs. Czech Statistics can easily prove This conclusion can be found, if the opposite) but his negative stand carefully read, also in Dr. Steiner's towards the Slovak republic of book: The Slovak Dilemma. Dr. A. Gr eb er t, 1939-1945 as well. We understand Geneva, Switzerland that the anti-communist and antijewish measures of the Slovak Government could not meet with Slovak Studies, Historica 7 and 8, Vol. X and XI, Slovak Institute, his approval. It is, however, hard Rome-Cleveland, Editor Prof. M. to understand his attitude towards Lacko, S. J . Dr. Benes and his Government-inBoth volumes of Slovak Studies exile. Even such adherents of "Czechoslovakism" as were Dr. M. deal with history of Slovakia and Hodfu and Dr. S. Osusky disagreed except for the contribution by Dr. and at the end fought against Be- S. Nahalka, with the events of our nes and his anti-Slovak policy which century. Since the Marxist historihe later (after 1945) also practiced ans not only avoid certain subjects in co-operation with Czech Commu- but also write with prejudice and nists and non-Communists. Unfor- strictly from the Marxist point of tunately, Dr. Steiner deals with view, these volumes perform specific this rather superficially and un- role in historiography on Slovakia. convincingly. The post-war develop- In addition, their value is enhanced ments in Czecho-Slovakia prove by the fact that they are published that the Slovak-Czech antagonism in foreign language and two of the is not a matter of temporary politi - contributors were educated abroad. Students of modern Slovak hiscal situation but a fundamental and lasting feature of Slovak-Czech tory will welcome especially the relations. It is impossible to solve Ph.D. thesis by Sister M. E. Lubek, this problem within the "Czecho- "An Inquiry into the United States Slovak" framework. The successive _ Czechoslovak Relations between a_bolition, ~~er 1969, _of C~nstitu- I 1918-1948." There were many myths t10nal prov1S1ons dealing with the published on this subjects, but to federalization of Czecho-Slovakia, my knowledge, no scholarly work. mentioned in Dr. Steiner's book, Some years ago Prof. M. Mamatey prove convincingly the validity of shed some light on the period of the First World War, later years the above conclusions. In spite of some shortcomings, Dr. remained, however, unresearched. Steiner's book is a valuable contri- Yet, this is an interesting topic, bution to the historiography on since the United States played an important role in the emergence Eastern Europe. �231 SLOVAKIA of Czecho-Slovakia in 1918 and in her re-emergence in 1945. Needless to say that the treatise by M. E. Lubek does not cover all the aspects of the inter-state relations, remaining mostly in the field of politics and diplomacy. The study is nevertheless of the importance and will be useful for further research. For foreign historians dealing with Slovakia of special interest will also be the contributions by Prof. M. S. :l'.>urica, who researched Italian Military Documents in order to shed a new light on the tragic death of M. R. Stefanik, one of the founders of Czecho-Slovakia, and German biography of President Dr. J. Tiso by F. H. Schneider. We commented on the value of Prof. Durica's study when it was first published in Italian language (Slovalcia, Vol. XXIII, 1973) , and cannot but welcome the English version. Schneider's essay on the life and historical role of Dr. J . Tiso in Slovak politics is of importance for more than one reason. The adversaries of Slovak aspirations for independence - Communists and non-Communists - succeeded in presenting Dr. Tiso and his policies in Western countries in a distorted light. Even though, Dr. Tiso mostly suffered for his forced cooperation with Germany, there was a long silence about him and Slovakia among German historians. Schneider's contribution does not exhaust the subject and shows gaps, but it was high time to draw a little differe nt picture of President Tiso in ♦ ♦ German language than it was done by Prague and Slovak Communists. Unfortunately, Schneider overlooked some books and articles which contain substantial information on Dr. Tiso's life and politics, such as Prof. Murin's articles, one of Dr. Polakovic's books, many articles in Sl.ovakia and other sources. Dr. S. Nahalka's istructive article on "Holy Scripture among Slovaks" is a valuable contribution to the religious and cultural history of Slovaks. Religious history of Slovakia is one of the completely neglected fields in today's historiography in Slovakia, even though Slova ks survived as a nation mostly due to the fact that clergy (Catholic and Protestant) took over the cultural leadership and national struggle. Professor Lacko in his contributions presents the synthesis of the studies on Great-Moravian and Cyrillo-Methodian period and a survey of events which led to the reestablishment of the Greek-Catholic Church in Slovakia. The latter study would deserve to be completed by documents and names of people who in Slovakia and abroad helped the re-establishment. Both contributions are timely and instructive. Prof. Lacko deserves recognition also for his efforts to continue publishing the Slovak Studies. Slovak cultural activities abroad would be much poorer without this series. J. M. Ki rs c h b au m ♦ Life Membership in the Slovak League of America is $100.00 - join us! Write to: Slovak League of America, 313 Ridge Avenue, Middletown, Pa. 17057. �SLOVAKlA 232 Our Contributor s theologian, author, Cambridge, Ontario Stephen Sencik, S.J. - Anthony X. Sutherland, Ph.D ., Columbus, Ohio Sr. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. - author, Director, Slovak Institute, Cleveland, 0 . Andrew Pier, O.S.B. Joseph C. Krajsa - teacher, author, Danville, Pa. Editor, Jednota, Middletown, Pa. industrialist, Toronto, Ontario Stephen B. Roman - attorney-at-law, Stratford, Conn. Edward J. Behuncik - Joseph M. Kirschbaum, LL.D., Ph.D . Jozef Pauco, Ph.D. - historian, author, Toronto, Ont. author, historian, Middletown, Pa. Michael O'Pake, Esq. - State Senator, Reading, Pa. Daniel F. Tanzone, M.A. - teacher, Yonkers, N. Y. Susan Pojer, B.A., Yonkers, N. Y. professor, author, consultant for Rockefeller Foundation, New York, N. Y. Michael Novak, Ph.D. Paul Fenchak - teacher, Baltimore, Md. Steven I. Miller, Ph.D. - assistant professor, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois Junior history major, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, Pa. William Wagner Francis Vnuk - historian; professor, Institute of Technology, Adelaide, Australia Dr. Arved Grebert - former Slovak diplomat, now in Switzerland Jane Noonan, Marlene Bartos, Stephen J. Knoblock - America Scholarship Winners Slovak League of �OFFICERS OF THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Honorary President : EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President 2385 Main Street Stratford, Conn. 06497 Stephen J. Tkach , DR. JOSEPH PAUCO Secretary 313 Ridge Avenue Middletown, Pa. 17057 Vice Presidents: Milan V. Blazek, Stephen Suhajcik, Mary Piroch ' Executive Committee : Edward J. Behuncik, John A. Holy, Paul C. Kazimer, Tibor Kovalovsky, Joseph R. Kristotik, Dr. Joseph Pauco, John A. Sabol SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION Cleveland, Ohio - Membership: 104,500 ·-:i THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio .;_ Membership: 96,000 THE SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N. J. - Membership: 53,000 PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa: - Membership: 18,000 LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. - Membership: 16,500 SLOVAK NEWSPAPER'S JOURNALISTS' ASSOCI.A.TION (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) SLOVAK NEWSPAPERS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of Americ,a) BRATSTVO Wilkes-Barre, Pa. SLOVAK V AMERIKE Middletown, Pa. JEDNOTA Middletown, Pa. ZENSKA JEDNOTA Cleveland, Ohio KATOLICKY SOKOL Passaic, N. J. ZORNICK_A Wilkes-Barre, Pa. SLOVAKIA $4.00 per annum in the U.S.A. - $5.00 elsewhere PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1974, Vol. 24 Description An account of the resource Vol. 24 (No. 47), 1974. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 210 SLOVAKIA CURRENT ISSUES RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT CONFERENCE OF THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA IN NEW YORK CITY, MAY 19, 1973 Your Holiness: In the name of more than 350,000 American-Slovaks, the greater majority Catholic, and supporting the Slovak League of America and its cultural and civic programs, we extend cordial greetings. We appreciate your efforts and dedication to obtain equal rights for all Catholics and to continue the ecumenical co-operation with all Christians and believers throughout the whole world. We also present to you a petition asking that you give particular attention to the land of our forefathers-Slovakia -cradle in 833 of Christianity in Central Europe and ever devotedly loyal to the Holy See. Notwithstanding this historic fact, Slovakia, oppressed by the atheistic Soviet regime in civil affairs, lacks, in the spiritual domain, its own province, does not have a single archbishop and for so long a time, no Slovak has achieved cardinalhood. Of course, Slovak Catholics share their sufferings with their Lutheran and Greek Catholic brethren. We respectfully suggest that Slovakia be accorded similar recognition as Bohemia, Moravia, Slovenia, Croatia and many other countries in Africa and Asia. We are confident that among dedicated and oppressed Slovak clergy can be found an archbishop to lead a Slovak ;irovince as in days gone by. Such a magnanimous gesture would invigorate all Slovaks at home as well as here in America. We believe that your Holiness by such a decision will strengthen us and thus fortify our fidelity to the Vatican and reverence to the throne of St. Peter. Very respectfully and sincerely, Edward J. Behuncik, President Dr. Joseph Pauco, Secretary Dear Mr. President: The Slovak League of America on the occasion of its 1973 Conference here in New York extends cordial greetings. We hope you will continue to enjoy good health and achieve even greater success in your efforts on behalf of all citizens of whatever origin. We unequivocally endorse your stand in Vietnam and welcome your policy in Europe and Asia. As you are well aware, our origins are in Central Europe, in SLOVAKIA 211 Slovakia, which has a more than 1100 year Christian history and which for many centuries, excepting a brief period, has lived in subjugation. Now, Slovakia is in its fifth year of Soviet occupation and deprivation by the communists of all human, spiritual and political rights. So, today, we again respectfully request that you, individually as our leader, as well as your entire administration, continue to remember Slovakia and the other oppressed nations behind the Iron Curtain. All thes•e subjugated peoples seek and des·erve statehood and democratic freedom such as we in the United States are so fortunate to enjoy. In your discussions with the leaders of the totalitarian world, we ask that you give high priority to this humane cause. W!! are confident that if permitted free elections, our brethren in Slovakia would officially confirm their dedication and devotion to the United States of America as the stalwart guardian of human freedoms . Most Sincerely, Edward J. Behuncik, President Dr. Joseph Pauco, Secretary DECLARATION ADOPTED AT THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE SLOVAK WORLD CONGRESS HELD IN CHICAGO ON JUNE 30TH 1973 The representatives of Slovaks abroad gathered at the General Assembly of the Slovak World Congress, held in Chicago on June 28-30th, 1973, adopted the following Declaration: (1) We consider ourselves an integral part of the Slovak people. We are conscious of our co-responsibility for their destiny and for their contribution to the overall culture of humanity. (2) We claim for the Slovak nation, on the basis of its national individuality, recognition for an equal status with other sovereign nations of the world. (3) We deny any Great Power the right to interfere with the destiny of the Slovak people and to integrate Slovakia in other states or zones of influence which are opposed to the will of the Slovak people and their national interests. We consider such actions, condemned as they are by all civilized people of the world, to be a violation of the Charter of the United Nations. (4) We demand the departure of all occupation forces from Central Europe in order that, after more than a quarter 212 SLOVAKIA of a century since the end of the War, the nations of that area can finally govern themselves. (5) As representatives of a nation conscious of its responsibility towards others, we consider the principles of democracy and humanism the basis for peace and co-operation among the peoples of the world. (6) On these principles alone, life in freedom and a free culture can develop in Slovakia according to the traditions of the Slovak people and in harmony with the progress of the world. PHILIP A. HROBAK YEAR January 10, 1974 marked the tenth anniversary of the death of Philip A. Hrobak, and on May 1, 1974 we will mark the seventieth anniversary of his birth. These special dates impel us to honor his memory in a special way. He was one of the most deserving of our cultural and civic workers from among the many American-born Slovaks and one who dedicated himself to the Slovak cause since early manhoJd. Philip A. Hrobak, as a newspaperman, writer, histocian, linguist, fraternalist and organizer rose to heights in American Slovak life. His contributions to the Slovak cause in both English and Slovak are most noteworthy and memorable in Slovak history. Therefore, the Slovak League of America deems it a special honor to be able to lend itself to the legacy of Philip A. Hrobak. Not only did he honorably serve as a long time editor of JEDNOTA, as the founder and editor of "Slovak Newsletters," "Jednota Annual Furdek" and "Slo·v akia", but also as a distinguished President and member of the Executive Committee of the Slovak League of America-all this is his eternal monument. Bowing before his genius, we turn to our Slovak people and we seek recognition in 1974 of the unfinished dreams of Philip A. Hrobak and so-licit continued help in proving that we i>..re all worthy followers of this g,r eat son of our people. For the Slovak League of America, the year 1974 will be the time of increased activity, as he idealized and set by his example. In tribute to his linguistic talents, we can have the opportunity to help build a strong scholarship fund for the League, because the main purpose of this fund is to preserve and enhance, as he desired, the Slovak conscience in America. Surely, there cannot be any American Slovak who would not make his or her contribution to our scholarship fund in memory of Philip .A. Hirobak. The Slovak League of America also feels compelled to follow the SLOVAKIA 213 footsteps of Philip A. Hrobak in other fields. In the firat place, we must preserve and continue with the annual "Slovakia", we must daily and fairly continue to inform the American public of the ideals and accomplishments of the American Slovaks, and we must continue our cl-forts to renew the rightful place of the Slovak nation as an independent unit in the family of nations. These were the goals of Philip A. Hrobak, and our Slovak League has so proceeded in the last ten years since we with heavy hearts bid a sad farewell to our never-forgotten leader. With prayer, with labor, and with sacrifices we thus honor this meritocious Slovak son. May the memory of Philip A. Hrobak be perpetual. Edward J. Behuncik, President Dr. Joseph Pauco, Secretary As the others see it represented. What to me is more worse, is the attempt to sublimate the Slovaks into the Czech people. That's why we hear about a 'Czechoslovak nation'. It does not exists! Czecho-Slovakia is a political entity of two nations - the Czechs and the Slovaks. I never think of myself as Czech. I am Slovak and nothing else."- Rev. John Zornan, President of the Slovak Zion Synod, "What kind of man is Alex Del- National News, Pittsburgh, Pa., vecchio? (Playing for Detroit Red August 1, 1973. Wings.) He's middle aged, 41. A guy who you can't get in an "Despite the courage and per• argument with. His salt-and-pepper severance the Slovaks and other gray hair is impeccably coiffured peoples of Eastern Europe have around round Eastern European displayed time and again in their face (his late mother was a Slovak; relentless search for internal liberhis father Italian.)" - Bob Naylor, ties and external sovereignty, they Detroit Free Press, December 9, cannot achieve their goals without 1973. outside help. It is our duty, and only in keeping with our own "The idea of 'Slovak Heritage' is to extend our support. The ideals, quite intriguing to me. It implies world will not know genuine that we have one. Looking at hisevery country enjoys tory books, however, you might peace until freedom and can exercise the right have doubts. Even when discussing to self-determination. Central Europe, the Slovaks as a "The history of Slovakia is one nation are often forgotten or mis- "Call a Slovak Czechoslovak and you plant a burr under his skin. To a Slovak, named for a geograph• ic region divided by the wars and politics, that frequent error is more than just misnomer; it conveys a complete historical misunderstanding of who he is." - Sue Morse, The Herald Statesman, Yonkers, N. Y., November 30, 1973. 214 SLOVAKIA of turmoil, frustration, and heroic struggle. Your continued devotion to the cause of a free and independent Slovakia - despite hundreds of years of oppression - is an inspiration to those of us who cherish freedom as you do. These are the characteristics that help us, in maintaining a better and stronger America. "The existence of the World Congress is an important step in achieving your long delayed place among the family of the free naRobert P. Hanrahan, tions." Member of Congress. U.S. Senator Adlai E. Stevenson. "I am sure all of the American Slovaks sincerely wish to acknowledge the plight of their brethren under Communist oppression. The Slovak people strongly pursue the course that someday freedom will reign in all corners of the world. People of America need to be remainded of the severe repressing of Communist-held nations of the world endure." - U.S. Senator Hugh Scott. "Slovaks of Cleveland brought many Christmas customs from the old country, notably the custom of caroling. Among the most cherished Slovak folk songs are those sung at Christmas time. These carols are sung not only in churches, but also in the homes of the faithful, no matter how many generations they have lived here." - Sun Herald, Cleveland, 0., December 20, 1973. "We must re-dedicate ourselves to cause of all captives of Communism. Recognizing that the world cannot enjoy peace until all peoples are free from yoke of Communism. Please continue your dedication to the traditions, cultural life, religious beliefs, and desire for independence on behalf of Slo"There is a strong feeling of vak people everywhere."- Edward awareness among some ethnic J. Derwinski, Member of Congress. members of the younger generation. "I do want you to know I share There are also strong indications your commitment to the Slovak that the melting pot concept can people and to strengthening the no longer be maintained and that ties with their sons and daughters America is beginning to recognize throughout the world. I know we and appreciate the diversity of its will not falter in our efforts to ethnic populations in terms of a insure that no people need face re- new cultural pluralism."- Dr. Goy, pression and indignity as a result a member of City College's library of their yearning to be free." - faculty, New York, N. Y. SLOVAKIA 215 -------------- WHO'S WHO Among American Slovaks JOSEPH C. K RAJ SA It was a mark of social maturity when the Chamber of Commerce of the Greater Harrisburg Area decided to have "Slovak power" for its presidency. Such is progress that it is hardly news anymore when a second-generation American of ethnic background and working-class origins becomes the leader of the town's top capitalists. Pardon us, Karl Marx. Joseph Charles Krajsa is the 60th president of the Harrisburg Chamber. He is so ethnic that more than half the Chamber's members can't pronounce his name correctly: It is "Crysa," and Anglicized it would mean "nicer." Well beyond his own physical size - 6-foot-1 and 240 pounds Krajsa is a big man. He was manager of the Allentown Finance Co. for 14 years, which is owned by his older brother, John. He has the equivalent of two college degrees and has a speaking knowledge of seven languages. He was an outstanding football, baseball and basketball coach for 11 years. And, lastly, he served as auditor and vice president of the First Catholic Slovak Union, and is now the editor of its bilingual weekly, Jednota, and manager of the Jednota home, farm and printery. Very much a Slovak as a warm convivial person, Krajsa also is a Rotarian, Elk, Legionaire and democrat. He once was a topflight golfer who won country-club trophies. "I find more businessmen in this Chamber, for example, wanting to be more human, wanting to share their good fortune," he said. "The single-minded emphasis on economics has diminished. A person must be involved politically, socially and religiously, as well as economically, to be well-rounded, and more and more businessmen understand that." Krajsa, 56, grew up in Allentown. His father was a wire-worker from Skalica in Slovakia and emigrated to America in 1906. Old Joe Krajsa married a girl living here, Agnes Baranek, a native of Horna Krupa, Slovakia. He built his own home and started a corner grocery. Everybody knew and loved the Krajsas. "Put it on the book," or "na knizku," they said as Father Krajsa had a credit book, so the neighborhood could have its groceries. One of the articles in Krajsa's published Furdek 1974 is entitled "Slovaks Are Lovers." The author asserts, "Slovak mothers can equally match the 'Good Jewish Mother' of book fame." A Slovak mother will say to her daughter, "Ja som t'a nevychovala, aby si behala za muzami," or "I didn'-t raise you to go chasing after men." Many Slovaks came to America between 1880 and 1920, with most of them settling here between 1900 and 1910. Thousands settled in Pennsylvania, and the men became the muscle of this commonwealth's steel, coal and railroading indus- 216 SLOVAKIA tries. Of Slovak descent are Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, Penn State's great lineman, Mark Markovich; Will Hartack, Chuck Bednarik, Johnny Bucha and George Blanda. Stan Musial is half-Polish and half-Slovak. Blanda's mother is president of the Jednota lodge in Youngwood. There were 277 scattered Slovak fraternal organizations and widoworphan funds when in 1890 the Rev. Stephen Furdek, of Cleveland, organized the national union called Jednota (the word means union, or united). Nineteen years later the Middletown property of the aristocrat Simon Cameron Young was purchased for $38,000. What originally was 298 acres is now 255 acres, but worth well over one million dollars. The old orphanage, now phased out, cared for 4,000 children in its history. The newspaper Krajsa edits and writes for has a circulation of 40,000. Jednota also publishes 15 book titles annually. It is building a million dollar printery. Krajsa was elected editor for a three-year term in 1964, and he keeps being re-elected. He arrived in Middletown when Olmsted Air Force Base was closing, so immediately he plunged into civic activity. It got him involved in Chamber of Commerce work, and he did so well that the Chamber named him president last October. Krajsa had a typical Americanimmigrant family upbringing. He did well in his studies. He captained Allentown Central Catholic High School's basketball team, was center on the football team and pitched for the baseball team. He went on to East Stroudsburg State College, where he was a stellar athlete, and then was a Navy chief petty officer in World War II. After the war, he married Romanza Fairman, from Kansas City, and settled in Allentown. He put in 11 years at Central Catholic High lurning in several state championship teams and ending up as athletic director. Meanwhile, he was in the finance business, too. The Krajsas have four children: Joe, in insurance, Mike, administrative assistant in the Agriculture Department; Maryagnes, assistant to the Dauphin County Democratic chairman, and George, an athlete at Middletown High. Krajsa's desire for the Chamber of Commerce is a Slovak's wish for more unity, more strength of purpose and more aggressiveness for the community. "We can get unity and not take a thing away from anybody," he said looking toward the West Shore. He believes that the county line should be easier to cross than the ethnic line over which his presidency already has triumphed. Paul B. Beers, Associated Editor The Evening News Harrisburg, Pa. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA heartily commends all efforts of our governmental and other organs to ferret out and unmask all Communists and fellow travellers, as well as all persons and organizations who wittingly or unwittingly give aid and comfort to the conspiracy of Communism promoted by the Soviet Union. SLOVAKIA - 217 Book Reviews Books on Slovakia and Slovaks Reviewed by Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum writes about the Czech l.'esistance during the last years of the War. Three contributions deal with the Slovak problem. Hans Kaiser writes about integration of Slovakia into national socialist war economy; In this carefully edited volume, Ladislav Lipscher examines the in12 German scholars and specialists fluence of the Third Reich on the in Czecho-Slovak affairs analyze the policy of the Slovak government eventful year of 1945 in Czecho- with regard to the Jewish problem, Slovakia. Some of the contributors and Jorg K. Hoensch gives a generare known as experts in the prob- al survey of the situation in Slovalems of Eastern Europe. Others kia in 1945. specialized in the German-Czech The remaining contributions deal relations or in the Slovak problem. with the transfer of the Sudeten Since until recently the German Germans and its consequences (Pescholars avoided publishing the re- ter Burian); with rebuilding of the sults of their research on Czecho- Communist Party of Czecho-SlovaSlovakia, their views will be of lda in 1945 (Heinrich Kuhn); with interest for schoiars in the West. the constitutional problems in The volume gives a survey of Czecho-Slovakia in 1945 (Helmut international, national and socio- Slapnicka); and with the integraeconomic problems in Czecho-Slova- tion of the Sudeten German expelkia in 1945, but two contributions, lees in Germany. The book provides abundant inone by Ferdinand Seibt, and the other by Karl Bosl, outline the formation on each topic and referhistorical background of boundary ences to sources used indicate that problems and basic information on German scholars weve dealing with the division of Germany by the their subjects with great effort to present an objective picture of Allies. Further contributions deal with Czecho-Slovakia in 1945. Their Czecho-Slovakia itself during the views and conclusions will, thereWar and her l'estoration in 1945. fore, be at variance with some Peter Kruger gives a survey of the Western specialists in East Central views of the Allies on Czecho-Slo- ; Europe, including the emigre Czech vakia from the Atlantic Charter to j historians. Czecho-Slovakia has the Potsdam Conference; Martin K. been presented in the West during Bachstein outlines the policy of I the past decades with evident relithe social democratic exiles from ance on Czech sources and favoring Czecho-Slovakia and Detlef Brandes I the Czechs. Especially Slovakia was Karl Bosl: Das Jahr 1945 in der Tschechoslowakei, Vortrag,e der wissenschaftlichen Tagung des Collegium Carolinum, R. Oldenbourg, Mlinchen-Wien, 1971, 316 p. 218 SLOVAKIA treated with bias, mostly as a "postscriptum" to Czech history, and the cruel and often inhuman treatment of minorities or political adversaries was overlooked. German scholars endeavored to be factual and objective and since some of them were born or raised in Czecho-Slovakia, their knowledge of the prob!ems discussed in their contribution cannot be doubted. Nevertheless, they present a German view, because nobody can separate himself fr.om his own background and personal or national experience. · And the manner in which Prague solved the Sudeten German problem in 1945 was bound to create deep resentiment and animosity, which is not easy to overcome. Slovakia is treated in the book with more understanding and impa.rtiality than is the usual case in Western historiography; there is nevertheless certain bias in all three contributors "with regard to the Slovak republic, including the article ·by Jorg Hoensch. Hoensch published two well researched books on Slovakia in the past but, in many instances, adopted the Czech or the Slovak Marxist view of the wartime Slovakia. This also occurred in his present contribution which is well researched and refers also to Slovak emigre political literature. Nevertheless, some conclusions were made by Hoensch on assumptions and not on facts. For instance, his view that "the majority of the Slovak leading strata and, even more, the large masses of the population believed during the war that their social ,i nterest and political rights would be better preserved in the restored Czechoslovakia" and that the Slovak Republic "could not give proof -of its viability (Lebensfiihigkeit)" is a part of Czech and Communist propaganda which was recen_tly contradicted and abandoned even by Slovak Marxist historians (see books by L. Liptak and S. Falt'an). Likewise is disputable his statement that the "Slovak population accepted with equal passivity the introduction of the peoples democracy and the declaration of the Slovak Republic." The enthusiastic manifestations in Slovakia in 1939 can hardly be compared with the fear from rape, confiscation, deportation and hiding in cellars which ·could be witness in Slovakia ' during the first months of the restoration of Czecho-Slovakia. Also treated in the volume are two important problems for Slovakia during the war years: the integration of Slovakia into the German war economy and the policy of the Slovak government with regard to the Jewish problem. Hans Kaiser deals with the first topic and gives a well researched survey of the impact of Germany on Slovak economy, and of the pressures used by Berlin on the Slovak government. Kaiser's contribution is the first one in the West to deal expertly · with the subject. So far, only the Marxist historians or economists published studies on the economic situation in Slovakia during th e War and their approach was a priori hostile. The views of the members of the Slovak government and Slovak economists who did not side with the regime imposed upon Slovakia in 1945, are buried in the archives of the "people's courts" and only in part were published by Slovak emigre politicians and writers. The picture of Slovak :war economy presented by Kaiser cannot, therefore, be without flaws. It is, in any case, a useful basis for further research and full presentation of the economic development of Slovakia during the Second , World War. SLOVAKIA · 219 The third contributio n dealing I Horst Glass!: Die slowakische Geschichtswis senschaft nach 1945 with Slovakia touches on the prob(Slovak Historiogra phy After !em which harmed Slovaks and 1945), Otto Harrassowi tz, Wies their reputation in the world, but baden, 1971, 166 pages, Register. the11e were only a few attempts to put the policy of the Slovak governThe author and the publisher of ment towa!'ds Jews into a proper this book deserve recognition for perspective. making available to Western scholars and students of history an Lipscher's contributio n analyzes objective survey of Slovak historithe influence of the Third Reich on ography after 1945. Except for that policy on the basis of G€rman short summaries in one or two archives and partly also on the foreign languages, writings of Slohave been published Slovak sources. In comparison vak historians 1945 exclusively in Slovak since with many articles published on and, as such, they have remained this subject in the West, Lipscher's inaccessible to most of foreign hiscontributio n is marked by an effort torians. Glassl's book provides at to present the policy of the Slovak least those Western historians who impartial governmen t more objectively and read German with an phy and historiogra Slovak at look with considerab le restraint from during blaming only the Slovak govern- its remarkable developme nt decades. two past the ment in harsh terms, as has been the case until now. Lipscher does The book is the result of a thornot make any reference to sources ough research in Slovakia itself. of Slovak emigre historians and The author compiled considerab le political writers who dealt with the knowledge of writings on Slovak subject and he recognized that the history by both the old traditionalproblem would require further ist and the recent Marxist historistudy. This indicates that he enIn his attempt to give an obans. deJvored to approach the problem pictul'e he points to the jective wi th impartiality and, as a result, and ideological interrestrictions his contributio n may be a beginwhich Slovak histounder ference ning of dealing with the tragedy or remain silent write to had rians of Jews in Slovakia with more "It lasted 1956. until 1948 after understand ing of the circumstan ces "before Glassl, says years," several and pressures under which the developthe that possible was it Slovaks could not save more Jewment of Slovak historiogra phy and ish citizens than they did. research could come up with noA complete review of this volume ticeable results. Under the pressure would, of course, require to deal of the circumstan ces in those years with all the other contributio ns (Slovak) histo1ians had to take into which give a survey of many prob- considerati on the political goals lems in the Czech part of Czecho- and requiremen ts. The Communist Slovakia, and analyze the relations Party which took over power in between Czechs and G€rmans in- Czecho-Slovakia required complete cluding the expulsion, often under re-writing of the whole historiinhuman circumstan ces, of the Su- ography acco11ding to Marxist crideten Germans. teria ... many historians were fired 220 SLOVAKIA from their positions, and some of works on Slovakia. The author made undoubtedly a very thorough th,em were even sent to jails." On the other hand, the author research into the writings and publications of Slovak historians and underlines that there was a remarkable development of Slovak produced a standard work on a historiography since the War either high academic level. in the number of books published or in the number of institutes and people involved in research. Unlike Marxist or some Western historians, Glass! also states that "during the period of the Slovak Republic (]939-1945) , there was a fruitful development in the field of historical research even though the war was not the right time for a successful build-up of this discipline." He considers it as wrong and unjust of the Marxist historians to belittle the results of this period in research into the history of Slovakia. Glass! also refers to the writings of Slovak scholars in Western countries but for some reason he became acquainted only with the works published by Prof. M. Lacko and with one book and one essay by this reviewer. Writings of other Slovak historians, especially those pertaining to the period of the 18th and 19th centuries, escaped the author, which is regrettable, because they shed a different light on Slovak national awakening from that of Marxist historiography. The book stops at the year 1918 and leaves out the past 60 years during which Slovakia, as well as Slovak historiography, experienced an unexpected development. The explanation for this is given by the author in the Preface by one sentence: "For understandable political reasons, the inclusion in this survey of the writings dealing exclusive,l y with the period 1918-1960 was abandoned." Even in the present form the book is a very valuable scholarly addition to the foreign language MORE ABOUT BOOKS Slov akia in the 19th and 20th Centuries, Edited by Prof. Joseph M. Kirschbaum ; Preface by S. B. Roman, published by the Slovak World Congress, Toronto, Ont. , 1973, 368 p., bibl., $12.50. The Slovak World Congress published for the General Meeting held in Chicago on June 28th-July 1st, 1973, another English book on Slovakia which deserves special attention. While the first publication by the Congress outlined the historical and cultural background of Slovakia, this new voluminous work will give the readers an insight into the political and literary developments in Slovakia in the 19th and 20th centuries. In his Preface to the book, the President of the Slovak World Congress, Stephen B. Roman, explains that the Slovak World Congress "undertook to publish this book with the desire to contribute to the search for historical truth about Slovaks and thereby to help better understanding and co-operation among the nations of Central Europe. It is our firm belief that peoples of that vital area can regain their political freedom and build their future only in close co-oper ation and only if each recognizes the equal rights to independence that each has." One cannot but agree with such aim and the contents of the book confirm that it was also the intention of the editor and contributors. The book is composed of contributions by 20 authors, four of 221 SLOVAKIA whom are of non-Slovak origin, and it is divided into four parts. The first part deals with Slovak national philosophy and the subject is treated by two known Slovak professors, Charles Murin from the University of Montreal, and Stefan Polakovic, former professor at the University of Bratislava. The second part deals with Slovak politics and culture in the 19th and 20th centuries and contains contributions by Prof. J. A. Mikus, Msgr. J. Rekem, Dr. Stefan Osusky, Prof. F . Vnuk, Dr. F. f>urcansky, Prof. E. Loebl, Prof. Stefan Glejdura, Dr. lmrich Kruzliak and Rev. Mikulas Sprinc. Part three deals with the relations of Slovakia with her neighbors and among the contributors are mostly authors of non-Slovak origin. On Slovakia under the Habsburg rule, an interesting survey was written by a members of the Jlabsburg dynasty, Archduke Robert of Austria while Slovak-Hungarian relations are treated by Prof. George Perenyi-Lukacs with comments by Dr. Arved Grebert and Prof. J . M. Kirschbaum. Prof. Thaddeus Gromada contributed an excellent essay on Slovak-Polish relations and Slovak-Russian relations are analyzed and evaluated by Prof. Stefan Glejdura and Miroslav Licko. Prof. Kurt Glaser, author of the book, Czecho-Slovakia - A Critical History, closed this chapter with a scholarly treatise on "National States Versus Federalism in Central European Future," commented upon by Prof J. A. Mikus and Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum. In the last part, the book deals with Slovaks abroad and their attitude towards Slovakia. It contains two essays, one by Dr. Joseph Pauro and another by Dr. F . Braxator. An extensive Select Bibliography on Slovakia completes the contents of this standard work. We cannot but welcome this new English book on Slovakia and Slovaks abroad. It fills an important gap which existed for a long time in presenting Slovakia's political and cultural development in the 19th and 20th centuries to the Western world in an objective manner. For the first time 20 experts are expressing their opinions on various subjects pertaining to Slovakia. They belong not only to two generations, as the editor of the book observed, but "also represent two schools of thought and, therefore, the book presents a confrontation of views on the Slovak p:i.st and present." In form and contents, the book is a scholarly work. The editor, Prof. J . M. Kirschbaum, took his task seriously and enhanced the volume by an extensive bibliography in several languages. He also paid tribute to American Slovaks by stating that "at the end of the First World War, Slovakia was freed from Hungarian rule above all by the efforts of Slovaks who settled in the United States and by Slovak legionaries fighting on the side of the victorious powers. This gave American Slovaks and all Slovaks abroad not only recognition and a new sense of patriotism but also a consciousness of their mission to speak on behalf of the Slovak people when they are silenced." It would be desirable that this volume be followed by a book on Slovak culture, especially arts and literature of the past two hundred years. A conference on these topics, at the next general meeting of the Congress could help to achieve this goal. Joseph P a u co 222 SLOVAKIA TWO PUBLICATIONS BY l\'lATICA SLOVENSKA Matica slovenska was degraded by the Communist regime and went through several periods of regimentation and persecution of her leading representatives and cultural workers. Independent of political pressure and refusing to serve political parties or ideologies, Matica slovenska was, before 1945, a cultural institution which belonged to the nation and represented the highest aspirations of all Slovaks. The Communist Party made Matica slovenska a subservient tool of the regimes imposed upon S'lovakia since 1945. In spite of this nefarious situation, Matica slovenska succeeded in developing Slovak culture at least in some sectors. Among these sectors, literary history and philology deserve our consideration. vakia from literary to musical. This was a neglected sector in the past mainly due to the lack of experts and, therefore, we have to welcome this publication. Of special interest for elucidating some periods of Slovak history is, however, the essay by Jozef Kuzmik : Book Culture Among the Slova/c Slavs in the Years 863-1000. The period of Great Moravia became a favored subject for Slovak intellectuals during the past two decades. In Kuzmik's contribution we find some interesting information about the territorial extent of the ancestors of today's Slovaks, as well as about their book culture which were in the past hardly known or were insufficiently explored. Unfortunately, the publication has only a Russian and German summary and, therefore, it is accessible to a very limited number For several years, Matica has of scholars in the Anglo-Saxon published a series of publications world where there are still many dealing with Slovak literary life misconceptions about the Slovak entitled:Letopis pamiitnika sloven- past. A new confusion was created s/cej literatury and Literarny ar- even recently by scholars of Magchiv. We have revi,ewed some issues yar background who tried to deny in the past in Slovakia, underlying the cultural heritage of the Great their significance for Slovak litera- Moravian period to Slovaks. Li t erarny archiv 8/ 71 is a valuture. We have now received Litercirny archiv 8/ 71, edited by Michal able source for literary history on Elias, and Letopis 19 72 , edited by several Slovak poets and writers Juraj Chovan-Rehak, and some not only of the 19th century but comments would perhaps be ap- also of the 20th century. The publication deals mostly with archive propriate. Letopis 1972 contains a number of materials, unknown manuscripts, or contributions dealing with various correspondence among leading Slosubjects from book culture (kniz- vak literary figures and cultural na kultura) among Slovak Slavs in workers. Even though the Commuthe years 863-1000 to several in- nist regime tried to regiment Sloteresting contributions on the de- vak literary history and endeavorvelopment of museums in Slovakia ed to impose Marxist criteria, Sloand the idiomatic vocabulary in vak intellectuals display more or the writing of Martin Kukucin. The less equal interest in the literary main part of the book is dedicated life of poets and writers who were to the history and development of I neglected in the past because of various types of museums in Slo- their religion or ideological orien- SLOVAKIA 223 Literature, government, law, education, etc. Even though hardly complete, the Bibliography shows that Canadian Slavists were not idle during the twenty post-war years. In spite of the fact that Slavic studies had to start in Canada from scratch, the Bibliography contains many titles of books, essays, studies and articles, which have given Canadian students a new picture of the history, culture and civilization of the Slavic peoples. From the Slovak point of view, we have many reasons to welcome this Bibliography. Similar American or European bibliographies either overlooked books, publicaJ.M. Kirschbaum tions and essays on Slovak history, Daniel Dorotich (ed.) : A Bibliogra- Language and literature by Slovak phy of Canadian Slavists 1951- authors, or made selection of writ1971 , University of Saskatchewan ings which presented Slovakia and Publications, Saskatoon, Sask., Slovak culture in the light of ad1972. verse propaganda and Czech linAfter the Second World War, a guistic and literary theses. The misnumber of Canadian universities conceptions about the Slovak people added to their usual curricular and their culture were cultivated courses on Slavic languages, litera- especially by the older generations ture and civilization. At some uni- of Slavists who studied at the Universities special Centres or Depart- versity of Prague and use as their ments of Slavic Studies were organ- source of information books pubized, while at other universities lished by Czech scholars before Slavic languages, literature and and during the Second World War. The new generation of Slavists history were taught within Departm ents of Modern Languages and at American and Canadian univerLiteratures and in History Depart- sities gradually detached itself from the old school. Using source ments. In Canada, professors of Slavic materials published in today's Slostudies were soon organized in the vakia and other socialist countries Ca nadian Association of Slavists ' as well as in Western countries' which held every year an annual they have no more any doubt that meeting within the framework of Slovaks are a distinct nation and Canadian Learned Societies. The their language and literature have present Bibliography gives an in- developed independently of the sight into the writings and pub- Czechs or other Slavs. The Bibliography compiled and lications of the members of the edited by Prof. Dorotich reflects Association. Prof. Dorotich, in compiling and this new trend in Slavic studies editing the Bibliography, followed with regard to Slovakia. By inlhe •usual division of subject mat- eluding over 50 titles (books, monoters _into general history, languages, graphs, essays, articles) published talion and those who were closer to the socialist outlook. As a result, Literarny archiv contains interesting information on Bernolak, Stur, Vajansky and Radlinsky, as well as on Janko Kral', Roy, Hamuljak and others. It is regrettable that also in this publication the summary is only in Russian and German. For Slovak literary history, both publications are nevertheless of importance and unveil to a great degree some periods of Slovak cultural development which were intentionally neglected before 1938 as well as during the Stalinist period. 224 SLOVAKIA by Prof. J . M. Kirschbaum in five languages, the Bibliography presents a new picture of Slovak history, culture, language and literature. Not only the main works on Slovakia in English are recorded, but also one book published in Slovak, monographs and essays in French, English, German and Spanish. In fact, the Bibliography is more complete in this respect that the Slovak Bibliography Abroad compiled by Prof. M. Lacko and published by the Slovak Institute (Rome, 1967). Since the Bibliography will go into the hands of many Slavists and into university libraries, we welcome this publication as a very useful guide for students and professors of Slavic studies. Joseph Pauco Joseph Pauco: Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike (Slovak Pioneers in America), The First Catholic Slovak Union, Cleveland, Ohio, 1972, English Introduction by J. C. Krajsa, Ill., 360 pages. Slovaks in the United States played an important role in the history of the Slovak people, but a complete story of their endeavors on behalf of Slovakia, their struggle for preserving national consciousness and cultural heritage has not yet been published. Due to political circumstances in Slovakia, historians either were not allowed or had no possibility to carry out research in order to compile a standard work which would present Slovaks in the United States in an objective light. It was only during the Second World War that two volumes: Dejiny Slovakov v Amerike (History of Slovaks in America) by Konstantin Culen were published in Slovakia. Since that time, only Slovak exiled intellectuals, including Culen, carried out a research and published monographs on the life and achievements of the large Slovak ethnic group in the United States. Historians in Slovakia were either not allowed by ,t he Communist regime or for ideological reasons avoided recording their struggle for survival and the many contributions of American Slovaks not only to their own national life but also to the fight for freedom and independence of the Slovak people. After Prof. F . Hrusovsky and K. Culen, Dr. Joseph Pauco deserves main credit for systematic research into the past and present of American Slovaks. For the past 20 years he published monographs on individual Slovak leaders and organizations of which the voluminous history of the First Catholic Slovak union deserves particular mention. In the present book he deals with 55 outstanding Slovak leaders who did the pioneering organizational, cultural and religious work among American Slovaks. The importance of this book should be, however, measured not only according to its literary value, but also against the fact that there are no organized archives and many printed documents are perishing. In spite of this, Dr. Pauco gathered many valuable facts about the individual leaders among whom there are clergymen of both denominations - Catholic and Lutheran - outstanding organizers of Slovak fraternal and cultural life, men and women of great dedication to the cause of preservation of Slovak cultural heritage. The author approached his subjects with great abjectivity and painted their profiles in a fluent, uncomplicated style to make the book readab1e to the general public and, at the same time, by many references to printed sources, useful to historians and researchers. SLOVAKIA Some of the chapters are shorter and contain only the most important data. Others present a full life story and evaluation of the activities and of the role the individual leaders played in the Slovak organizational, religious and cultural life in America. The reason for the uneven treatment of some pioneers was given by the author in the introduction to the book. As he says he was sometimes unable to gather, even the most neces~ary information, because there was no organization and no individuals in the past who would have preserved old newpapers, almanacs, minutes of meetings, or other archive materials. Since the Second World War the Slovak Institute in Cleveland and the recently organized Jankola Library have made an effort to gather and preserve archive materials pertaining to the Slovak ethnic group in the United States. In these circumstances, Pauco's present work, as well as his book on the First Catholic Slovak Union and numerous monographs, deserve special recognition. The book has, however, also its own value due to its composition, contents and style. Dr. Pauco produced a standard work comparable with writings of this kind on any other ethnic groups in America. The book also has a useful introduction by Joseph C. Krajsa, but it lack an English summary which would have given to the younger generations of American Slovaks and researchers at least the basic information on Slovak pioneers in America. Unless the author and the publisher intend to publish this work in English, it would be a useful thing to attach to the second edition an extensive English summary. J. M. Ki rs c h b au m 225 Joseph L. Dieska: "Faith and Reason" in the Life and Philosophy of Jacques Maritain, An Offprint from Most, Vol. XIX, No. 3-4, Cleveland, Ohio, 1973. Shortly before the death of the famous French philosopher, Jacques Maritain, Slovaks paid his tribute on the occasion of his 90th birthday in a commemorative study by Prof. Joseph L. Dieska under the title The Religious and Philo sophical Profile of Jacques Maritain. The scholarly essay was pub- lished in Slovak but the author prepared also an English version under the above title. Prof. Dieska was one of the known adherents of Maritain's philosophy already in Slovakia, and pursued his interests in the great Catholic philosopher's concepts also as Professor of Philosophy at the University of Dayton, Ohio, where he has taught for the past several years. The present essay is one of his numerous articles on the subjects. The Slovak and English texts contain a well written and well documented insight and analysis of Maritain's religious and philosophical profile. Dieska approached Maritain's philosophy from the position of "Faith and Reason" and explains the role of reason as well as the mystery of faith in Maritain's philosophy which became a part of the Catholic doctrine and influenced the thinking of several generations in Europe and elsewhere. His theories of creative evolution and his ability to find basic reality through intuition ,e xalted the spirit of man in many parts of the world. Known as neo-Thomism Maritain's philosophy anchors in the works and philosophical concepts of St. Thomas Aquinas. As Dieska explains, Maritain became adherent to the philosophy of St. Thomas as a result of his own independent reflections and 226 SLOVAKIA studies of various philosophers and ing tribute to Maritain also on because of the comparison he made behalf of Slovak intellectuals who between them. He found the truth are silenced in their native counhe was searching for in the an- try where Maritain's philosophy had a strong influence before Marxswers of St. Thomas. However, if it is true that Mari- ism was imposed as the only philotain followed the logic and argu- sophical concept tolerated by the mentation of St. Thomas, he put regime. J. M. Ki rs c h b au m both, in the view of Prof. Dieska, in a " new, modern, and contemporary setting. His language was ad- Encydopedic Directory of Ethnic Newspapers and P eriodicals in justed to the philosophical expresthe United States. By Lubomyr sions used today. His arguments R. Wynar. 260 pp. Libraries Unare aimed at and against modern limited, Inc., Littleton, Colorado, and recent objectors and critics. 1972. $12.50. And above all, when he speaks of For those interested in ethnic the necessity of taking faith and supernatural, revealed truths into studies a valuable tool has recentconsiderations while solving the ly been published to aid in learning political, social, ethical and estheti- 1 about the complex mosaic that is cal difficulties and 'crises' of our ' the United States of America. time, Maritain must transcend Tho- Whereas in the past the student mas and go much farther not, of of ethnic Americana had to wade course, in essential immutable, and through Ulrich's directories, or universally valid principles but in through state manuals, or specialtheir applications to the new, dif- ized histories, facility in locating Icrent and more complex situations data about 903 ethnic publications and issues. In these new approach- can now be had by utilizing Luboes lie the tremendous responsibility myr R. Wynar's Encyclopedic Diand significance of Maritain's Tho- rectory of Ethnic Newspapers and mistic solutions, proposals and Periodicals in the United States. often even sharp and merciless Included in this directory are escriticisms of the 'evils of time'"- scntials about 53 ethnic presses, ranging from the Albanian Press, concludes Dieska. As St. Thomas had found in Assyrian Press, Italian Press, JaAristotle a philosophical basis for panese Pr,ess, Slovak Press, Ukrainreconciling man's reason and ian Press, etc. , to some not poChristian faith, so Maritain, in half pular enough presses such as the a lifetime of philosophical study, Cossack, Cax,patho-Ruthenian, Flembrought a rejuvenated Thomism ish, Swiss, and Welsh. In cases such as Croatian, Sloveinto a modern age of scepticism and science. After the Second nian, and Serbian, there is a generWorld War, Maritain's vision and al heading as Yugoslav, which in philosophy helped lend strength effect increases the number of also to the whole Christian demo- presses substantially beyond the cratic movement which stood as a figure of 53. Data cited for pub1.Julwark against Communism and lications are: title translations, year founded, complete address to the Catholic Church. The author and the editor of (including ZIP), name of editor, Most deserve recognition for pub- language(s) , sponsor, circulation, Jishing both versions and for pay- frequency of publication, and sub- SLOVAKIA scription rate. In additions commentaries aid in explaining the scope of publications., e.g., the following for "The Handbook Ilbo'' (The Korea Times): "This publication, the only Korean daily in the United States, carries international, national, and local news of interest of the Korean community. Jllustrated. " Professor Wynar of Kent State University, both a librarian and an ethnic specialist, includes a very interesting Appendix of Statistical Analysis for each ethnic group, summarizing the number of publications, weekly circulation totals, monthly circulation totals, totals for native language publications, bi-lingual totals, and English language totals. An index to the publications completes the book. An interesting addendum to the book would have been an analysis of ethnic publications in each of the fifty states. This directory truly is the first comprehensive annotated guide to the current ethnic press in the United States and with its clear type and excellent alphabetical format clearly rates an A. Paul F e n c h a k Panorama: A H i storical Review of the Czechs and Slovaks i n the United States of America. Pub- lished by the Czechoslovak National Council of America, Cicero, Ill., U.S.A. Cicero-Berwyn Press, 1970, pp. 328, index. It is quite evident that there exists today in America a need for authorative works on the histories of the various ethnic groups which have contributed to the development of America. Objective, factual and concise histories of the various groups is essential. This volume of the dual histories of the Czech 227 and Slovak immigrations to America, unfortunately from a viewpoint of abjective Slovak history, seems to lack sufficient factual data to be accepted as a history of the Slovak immigration to America. From the standpoint of the history of the Czech immigration it is factu al, unbiased history but even then much is amiss particularly in the area of the religious development of the Czech community in the United States. Two basic criticisms can be found in the basic format of the work. The single most important error in the work is the fact that the various writers of Slovak topics are weak in objective reporting, so necessary in a historical work of this kind . Unfortunately the writers, who are of the " Czechoslovak" philosophical persuasion, would wa nt the reader to actually believe that only those Slovak organizations which support that philosophy have contributed to the development of the Slovak American community. In fact it must be remembered that over eighty per cent of the organized Slovak American community does not support the '· Czechoslovak" philosophy but ra ther a distinct Slovak philosophy within the family of nations. The authors seem to infer that the staunch Catholic mass of Slovak immigrants contributed little if anything at all to the development of the Slovak community in Am erica. It appears that such notables as Father Stephen Furdek, founder of the First Catholic Slovak Union, the co-founder of the First Catholic Slovak Ladies. Association and the founder of the Slovak League of America played a very minor role in the development of the Slovak community. Other prominent leaders such as Father Matthew Jankola, Joseph Rusek, 228 SLOVAKIA Anna Hurban and Philip Hrobak are not even mentioned. The second most important ingredient which is lacking in this work is organization. Various bits and pieces are scattered throughout the work on both the Czech and Slovak development in America and from an academic journalistic point of view it is quite primitive in its presentation. Too many writers cover certain geographical areas of the Slovak immigration but much is ignored and almost always repetitious. Too often the writers are offering opinionated biased reporting which is not acc-eptable by the vast majority of the Slovak community today. There exists a certain disorganization present in the work and most often it effects an objective Slovak history. In one area in particular the work is both factually deficient and openly opinionated, that is the area of the Slovak organization" in the United States. Such organizations as "Catholic Slovak Unity, Catholic Slovak Women's Unity. Unity of Catholic Sokols" are not acceptable as Slovak organizations, as such do not exist. Again faulty research is evidenced in the presentation of Slovak organizations. One area lists "all" the Czech and Slovak organizations in America and the largest and most important Slovak societies are not listed. Subjective reporting would lead one to believe that indeed the Slovak Gymnastic Union Sokol is the most importa nt and influential organization of Americans of Slovak descent. However factual research will reveal to the alert writer that in fact the above named organization has a membership of less than 24,000 while the First Catholic Slovak Union, the First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association, the Slovak Catholic Sokol, the Pennsyl- vania Slovak Catholic Union, the Ladies Pennsylvania Slovak Catholic Union and the First Slovak Wreath of the Free Eagle have a combined membership of over 300,000. The informed reader will at once note that Sokol U.S.A., as it is commonly associated and pubblicised in the America press is of the "Czechoslovak" philosophical persuasion while the other Catholic Slovak organizations representing the overwhelming majority of organized Americans of Slovak descent are not of the appendage philosophy but rather support a distinct Slovak path completely free of Czech domination. Another noteworthy fact is that the Sokol U.S.A. is the only Slovak organization of any magnitude which is a member of the Czechoslovak National Council of America. Included in the work is a Who's Who among Americans of Czech and Slovak ancestry. Again only those Slovaks who support the idea of a "Czechoslovak" culture, language and heritage are included. Not only are the above mentioned Slovaks notably absent but such luminary as Bishop Andrew G. Grutka, D.D., the Roman Catholic Bishop of Gary, Indiana and countless others who have contributed to the growth and development of the Slovak American Community. In the final analysis the work offers little insight into the history and development of the Slovaks in America. The history of the Czechs in America is acceptable but no t commendable since again the underlining theme is to discredit any theistic organizational development. The work in general is primitive in the Slovak sense and therefore can not be accepted as a factual history of the Slovaks in America. This work is a prime example of Czech and "Czechoslovak" chauvin- SLOVAKIA 229 ism in the interpretation of Slovak suring Czech hegemony in CzechoSlovakia, regardless of the fact history. Daniel F. Tanzone that the Communist movement is discredited by their policy. In some Eugen Steiner: The Slovak Dilem- ways Czech Communists resemble ma, Cambridge, at the University to Czech non-Communists or antiPress, 1973, 229 pages. Series Communists who used and still are International Studies, Published using democracy, socialism, liberalfor the Centre for International ism or Catholicism for imposing or Studies, London School of Eco- maintaining Czech hegemony over nomics and Political Sciences. others, especially Slovaks. The situation in Czecho-Slovakia between inthe in writes author the As troduction his aim was "to trace 1918-1938 attests to it sufficiently. the Communist attitude to national- The policy of Prague Governments ism, and to define the effects of from 1918 to this day proved that this attitude as far as the Slovaks Czechs are not capable to fulfill the arc concerned." Or in other words mission which the victorious Powhe "deals in microcosm with a ers entrusted to them in 1918 or major problem which lies at the again in 1945. Czecho-Slovalda did heart of the Soviet Union's policies, not become a barrier against German expansion or a bridge between internal and external." (p. 3) and West. Czech governments East Dr. Steiner uses the case of Slovakia to show how Communism forced into opposition against the fa iled to solve nationality problems. European block which created Not only in the Soviet Union was Czecho-Slovakia, not only the mithis problem hidden behind slogans norities but also Slovaks. Czech on the equality of nations, while politicians did not honor any agreethe Russians are the rulers, but ment, promise or pledge given to also in restored and by Communists Slovaks. They practiced such a policy regoverned Czecho-Slovakia. Steiner's book leaves no doubt that the Marx- gardless of the danger for the Leninist thesis on the problems of existence of the state or the misnationalities did not bring a satis- sion Czecho-Slovakia was to fulfill factory solution to the relations according to its friends and creabetween the Czechs and Slovaks; tors. After occupying Slovakia with on the contrary, since 1945 when the help of French and Italian Czecho-Slovakia was restored (a- military units in 1918, and with the gainst the will of majority of Slo- help of the Soviet armies in 1945, vaks) the Czech rule was imposed they disregarded their promises on Slovaks step by step, brutally and the rights of Slovaks to selfand without regard to promises and government. About the period of agreements. Up to 1948, the Czech 1918-1938 there is in Western lanCommunists found accomplices in guages comparatively large literanon-Communists. After 1948, they ture dealing with this subject. The imposed their rule on Slovaks with book by Dr. Steiner gives to Westthe help of a handful of collabora- ern readers sufficient information tors from Slovakia, mostly of non- and documentary evidence for the Slovak origin (Bacilek, Bil'ak, Mos- period of 1945-1968. Dr. Steiner writes in the introkovic, Daubner, Siroky and others). Czech Communists are using Com- duction to his book that he has munism as an instrument for as- "chosen exile as a Jew, as a Com- 230 SLOVAK.IA On the cover of Steiner's book munist and as a Slovak." He wrote his book from this point of view, there are reproductions of pictures which makes his work more inter- from demonstrations of Slovak esting and more valuable. It is a youth in Bratislava against the testimony of a "Jew, Communist Soviet occupation in August 1968. and Slovak" about the political On the posters we can read: "Slodevelopments in Slovakia in this vaks stand firm, they won't pass! Occupa nts go home!" These slogans century. His background and ideological o- express the feelings of Slovaks in rientation explain to a great degree Slovakia as well as abroad not only not only his favorable attitude to- against the So·,iet occupants, but wards regimes in 1918-1938 (though any occupants, including the Czechs. Czech Statistics can easily prove This conclusion can be found, if the opposite) but his negative stand carefully read, also in Dr. Steiner's towards the Slovak republic of book: The Slovak Dilemma. Dr. A. Gr eb er t, 1939-1945 as well. We understand Geneva, Switzerland that the anti-communist and antijewish measures of the Slovak Government could not meet with Slovak Studies, Historica 7 and 8, Vol. X and XI, Slovak Institute, his approval. It is, however, hard Rome-Cleveland, Editor Prof. M. to understand his attitude towards Lacko, S. J . Dr. Benes and his Government-inBoth volumes of Slovak Studies exile. Even such adherents of "Czechoslovakism" as were Dr. M. deal with history of Slovakia and Hodfu and Dr. S. Osusky disagreed except for the contribution by Dr. and at the end fought against Be- S. Nahalka, with the events of our nes and his anti-Slovak policy which century. Since the Marxist historihe later (after 1945) also practiced ans not only avoid certain subjects in co-operation with Czech Commu- but also write with prejudice and nists and non-Communists. Unfor- strictly from the Marxist point of tunately, Dr. Steiner deals with view, these volumes perform specific this rather superficially and un- role in historiography on Slovakia. convincingly. The post-war develop- In addition, their value is enhanced ments in Czecho-Slovakia prove by the fact that they are published that the Slovak-Czech antagonism in foreign language and two of the is not a matter of temporary politi - contributors were educated abroad. Students of modern Slovak hiscal situation but a fundamental and lasting feature of Slovak-Czech tory will welcome especially the relations. It is impossible to solve Ph.D. thesis by Sister M. E. Lubek, this problem within the "Czecho- "An Inquiry into the United States Slovak" framework. The successive _ Czechoslovak Relations between a_bolition, ~~er 1969, _of C~nstitu- I 1918-1948." There were many myths t10nal prov1S1ons dealing with the published on this subjects, but to federalization of Czecho-Slovakia, my knowledge, no scholarly work. mentioned in Dr. Steiner's book, Some years ago Prof. M. Mamatey prove convincingly the validity of shed some light on the period of the First World War, later years the above conclusions. In spite of some shortcomings, Dr. remained, however, unresearched. Steiner's book is a valuable contri- Yet, this is an interesting topic, bution to the historiography on since the United States played an important role in the emergence Eastern Europe. 231 SLOVAKIA of Czecho-Slovakia in 1918 and in her re-emergence in 1945. Needless to say that the treatise by M. E. Lubek does not cover all the aspects of the inter-state relations, remaining mostly in the field of politics and diplomacy. The study is nevertheless of the importance and will be useful for further research. For foreign historians dealing with Slovakia of special interest will also be the contributions by Prof. M. S. :l'.>urica, who researched Italian Military Documents in order to shed a new light on the tragic death of M. R. Stefanik, one of the founders of Czecho-Slovakia, and German biography of President Dr. J. Tiso by F. H. Schneider. We commented on the value of Prof. Durica's study when it was first published in Italian language (Slovalcia, Vol. XXIII, 1973) , and cannot but welcome the English version. Schneider's essay on the life and historical role of Dr. J . Tiso in Slovak politics is of importance for more than one reason. The adversaries of Slovak aspirations for independence - Communists and non-Communists - succeeded in presenting Dr. Tiso and his policies in Western countries in a distorted light. Even though, Dr. Tiso mostly suffered for his forced cooperation with Germany, there was a long silence about him and Slovakia among German historians. Schneider's contribution does not exhaust the subject and shows gaps, but it was high time to draw a little differe nt picture of President Tiso in ♦ ♦ German language than it was done by Prague and Slovak Communists. Unfortunately, Schneider overlooked some books and articles which contain substantial information on Dr. Tiso's life and politics, such as Prof. Murin's articles, one of Dr. Polakovic's books, many articles in Sl.ovakia and other sources. Dr. S. Nahalka's istructive article on "Holy Scripture among Slovaks" is a valuable contribution to the religious and cultural history of Slovaks. Religious history of Slovakia is one of the completely neglected fields in today's historiography in Slovakia, even though Slova ks survived as a nation mostly due to the fact that clergy (Catholic and Protestant) took over the cultural leadership and national struggle. Professor Lacko in his contributions presents the synthesis of the studies on Great-Moravian and Cyrillo-Methodian period and a survey of events which led to the reestablishment of the Greek-Catholic Church in Slovakia. The latter study would deserve to be completed by documents and names of people who in Slovakia and abroad helped the re-establishment. Both contributions are timely and instructive. Prof. Lacko deserves recognition also for his efforts to continue publishing the Slovak Studies. Slovak cultural activities abroad would be much poorer without this series. J. M. Ki rs c h b au m ♦ Life Membership in the Slovak League of America is $100.00 - join us! Write to: Slovak League of America, 313 Ridge Avenue, Middletown, Pa. 17057. SLOVAKlA 232 Our Contributor s theologian, author, Cambridge, Ontario Stephen Sencik, S.J. - Anthony X. Sutherland, Ph.D ., Columbus, Ohio Sr. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. - author, Director, Slovak Institute, Cleveland, 0 . Andrew Pier, O.S.B. Joseph C. Krajsa - teacher, author, Danville, Pa. Editor, Jednota, Middletown, Pa. industrialist, Toronto, Ontario Stephen B. Roman - attorney-at-law, Stratford, Conn. Edward J. Behuncik - Joseph M. Kirschbaum, LL.D., Ph.D . Jozef Pauco, Ph.D. - historian, author, Toronto, Ont. author, historian, Middletown, Pa. Michael O'Pake, Esq. - State Senator, Reading, Pa. Daniel F. Tanzone, M.A. - teacher, Yonkers, N. Y. Susan Pojer, B.A., Yonkers, N. Y. professor, author, consultant for Rockefeller Foundation, New York, N. Y. Michael Novak, Ph.D. Paul Fenchak - teacher, Baltimore, Md. Steven I. Miller, Ph.D. - assistant professor, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois Junior history major, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, Pa. William Wagner Francis Vnuk - historian; professor, Institute of Technology, Adelaide, Australia Dr. Arved Grebert - former Slovak diplomat, now in Switzerland Jane Noonan, Marlene Bartos, Stephen J. Knoblock - America Scholarship Winners Slovak League of OFFICERS OF THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Honorary President : EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President 2385 Main Street Stratford, Conn. 06497 Stephen J. Tkach , DR. JOSEPH PAUCO Secretary 313 Ridge Avenue Middletown, Pa. 17057 Vice Presidents: Milan V. Blazek, Stephen Suhajcik, Mary Piroch ' Executive Committee : Edward J. Behuncik, John A. Holy, Paul C. Kazimer, Tibor Kovalovsky, Joseph R. Kristotik, Dr. Joseph Pauco, John A. Sabol SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION Cleveland, Ohio - Membership: 104,500 ·-:i THE FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio .;_ Membership: 96,000 THE SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N. J. - Membership: 53,000 PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa: - Membership: 18,000 LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa. - Membership: 16,500 SLOVAK NEWSPAPER'S JOURNALISTS' ASSOCI.A.TION (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) SLOVAK NEWSPAPERS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of Americ,a) BRATSTVO Wilkes-Barre, Pa. SLOVAK V AMERIKE Middletown, Pa. JEDNOTA Middletown, Pa. ZENSKA JEDNOTA Cleveland, Ohio KATOLICKY SOKOL Passaic, N. J. ZORNICK_A Wilkes-Barre, Pa. SLOVAKIA $4.00 per annum in the U.S.A. - $5.00 elsewhere PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 24 (No. 47) Description An account of the resource includes Current Issues; As the Others See It; Who's Who Among American Slovaks; Book Reviews; Our Contributors Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/51c144843ab1fd6e3714598095f41efa.pdf 8f723c282c925d723462bda5c3268e96 PDF Text Text �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXIII • 1973 • N0.46 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. LIBRARY Maranatha Bapti. t .t5ible College W a tert isconsin Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNCYI'A PRINTEJRY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. � �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXIII • 1973 • N0.46 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. LIBRARY Maranatha Bapti. t .t5ible College W a tert isconsin Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNCYI'A PRINTEJRY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1973, Vol. 23 Description An account of the resource Vol. 23 (No. 46), 1973. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXIII • 1973 • N0.46 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. LIBRARY Maranatha Bapti. t .t5ible College W a tert isconsin Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Printed by JEDNCYI'A PRINTEJRY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 23 (No. 46) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/002b5f951764bb1d2cd58acd085b28cb.pdf a455ff0ac2dba99af28da61f09a90730 PDF Text Text 92 SLOVAKIA Select Bibliography of Foreign Language Writings by Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum Convinced that the main role of Slovak intellectuals abroad is to acquaint the West with Slovak history, culture and literature, and to defend Slovakia's right to freedom and independence, Dr. J.M. Kirschbaum used for the past 20 years his talent and knowledge of several languages for that purpose more than any other Slovak in the free world. He published the first reference book on Slovakia in English, the first complete history of Slovaks in Canada, and was the only Slovak scholar abroad who in numerous papers and essays put Slovak cultural and political history into proper perspective at meetings of Canadian and American Slavists and in Canadian, American and European academic periodicals and encyclopedias. His comments on and critical reviews of hundreds of books in foreign languages or in Slovak which he published in academic periodicals of which he was member of the editorial board (Etudes slaves et est-europeennes, Canadian Slavonic Papers, Slavs in Canada, Slavica Canadiana), or in the quarterlies Slovakia, Slowakei and Most also served the same aim: to present Slovakia and Slovak cultural life to the West in a proper light, and to correct the misconceptions which prevailed among American Slavists and historians of Ea:st Central Europe on Slovakia's past and present. As President of the Canadian Ethnic Press Federation and its branch in Ontario, Dr. Kirschbaum also deserves credit for many favorable articles on Slovak matters published in some 20 languages by the Canadian Ethnic Press. Articles published in newspapers are not, however, listed even though many of them were scholarly essays rather than newspaper articles. Altogether Dr. Kirschbaum published about 2000 articles and essays in Slovak news- �SLOVAKIA 93 papers and periodicals in the United States, Canada, Europe and Australia. As a result, the select bibliography listed below is far from being complete. On the occasion of the 60th birthday of Dr. Kirschbaum, we want to record at least his most important writings in foreign languages, assuming that scholars and students of Slovak political history and cultural matters would find them useful for their studies and research. - The Editor BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS Slovakia-Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe, Speller & Sons Pub., New York, 1960, XIX and 371 p., ill., bib!. Slovaks in Canada, Canadian Ethnic Press Association, Toronto, 1967, XIX and 468 p., ill., bib!. Nas boj o samostatnost' Slovens/ca, (The Struggle for Slovakia's In- dependence), Cleveland, Slovak Institute, 1958, 343 p. :Cudovit Stur and his Place in the Slavic World, Slavistica No. 32, Slovak Institute, (Winnipeg-Cleveland), 1956. Contemporary Tendencies in Slovak Philology, An offprint from Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. IV, No. 3-4, 1960. Hacia una nueva democracia para la Europa central, An offprint from Revista de Estudios Politicos, Vol. 125, Madrid, 1962. An Outline of Slovakia's Struggle for Independence, Toronto, Canadian Slovak League, 1964, 40 p. Slovakia in the de-Stalinization and Federalization Process of CzechoSlovakia, An offprint from Canadian Slavonic Papers ·(X, 4, 1968). Pavol Jozef Safarik and his Contribution to Slavic Studies, Slavistica No. 43, (Cleveland-Winnipeg), 1962. Anton Bernolak-The First Codifier of the Slovak Language, Slavistica No. 52, (Winnipeg-Cleveland), 1964. Pan-Slavism in Slovak Literature: Jan Kollar-Slovak Poet of PanSlavism, Slavistica No. 56, (Cleveland-Winnipeg), 1966. The Role of the Cyrillo-Methodian Tradition in Slovak National and Political Life. An offprint from Slovak Studies III, (Rome), 1963. Conceptions politi ques et philosophiques de £. Stur dans son oeiivre: Das Slawenthum und die Welt der Zukunft, An offprint from Etudes Slaves et Est- europeennes, Montreal, 1968. Slovakia, Historical and Cultural Backgrounds, Slovak World Congress, Toronto, 1971, 60 p. Editor and main contributor. Twenty Years of The Ethnic Press Association of Ontario, The Ethnic Press Association of Ontario, (Toronto, Ontario, 1971), p. 220. Editor and main contributor. Slovak Literary History in Marxist and Western Interpretation, An offprint from Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. VI, (University of Toronto Press), 1964. �94 SLOVAKIA ARTICLES ON HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE IN ENGLISH "International Recognition of the Slovak Republic", Slovakia, Vol. I, 1951, pp. 23-31. "Slovakia and Central European Federation Plans", Slovakia, Vol m, No. 1, 1953, pp. 1-21. "Diplomatic Documents on Slovakia's Declaration of Independence". Slovakia, Vol. IV, No. 1, 1954, pp. 3-12. "The Constitution of the Slovak Republic", Slovakia, Vol IX, 1959, pp. 47-68. "Facts and Events Behind the Scenes of Slovakia's Declaration of Independence", Slovakia, Vol. IX, No. 4, 1959, pp. 1-23. "Slovakia and the Plans for Integration of Central Europe", Studies for a new Central Europe, Vol. I, 1964, pp. 22-7. "Twenty Years of the Czech and Communist Rule in Slovakia", Slovakia, xv (1965), pp. 78-92. "Slovakia in the de-Stalinization and Federalization Process of CzechoSlovakia", Canadian Slavonic Papers, X, 4, 1968. "The Role of the Cyrillo-Methodian Tradition in Slovak National Life", Slovak Studies, Vol. m, 1963. "The Slovak Press in Canada", Slovakia, Vol. XVIII, No. 41, 1968, pp. 79-106. "Slovakia in the Struggle for Liberalization and Federalization of Czecho-Slovakia", Slovakia, Vol. XIX, No. 42, 1969, pp. 3-31. "Slovaks and the Upheavals of Czecho-Slovakia", Jednota Annual Furdek, Vol. IX, January 1970, pp. 82-86. "The Assimilation Process of American Slovaks", Slovakia, Vol XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 79-84. "Slovaks in Canada", Slavs in Canada, Vol. I, Inter-University Committee on Canadian Slavs, University of Alberta, 1966. "The Ideological Orientation of the Canadian Slavic Press", Slavs in Canada, Vol III, University of Ottawa, 1969. "Slovakia and the Integration Plans of Central Europe", Symposium Toward a New Central Europe, Ed. Francis S. Wagner, Danubian Press, Inc. (Astor Park, Florida), 1970, pp. 259-265. "Prof. F. f>urcansky-Politician, Scholar and Fighter for Slovakia's Independence", Slovakia, Vol. XVII, No. 40, 1967, pp. 153-160. "The 15th Anniversary of the Untimely Death of Prof. Francis Hrusovsky, Ph.D.", Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 175-179. "Stephen B. Roman--Slovak Tycoon", Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 7-19. "Dr. Joseph Tiso-The Prelate Politician Who Died on the Gallows for His People", Slovakia, Vol. XXII, No. 45, 1972, pp. 5-20. "My Last Diplomatic Report to the President of Slovakia", Furdek, Vol. XI, 1972, pp. 81-87. "Prospects of Slovakia Under Husak's Leadership", Almanac, National Slovak Society, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1971, pp. 124-129. "Pittsburgh Pact and its Significance in Slovak Politics", Almanac, National Slovak Society, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1971, pp. 132-137. �SLOVAKIA 95 "The Truth and Legends About the Origin of the Slovak Republic", Furdek, (Middletown, Pa. 1973). IN FRENCH "La voie de la Slovaquie", La Correspondance slovaque, Bern, Switzerland, August 15, 1943. "La Slovaquie et son droit a !'independence", La Correspondance slovaque, November 15, 1943. "L'orientation politique de !'emigration slovaque", La Correspondance slovaque, February, 1944. "La tradition universitaire en Slovaquie", La Correspondance slovaque, March, 1944. "La Slovaquie dans la tourbillon des evenements", La Correspondance slovaque, October, 1944. "Les bases de collaboration et de paix en Europe centrale", La Correspondance slovaque, November, 1944. "La Slovaquie dans la lutte pour son avenir", La Correspondance slovaque, January, 1945. "L'apport des slovaques a !'organization culturelle et politique de L'Europe centrale", La Correspondance slovaque, November, 1944. "Les slovaques et les promesses des politiciens Tcheques", La Correspondance slovaque, January, 1945. "La Slovaquie apres cinq ans d'independance", Revue de droit internationale, de sciences diplomatiques et politiques, Geneve, 1944, XXII, No. 2, pp. 121-142. "La Tcheco-Slovaquie correspond-elle aux aspirations de ses habitants", Slovensky narod - La nation slovaque, Paris, 1949-1950. "Pour une nouvelle organization de L'Europe Centrale", Slovensky narod - La nation slovaque, Paris, February, 1949. "La declaration de l'independance slovaque en mars 1939", Slovensky ncirod - La nation slovaque, Paris, March 15, 1949. IN GERMAN "Der Kampf fiir eine freie Slowakei", Slowakische Korrespondenz, Munich, Germany, September, 1953, I, 9. "Wesen und Ursachen des Gegensatzes zwischen Tschechen und Slowaken", Slowakische Korrespondenz, Munich, 1953, I, 5. "Wir und Tschechen", Slowakische Korrespondenz, Munich, 1953, I, 3. "Die Slowakei und ihr Verhiiltnis zu den Nachbarn", Slowakische Korrespondenz, Munich, 1958, VI, 12. "Die internationale Anerkennung der Slowakischen Republik", Slowakei, Vol. II, No. 2, 1964. "Die Haltung Grossbritanniens zur Slowakei", Slowakei, Vol. III, No. 1, 1965, pp. 11-29. "Das Pittsburger Abkommen und seine Bedeutung in der slowakischen Politik", Slowakei, Vol. VI, No. 1-2, Munich, 1968, pp. 58-66. "Schicksal der slowakischen Gesandschaft in Bern", Slowakei, Vol. VII, No. 1-2, 1969, pp. 87-100. �96 SLOVAKIA "Die Rolle der Slowakei in der Nachkriegsentwicklung der TschechoSlowakei", Slowakei, Vol. VIII, No. 11, 1970. "Aussenpolitische Vorstellungen im slowakischen Exil", Wissenschaµ. licher Dienst fur Ostmitteleuropa, February, 1972. IN SPANISH "Hacia una nueva democracia para la Europa central", Rivista de Estudios Politicos", Vol. 125, Madrid, 1962. ARTICLES ON CULTURAL AND LITERARY MATTERS IN ENGLISH "The Slovaks and Slavonic Civilization", Quarterly Slovakia, Vol. V, No. 4, 1955, pp. 39-49. "A Note on Two Modern Slovak Translators of Mickiewicz" in W. Lednicki, Adam Mickiewicz in World Literature, University of California Press, (Berkley, 1956). "Louis Stu.r's Centennial", Slovakia, Vol. VI, No. 1, 1956, pp. 3-16. "Mickiewicz in Slovak Poetry and Translations", Slovakia, Vol. VII, No. 1, 1957, pp. 32-41. "University Traditions in Slovalda", Slovakia, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 1958, pp. 18-29. "Canadian Translator of Slovak Poetry-Prof. W. Kirkconnell", Slovakia, Vol. XIV, 1964, No. 1, pp. 9-18. "Notes on Slovak Culture, Literature and Language", Quarterly Most, Vol. VII, No. 1, 1960, pp. 1-14. "Misconceptions of American Slavists About Slovak Literature", Slovakia, Vol. XI, No. 1, 1961, pp. 22-42. "Mis~onceptions of American Slavists About Slovak Literature", Slovakia, Vol. XII, No. 1, 1962, pp. 25-49. "Bicentennial of Anton Bernolak", Annual Furdek, Vol. II, Cleveland, Ohio, 1963), pp. 18-27. "Love for Songs and Folklore Among Slovaks", Annual Furdek, Vol. II, (Cleveland-Ohio, 1963), pp. 83-88: "The Slovak Language and its Place Among the Slavic Languages", Annual Slovakia, Vol. XV, 1966, pp. 1-24. "Slovak Literature", The New Catholic Encyclopedia, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C., 1967, Vol. XIII, pp. 280, 292-295, 748, also in Vol. XIV and other volumes on Jan Holly, Jan Kollar, Cudovit Stur, P. 0. Hviezdoslav, M. Kukucil:1, S. H. Vajansky, Andrej Sladkovic, J. C. Hronsky. "Prof. D. Cyzevsky-Ukrainian Expert in Slovak Literature", Quarterly Most, Vol. VIII, No. 3-4, 1961, pp. 17-36. "A Note on the Theory on the Origin of the Name Slav", Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. III, No. 2, 1958, pp. 47-56. "Contemporary Tendencies in Slovak Philology", Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. IV, No. 3-4, 1960. �SLOVAKIA 97 "Slovak Literary History in Marxist and Western Interpretation", A reprint from Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. VI, (University of Toronto Press), 1964. "Slavica Slovaca", Review article, Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. XIII, 4, 1971. "J. C. Hronsky--Slovak Novelist and Writer", Annual Furdek, Vol. X, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1971), pp. 23-29. "The Slovaks and Slavonic Civilization", Furdek, Vol. X, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1971), pp. 69-79. "Old Cnlture and University Traditions in Slovakia", Furdek, Vol. XI, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1972), pp. 167-185. "Bilingualism in Slovak Literature", Almanac, National Slovak Society, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1972, pp. 144-147. " American and Canadian Translators of Slovak Poetry", Furdek, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1973). "Janko Kral', Slovak Poet, Honored by UNESCO", Furdek, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1973). "Andrej 2arnov - Poet of Slovak Patriotism", Festschrift Pozdrav Andrejovi Zarnovovi, Spolok slovenskych spisovatel'ov a umelcov, Cleveland, Ohio, 1963. IN FRENCH "La Grande-Moravie et son heritage cultural", Etudes slaves et esteuropeennes, Universite de Montreal, Vol. II, 1957, pp. 189-199. "Le centenaire d'un grand slaviste: Safarik", Etudes slaves et esteuropeennes, Montreal, 1960, Vol. V, pp. 69-80. "La litterature de la periode cyrillo-methodienne et la Slovaque", Slovak Studies III, (Rome), 1963. "La place du slovaque parmi les langues slaves", Etudes slaves et esteuropeennes, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 3-4, Universite de Montreal, 1963. "Conceptions politiques et philosophiques de I!. Stlir tirees de son oeuvre: Das Slawentum und die Welt der Zukunft", Etudes slaves et est-europeennes, Vol. XIII, 1969, pp. 32-45. IN GERMAN "Profil und Werk L'udovft Sturs", Slowakei, Vol III, No. 2, 1965. "Literarisch-kulturelles Schaffen des slowakischen Exils", Slowakei, Vol. IV, No. 1, 1966. BOOK REVIEWS BOOKS IN FRENCH, ENGLISH, GERMAN AND ITALIAN Joseph A. Miku§, La Slovaquie dans le Drame de l'Europe (Histoires politique de 1918 a 1950), Paris, Les Isles d'Or, 1955, 478 pp. Reviewed in Etudes slaves et est-europeennes, Vol. I, part 2, pp. 121-4. �98 SLOVAKIA Francis R. Preveden, A History of the Croatian People, New York, Philosophical Library, 1955, XVI, 134 p. Reviewed in The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. XIV, 3, 1956. Milovan Djilas, The New Class, an analysis of the Communist system, Praeger, N. Y. 1957, 214 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. III, part 1, 60-1 p. Joseph G. Cincik, Ph.D., Ancient Slovak Fibulas and Pseudo-Fibulas, Whiting, Indiana, published by Rev. John J. Lach, 1957, 105 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. II, part 4, 250-1 pp. Joseph G. Cincik, Anglo-Saxon and Slovak-Avar Patterns of Cuthbert's Gospel, Cleveland, Ohio, Slovak Institute, 1958, 124 p. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. III, part 4, Winter 1958-1959, 240-243 pp. Stephen Smrzik, S. J., The Glagolitic or Romano-Slavonic Liturgy, Rome, Slovak Institute, 1959, 120 p. Reviewed. in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. V, part 1-2, 118-119 pp. Bonaventure, B. Bue, Slovak Nationalism, (Middletown, Pa., Slovak League of America, 1960), 67 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. VI, parts 1-2, 111-112 pp. Gilbert L. Oddo, Slovakia and its People, New York, Speller & Sons Inc:, 1960, XI, 361 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. VI, parts 1-2, 112-114 pp. Ludwig v. Gogolak, Beitriige zur Geschichte des slowakischen Volke! I, (Contributions to the History of the Slovak People), Verlag R. Oldenburg, Miinchen, 1963, p. 265. Reviewed in Slovakia. Ludwig v. Gogolak, T. G. Masaryks slowakische und ungarlandische Politik (Masaryk's Slovak and Hungarian Policy), Munich, 1963, Vol. IV, pp. 174-227. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XVIII, 1968, No. 41. David L. Hoggan, Der erzwungene Krieg, die Ursachen und Urheber des z. Weltkrieus, Verlag der Deutschen Hochschullehrer-Zeitung, Tiibingen, 1963, bibliography, maps, photographs, pages 898. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, p. 210. J . A. Mikus, Slovakia-A Political History 1918-1950, Milwaukee, Wis., Marquette University Press, 1964, XXXIII, 392 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. X, parts 1-2, p. 68. Milan St. :!'.>urica, La Slovacchia e le sue relazioni politiche con la Germania, (1938-1945), Padova, Marsilio Editori, 1964, 274 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. X, parts 1-2, p. 68. Arved Grebert, Die Slowaken und das Grossmiihrisches Reich, (The Slovaks and the Great Moravian Empire), M. Cernak's Institute, Munich, 19615. Jorg K. Hoensch, Die Slowakei und Hitler's Ostpolitik (Hlinka's Slowakische Volkspartei zwischen Autonomie und Separation 19381939), Bohlau Verlag, Koln-Graz, 1965, p. 390. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XVIII, 1968, No. 41, and in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. XII, part 1, p. 61-3. Die Slowakei als mitteleuropiiisches Problem in Geschichte und Gege'ltwart, (Slavakia's Central European Problem in the Past arui �SLOVAKIA 99 Present), Lectures at Collegium Carolinum, Verlag Robert Lerche, Mtinchen, 1965, p. 240. Reviewed in Slavic and Ecut European Studies, Vol. XII, part 1, p. 61-3. Jorg K. Hoensch, Die GrundZagen des Programms der Slovakischen Volkspartei vor 1938 (The Basis of the Programme of the Slovak Populist Party Before 1938), Munich, 1966, Vol. VII, p. 320-356. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XVIII, 1968, No. 41. Heinrich Kuhn, Handbuch der Tschechoslowakei, (Verlag Robert Lerche, Milnchen), 1966, pp. 1,024. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970, No. 43. Frantisek Vnuk, Dr. Jozef Tiso-President of the Slovak Republic, The Association of Australia Slovaks, Sydney, 1967, p. 50, ill. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XVII, 1968, No. 41. Milan S. f>urica, D'ie slowakische Politik 1938-1939 im Lichte der Staatslehre Tisos (Slovak Policy 1938-1939 in the Light of Tiso's Political Thought), Emil Semmel Verlag, Bonn, 1967, 49 p. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XVIII, 1968, No. 41. Rudolf Sturm, CzechoslovakieJ,-A Bibliographie Guide, Library of the Congress, Washington, 1967, 157 p. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol XX, 1970, No. 43. Beitrage zum Deutsch-Tschechischen Verhaltnis im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Veroffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum), Verlag Robert Lerche, (Milnchen, 1967), pp. 178. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, p. 213. Slovak Studies V: Historica 3, Cleveland-Rome, Slovak Institute, 1967, p. 268. Reviewed in Canadian Slavonic Papers, XI, 1, 1969. Stefan Glejdura, Los Grandes Problemas del Este Europeo, Separata de la Revista de Politica International, Madrid, 1968-1969, Washington University. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970, No. 43. Gorazd Zvonicky, Soltanto Rovine - Italian translation by Milan S. f>urica and Ernesto Simonetto. Published by Associazione di culturia ceca e slovaca "Arturo Cronia", Padua, 1968. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, p. 204. George F. Kennan, From Prague After Munich, Diplomatic Papers 19381940. Princeton University Press, 1968, 226 pages. Slavica Canadiana, No. 69, 1970. Lunghi and Ello, Dubcek' s Blue Print for Freedom (Kimber, London), 1968. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. Ladislav Mnacko, Die siebente Nacht, (Vienna, 1968). Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. Podolak Jan (Ed.), Ethnologia SZavica I, Universitas Comoniana, Facultas Philosophica, Bratislava, 1970, Most, Vol. 19, 1-2, 1972. Reitzner, Almar, Dubce k (Milnchen), 1970. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. Gromada, Thaddeus V., Pilsudski and the Slovak Autonomists, An off. print from Slavic Review, September, 1969, pp. 445-462, Washington University. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, No. 43, 1970, p. 167. Tigrid, Pavel, La chute irresisti ble d'Alexander Dubce k, (Calmann-Levy, Paris, 1969). Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. �SLOVAKIA 100 Fetjo, Frani;ois, Histoire des democracies populaires apres Stali-ne, (Editions du Seuil, Paris), 1969. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. Lob!, Eugen, und Grunwald, Leopold, Die intellektuelle Revolution, Hintergrilnde und Auswirkungen des "Prager Frilhlings'', (Dilsseldorf, Econ, 1969). Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. Wagner, Francis S., (Ed.), Toward a New Central Europe: A Symposium on the Problems of the Danubian Nations, Danubian Press, Inc., Astor Park, Florida, 1970. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, p. 211. Sprinc, Mikula§, Driftwood. Poems translated from the Slovak by the author Larz Pearson and Jaroslav Vajda. Published by the Slovak Institute in Cleveland, Ohio, 1969. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, p. 203. Noge Julius, An Outline of Slovakian Literature, (The Tatrapress Agency, Bratislava), 1968. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXII, No. 45, 1972, p. 208. BOOKS IN SLOVAK J. Mi~ianik, J. Minarik, M. Michalcova, A. Melichar~k, Dejint1 starsej slovenskej literatury (A History of the Older Slovak Literature), Bratislava, published by Slovenska akademia vied (Slovak Academy of Sciences), 1955, p. 230, ill. Reviewed In Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. V, parts 3-4, 243-4 pp. Franmek Vnuk, Sedemnast' neurodnych roko11 - Ndcrt de;tn slovenskej literatury v rokoch 1945-62 (Seventeen Barren Years - A Survey of Slovak Literature 1945-62), Middletown, Pa., Slovak v Amerike, 1965, p. 304, English Summary, Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. XII, parts 2-3, 133-4 pp. Studia Historica Slovaca IV. Bratislava: Vydavatel'stvo Slovenskej akademie vied, 1966, p. 290. Reviewed in Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. XI, 1, 1969. M. Lacko (ed.), Slovens/ca bibliografia v zahranici 1945-1965, Slovak Studies VII. The Slovak Institute (Cleveland-Rome), 1987, Slovakia, Vol. XXII, No. 45, 1972, p. 207, and Canadian Slavoni<: Papers, Vol. Xlli, 4, 1971. Ladislav Dvonc, Bibliografia slovenskej jazykovedy 1961-1965, Matica slovenska, (Martin, 1970), pages 804, Slovakia, Vol. XXII. No. ~ . 1972, p. 205. Ethnologia Slavica I, Universitas Comenian-a Bratislavensis, Facultas Philosophica, Bratislava, 1970, p. 226, Slovakia, Vol. XXII, No. 45, 1972, p. 214. Juraj Chovan, Letopis pama.tnika slovenskej literatury lf)70, (Matica slovenska, Martin, 1970), Slovakia, Vol. XXII, No. 45, 1972 p. 210. ~ubomir Liptak, Slovensko v 20. storoci (Slovakia in the Twentieth Century), (Bratislava, 19&8), 366 p. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XIX, No. 42, 1969, p. 198. �SLOVAKIA 101 Samo Falt'an, Slovenska otazka v teskoslovensku (The Slovak Question in Czechoslovakia), (Bratislava, 1968), 352 p. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XIX, No. 42, 1969, p. 200. Emilia Duchajova, Slovenskci slavistika 1968, Matica slovenska, Martin, 1970, p. 336. Reviewed in Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. Xlll, 4, 197. Stefan Moyses 1869-1969, Edicia Literarneho archlvu, zviizok 7. Zbornik z vedeckej konferencie MS, Martin, 1971, stran 174, litogr. Reviewed in Most, Vol. 19, 1-2, 1972. Jan Chovan, Letopis pamatnika slovenskej literatury 1970, MS, Martin, 1970, p. 94. Reviewed in Most, Vol. 19, 1-2, 1972. Jan Okal', Voda a vino (Water and Wine, United States, 1970), p. 70. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970 No. 43. Eugen Vesnin, Aj v etrurskych zahradach (Also in the Gardens of Etruria), Buenos Aires, 1970. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970, No. 43. Evaluation of Dr. Kirschbaum's Writings by Critics Dr. Kirschbaum's writings were bound to provoke favorable as well as unfavorable reaction. All his books and publications challenged numerous erroneous views on Slovakia's history and culture accepted in the West by scholars and political writers alike. Dr. Kirschbaum challenged these views by works with serious academic background and solid knowledge of matters discussed. In such a situation it was only natural that the reaction was on one hand favorable and on the other hand the author was unscrupulously attacked_. by adversaries of Slovakia's struggle for independence. *) After the publication of the book Slovakia--Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe, to which the Hon. Alvin M. Bentley, member of the Committee of Foreign Affaires of tae U. S. Congress, wrote an approving preface, Prague Government supplied some Czech and Communist newspapers in Canada and the U.S.A. with falsified documents destined to prevent Dr. Kirschbaum from teaching at universities or taking part in public life. A smear campaign on a large scale was organized against him especially in the Canadian press, and made news on radio and television. At the same time, pressure was excercised on the university authorities and academic associations. Even though it was clear that the campaign was politically motivated by the Prague Communist regime and had all the characteristics of "character assassination," Dr. Kirschbaum had to take legal action to clear his name. � 92 SLOVAKIA Select Bibliography of Foreign Language Writings by Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum Convinced that the main role of Slovak intellectuals abroad is to acquaint the West with Slovak history, culture and literature, and to defend Slovakia's right to freedom and independence, Dr. J.M. Kirschbaum used for the past 20 years his talent and knowledge of several languages for that purpose more than any other Slovak in the free world. He published the first reference book on Slovakia in English, the first complete history of Slovaks in Canada, and was the only Slovak scholar abroad who in numerous papers and essays put Slovak cultural and political history into proper perspective at meetings of Canadian and American Slavists and in Canadian, American and European academic periodicals and encyclopedias. His comments on and critical reviews of hundreds of books in foreign languages or in Slovak which he published in academic periodicals of which he was member of the editorial board (Etudes slaves et est-europeennes, Canadian Slavonic Papers, Slavs in Canada, Slavica Canadiana), or in the quarterlies Slovakia, Slowakei and Most also served the same aim: to present Slovakia and Slovak cultural life to the West in a proper light, and to correct the misconceptions which prevailed among American Slavists and historians of Ea:st Central Europe on Slovakia's past and present. As President of the Canadian Ethnic Press Federation and its branch in Ontario, Dr. Kirschbaum also deserves credit for many favorable articles on Slovak matters published in some 20 languages by the Canadian Ethnic Press. Articles published in newspapers are not, however, listed even though many of them were scholarly essays rather than newspaper articles. Altogether Dr. Kirschbaum published about 2000 articles and essays in Slovak news- �SLOVAKIA 93 papers and periodicals in the United States, Canada, Europe and Australia. As a result, the select bibliography listed below is far from being complete. On the occasion of the 60th birthday of Dr. Kirschbaum, we want to record at least his most important writings in foreign languages, assuming that scholars and students of Slovak political history and cultural matters would find them useful for their studies and research. - The Editor BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS Slovakia-Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe, Speller & Sons Pub., New York, 1960, XIX and 371 p., ill., bib!. Slovaks in Canada, Canadian Ethnic Press Association, Toronto, 1967, XIX and 468 p., ill., bib!. Nas boj o samostatnost' Slovens/ca, (The Struggle for Slovakia's In- dependence), Cleveland, Slovak Institute, 1958, 343 p. :Cudovit Stur and his Place in the Slavic World, Slavistica No. 32, Slovak Institute, (Winnipeg-Cleveland), 1956. Contemporary Tendencies in Slovak Philology, An offprint from Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. IV, No. 3-4, 1960. Hacia una nueva democracia para la Europa central, An offprint from Revista de Estudios Politicos, Vol. 125, Madrid, 1962. An Outline of Slovakia's Struggle for Independence, Toronto, Canadian Slovak League, 1964, 40 p. Slovakia in the de-Stalinization and Federalization Process of CzechoSlovakia, An offprint from Canadian Slavonic Papers ·(X, 4, 1968). Pavol Jozef Safarik and his Contribution to Slavic Studies, Slavistica No. 43, (Cleveland-Winnipeg), 1962. Anton Bernolak-The First Codifier of the Slovak Language, Slavistica No. 52, (Winnipeg-Cleveland), 1964. Pan-Slavism in Slovak Literature: Jan Kollar-Slovak Poet of PanSlavism, Slavistica No. 56, (Cleveland-Winnipeg), 1966. The Role of the Cyrillo-Methodian Tradition in Slovak National and Political Life. An offprint from Slovak Studies III, (Rome), 1963. Conceptions politi ques et philosophiques de £. Stur dans son oeiivre: Das Slawenthum und die Welt der Zukunft, An offprint from Etudes Slaves et Est- europeennes, Montreal, 1968. Slovakia, Historical and Cultural Backgrounds, Slovak World Congress, Toronto, 1971, 60 p. Editor and main contributor. Twenty Years of The Ethnic Press Association of Ontario, The Ethnic Press Association of Ontario, (Toronto, Ontario, 1971), p. 220. Editor and main contributor. Slovak Literary History in Marxist and Western Interpretation, An offprint from Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. VI, (University of Toronto Press), 1964. �94 SLOVAKIA ARTICLES ON HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE IN ENGLISH "International Recognition of the Slovak Republic", Slovakia, Vol. I, 1951, pp. 23-31. "Slovakia and Central European Federation Plans", Slovakia, Vol m, No. 1, 1953, pp. 1-21. "Diplomatic Documents on Slovakia's Declaration of Independence". Slovakia, Vol. IV, No. 1, 1954, pp. 3-12. "The Constitution of the Slovak Republic", Slovakia, Vol IX, 1959, pp. 47-68. "Facts and Events Behind the Scenes of Slovakia's Declaration of Independence", Slovakia, Vol. IX, No. 4, 1959, pp. 1-23. "Slovakia and the Plans for Integration of Central Europe", Studies for a new Central Europe, Vol. I, 1964, pp. 22-7. "Twenty Years of the Czech and Communist Rule in Slovakia", Slovakia, xv (1965), pp. 78-92. "Slovakia in the de-Stalinization and Federalization Process of CzechoSlovakia", Canadian Slavonic Papers, X, 4, 1968. "The Role of the Cyrillo-Methodian Tradition in Slovak National Life", Slovak Studies, Vol. m, 1963. "The Slovak Press in Canada", Slovakia, Vol. XVIII, No. 41, 1968, pp. 79-106. "Slovakia in the Struggle for Liberalization and Federalization of Czecho-Slovakia", Slovakia, Vol. XIX, No. 42, 1969, pp. 3-31. "Slovaks and the Upheavals of Czecho-Slovakia", Jednota Annual Furdek, Vol. IX, January 1970, pp. 82-86. "The Assimilation Process of American Slovaks", Slovakia, Vol XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 79-84. "Slovaks in Canada", Slavs in Canada, Vol. I, Inter-University Committee on Canadian Slavs, University of Alberta, 1966. "The Ideological Orientation of the Canadian Slavic Press", Slavs in Canada, Vol III, University of Ottawa, 1969. "Slovakia and the Integration Plans of Central Europe", Symposium Toward a New Central Europe, Ed. Francis S. Wagner, Danubian Press, Inc. (Astor Park, Florida), 1970, pp. 259-265. "Prof. F. f>urcansky-Politician, Scholar and Fighter for Slovakia's Independence", Slovakia, Vol. XVII, No. 40, 1967, pp. 153-160. "The 15th Anniversary of the Untimely Death of Prof. Francis Hrusovsky, Ph.D.", Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 175-179. "Stephen B. Roman--Slovak Tycoon", Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 7-19. "Dr. Joseph Tiso-The Prelate Politician Who Died on the Gallows for His People", Slovakia, Vol. XXII, No. 45, 1972, pp. 5-20. "My Last Diplomatic Report to the President of Slovakia", Furdek, Vol. XI, 1972, pp. 81-87. "Prospects of Slovakia Under Husak's Leadership", Almanac, National Slovak Society, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1971, pp. 124-129. "Pittsburgh Pact and its Significance in Slovak Politics", Almanac, National Slovak Society, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1971, pp. 132-137. �SLOVAKIA 95 "The Truth and Legends About the Origin of the Slovak Republic", Furdek, (Middletown, Pa. 1973). IN FRENCH "La voie de la Slovaquie", La Correspondance slovaque, Bern, Switzerland, August 15, 1943. "La Slovaquie et son droit a !'independence", La Correspondance slovaque, November 15, 1943. "L'orientation politique de !'emigration slovaque", La Correspondance slovaque, February, 1944. "La tradition universitaire en Slovaquie", La Correspondance slovaque, March, 1944. "La Slovaquie dans la tourbillon des evenements", La Correspondance slovaque, October, 1944. "Les bases de collaboration et de paix en Europe centrale", La Correspondance slovaque, November, 1944. "La Slovaquie dans la lutte pour son avenir", La Correspondance slovaque, January, 1945. "L'apport des slovaques a !'organization culturelle et politique de L'Europe centrale", La Correspondance slovaque, November, 1944. "Les slovaques et les promesses des politiciens Tcheques", La Correspondance slovaque, January, 1945. "La Slovaquie apres cinq ans d'independance", Revue de droit internationale, de sciences diplomatiques et politiques, Geneve, 1944, XXII, No. 2, pp. 121-142. "La Tcheco-Slovaquie correspond-elle aux aspirations de ses habitants", Slovensky narod - La nation slovaque, Paris, 1949-1950. "Pour une nouvelle organization de L'Europe Centrale", Slovensky narod - La nation slovaque, Paris, February, 1949. "La declaration de l'independance slovaque en mars 1939", Slovensky ncirod - La nation slovaque, Paris, March 15, 1949. IN GERMAN "Der Kampf fiir eine freie Slowakei", Slowakische Korrespondenz, Munich, Germany, September, 1953, I, 9. "Wesen und Ursachen des Gegensatzes zwischen Tschechen und Slowaken", Slowakische Korrespondenz, Munich, 1953, I, 5. "Wir und Tschechen", Slowakische Korrespondenz, Munich, 1953, I, 3. "Die Slowakei und ihr Verhiiltnis zu den Nachbarn", Slowakische Korrespondenz, Munich, 1958, VI, 12. "Die internationale Anerkennung der Slowakischen Republik", Slowakei, Vol. II, No. 2, 1964. "Die Haltung Grossbritanniens zur Slowakei", Slowakei, Vol. III, No. 1, 1965, pp. 11-29. "Das Pittsburger Abkommen und seine Bedeutung in der slowakischen Politik", Slowakei, Vol. VI, No. 1-2, Munich, 1968, pp. 58-66. "Schicksal der slowakischen Gesandschaft in Bern", Slowakei, Vol. VII, No. 1-2, 1969, pp. 87-100. �96 SLOVAKIA "Die Rolle der Slowakei in der Nachkriegsentwicklung der TschechoSlowakei", Slowakei, Vol. VIII, No. 11, 1970. "Aussenpolitische Vorstellungen im slowakischen Exil", Wissenschaµ. licher Dienst fur Ostmitteleuropa, February, 1972. IN SPANISH "Hacia una nueva democracia para la Europa central", Rivista de Estudios Politicos", Vol. 125, Madrid, 1962. ARTICLES ON CULTURAL AND LITERARY MATTERS IN ENGLISH "The Slovaks and Slavonic Civilization", Quarterly Slovakia, Vol. V, No. 4, 1955, pp. 39-49. "A Note on Two Modern Slovak Translators of Mickiewicz" in W. Lednicki, Adam Mickiewicz in World Literature, University of California Press, (Berkley, 1956). "Louis Stu.r's Centennial", Slovakia, Vol. VI, No. 1, 1956, pp. 3-16. "Mickiewicz in Slovak Poetry and Translations", Slovakia, Vol. VII, No. 1, 1957, pp. 32-41. "University Traditions in Slovalda", Slovakia, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 1958, pp. 18-29. "Canadian Translator of Slovak Poetry-Prof. W. Kirkconnell", Slovakia, Vol. XIV, 1964, No. 1, pp. 9-18. "Notes on Slovak Culture, Literature and Language", Quarterly Most, Vol. VII, No. 1, 1960, pp. 1-14. "Misconceptions of American Slavists About Slovak Literature", Slovakia, Vol. XI, No. 1, 1961, pp. 22-42. "Mis~onceptions of American Slavists About Slovak Literature", Slovakia, Vol. XII, No. 1, 1962, pp. 25-49. "Bicentennial of Anton Bernolak", Annual Furdek, Vol. II, Cleveland, Ohio, 1963), pp. 18-27. "Love for Songs and Folklore Among Slovaks", Annual Furdek, Vol. II, (Cleveland-Ohio, 1963), pp. 83-88: "The Slovak Language and its Place Among the Slavic Languages", Annual Slovakia, Vol. XV, 1966, pp. 1-24. "Slovak Literature", The New Catholic Encyclopedia, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C., 1967, Vol. XIII, pp. 280, 292-295, 748, also in Vol. XIV and other volumes on Jan Holly, Jan Kollar, Cudovit Stur, P. 0. Hviezdoslav, M. Kukucil:1, S. H. Vajansky, Andrej Sladkovic, J. C. Hronsky. "Prof. D. Cyzevsky-Ukrainian Expert in Slovak Literature", Quarterly Most, Vol. VIII, No. 3-4, 1961, pp. 17-36. "A Note on the Theory on the Origin of the Name Slav", Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. III, No. 2, 1958, pp. 47-56. "Contemporary Tendencies in Slovak Philology", Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. IV, No. 3-4, 1960. �SLOVAKIA 97 "Slovak Literary History in Marxist and Western Interpretation", A reprint from Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. VI, (University of Toronto Press), 1964. "Slavica Slovaca", Review article, Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. XIII, 4, 1971. "J. C. Hronsky--Slovak Novelist and Writer", Annual Furdek, Vol. X, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1971), pp. 23-29. "The Slovaks and Slavonic Civilization", Furdek, Vol. X, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1971), pp. 69-79. "Old Cnlture and University Traditions in Slovakia", Furdek, Vol. XI, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1972), pp. 167-185. "Bilingualism in Slovak Literature", Almanac, National Slovak Society, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1972, pp. 144-147. " American and Canadian Translators of Slovak Poetry", Furdek, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1973). "Janko Kral', Slovak Poet, Honored by UNESCO", Furdek, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1973). "Andrej 2arnov - Poet of Slovak Patriotism", Festschrift Pozdrav Andrejovi Zarnovovi, Spolok slovenskych spisovatel'ov a umelcov, Cleveland, Ohio, 1963. IN FRENCH "La Grande-Moravie et son heritage cultural", Etudes slaves et esteuropeennes, Universite de Montreal, Vol. II, 1957, pp. 189-199. "Le centenaire d'un grand slaviste: Safarik", Etudes slaves et esteuropeennes, Montreal, 1960, Vol. V, pp. 69-80. "La litterature de la periode cyrillo-methodienne et la Slovaque", Slovak Studies III, (Rome), 1963. "La place du slovaque parmi les langues slaves", Etudes slaves et esteuropeennes, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 3-4, Universite de Montreal, 1963. "Conceptions politiques et philosophiques de I!. Stlir tirees de son oeuvre: Das Slawentum und die Welt der Zukunft", Etudes slaves et est-europeennes, Vol. XIII, 1969, pp. 32-45. IN GERMAN "Profil und Werk L'udovft Sturs", Slowakei, Vol III, No. 2, 1965. "Literarisch-kulturelles Schaffen des slowakischen Exils", Slowakei, Vol. IV, No. 1, 1966. BOOK REVIEWS BOOKS IN FRENCH, ENGLISH, GERMAN AND ITALIAN Joseph A. Miku§, La Slovaquie dans le Drame de l'Europe (Histoires politique de 1918 a 1950), Paris, Les Isles d'Or, 1955, 478 pp. Reviewed in Etudes slaves et est-europeennes, Vol. I, part 2, pp. 121-4. �98 SLOVAKIA Francis R. Preveden, A History of the Croatian People, New York, Philosophical Library, 1955, XVI, 134 p. Reviewed in The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. XIV, 3, 1956. Milovan Djilas, The New Class, an analysis of the Communist system, Praeger, N. Y. 1957, 214 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. III, part 1, 60-1 p. Joseph G. Cincik, Ph.D., Ancient Slovak Fibulas and Pseudo-Fibulas, Whiting, Indiana, published by Rev. John J. Lach, 1957, 105 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. II, part 4, 250-1 pp. Joseph G. Cincik, Anglo-Saxon and Slovak-Avar Patterns of Cuthbert's Gospel, Cleveland, Ohio, Slovak Institute, 1958, 124 p. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. III, part 4, Winter 1958-1959, 240-243 pp. Stephen Smrzik, S. J., The Glagolitic or Romano-Slavonic Liturgy, Rome, Slovak Institute, 1959, 120 p. Reviewed. in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. V, part 1-2, 118-119 pp. Bonaventure, B. Bue, Slovak Nationalism, (Middletown, Pa., Slovak League of America, 1960), 67 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. VI, parts 1-2, 111-112 pp. Gilbert L. Oddo, Slovakia and its People, New York, Speller & Sons Inc:, 1960, XI, 361 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. VI, parts 1-2, 112-114 pp. Ludwig v. Gogolak, Beitriige zur Geschichte des slowakischen Volke! I, (Contributions to the History of the Slovak People), Verlag R. Oldenburg, Miinchen, 1963, p. 265. Reviewed in Slovakia. Ludwig v. Gogolak, T. G. Masaryks slowakische und ungarlandische Politik (Masaryk's Slovak and Hungarian Policy), Munich, 1963, Vol. IV, pp. 174-227. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XVIII, 1968, No. 41. David L. Hoggan, Der erzwungene Krieg, die Ursachen und Urheber des z. Weltkrieus, Verlag der Deutschen Hochschullehrer-Zeitung, Tiibingen, 1963, bibliography, maps, photographs, pages 898. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, p. 210. J . A. Mikus, Slovakia-A Political History 1918-1950, Milwaukee, Wis., Marquette University Press, 1964, XXXIII, 392 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. X, parts 1-2, p. 68. Milan St. :!'.>urica, La Slovacchia e le sue relazioni politiche con la Germania, (1938-1945), Padova, Marsilio Editori, 1964, 274 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. X, parts 1-2, p. 68. Arved Grebert, Die Slowaken und das Grossmiihrisches Reich, (The Slovaks and the Great Moravian Empire), M. Cernak's Institute, Munich, 19615. Jorg K. Hoensch, Die Slowakei und Hitler's Ostpolitik (Hlinka's Slowakische Volkspartei zwischen Autonomie und Separation 19381939), Bohlau Verlag, Koln-Graz, 1965, p. 390. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XVIII, 1968, No. 41, and in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. XII, part 1, p. 61-3. Die Slowakei als mitteleuropiiisches Problem in Geschichte und Gege'ltwart, (Slavakia's Central European Problem in the Past arui �SLOVAKIA 99 Present), Lectures at Collegium Carolinum, Verlag Robert Lerche, Mtinchen, 1965, p. 240. Reviewed in Slavic and Ecut European Studies, Vol. XII, part 1, p. 61-3. Jorg K. Hoensch, Die GrundZagen des Programms der Slovakischen Volkspartei vor 1938 (The Basis of the Programme of the Slovak Populist Party Before 1938), Munich, 1966, Vol. VII, p. 320-356. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XVIII, 1968, No. 41. Heinrich Kuhn, Handbuch der Tschechoslowakei, (Verlag Robert Lerche, Milnchen), 1966, pp. 1,024. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970, No. 43. Frantisek Vnuk, Dr. Jozef Tiso-President of the Slovak Republic, The Association of Australia Slovaks, Sydney, 1967, p. 50, ill. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XVII, 1968, No. 41. Milan S. f>urica, D'ie slowakische Politik 1938-1939 im Lichte der Staatslehre Tisos (Slovak Policy 1938-1939 in the Light of Tiso's Political Thought), Emil Semmel Verlag, Bonn, 1967, 49 p. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XVIII, 1968, No. 41. Rudolf Sturm, CzechoslovakieJ,-A Bibliographie Guide, Library of the Congress, Washington, 1967, 157 p. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol XX, 1970, No. 43. Beitrage zum Deutsch-Tschechischen Verhaltnis im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Veroffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum), Verlag Robert Lerche, (Milnchen, 1967), pp. 178. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, p. 213. Slovak Studies V: Historica 3, Cleveland-Rome, Slovak Institute, 1967, p. 268. Reviewed in Canadian Slavonic Papers, XI, 1, 1969. Stefan Glejdura, Los Grandes Problemas del Este Europeo, Separata de la Revista de Politica International, Madrid, 1968-1969, Washington University. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970, No. 43. Gorazd Zvonicky, Soltanto Rovine - Italian translation by Milan S. f>urica and Ernesto Simonetto. Published by Associazione di culturia ceca e slovaca "Arturo Cronia", Padua, 1968. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, p. 204. George F. Kennan, From Prague After Munich, Diplomatic Papers 19381940. Princeton University Press, 1968, 226 pages. Slavica Canadiana, No. 69, 1970. Lunghi and Ello, Dubcek' s Blue Print for Freedom (Kimber, London), 1968. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. Ladislav Mnacko, Die siebente Nacht, (Vienna, 1968). Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. Podolak Jan (Ed.), Ethnologia SZavica I, Universitas Comoniana, Facultas Philosophica, Bratislava, 1970, Most, Vol. 19, 1-2, 1972. Reitzner, Almar, Dubce k (Milnchen), 1970. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. Gromada, Thaddeus V., Pilsudski and the Slovak Autonomists, An off. print from Slavic Review, September, 1969, pp. 445-462, Washington University. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, No. 43, 1970, p. 167. Tigrid, Pavel, La chute irresisti ble d'Alexander Dubce k, (Calmann-Levy, Paris, 1969). Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. �SLOVAKIA 100 Fetjo, Frani;ois, Histoire des democracies populaires apres Stali-ne, (Editions du Seuil, Paris), 1969. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. Lob!, Eugen, und Grunwald, Leopold, Die intellektuelle Revolution, Hintergrilnde und Auswirkungen des "Prager Frilhlings'', (Dilsseldorf, Econ, 1969). Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. Wagner, Francis S., (Ed.), Toward a New Central Europe: A Symposium on the Problems of the Danubian Nations, Danubian Press, Inc., Astor Park, Florida, 1970. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, p. 211. Sprinc, Mikula§, Driftwood. Poems translated from the Slovak by the author Larz Pearson and Jaroslav Vajda. Published by the Slovak Institute in Cleveland, Ohio, 1969. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, p. 203. Noge Julius, An Outline of Slovakian Literature, (The Tatrapress Agency, Bratislava), 1968. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXII, No. 45, 1972, p. 208. BOOKS IN SLOVAK J. Mi~ianik, J. Minarik, M. Michalcova, A. Melichar~k, Dejint1 starsej slovenskej literatury (A History of the Older Slovak Literature), Bratislava, published by Slovenska akademia vied (Slovak Academy of Sciences), 1955, p. 230, ill. Reviewed In Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. V, parts 3-4, 243-4 pp. Franmek Vnuk, Sedemnast' neurodnych roko11 - Ndcrt de;tn slovenskej literatury v rokoch 1945-62 (Seventeen Barren Years - A Survey of Slovak Literature 1945-62), Middletown, Pa., Slovak v Amerike, 1965, p. 304, English Summary, Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. XII, parts 2-3, 133-4 pp. Studia Historica Slovaca IV. Bratislava: Vydavatel'stvo Slovenskej akademie vied, 1966, p. 290. Reviewed in Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. XI, 1, 1969. M. Lacko (ed.), Slovens/ca bibliografia v zahranici 1945-1965, Slovak Studies VII. The Slovak Institute (Cleveland-Rome), 1987, Slovakia, Vol. XXII, No. 45, 1972, p. 207, and Canadian Slavoni<: Papers, Vol. Xlli, 4, 1971. Ladislav Dvonc, Bibliografia slovenskej jazykovedy 1961-1965, Matica slovenska, (Martin, 1970), pages 804, Slovakia, Vol. XXII. No. ~ . 1972, p. 205. Ethnologia Slavica I, Universitas Comenian-a Bratislavensis, Facultas Philosophica, Bratislava, 1970, p. 226, Slovakia, Vol. XXII, No. 45, 1972, p. 214. Juraj Chovan, Letopis pama.tnika slovenskej literatury lf)70, (Matica slovenska, Martin, 1970), Slovakia, Vol. XXII, No. 45, 1972 p. 210. ~ubomir Liptak, Slovensko v 20. storoci (Slovakia in the Twentieth Century), (Bratislava, 19&8), 366 p. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XIX, No. 42, 1969, p. 198. �SLOVAKIA 101 Samo Falt'an, Slovenska otazka v teskoslovensku (The Slovak Question in Czechoslovakia), (Bratislava, 1968), 352 p. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XIX, No. 42, 1969, p. 200. Emilia Duchajova, Slovenskci slavistika 1968, Matica slovenska, Martin, 1970, p. 336. Reviewed in Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. Xlll, 4, 197. Stefan Moyses 1869-1969, Edicia Literarneho archlvu, zviizok 7. Zbornik z vedeckej konferencie MS, Martin, 1971, stran 174, litogr. Reviewed in Most, Vol. 19, 1-2, 1972. Jan Chovan, Letopis pamatnika slovenskej literatury 1970, MS, Martin, 1970, p. 94. Reviewed in Most, Vol. 19, 1-2, 1972. Jan Okal', Voda a vino (Water and Wine, United States, 1970), p. 70. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970 No. 43. Eugen Vesnin, Aj v etrurskych zahradach (Also in the Gardens of Etruria), Buenos Aires, 1970. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970, No. 43. Evaluation of Dr. Kirschbaum's Writings by Critics Dr. Kirschbaum's writings were bound to provoke favorable as well as unfavorable reaction. All his books and publications challenged numerous erroneous views on Slovakia's history and culture accepted in the West by scholars and political writers alike. Dr. Kirschbaum challenged these views by works with serious academic background and solid knowledge of matters discussed. In such a situation it was only natural that the reaction was on one hand favorable and on the other hand the author was unscrupulously attacked_. by adversaries of Slovakia's struggle for independence. *) After the publication of the book Slovakia--Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe, to which the Hon. Alvin M. Bentley, member of the Committee of Foreign Affaires of tae U. S. Congress, wrote an approving preface, Prague Government supplied some Czech and Communist newspapers in Canada and the U.S.A. with falsified documents destined to prevent Dr. Kirschbaum from teaching at universities or taking part in public life. A smear campaign on a large scale was organized against him especially in the Canadian press, and made news on radio and television. At the same time, pressure was excercised on the university authorities and academic associations. Even though it was clear that the campaign was politically motivated by the Prague Communist regime and had all the characteristics of "character assassination," Dr. Kirschbaum had to take legal action to clear his name. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1973, Vol. 23 Description An account of the resource Vol. 23 (No. 46), 1973. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 92 SLOVAKIA Select Bibliography of Foreign Language Writings by Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum Convinced that the main role of Slovak intellectuals abroad is to acquaint the West with Slovak history, culture and literature, and to defend Slovakia's right to freedom and independence, Dr. J.M. Kirschbaum used for the past 20 years his talent and knowledge of several languages for that purpose more than any other Slovak in the free world. He published the first reference book on Slovakia in English, the first complete history of Slovaks in Canada, and was the only Slovak scholar abroad who in numerous papers and essays put Slovak cultural and political history into proper perspective at meetings of Canadian and American Slavists and in Canadian, American and European academic periodicals and encyclopedias. His comments on and critical reviews of hundreds of books in foreign languages or in Slovak which he published in academic periodicals of which he was member of the editorial board (Etudes slaves et est-europeennes, Canadian Slavonic Papers, Slavs in Canada, Slavica Canadiana), or in the quarterlies Slovakia, Slowakei and Most also served the same aim: to present Slovakia and Slovak cultural life to the West in a proper light, and to correct the misconceptions which prevailed among American Slavists and historians of Ea:st Central Europe on Slovakia's past and present. As President of the Canadian Ethnic Press Federation and its branch in Ontario, Dr. Kirschbaum also deserves credit for many favorable articles on Slovak matters published in some 20 languages by the Canadian Ethnic Press. Articles published in newspapers are not, however, listed even though many of them were scholarly essays rather than newspaper articles. Altogether Dr. Kirschbaum published about 2000 articles and essays in Slovak news- SLOVAKIA 93 papers and periodicals in the United States, Canada, Europe and Australia. As a result, the select bibliography listed below is far from being complete. On the occasion of the 60th birthday of Dr. Kirschbaum, we want to record at least his most important writings in foreign languages, assuming that scholars and students of Slovak political history and cultural matters would find them useful for their studies and research. - The Editor BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS Slovakia-Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe, Speller & Sons Pub., New York, 1960, XIX and 371 p., ill., bib!. Slovaks in Canada, Canadian Ethnic Press Association, Toronto, 1967, XIX and 468 p., ill., bib!. Nas boj o samostatnost' Slovens/ca, (The Struggle for Slovakia's In- dependence), Cleveland, Slovak Institute, 1958, 343 p. :Cudovit Stur and his Place in the Slavic World, Slavistica No. 32, Slovak Institute, (Winnipeg-Cleveland), 1956. Contemporary Tendencies in Slovak Philology, An offprint from Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. IV, No. 3-4, 1960. Hacia una nueva democracia para la Europa central, An offprint from Revista de Estudios Politicos, Vol. 125, Madrid, 1962. An Outline of Slovakia's Struggle for Independence, Toronto, Canadian Slovak League, 1964, 40 p. Slovakia in the de-Stalinization and Federalization Process of CzechoSlovakia, An offprint from Canadian Slavonic Papers ·(X, 4, 1968). Pavol Jozef Safarik and his Contribution to Slavic Studies, Slavistica No. 43, (Cleveland-Winnipeg), 1962. Anton Bernolak-The First Codifier of the Slovak Language, Slavistica No. 52, (Winnipeg-Cleveland), 1964. Pan-Slavism in Slovak Literature: Jan Kollar-Slovak Poet of PanSlavism, Slavistica No. 56, (Cleveland-Winnipeg), 1966. The Role of the Cyrillo-Methodian Tradition in Slovak National and Political Life. An offprint from Slovak Studies III, (Rome), 1963. Conceptions politi ques et philosophiques de £. Stur dans son oeiivre: Das Slawenthum und die Welt der Zukunft, An offprint from Etudes Slaves et Est- europeennes, Montreal, 1968. Slovakia, Historical and Cultural Backgrounds, Slovak World Congress, Toronto, 1971, 60 p. Editor and main contributor. Twenty Years of The Ethnic Press Association of Ontario, The Ethnic Press Association of Ontario, (Toronto, Ontario, 1971), p. 220. Editor and main contributor. Slovak Literary History in Marxist and Western Interpretation, An offprint from Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. VI, (University of Toronto Press), 1964. 94 SLOVAKIA ARTICLES ON HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE IN ENGLISH "International Recognition of the Slovak Republic", Slovakia, Vol. I, 1951, pp. 23-31. "Slovakia and Central European Federation Plans", Slovakia, Vol m, No. 1, 1953, pp. 1-21. "Diplomatic Documents on Slovakia's Declaration of Independence". Slovakia, Vol. IV, No. 1, 1954, pp. 3-12. "The Constitution of the Slovak Republic", Slovakia, Vol IX, 1959, pp. 47-68. "Facts and Events Behind the Scenes of Slovakia's Declaration of Independence", Slovakia, Vol. IX, No. 4, 1959, pp. 1-23. "Slovakia and the Plans for Integration of Central Europe", Studies for a new Central Europe, Vol. I, 1964, pp. 22-7. "Twenty Years of the Czech and Communist Rule in Slovakia", Slovakia, xv (1965), pp. 78-92. "Slovakia in the de-Stalinization and Federalization Process of CzechoSlovakia", Canadian Slavonic Papers, X, 4, 1968. "The Role of the Cyrillo-Methodian Tradition in Slovak National Life", Slovak Studies, Vol. m, 1963. "The Slovak Press in Canada", Slovakia, Vol. XVIII, No. 41, 1968, pp. 79-106. "Slovakia in the Struggle for Liberalization and Federalization of Czecho-Slovakia", Slovakia, Vol. XIX, No. 42, 1969, pp. 3-31. "Slovaks and the Upheavals of Czecho-Slovakia", Jednota Annual Furdek, Vol. IX, January 1970, pp. 82-86. "The Assimilation Process of American Slovaks", Slovakia, Vol XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 79-84. "Slovaks in Canada", Slavs in Canada, Vol. I, Inter-University Committee on Canadian Slavs, University of Alberta, 1966. "The Ideological Orientation of the Canadian Slavic Press", Slavs in Canada, Vol III, University of Ottawa, 1969. "Slovakia and the Integration Plans of Central Europe", Symposium Toward a New Central Europe, Ed. Francis S. Wagner, Danubian Press, Inc. (Astor Park, Florida), 1970, pp. 259-265. "Prof. F. f>urcansky-Politician, Scholar and Fighter for Slovakia's Independence", Slovakia, Vol. XVII, No. 40, 1967, pp. 153-160. "The 15th Anniversary of the Untimely Death of Prof. Francis Hrusovsky, Ph.D.", Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 175-179. "Stephen B. Roman--Slovak Tycoon", Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 7-19. "Dr. Joseph Tiso-The Prelate Politician Who Died on the Gallows for His People", Slovakia, Vol. XXII, No. 45, 1972, pp. 5-20. "My Last Diplomatic Report to the President of Slovakia", Furdek, Vol. XI, 1972, pp. 81-87. "Prospects of Slovakia Under Husak's Leadership", Almanac, National Slovak Society, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1971, pp. 124-129. "Pittsburgh Pact and its Significance in Slovak Politics", Almanac, National Slovak Society, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1971, pp. 132-137. SLOVAKIA 95 "The Truth and Legends About the Origin of the Slovak Republic", Furdek, (Middletown, Pa. 1973). IN FRENCH "La voie de la Slovaquie", La Correspondance slovaque, Bern, Switzerland, August 15, 1943. "La Slovaquie et son droit a !'independence", La Correspondance slovaque, November 15, 1943. "L'orientation politique de !'emigration slovaque", La Correspondance slovaque, February, 1944. "La tradition universitaire en Slovaquie", La Correspondance slovaque, March, 1944. "La Slovaquie dans la tourbillon des evenements", La Correspondance slovaque, October, 1944. "Les bases de collaboration et de paix en Europe centrale", La Correspondance slovaque, November, 1944. "La Slovaquie dans la lutte pour son avenir", La Correspondance slovaque, January, 1945. "L'apport des slovaques a !'organization culturelle et politique de L'Europe centrale", La Correspondance slovaque, November, 1944. "Les slovaques et les promesses des politiciens Tcheques", La Correspondance slovaque, January, 1945. "La Slovaquie apres cinq ans d'independance", Revue de droit internationale, de sciences diplomatiques et politiques, Geneve, 1944, XXII, No. 2, pp. 121-142. "La Tcheco-Slovaquie correspond-elle aux aspirations de ses habitants", Slovensky narod - La nation slovaque, Paris, 1949-1950. "Pour une nouvelle organization de L'Europe Centrale", Slovensky narod - La nation slovaque, Paris, February, 1949. "La declaration de l'independance slovaque en mars 1939", Slovensky ncirod - La nation slovaque, Paris, March 15, 1949. IN GERMAN "Der Kampf fiir eine freie Slowakei", Slowakische Korrespondenz, Munich, Germany, September, 1953, I, 9. "Wesen und Ursachen des Gegensatzes zwischen Tschechen und Slowaken", Slowakische Korrespondenz, Munich, 1953, I, 5. "Wir und Tschechen", Slowakische Korrespondenz, Munich, 1953, I, 3. "Die Slowakei und ihr Verhiiltnis zu den Nachbarn", Slowakische Korrespondenz, Munich, 1958, VI, 12. "Die internationale Anerkennung der Slowakischen Republik", Slowakei, Vol. II, No. 2, 1964. "Die Haltung Grossbritanniens zur Slowakei", Slowakei, Vol. III, No. 1, 1965, pp. 11-29. "Das Pittsburger Abkommen und seine Bedeutung in der slowakischen Politik", Slowakei, Vol. VI, No. 1-2, Munich, 1968, pp. 58-66. "Schicksal der slowakischen Gesandschaft in Bern", Slowakei, Vol. VII, No. 1-2, 1969, pp. 87-100. 96 SLOVAKIA "Die Rolle der Slowakei in der Nachkriegsentwicklung der TschechoSlowakei", Slowakei, Vol. VIII, No. 11, 1970. "Aussenpolitische Vorstellungen im slowakischen Exil", Wissenschaµ. licher Dienst fur Ostmitteleuropa, February, 1972. IN SPANISH "Hacia una nueva democracia para la Europa central", Rivista de Estudios Politicos", Vol. 125, Madrid, 1962. ARTICLES ON CULTURAL AND LITERARY MATTERS IN ENGLISH "The Slovaks and Slavonic Civilization", Quarterly Slovakia, Vol. V, No. 4, 1955, pp. 39-49. "A Note on Two Modern Slovak Translators of Mickiewicz" in W. Lednicki, Adam Mickiewicz in World Literature, University of California Press, (Berkley, 1956). "Louis Stu.r's Centennial", Slovakia, Vol. VI, No. 1, 1956, pp. 3-16. "Mickiewicz in Slovak Poetry and Translations", Slovakia, Vol. VII, No. 1, 1957, pp. 32-41. "University Traditions in Slovalda", Slovakia, Vol. VIII, No. 2, 1958, pp. 18-29. "Canadian Translator of Slovak Poetry-Prof. W. Kirkconnell", Slovakia, Vol. XIV, 1964, No. 1, pp. 9-18. "Notes on Slovak Culture, Literature and Language", Quarterly Most, Vol. VII, No. 1, 1960, pp. 1-14. "Misconceptions of American Slavists About Slovak Literature", Slovakia, Vol. XI, No. 1, 1961, pp. 22-42. "Mis~onceptions of American Slavists About Slovak Literature", Slovakia, Vol. XII, No. 1, 1962, pp. 25-49. "Bicentennial of Anton Bernolak", Annual Furdek, Vol. II, Cleveland, Ohio, 1963), pp. 18-27. "Love for Songs and Folklore Among Slovaks", Annual Furdek, Vol. II, (Cleveland-Ohio, 1963), pp. 83-88: "The Slovak Language and its Place Among the Slavic Languages", Annual Slovakia, Vol. XV, 1966, pp. 1-24. "Slovak Literature", The New Catholic Encyclopedia, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C., 1967, Vol. XIII, pp. 280, 292-295, 748, also in Vol. XIV and other volumes on Jan Holly, Jan Kollar, Cudovit Stur, P. 0. Hviezdoslav, M. Kukucil:1, S. H. Vajansky, Andrej Sladkovic, J. C. Hronsky. "Prof. D. Cyzevsky-Ukrainian Expert in Slovak Literature", Quarterly Most, Vol. VIII, No. 3-4, 1961, pp. 17-36. "A Note on the Theory on the Origin of the Name Slav", Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. III, No. 2, 1958, pp. 47-56. "Contemporary Tendencies in Slovak Philology", Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. IV, No. 3-4, 1960. SLOVAKIA 97 "Slovak Literary History in Marxist and Western Interpretation", A reprint from Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. VI, (University of Toronto Press), 1964. "Slavica Slovaca", Review article, Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. XIII, 4, 1971. "J. C. Hronsky--Slovak Novelist and Writer", Annual Furdek, Vol. X, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1971), pp. 23-29. "The Slovaks and Slavonic Civilization", Furdek, Vol. X, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1971), pp. 69-79. "Old Cnlture and University Traditions in Slovakia", Furdek, Vol. XI, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1972), pp. 167-185. "Bilingualism in Slovak Literature", Almanac, National Slovak Society, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1972, pp. 144-147. " American and Canadian Translators of Slovak Poetry", Furdek, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1973). "Janko Kral', Slovak Poet, Honored by UNESCO", Furdek, (Cleveland, Ohio, 1973). "Andrej 2arnov - Poet of Slovak Patriotism", Festschrift Pozdrav Andrejovi Zarnovovi, Spolok slovenskych spisovatel'ov a umelcov, Cleveland, Ohio, 1963. IN FRENCH "La Grande-Moravie et son heritage cultural", Etudes slaves et esteuropeennes, Universite de Montreal, Vol. II, 1957, pp. 189-199. "Le centenaire d'un grand slaviste: Safarik", Etudes slaves et esteuropeennes, Montreal, 1960, Vol. V, pp. 69-80. "La litterature de la periode cyrillo-methodienne et la Slovaque", Slovak Studies III, (Rome), 1963. "La place du slovaque parmi les langues slaves", Etudes slaves et esteuropeennes, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 3-4, Universite de Montreal, 1963. "Conceptions politiques et philosophiques de I!. Stlir tirees de son oeuvre: Das Slawentum und die Welt der Zukunft", Etudes slaves et est-europeennes, Vol. XIII, 1969, pp. 32-45. IN GERMAN "Profil und Werk L'udovft Sturs", Slowakei, Vol III, No. 2, 1965. "Literarisch-kulturelles Schaffen des slowakischen Exils", Slowakei, Vol. IV, No. 1, 1966. BOOK REVIEWS BOOKS IN FRENCH, ENGLISH, GERMAN AND ITALIAN Joseph A. Miku§, La Slovaquie dans le Drame de l'Europe (Histoires politique de 1918 a 1950), Paris, Les Isles d'Or, 1955, 478 pp. Reviewed in Etudes slaves et est-europeennes, Vol. I, part 2, pp. 121-4. 98 SLOVAKIA Francis R. Preveden, A History of the Croatian People, New York, Philosophical Library, 1955, XVI, 134 p. Reviewed in The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. XIV, 3, 1956. Milovan Djilas, The New Class, an analysis of the Communist system, Praeger, N. Y. 1957, 214 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. III, part 1, 60-1 p. Joseph G. Cincik, Ph.D., Ancient Slovak Fibulas and Pseudo-Fibulas, Whiting, Indiana, published by Rev. John J. Lach, 1957, 105 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. II, part 4, 250-1 pp. Joseph G. Cincik, Anglo-Saxon and Slovak-Avar Patterns of Cuthbert's Gospel, Cleveland, Ohio, Slovak Institute, 1958, 124 p. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. III, part 4, Winter 1958-1959, 240-243 pp. Stephen Smrzik, S. J., The Glagolitic or Romano-Slavonic Liturgy, Rome, Slovak Institute, 1959, 120 p. Reviewed. in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. V, part 1-2, 118-119 pp. Bonaventure, B. Bue, Slovak Nationalism, (Middletown, Pa., Slovak League of America, 1960), 67 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. VI, parts 1-2, 111-112 pp. Gilbert L. Oddo, Slovakia and its People, New York, Speller & Sons Inc:, 1960, XI, 361 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. VI, parts 1-2, 112-114 pp. Ludwig v. Gogolak, Beitriige zur Geschichte des slowakischen Volke! I, (Contributions to the History of the Slovak People), Verlag R. Oldenburg, Miinchen, 1963, p. 265. Reviewed in Slovakia. Ludwig v. Gogolak, T. G. Masaryks slowakische und ungarlandische Politik (Masaryk's Slovak and Hungarian Policy), Munich, 1963, Vol. IV, pp. 174-227. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XVIII, 1968, No. 41. David L. Hoggan, Der erzwungene Krieg, die Ursachen und Urheber des z. Weltkrieus, Verlag der Deutschen Hochschullehrer-Zeitung, Tiibingen, 1963, bibliography, maps, photographs, pages 898. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, p. 210. J . A. Mikus, Slovakia-A Political History 1918-1950, Milwaukee, Wis., Marquette University Press, 1964, XXXIII, 392 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. X, parts 1-2, p. 68. Milan St. :!'.>urica, La Slovacchia e le sue relazioni politiche con la Germania, (1938-1945), Padova, Marsilio Editori, 1964, 274 pp. Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. X, parts 1-2, p. 68. Arved Grebert, Die Slowaken und das Grossmiihrisches Reich, (The Slovaks and the Great Moravian Empire), M. Cernak's Institute, Munich, 19615. Jorg K. Hoensch, Die Slowakei und Hitler's Ostpolitik (Hlinka's Slowakische Volkspartei zwischen Autonomie und Separation 19381939), Bohlau Verlag, Koln-Graz, 1965, p. 390. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XVIII, 1968, No. 41, and in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. XII, part 1, p. 61-3. Die Slowakei als mitteleuropiiisches Problem in Geschichte und Gege'ltwart, (Slavakia's Central European Problem in the Past arui SLOVAKIA 99 Present), Lectures at Collegium Carolinum, Verlag Robert Lerche, Mtinchen, 1965, p. 240. Reviewed in Slavic and Ecut European Studies, Vol. XII, part 1, p. 61-3. Jorg K. Hoensch, Die GrundZagen des Programms der Slovakischen Volkspartei vor 1938 (The Basis of the Programme of the Slovak Populist Party Before 1938), Munich, 1966, Vol. VII, p. 320-356. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XVIII, 1968, No. 41. Heinrich Kuhn, Handbuch der Tschechoslowakei, (Verlag Robert Lerche, Milnchen), 1966, pp. 1,024. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970, No. 43. Frantisek Vnuk, Dr. Jozef Tiso-President of the Slovak Republic, The Association of Australia Slovaks, Sydney, 1967, p. 50, ill. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XVII, 1968, No. 41. Milan S. f>urica, D'ie slowakische Politik 1938-1939 im Lichte der Staatslehre Tisos (Slovak Policy 1938-1939 in the Light of Tiso's Political Thought), Emil Semmel Verlag, Bonn, 1967, 49 p. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XVIII, 1968, No. 41. Rudolf Sturm, CzechoslovakieJ,-A Bibliographie Guide, Library of the Congress, Washington, 1967, 157 p. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol XX, 1970, No. 43. Beitrage zum Deutsch-Tschechischen Verhaltnis im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Veroffentlichungen des Collegium Carolinum), Verlag Robert Lerche, (Milnchen, 1967), pp. 178. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, p. 213. Slovak Studies V: Historica 3, Cleveland-Rome, Slovak Institute, 1967, p. 268. Reviewed in Canadian Slavonic Papers, XI, 1, 1969. Stefan Glejdura, Los Grandes Problemas del Este Europeo, Separata de la Revista de Politica International, Madrid, 1968-1969, Washington University. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970, No. 43. Gorazd Zvonicky, Soltanto Rovine - Italian translation by Milan S. f>urica and Ernesto Simonetto. Published by Associazione di culturia ceca e slovaca "Arturo Cronia", Padua, 1968. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, p. 204. George F. Kennan, From Prague After Munich, Diplomatic Papers 19381940. Princeton University Press, 1968, 226 pages. Slavica Canadiana, No. 69, 1970. Lunghi and Ello, Dubcek' s Blue Print for Freedom (Kimber, London), 1968. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. Ladislav Mnacko, Die siebente Nacht, (Vienna, 1968). Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. Podolak Jan (Ed.), Ethnologia SZavica I, Universitas Comoniana, Facultas Philosophica, Bratislava, 1970, Most, Vol. 19, 1-2, 1972. Reitzner, Almar, Dubce k (Milnchen), 1970. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. Gromada, Thaddeus V., Pilsudski and the Slovak Autonomists, An off. print from Slavic Review, September, 1969, pp. 445-462, Washington University. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, No. 43, 1970, p. 167. Tigrid, Pavel, La chute irresisti ble d'Alexander Dubce k, (Calmann-Levy, Paris, 1969). Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. SLOVAKIA 100 Fetjo, Frani;ois, Histoire des democracies populaires apres Stali-ne, (Editions du Seuil, Paris), 1969. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. Lob!, Eugen, und Grunwald, Leopold, Die intellektuelle Revolution, Hintergrilnde und Auswirkungen des "Prager Frilhlings'', (Dilsseldorf, Econ, 1969). Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, pp. 205-208. Wagner, Francis S., (Ed.), Toward a New Central Europe: A Symposium on the Problems of the Danubian Nations, Danubian Press, Inc., Astor Park, Florida, 1970. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, p. 211. Sprinc, Mikula§, Driftwood. Poems translated from the Slovak by the author Larz Pearson and Jaroslav Vajda. Published by the Slovak Institute in Cleveland, Ohio, 1969. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXI, No. 44, 1971, p. 203. Noge Julius, An Outline of Slovakian Literature, (The Tatrapress Agency, Bratislava), 1968. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XXII, No. 45, 1972, p. 208. BOOKS IN SLOVAK J. Mi~ianik, J. Minarik, M. Michalcova, A. Melichar~k, Dejint1 starsej slovenskej literatury (A History of the Older Slovak Literature), Bratislava, published by Slovenska akademia vied (Slovak Academy of Sciences), 1955, p. 230, ill. Reviewed In Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. V, parts 3-4, 243-4 pp. Franmek Vnuk, Sedemnast' neurodnych roko11 - Ndcrt de;tn slovenskej literatury v rokoch 1945-62 (Seventeen Barren Years - A Survey of Slovak Literature 1945-62), Middletown, Pa., Slovak v Amerike, 1965, p. 304, English Summary, Reviewed in Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. XII, parts 2-3, 133-4 pp. Studia Historica Slovaca IV. Bratislava: Vydavatel'stvo Slovenskej akademie vied, 1966, p. 290. Reviewed in Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. XI, 1, 1969. M. Lacko (ed.), Slovens/ca bibliografia v zahranici 1945-1965, Slovak Studies VII. The Slovak Institute (Cleveland-Rome), 1987, Slovakia, Vol. XXII, No. 45, 1972, p. 207, and Canadian Slavoni<: Papers, Vol. Xlli, 4, 1971. Ladislav Dvonc, Bibliografia slovenskej jazykovedy 1961-1965, Matica slovenska, (Martin, 1970), pages 804, Slovakia, Vol. XXII. No. ~ . 1972, p. 205. Ethnologia Slavica I, Universitas Comenian-a Bratislavensis, Facultas Philosophica, Bratislava, 1970, p. 226, Slovakia, Vol. XXII, No. 45, 1972, p. 214. Juraj Chovan, Letopis pama.tnika slovenskej literatury lf)70, (Matica slovenska, Martin, 1970), Slovakia, Vol. XXII, No. 45, 1972 p. 210. ~ubomir Liptak, Slovensko v 20. storoci (Slovakia in the Twentieth Century), (Bratislava, 19&8), 366 p. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XIX, No. 42, 1969, p. 198. SLOVAKIA 101 Samo Falt'an, Slovenska otazka v teskoslovensku (The Slovak Question in Czechoslovakia), (Bratislava, 1968), 352 p. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XIX, No. 42, 1969, p. 200. Emilia Duchajova, Slovenskci slavistika 1968, Matica slovenska, Martin, 1970, p. 336. Reviewed in Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. Xlll, 4, 197. Stefan Moyses 1869-1969, Edicia Literarneho archlvu, zviizok 7. Zbornik z vedeckej konferencie MS, Martin, 1971, stran 174, litogr. Reviewed in Most, Vol. 19, 1-2, 1972. Jan Chovan, Letopis pamatnika slovenskej literatury 1970, MS, Martin, 1970, p. 94. Reviewed in Most, Vol. 19, 1-2, 1972. Jan Okal', Voda a vino (Water and Wine, United States, 1970), p. 70. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970 No. 43. Eugen Vesnin, Aj v etrurskych zahradach (Also in the Gardens of Etruria), Buenos Aires, 1970. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970, No. 43. Evaluation of Dr. Kirschbaum's Writings by Critics Dr. Kirschbaum's writings were bound to provoke favorable as well as unfavorable reaction. All his books and publications challenged numerous erroneous views on Slovakia's history and culture accepted in the West by scholars and political writers alike. Dr. Kirschbaum challenged these views by works with serious academic background and solid knowledge of matters discussed. In such a situation it was only natural that the reaction was on one hand favorable and on the other hand the author was unscrupulously attacked_. by adversaries of Slovakia's struggle for independence. *) After the publication of the book Slovakia--Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe, to which the Hon. Alvin M. Bentley, member of the Committee of Foreign Affaires of tae U. S. Congress, wrote an approving preface, Prague Government supplied some Czech and Communist newspapers in Canada and the U.S.A. with falsified documents destined to prevent Dr. Kirschbaum from teaching at universities or taking part in public life. A smear campaign on a large scale was organized against him especially in the Canadian press, and made news on radio and television. At the same time, pressure was excercised on the university authorities and academic associations. Even though it was clear that the campaign was politically motivated by the Prague Communist regime and had all the characteristics of "character assassination," Dr. Kirschbaum had to take legal action to clear his name.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Select Bibliography of Foreign Language Writings by Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum Description An account of the resource Slovakia, Vol. 23 (No. 46), 1973 pp. 92-101 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/5501516c5f28bfe92eb5574292d7398c.pdf b7957a4f19929718a0af9fd23019fdfa PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 101 Samo Falt'an, Slovenska otazka v teskoslovensku (The Slovak Question in Czechoslovakia), (Bratislava, 1968), 352 p. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XIX, No. 42, 1969, p. 200. Emilia Duchajova, Slovenskci slavistika 1968, Matica slovenska, Martin, 1970, p. 336. Reviewed in Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. Xlll, 4, 197. Stefan Moyses 1869-1969, Edicia Literarneho archlvu, zviizok 7. Zbornik z vedeckej konferencie MS, Martin, 1971, stran 174, litogr. Reviewed in Most, Vol. 19, 1-2, 1972. Jan Chovan, Letopis pamatnika slovenskej literatury 1970, MS, Martin, 1970, p. 94. Reviewed in Most, Vol. 19, 1-2, 1972. Jan Okal', Voda a vino (Water and Wine, United States, 1970), p. 70. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970 No. 43. Eugen Vesnin, Aj v etrurskych zahradach (Also in the Gardens of Etruria), Buenos Aires, 1970. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970, No. 43. Evaluation of Dr. Kirschbaum's Writings by Critics Dr. Kirschbaum's writings were bound to provoke favorable as well as unfavorable reaction. All his books and publications challenged numerous erroneous views on Slovakia's history and culture accepted in the West by scholars and political writers alike. Dr. Kirschbaum challenged these views by works with serious academic background and solid knowledge of matters discussed. In such a situation it was only natural that the reaction was on one hand favorable and on the other hand the author was unscrupulously attacked_. by adversaries of Slovakia's struggle for independence. *) After the publication of the book Slovakia--Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe, to which the Hon. Alvin M. Bentley, member of the Committee of Foreign Affaires of tae U. S. Congress, wrote an approving preface, Prague Government supplied some Czech and Communist newspapers in Canada and the U.S.A. with falsified documents destined to prevent Dr. Kirschbaum from teaching at universities or taking part in public life. A smear campaign on a large scale was organized against him especially in the Canadian press, and made news on radio and television. At the same time, pressure was excercised on the university authorities and academic associations. Even though it was clear that the campaign was politically motivated by the Prague Communist regime and had all the characteristics of "character assassination," Dr. Kirschbaum had to take legal action to clear his name. �102 SLOVAKIA Scholars and experts in history of Central Europe accepted Dr. Kirschbaum's first English book favorably and, as years pass, it is more and more referred to as a source to modern history of Slovakia. IN EUROPE the book was reviewed in two academic periodicals, one published in London, England, and one in Padova, Italy, in the official organ of European federalist, European Bulletin (Jan.-Feb. 1961), published in Roma, Italy, and by experts on Central European affairs in Germany and Spain. In his French article George Kallay wrote in the European Bulletin: "One of the most eminent representatives of the federal thesis among his advocates in Central Europe, is a historian who now lives in Canada, Joseph M. Kirschbaum. Born at the time of the AustroHungarian Monarchy, he was only six years old when it collapsed and, consequently, officially he became a "Czechoslovak". When Slovakia gained tts independence, Kirschbaum, 25 years of age, became one of the most prominent representatives in Slovak politics. Slovak national politics condemned Czech domination as well as German domination which equally sought to subjugate the Slovak people. In many of his political works, Kirschbaum affirms the necessity of a Central European Federation. His most recent work, Slovakia, Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe, is but the expression of his federal thesis. He points out that the countries of Central and Oriental Europe must come to understand that they must unite if they do not wish to play the role of satellites of a foreign power." F. McPoyne in Central Europe Journal Sudeten Bulletin (Munich, December 1960) wrote about the book as follows: "Although written to enlighten and correct the warped political vision of those still convinced that Czechoslovakia was a "little Switzerland in the heart of Europe," this book may be recommended as a compact political history of Slovakia. It is amazing that Czech propaganda was, and to a large extent still is, able to influence the thinking of millions of people-particularly the Anglo-Saxon world-to believe a myth that there is one "Czechoslovak" people. Kirschbaum explodes this myth and traces the origins of Slovakia from its historic beginnings, unfolding before the reader a detailed and soundly referenced account of a proud, vital and highly cultured people from their earliest origins to the declaration of their independence in 1939, pleading for a new order in Central Europe where two world wars were touched off. A dual leitmotiv throughout is the thesis that Slovakia has at all eras of its history been a western-oriented people and has been sought after by other surrounding peoples who attempted, but unsuccessfully, to assimilate it. Today the Slovaks are still western-oriented interiorly and not assimilated, either by the Czechs or by the Soviets. Kirschbaum's book is another reminder and a convincing one, that fires are still burning in the hearts of a little people in Central Europe who, �SLOVAKIA 103 like the Irish whom so strongly r esemble, are keeping the faith that independence shall one day be theirs. Though captured by Communists, they have not compl'Omised with them. May Joseph Kirschbaum's meritorious volume win friends for Slovakia and for their cause." More critical opinion was expressed in The Slavonic Review (Vol. 4, 1962-3) published in London, by Prof. W. V. Wallace. This had to be, however, expected from an academic journal behind which was Prof. Seton-Watson. According to the reviewer, Dr. Kirschbaum set out "to make known the truth about Slovakia, and especially about the crucial years of 1939-1945," which in his opinion was "a laudable aim, but a demanding one." Arguing with the text on the cover of the book rather than with the contents, Prof. Wallace could not deny that "Kirschbaum's book has some interest," but did not accept it "as a last word" in which respect he was right. However, the fact that the Slavonic Review dedicated two pages long article to the book, is a clear indication that the book could not be overlooked and has its value in the eyes of people who disagreed with Slovakia's aspirations for independence. IN THE UNITED STATES the book was received with enthusiasm by a number of Slovak periodicals, published in Slovak and English, as a "brilliant defense of the Slovak cause and an overdue scholarly work on Slovakia." Nobody more than American Slovaks felt the need for a book which would tell Americans and the second and third generation of American Slovaks the truth about Slovakia in a comprehensive English work. Dr. Kirschbaum's book filled the gap not only according to many articles in Slovak American newspapers, but also according to the director of the Slovak Institute in Cleveland, Ohio, Rev. A. Pier, O.S.B. who revieved the book in the quarterly Slovakia (Vol. X, No. 6), a1, follows: "This latest work by the distinguished professor of Slavic Studies at the University of Montreal is a well-balanced, co-Ordinated and well-calculated effort to give thinking people a true picture of the Slovak nation struggling for national freedom and survival since the dawn of western civilization. In his introduction, Kirschbaum gives the reader a genuine historical perspective of the land and its people in a few pages. In a concise sweep of centuries of history, the author traces the fateful course of this small but dynamic nation from the sixth century to the present. Never before has a reader of Slovak historical development had the opportunity to learn so quickly the real story of a country whose destiny has been and still is closely associated with the lite of its neighbors, namely, Czechs, Austrians, Germans, Poles, Russians, and Magyars, for here, in a compact volume, the author has compressed centuries of history as it occured in the heart of Europe. Slovak culture, literature and the language of the oldest people in the Danube region, as well as the democratic traditions of the Slovak nation, are presented in an intelligible way. Moreover, the complex events that created and shaped Czecho-Slovakia and then led to the declaration �104 SLOVAKIA of Slovak independence on March 14, 1939 (six months before the outbreak of the War) are so arranged and explained as to give the reader a factual and masterful survey of a hectic period in modern history. Documents and letters relating to the struggle of the Slovaks for their right to self-government and a free statehood are quoted as far back as April 13, 1849, when a group of Slovak deputies submitted a petition to the Ministry in Vienna for national recognition. These, a total of 72, are up to 1955. Thus, not only is this book designate<i'-for popular reading but also for serious study by students of history. ·. It will serve to provide them with a basic historical knowledge of the Slovak nation, and will give them a reliable insight into the incredibly fascinating story of Slovakia on the Danube." Several periodicals reprinted Congressman Bentley's opinion that: "Professor Kirschbaum in his book Slovakia-Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe has well and effectively argued the case for Slovak independence. He has pointed out the geographlcal importance of Slovakia and, to my way of thinking, clearly established the fact that these proud people have every right to make a free choice of their political future when the time comes which will permit them to do so. Perhaps even more important, he has laid great emphasis upon the eventual necessity of a commonwealth of European nations of Central Europe, an organization which would, while permitting free expression of nationalistic tendencies, giv,e to this area the cohesive strength which it has lacked ever since the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian empire. It would mean to me that his book should be required reading for all those who have an interest in the future of the captive peoples of this great region." In the literary quarterly Most the book was reviewed by the nestor of Slovak emigre writers and publicists Konstantin Culen (Vol VII, No. 3-4). The English quarterly Slovakia published several reviews of Dr. Kirschbaum's book, all of them favorable (see Vol. X, No. 6-7, Vol. XI, No. 2). Academic periodicals recorded publication of the book and the SI.a.vie and East European Journal, published at the University of Indiana, Bloomington, Indiana, reviewed the book favorably. More important, however, is the fact that hundreds of university libraries and public libraries made the book available to students and professors of Central European history. The success of the book bothered so much the adversaries of Slovak national aspirations, that the book was repeatedly stolen from some libraries or filled with abusive comments. There were three prints of the book within five years. IN CANADA the book Slovakia-Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe was reviewed very favorably in the bilingual quarterly Etudes slaves et est-europeennes, published at the Universite de Montreal, by Prof V. Lalic (Vol. V, 1960), by Prof. Charles Murin and Prof. Watson Kirkconnell who positively commented also on Dr. KiriChbamn's �105 SLOVAKIA - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - · - - -- - - - - - - cultural publications and essays (University of Toronto Quarterly, Vol. XX.XI, XXXII and XXIV, No. 4). In his extensive review, Prof. V. Lalich dwelt especially on the value of Prof. Kirschbaum's book for Slavists. In his opinion "For many Slavists who were interested in Slovakia only because of the role she played in the epoch of Great Moravia or in Pan-Slavism and later in Czechoslovakia, Professor Kirschbaum's book will represent the needed filling of a gap, which one felt when speaking or writing about the Slavic world. At the same time, however, it will appear as a controversial treatise on many questions pertaining to the history and national identity of the Slovak people. "Using quotations and references profusely, Dr. Kirschbaum's book challenges the erroneous or opposing views and theories, and makes an honest effort to shed a new light on the principal problems of Slovak national development and the modern history of Slovakia. His picture is, understandably, in many regards different from what we were presented with, during the last four decades, as an objective image. But in view of the fact that his work is based on a thorough knowledge of original works, long research and personal experience, it is worth paying attention to this new interpretation of Slovak history and its new presentation of Slovak cultural life." According to Prof. Lalich, "For Slavists, the value of the book lies especially in its first part, in which the author writes on cultural, literary, social and general political issues, and in which he used a scholarly method in presenting Slovakia's contribution to Slavic civilization (pp. 25-26, 40-49). In works on Slavic literature there was, until now, considerable confusion as to the literary language used by the Slovaks and if, or how far, the Slovak language was a distinct Slavic tongue. These questions as well as many others pertaining to the Slovak national and cultural heritage, are answered on the basis of recent research in Dr. Kirschbaum's book. He supports his conclusions by many quotations and documents translated from originals." Nevertheless, Prof. Lalich thinks that the substance of Dr. Kirschbaum's book is "in Part II, in which the author deals extensively with the origin of Czechoslovakia and of the Slovak Republic, and offers quite a different picture from that presented by others during or after the war. Since the author undoubtedly has the necessary background to write on this subject with authority, and because he has based his conclusions on references to a large number of documents, his new presentation of modern Slovak history will not be without value, though it may not or will not satisfy some editors of symposia on Central European countries, whose views the author attacks and rejects as having been motivated by politics and not by facts or scholarly research. In presenting the case of Slovakia, the author tends, however, to engage in an argument rather than in an impartial explanation of faots, 11s if he were intentionally trying to provoke a controversy instead of trying to achieve the acceptance of his views. Repetition of evident �106 SLOVAKIA inaccuracies in many works dealing with Slovakia can certainly irritate the Slovaks, but to readers who are far from resentments, which the Slovaks may rightly feel towards some of their neighbours or politicians, a less emotional presentation would probably be more efficient. The author appears more of a politician than a scholar in this part of his work; nevertheless, he still respects the facts and the truth, and the large documentation he has used makes the book an honest and courageous attempt at a new presentation of Slovakia." Prof. Charles Murin analyzed and evaluated the book in a lenghty scholarly analysis. In his view, "Prof. Kirschbaum's book is written for both the intelligent observer of the international politics and those whose task it is to participate in the shaping of the current international situation which seems to contain an amount of irrational elements to a degree probably never equalled in the period of modern history." "Kirschbaum's book," Prof. Murin continues, "is a valuable contribution to the understanding of the premises and origins of the present day situation, restricted to one of its sections: Central Europe. Genetically this seems to be the most important field through the quantitive aspects of the problems in Asia and Africa overshadow the European problems. The author relates the political history of Slovakia and of Central Europe. The period described, however, happens to be the one which preceded the Soviet hegemony over half of Europe. Thus the book contains excellent material offered to the English reader who wants to trace down the errors of the past and is willing both to learn from the past errors and re-think the categories of living ideas and forces which simultane-0usly are being shaped by and are shaping this world of ours. The basic service this book renders to the reader is that it shows him to what degree the conceptions of the West in regard to the political organization of one of the neuralgic spots in Europe were dominated by facts and to what degree by fancy. To show the interplay of reality and illusion, the genuine and the phony in the official views of the state departments of the West in regard to Central Europe seems to be to be the aim of the book. Further the author shows to what extent these conceptions contained inherent contradictions and were, therefore, doomed in the long run. Be it noted that some of the prejudices discussed in the book represent an inheritance from the post-World War I arrangements." In the opinion of Professor Murin the author "has mastered more than sufficiently the material he is dealing with and is in a solid position to give an accurate account on Slovak history, an account on a sober relativistic character of historical events, thus avoiding the peculiar exclusivities not only of the Czech and Magyar writers, but also of their Slovak antipodes." Publications on cultural matters, four of which Dr. Kirschbaum published in the series Slavistica, edited by Prof. J. B. Rudnyckyj from the University of Manitoba, were reviewed in Slavic Review, University of Toronto quarterly, Slavica Canadiana, Revista de Estudion Politicos �SLOVAKIA 107 (Vol. 117-118, 125), Slovakia, Slowakei, Most, as well as in numerous Slovak newspapers and periodicals. Foreign and Slovak reviewers (Dr. S. Glejdura, Rev. A. Pier, Dr. J. Rekem), welcomed these studies as a valuable contribution to scholarly literature on Slovakia destined to acquaint Western Slavists with Slovak culture. Several essays dealing with the Slovak language, philology and literary history, which Dr. Kirschbaum published in academic reviews (Canadian Slavonic Papers, Etudes slaves et est-europeennes) or in Slovak Studies (Vol. ill) and Most, appeared also in reprints and were favorably commented upon by reviewers in Canada, the U.S.A. and Europe. In view of the fact that even among Western Slavists there were many misconceptions .about Slovak language and literatur,e, Dr. Kirschbaum's writings were the first ones in foreign languages to shed an objective light on Slovak language and literature. Several of these essays were originally papers delivered and discussed at annual meetings of Canadian and American :Slavists and performed a useful role of acquainting professors of Slavic studies with Slovak history and literature. The largest and, in the opinion of some critics, the best work by Dr. Kirschbaum, Slovaks in Canada, was received as a model for history books on ethnic groups. In addition to numerous reviews in Slovak, over 30 book reviews in not less than 15 languages were published within a year of the publication of the book. And all were exceptionally favorable. The Minister of Education of Ontario spoke about the book in Parliament and one of the best known Canadian radio and television commentators, Gordon Sinclair, analyzed and praised the book as o particular contribution to Canadian history. Even though the topic of the book had a limited scope, the number of academic periodicals which reviewed it favorably, was greater than in the case of the first English book by Dr. Kirschbaum. Moreover, the reviews were written by professors known as experts and were published in the official organs of American and Canadian associations ,of Slavists: the Slavic Review (Prof. Taborsky); Canadian Slavonic Papers (Prof. J. V. Kaye) ; Etudes slaves et est-europeennes (Prof. R. <::ujes); Slavica Canadiana (Prof. Charles Murin); University of Ottawa Quarterly (Prof. E. Buydosh). From a number of reviews by professors at American and Canadian universities at least a few should be mentioned. Prof E. Taborsky of the University of Texas, assessed the book in the Slavic Review (Vol. 29, No. 2), as follows: "Professor Kirschbaum divides his "saga of a small group of people in a new land who preserved their identity and achieved success" into four parts. Part I describes the historical, ethnic, cultural, political, 1·eligious, and economic ground of the Slovak immigrants and concludes with a brief sketch of the Slovak national character. Based on a wealth of sources, including the archives of various Canadian Slovak organizations, the Slovak press in Canada, and interviews with Slovak settlers in many parts· of Canada, Kirschbaum's study is a useful contribution to the literature on the Cenh·al European �108 SLOVAKIA immigration to the Western Hemisphere. It is only a pity that the volume is marred by occasional remarks revealing the author's antiCrech bias and detracting thus from the objectivity promised in the book's preface." Dr. V. J. Kaye of the Ottawa University welcomed the book as "the first detailed, well-documented, and excellently written history in the English language of the Slovak ethnic group in Canada." And after giving the perusal of individual chapters saying that "Dr. Kirschbaum's study is undoubtedly a valuable contribution to the history of Slavic groups in Canada, and he deserves full recognition for his achievement." (Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. XI, 1, 1969). In the Etudes siaves et est europeennes (Vol. XIII, 1968), Professor R. Cujes of the St. Francis Xavier University wrote about the book as follows: "Centennial year served as an opportune stimulus for informing Canadians of the many and diverse ethnic contributions evident in contemporary Canada. An outstanding example, and one which has been favorably reviewed in several ethnic publications across Canada, is Dr. Joseph Kirschbaum's "Slovaks in Canada." The author certainly succeeded in his task of uncovering and preserving much historical data which will be of interest not only to Canadians of Slovak origin, but also to Canadian historians who have still to write a truly Canadian history. He achieved a good balance between the two extremes possible in such works: either to be too general to have documentary value or to become so detailed that the book becomes source material and too heavy for the general reader. By writing this book, Dr. Kirschbaum rendered invaluable services not only to Slovaks in Canada whose deeds he faithfully recorded but also to all Canadians. Some other ethnic groups, especially the smaller ones which have had, in many ways, similar experience as the Slovaks, may become encouraged to undertake a similar publication of their own. The fact that Dr. Kirschbaum is one of the most important Slovak personalities in Canada, a:nd that he plays an important role among Slovaks abroad, enabled him to present a very clear and complete picture. Nevertheless, the book suffers from one defect; Dr. Kirschbaum's own contributions are much too attenuated. They are an essential and very important I')art of the Slovak scene and should have been presented at greater length in the text and not confined to footnotes and bibliography." Prof J. Roucek, known by his anti-Slovak bias, reviewed the book in Inter1tationai Migration Review (Vol. III, 9, 1969), together with another book on Slovaks and Czechs in Canada by J. Gellner-J. Smerek. In Roucek's opinion Dr. Kirschbaum "certainly stresses his filiopietism" and is "promoting Slovak separatism," to which Prof. Roucek obje~ts, he nevertheless writes: "Since both of these studies are the first systematic surveys of their subject in English, their appearance must be welcomed by all students �SLOVAKIA 109 interested in the growing number of immigrants in Canada. Both are filled with valuable information which is hardly acoessible to the average scholar not able to read Czech and Slovak, and both have been prepared by Czechs and Slovaks intimately acquainted with the communities of their countrymen in Canada. Nevertheless, both also suffer when we compare them with each other. In general, Kirschbaum's study, in spite of its weaknesses, is much better and more exhaustive that Gellner-Smerek's work, since it is better documented (as shown by its bibliography, pp. 441-455), and contains reprints of 24 memoranda, petitions, pleas, and resolutions either to the Canadian authorities or to the United Nations by the Slovak Canadian organizations, as well as by individual members of the Canadian Slovak League and the First Catholic Slovak Union during the past three decaaes." On the part of American Slovaks the book was received with the mixture of enthusiasm and envy, expressed not only in a great number of newspapers but also by the poet Mikulas Sprinc in Most, and two ,t eachers at the SS. Cyril and Methodius Academy, Sisters M. Y. Lederleitner and M. M. Tybor. In their thorough analysis of the book they wrote: "A historical survey of Slovaks living anywhere outside their native Slovakia must of necessity follow a certain pattern of development. For the benefit of uniformed readers, the opening of the work must be expository-a delineation of the historic background of the Slovak people and their position with a historic perspective. Then there logically follows a record of their uprooting within the scope of the given consideration, as well as their trials and tribulations in a new environment, an evaluation of what forces worked for or against them, and an assessment of their achievements in the new land. In his book Slovaks in Canada, Dr. J. M. Kirschbaum has effectively met this challenge. We who are privileged to look upon the accomplished fact of a finished project presenting to the public the aches and the trials, the hopes and the promises, the opportunities and the fulfillment up to triumph, the gifts received and the gifts given, the moral as well as the material investments made and the dividends garnered-we are grateful to Dr. Kirschbaum whose scholarly initiative and ac\.lmen together with his indefatigable industry and talent has made this book a reality. It deserves more than one reading since it is an informative and bigly interesting account of Slovak life in a new world setting. In all honesty, we must admit an undenied regret that the Slovaks in the U. S. have not produced a similar or parallel history of their own to match Slovaks in Canada while at the same time we cherish a justifiable pride in Dr. Kirschbaum because he has done a good work well." The book was very positively evaluated even by the official organ of Slovak Protestants in the United States, The Zion (September 1971 ). In the opinion of the editor, Pastor John Adam, Dr. Kirschbaum "has, in his book, Slovaks in Canada, given all Slovaks a valuable history �110 SLOVAKIA which will stand for decades as the work on the immigration of Slovaks to Canada in the first 60 years of this century. He has captured the trials, tribulations and triumphs of Slovaks who came to Canada in three separate waves of immigration. The account of the struggle of the pioneers has thorough documentation, which will help even Americans of Slovak ancestry understand a part of their past for the experience in Canada, in many respects, is a reflection of the struggle in America." In the opinion of the Hon. R. S. Welch, Minister of Education of the Ontario Government, "Slovaks in Canada, as its title suggests, is a comprehensive account of Slovak migrations to Canada, of the trials and successes the Slovak people have experienced here, and of their important contributions to our land. Its author is Slovakian-born Dr. J. M. Kirschbaum, a former diplomat who has achieved great distinction in Canada as an editor, author, schol,a r and university professor of Slavic-Slovak studies. Its sponsor is the Canadian Ethnic Press Association of Ontario. It should, therefore, be a source of satisfaction to all of us when scholars of other ethnic origins, equally proud of both their ancestry and of the contributions made by members of their race to the Canadian nation, choose to chronicle the histories of their people in Canada." (From a speech in Parliament on July 15, 1968). SLOVAKIA is published annually iby the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Arnerican'S of Slovwk descent. One of i:Jhe purposes of SLOVAKIA is to promote ,a bebter U'llderst anding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and jiJs long struggle for freedom and inde-pendeuce. Subscription to Slovrukia $3.00 per year in the U.S.A. - $4.00 elsewhere. Sen<l subscription to: SLOVAKIA 313 Ridge A venue Middletown, P a. 17057 � SLOVAKIA 101 Samo Falt'an, Slovenska otazka v teskoslovensku (The Slovak Question in Czechoslovakia), (Bratislava, 1968), 352 p. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XIX, No. 42, 1969, p. 200. Emilia Duchajova, Slovenskci slavistika 1968, Matica slovenska, Martin, 1970, p. 336. Reviewed in Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. Xlll, 4, 197. Stefan Moyses 1869-1969, Edicia Literarneho archlvu, zviizok 7. Zbornik z vedeckej konferencie MS, Martin, 1971, stran 174, litogr. Reviewed in Most, Vol. 19, 1-2, 1972. Jan Chovan, Letopis pamatnika slovenskej literatury 1970, MS, Martin, 1970, p. 94. Reviewed in Most, Vol. 19, 1-2, 1972. Jan Okal', Voda a vino (Water and Wine, United States, 1970), p. 70. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970 No. 43. Eugen Vesnin, Aj v etrurskych zahradach (Also in the Gardens of Etruria), Buenos Aires, 1970. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970, No. 43. Evaluation of Dr. Kirschbaum's Writings by Critics Dr. Kirschbaum's writings were bound to provoke favorable as well as unfavorable reaction. All his books and publications challenged numerous erroneous views on Slovakia's history and culture accepted in the West by scholars and political writers alike. Dr. Kirschbaum challenged these views by works with serious academic background and solid knowledge of matters discussed. In such a situation it was only natural that the reaction was on one hand favorable and on the other hand the author was unscrupulously attacked_. by adversaries of Slovakia's struggle for independence. *) After the publication of the book Slovakia--Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe, to which the Hon. Alvin M. Bentley, member of the Committee of Foreign Affaires of tae U. S. Congress, wrote an approving preface, Prague Government supplied some Czech and Communist newspapers in Canada and the U.S.A. with falsified documents destined to prevent Dr. Kirschbaum from teaching at universities or taking part in public life. A smear campaign on a large scale was organized against him especially in the Canadian press, and made news on radio and television. At the same time, pressure was excercised on the university authorities and academic associations. Even though it was clear that the campaign was politically motivated by the Prague Communist regime and had all the characteristics of "character assassination," Dr. Kirschbaum had to take legal action to clear his name. �102 SLOVAKIA Scholars and experts in history of Central Europe accepted Dr. Kirschbaum's first English book favorably and, as years pass, it is more and more referred to as a source to modern history of Slovakia. IN EUROPE the book was reviewed in two academic periodicals, one published in London, England, and one in Padova, Italy, in the official organ of European federalist, European Bulletin (Jan.-Feb. 1961), published in Roma, Italy, and by experts on Central European affairs in Germany and Spain. In his French article George Kallay wrote in the European Bulletin: "One of the most eminent representatives of the federal thesis among his advocates in Central Europe, is a historian who now lives in Canada, Joseph M. Kirschbaum. Born at the time of the AustroHungarian Monarchy, he was only six years old when it collapsed and, consequently, officially he became a "Czechoslovak". When Slovakia gained tts independence, Kirschbaum, 25 years of age, became one of the most prominent representatives in Slovak politics. Slovak national politics condemned Czech domination as well as German domination which equally sought to subjugate the Slovak people. In many of his political works, Kirschbaum affirms the necessity of a Central European Federation. His most recent work, Slovakia, Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe, is but the expression of his federal thesis. He points out that the countries of Central and Oriental Europe must come to understand that they must unite if they do not wish to play the role of satellites of a foreign power." F. McPoyne in Central Europe Journal Sudeten Bulletin (Munich, December 1960) wrote about the book as follows: "Although written to enlighten and correct the warped political vision of those still convinced that Czechoslovakia was a "little Switzerland in the heart of Europe," this book may be recommended as a compact political history of Slovakia. It is amazing that Czech propaganda was, and to a large extent still is, able to influence the thinking of millions of people-particularly the Anglo-Saxon world-to believe a myth that there is one "Czechoslovak" people. Kirschbaum explodes this myth and traces the origins of Slovakia from its historic beginnings, unfolding before the reader a detailed and soundly referenced account of a proud, vital and highly cultured people from their earliest origins to the declaration of their independence in 1939, pleading for a new order in Central Europe where two world wars were touched off. A dual leitmotiv throughout is the thesis that Slovakia has at all eras of its history been a western-oriented people and has been sought after by other surrounding peoples who attempted, but unsuccessfully, to assimilate it. Today the Slovaks are still western-oriented interiorly and not assimilated, either by the Czechs or by the Soviets. Kirschbaum's book is another reminder and a convincing one, that fires are still burning in the hearts of a little people in Central Europe who, �SLOVAKIA 103 like the Irish whom so strongly r esemble, are keeping the faith that independence shall one day be theirs. Though captured by Communists, they have not compl'Omised with them. May Joseph Kirschbaum's meritorious volume win friends for Slovakia and for their cause." More critical opinion was expressed in The Slavonic Review (Vol. 4, 1962-3) published in London, by Prof. W. V. Wallace. This had to be, however, expected from an academic journal behind which was Prof. Seton-Watson. According to the reviewer, Dr. Kirschbaum set out "to make known the truth about Slovakia, and especially about the crucial years of 1939-1945," which in his opinion was "a laudable aim, but a demanding one." Arguing with the text on the cover of the book rather than with the contents, Prof. Wallace could not deny that "Kirschbaum's book has some interest," but did not accept it "as a last word" in which respect he was right. However, the fact that the Slavonic Review dedicated two pages long article to the book, is a clear indication that the book could not be overlooked and has its value in the eyes of people who disagreed with Slovakia's aspirations for independence. IN THE UNITED STATES the book was received with enthusiasm by a number of Slovak periodicals, published in Slovak and English, as a "brilliant defense of the Slovak cause and an overdue scholarly work on Slovakia." Nobody more than American Slovaks felt the need for a book which would tell Americans and the second and third generation of American Slovaks the truth about Slovakia in a comprehensive English work. Dr. Kirschbaum's book filled the gap not only according to many articles in Slovak American newspapers, but also according to the director of the Slovak Institute in Cleveland, Ohio, Rev. A. Pier, O.S.B. who revieved the book in the quarterly Slovakia (Vol. X, No. 6), a1, follows: "This latest work by the distinguished professor of Slavic Studies at the University of Montreal is a well-balanced, co-Ordinated and well-calculated effort to give thinking people a true picture of the Slovak nation struggling for national freedom and survival since the dawn of western civilization. In his introduction, Kirschbaum gives the reader a genuine historical perspective of the land and its people in a few pages. In a concise sweep of centuries of history, the author traces the fateful course of this small but dynamic nation from the sixth century to the present. Never before has a reader of Slovak historical development had the opportunity to learn so quickly the real story of a country whose destiny has been and still is closely associated with the lite of its neighbors, namely, Czechs, Austrians, Germans, Poles, Russians, and Magyars, for here, in a compact volume, the author has compressed centuries of history as it occured in the heart of Europe. Slovak culture, literature and the language of the oldest people in the Danube region, as well as the democratic traditions of the Slovak nation, are presented in an intelligible way. Moreover, the complex events that created and shaped Czecho-Slovakia and then led to the declaration �104 SLOVAKIA of Slovak independence on March 14, 1939 (six months before the outbreak of the War) are so arranged and explained as to give the reader a factual and masterful survey of a hectic period in modern history. Documents and letters relating to the struggle of the Slovaks for their right to self-government and a free statehood are quoted as far back as April 13, 1849, when a group of Slovak deputies submitted a petition to the Ministry in Vienna for national recognition. These, a total of 72, are up to 1955. Thus, not only is this book designate<i'-for popular reading but also for serious study by students of history. ·. It will serve to provide them with a basic historical knowledge of the Slovak nation, and will give them a reliable insight into the incredibly fascinating story of Slovakia on the Danube." Several periodicals reprinted Congressman Bentley's opinion that: "Professor Kirschbaum in his book Slovakia-Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe has well and effectively argued the case for Slovak independence. He has pointed out the geographlcal importance of Slovakia and, to my way of thinking, clearly established the fact that these proud people have every right to make a free choice of their political future when the time comes which will permit them to do so. Perhaps even more important, he has laid great emphasis upon the eventual necessity of a commonwealth of European nations of Central Europe, an organization which would, while permitting free expression of nationalistic tendencies, giv,e to this area the cohesive strength which it has lacked ever since the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian empire. It would mean to me that his book should be required reading for all those who have an interest in the future of the captive peoples of this great region." In the literary quarterly Most the book was reviewed by the nestor of Slovak emigre writers and publicists Konstantin Culen (Vol VII, No. 3-4). The English quarterly Slovakia published several reviews of Dr. Kirschbaum's book, all of them favorable (see Vol. X, No. 6-7, Vol. XI, No. 2). Academic periodicals recorded publication of the book and the SI.a.vie and East European Journal, published at the University of Indiana, Bloomington, Indiana, reviewed the book favorably. More important, however, is the fact that hundreds of university libraries and public libraries made the book available to students and professors of Central European history. The success of the book bothered so much the adversaries of Slovak national aspirations, that the book was repeatedly stolen from some libraries or filled with abusive comments. There were three prints of the book within five years. IN CANADA the book Slovakia-Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe was reviewed very favorably in the bilingual quarterly Etudes slaves et est-europeennes, published at the Universite de Montreal, by Prof V. Lalic (Vol. V, 1960), by Prof. Charles Murin and Prof. Watson Kirkconnell who positively commented also on Dr. KiriChbamn's �105 SLOVAKIA - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - · - - -- - - - - - - cultural publications and essays (University of Toronto Quarterly, Vol. XX.XI, XXXII and XXIV, No. 4). In his extensive review, Prof. V. Lalich dwelt especially on the value of Prof. Kirschbaum's book for Slavists. In his opinion "For many Slavists who were interested in Slovakia only because of the role she played in the epoch of Great Moravia or in Pan-Slavism and later in Czechoslovakia, Professor Kirschbaum's book will represent the needed filling of a gap, which one felt when speaking or writing about the Slavic world. At the same time, however, it will appear as a controversial treatise on many questions pertaining to the history and national identity of the Slovak people. "Using quotations and references profusely, Dr. Kirschbaum's book challenges the erroneous or opposing views and theories, and makes an honest effort to shed a new light on the principal problems of Slovak national development and the modern history of Slovakia. His picture is, understandably, in many regards different from what we were presented with, during the last four decades, as an objective image. But in view of the fact that his work is based on a thorough knowledge of original works, long research and personal experience, it is worth paying attention to this new interpretation of Slovak history and its new presentation of Slovak cultural life." According to Prof. Lalich, "For Slavists, the value of the book lies especially in its first part, in which the author writes on cultural, literary, social and general political issues, and in which he used a scholarly method in presenting Slovakia's contribution to Slavic civilization (pp. 25-26, 40-49). In works on Slavic literature there was, until now, considerable confusion as to the literary language used by the Slovaks and if, or how far, the Slovak language was a distinct Slavic tongue. These questions as well as many others pertaining to the Slovak national and cultural heritage, are answered on the basis of recent research in Dr. Kirschbaum's book. He supports his conclusions by many quotations and documents translated from originals." Nevertheless, Prof. Lalich thinks that the substance of Dr. Kirschbaum's book is "in Part II, in which the author deals extensively with the origin of Czechoslovakia and of the Slovak Republic, and offers quite a different picture from that presented by others during or after the war. Since the author undoubtedly has the necessary background to write on this subject with authority, and because he has based his conclusions on references to a large number of documents, his new presentation of modern Slovak history will not be without value, though it may not or will not satisfy some editors of symposia on Central European countries, whose views the author attacks and rejects as having been motivated by politics and not by facts or scholarly research. In presenting the case of Slovakia, the author tends, however, to engage in an argument rather than in an impartial explanation of faots, 11s if he were intentionally trying to provoke a controversy instead of trying to achieve the acceptance of his views. Repetition of evident �106 SLOVAKIA inaccuracies in many works dealing with Slovakia can certainly irritate the Slovaks, but to readers who are far from resentments, which the Slovaks may rightly feel towards some of their neighbours or politicians, a less emotional presentation would probably be more efficient. The author appears more of a politician than a scholar in this part of his work; nevertheless, he still respects the facts and the truth, and the large documentation he has used makes the book an honest and courageous attempt at a new presentation of Slovakia." Prof. Charles Murin analyzed and evaluated the book in a lenghty scholarly analysis. In his view, "Prof. Kirschbaum's book is written for both the intelligent observer of the international politics and those whose task it is to participate in the shaping of the current international situation which seems to contain an amount of irrational elements to a degree probably never equalled in the period of modern history." "Kirschbaum's book," Prof. Murin continues, "is a valuable contribution to the understanding of the premises and origins of the present day situation, restricted to one of its sections: Central Europe. Genetically this seems to be the most important field through the quantitive aspects of the problems in Asia and Africa overshadow the European problems. The author relates the political history of Slovakia and of Central Europe. The period described, however, happens to be the one which preceded the Soviet hegemony over half of Europe. Thus the book contains excellent material offered to the English reader who wants to trace down the errors of the past and is willing both to learn from the past errors and re-think the categories of living ideas and forces which simultane-0usly are being shaped by and are shaping this world of ours. The basic service this book renders to the reader is that it shows him to what degree the conceptions of the West in regard to the political organization of one of the neuralgic spots in Europe were dominated by facts and to what degree by fancy. To show the interplay of reality and illusion, the genuine and the phony in the official views of the state departments of the West in regard to Central Europe seems to be to be the aim of the book. Further the author shows to what extent these conceptions contained inherent contradictions and were, therefore, doomed in the long run. Be it noted that some of the prejudices discussed in the book represent an inheritance from the post-World War I arrangements." In the opinion of Professor Murin the author "has mastered more than sufficiently the material he is dealing with and is in a solid position to give an accurate account on Slovak history, an account on a sober relativistic character of historical events, thus avoiding the peculiar exclusivities not only of the Czech and Magyar writers, but also of their Slovak antipodes." Publications on cultural matters, four of which Dr. Kirschbaum published in the series Slavistica, edited by Prof. J. B. Rudnyckyj from the University of Manitoba, were reviewed in Slavic Review, University of Toronto quarterly, Slavica Canadiana, Revista de Estudion Politicos �SLOVAKIA 107 (Vol. 117-118, 125), Slovakia, Slowakei, Most, as well as in numerous Slovak newspapers and periodicals. Foreign and Slovak reviewers (Dr. S. Glejdura, Rev. A. Pier, Dr. J. Rekem), welcomed these studies as a valuable contribution to scholarly literature on Slovakia destined to acquaint Western Slavists with Slovak culture. Several essays dealing with the Slovak language, philology and literary history, which Dr. Kirschbaum published in academic reviews (Canadian Slavonic Papers, Etudes slaves et est-europeennes) or in Slovak Studies (Vol. ill) and Most, appeared also in reprints and were favorably commented upon by reviewers in Canada, the U.S.A. and Europe. In view of the fact that even among Western Slavists there were many misconceptions .about Slovak language and literatur,e, Dr. Kirschbaum's writings were the first ones in foreign languages to shed an objective light on Slovak language and literature. Several of these essays were originally papers delivered and discussed at annual meetings of Canadian and American :Slavists and performed a useful role of acquainting professors of Slavic studies with Slovak history and literature. The largest and, in the opinion of some critics, the best work by Dr. Kirschbaum, Slovaks in Canada, was received as a model for history books on ethnic groups. In addition to numerous reviews in Slovak, over 30 book reviews in not less than 15 languages were published within a year of the publication of the book. And all were exceptionally favorable. The Minister of Education of Ontario spoke about the book in Parliament and one of the best known Canadian radio and television commentators, Gordon Sinclair, analyzed and praised the book as o particular contribution to Canadian history. Even though the topic of the book had a limited scope, the number of academic periodicals which reviewed it favorably, was greater than in the case of the first English book by Dr. Kirschbaum. Moreover, the reviews were written by professors known as experts and were published in the official organs of American and Canadian associations ,of Slavists: the Slavic Review (Prof. Taborsky); Canadian Slavonic Papers (Prof. J. V. Kaye) ; Etudes slaves et est-europeennes (Prof. R. <::ujes); Slavica Canadiana (Prof. Charles Murin); University of Ottawa Quarterly (Prof. E. Buydosh). From a number of reviews by professors at American and Canadian universities at least a few should be mentioned. Prof E. Taborsky of the University of Texas, assessed the book in the Slavic Review (Vol. 29, No. 2), as follows: "Professor Kirschbaum divides his "saga of a small group of people in a new land who preserved their identity and achieved success" into four parts. Part I describes the historical, ethnic, cultural, political, 1·eligious, and economic ground of the Slovak immigrants and concludes with a brief sketch of the Slovak national character. Based on a wealth of sources, including the archives of various Canadian Slovak organizations, the Slovak press in Canada, and interviews with Slovak settlers in many parts· of Canada, Kirschbaum's study is a useful contribution to the literature on the Cenh·al European �108 SLOVAKIA immigration to the Western Hemisphere. It is only a pity that the volume is marred by occasional remarks revealing the author's antiCrech bias and detracting thus from the objectivity promised in the book's preface." Dr. V. J. Kaye of the Ottawa University welcomed the book as "the first detailed, well-documented, and excellently written history in the English language of the Slovak ethnic group in Canada." And after giving the perusal of individual chapters saying that "Dr. Kirschbaum's study is undoubtedly a valuable contribution to the history of Slavic groups in Canada, and he deserves full recognition for his achievement." (Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. XI, 1, 1969). In the Etudes siaves et est europeennes (Vol. XIII, 1968), Professor R. Cujes of the St. Francis Xavier University wrote about the book as follows: "Centennial year served as an opportune stimulus for informing Canadians of the many and diverse ethnic contributions evident in contemporary Canada. An outstanding example, and one which has been favorably reviewed in several ethnic publications across Canada, is Dr. Joseph Kirschbaum's "Slovaks in Canada." The author certainly succeeded in his task of uncovering and preserving much historical data which will be of interest not only to Canadians of Slovak origin, but also to Canadian historians who have still to write a truly Canadian history. He achieved a good balance between the two extremes possible in such works: either to be too general to have documentary value or to become so detailed that the book becomes source material and too heavy for the general reader. By writing this book, Dr. Kirschbaum rendered invaluable services not only to Slovaks in Canada whose deeds he faithfully recorded but also to all Canadians. Some other ethnic groups, especially the smaller ones which have had, in many ways, similar experience as the Slovaks, may become encouraged to undertake a similar publication of their own. The fact that Dr. Kirschbaum is one of the most important Slovak personalities in Canada, a:nd that he plays an important role among Slovaks abroad, enabled him to present a very clear and complete picture. Nevertheless, the book suffers from one defect; Dr. Kirschbaum's own contributions are much too attenuated. They are an essential and very important I')art of the Slovak scene and should have been presented at greater length in the text and not confined to footnotes and bibliography." Prof J. Roucek, known by his anti-Slovak bias, reviewed the book in Inter1tationai Migration Review (Vol. III, 9, 1969), together with another book on Slovaks and Czechs in Canada by J. Gellner-J. Smerek. In Roucek's opinion Dr. Kirschbaum "certainly stresses his filiopietism" and is "promoting Slovak separatism," to which Prof. Roucek obje~ts, he nevertheless writes: "Since both of these studies are the first systematic surveys of their subject in English, their appearance must be welcomed by all students �SLOVAKIA 109 interested in the growing number of immigrants in Canada. Both are filled with valuable information which is hardly acoessible to the average scholar not able to read Czech and Slovak, and both have been prepared by Czechs and Slovaks intimately acquainted with the communities of their countrymen in Canada. Nevertheless, both also suffer when we compare them with each other. In general, Kirschbaum's study, in spite of its weaknesses, is much better and more exhaustive that Gellner-Smerek's work, since it is better documented (as shown by its bibliography, pp. 441-455), and contains reprints of 24 memoranda, petitions, pleas, and resolutions either to the Canadian authorities or to the United Nations by the Slovak Canadian organizations, as well as by individual members of the Canadian Slovak League and the First Catholic Slovak Union during the past three decaaes." On the part of American Slovaks the book was received with the mixture of enthusiasm and envy, expressed not only in a great number of newspapers but also by the poet Mikulas Sprinc in Most, and two ,t eachers at the SS. Cyril and Methodius Academy, Sisters M. Y. Lederleitner and M. M. Tybor. In their thorough analysis of the book they wrote: "A historical survey of Slovaks living anywhere outside their native Slovakia must of necessity follow a certain pattern of development. For the benefit of uniformed readers, the opening of the work must be expository-a delineation of the historic background of the Slovak people and their position with a historic perspective. Then there logically follows a record of their uprooting within the scope of the given consideration, as well as their trials and tribulations in a new environment, an evaluation of what forces worked for or against them, and an assessment of their achievements in the new land. In his book Slovaks in Canada, Dr. J. M. Kirschbaum has effectively met this challenge. We who are privileged to look upon the accomplished fact of a finished project presenting to the public the aches and the trials, the hopes and the promises, the opportunities and the fulfillment up to triumph, the gifts received and the gifts given, the moral as well as the material investments made and the dividends garnered-we are grateful to Dr. Kirschbaum whose scholarly initiative and ac\.lmen together with his indefatigable industry and talent has made this book a reality. It deserves more than one reading since it is an informative and bigly interesting account of Slovak life in a new world setting. In all honesty, we must admit an undenied regret that the Slovaks in the U. S. have not produced a similar or parallel history of their own to match Slovaks in Canada while at the same time we cherish a justifiable pride in Dr. Kirschbaum because he has done a good work well." The book was very positively evaluated even by the official organ of Slovak Protestants in the United States, The Zion (September 1971 ). In the opinion of the editor, Pastor John Adam, Dr. Kirschbaum "has, in his book, Slovaks in Canada, given all Slovaks a valuable history �110 SLOVAKIA which will stand for decades as the work on the immigration of Slovaks to Canada in the first 60 years of this century. He has captured the trials, tribulations and triumphs of Slovaks who came to Canada in three separate waves of immigration. The account of the struggle of the pioneers has thorough documentation, which will help even Americans of Slovak ancestry understand a part of their past for the experience in Canada, in many respects, is a reflection of the struggle in America." In the opinion of the Hon. R. S. Welch, Minister of Education of the Ontario Government, "Slovaks in Canada, as its title suggests, is a comprehensive account of Slovak migrations to Canada, of the trials and successes the Slovak people have experienced here, and of their important contributions to our land. Its author is Slovakian-born Dr. J. M. Kirschbaum, a former diplomat who has achieved great distinction in Canada as an editor, author, schol,a r and university professor of Slavic-Slovak studies. Its sponsor is the Canadian Ethnic Press Association of Ontario. It should, therefore, be a source of satisfaction to all of us when scholars of other ethnic origins, equally proud of both their ancestry and of the contributions made by members of their race to the Canadian nation, choose to chronicle the histories of their people in Canada." (From a speech in Parliament on July 15, 1968). SLOVAKIA is published annually iby the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Arnerican'S of Slovwk descent. One of i:Jhe purposes of SLOVAKIA is to promote ,a bebter U'llderst anding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and jiJs long struggle for freedom and inde-pendeuce. Subscription to Slovrukia $3.00 per year in the U.S.A. - $4.00 elsewhere. Sen<l subscription to: SLOVAKIA 313 Ridge A venue Middletown, P a. 17057 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1973, Vol. 23 Description An account of the resource Vol. 23 (No. 46), 1973. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 101 Samo Falt'an, Slovenska otazka v teskoslovensku (The Slovak Question in Czechoslovakia), (Bratislava, 1968), 352 p. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XIX, No. 42, 1969, p. 200. Emilia Duchajova, Slovenskci slavistika 1968, Matica slovenska, Martin, 1970, p. 336. Reviewed in Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. Xlll, 4, 197. Stefan Moyses 1869-1969, Edicia Literarneho archlvu, zviizok 7. Zbornik z vedeckej konferencie MS, Martin, 1971, stran 174, litogr. Reviewed in Most, Vol. 19, 1-2, 1972. Jan Chovan, Letopis pamatnika slovenskej literatury 1970, MS, Martin, 1970, p. 94. Reviewed in Most, Vol. 19, 1-2, 1972. Jan Okal', Voda a vino (Water and Wine, United States, 1970), p. 70. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970 No. 43. Eugen Vesnin, Aj v etrurskych zahradach (Also in the Gardens of Etruria), Buenos Aires, 1970. Reviewed in Slovakia, Vol. XX, 1970, No. 43. Evaluation of Dr. Kirschbaum's Writings by Critics Dr. Kirschbaum's writings were bound to provoke favorable as well as unfavorable reaction. All his books and publications challenged numerous erroneous views on Slovakia's history and culture accepted in the West by scholars and political writers alike. Dr. Kirschbaum challenged these views by works with serious academic background and solid knowledge of matters discussed. In such a situation it was only natural that the reaction was on one hand favorable and on the other hand the author was unscrupulously attacked_. by adversaries of Slovakia's struggle for independence. *) After the publication of the book Slovakia--Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe, to which the Hon. Alvin M. Bentley, member of the Committee of Foreign Affaires of tae U. S. Congress, wrote an approving preface, Prague Government supplied some Czech and Communist newspapers in Canada and the U.S.A. with falsified documents destined to prevent Dr. Kirschbaum from teaching at universities or taking part in public life. A smear campaign on a large scale was organized against him especially in the Canadian press, and made news on radio and television. At the same time, pressure was excercised on the university authorities and academic associations. Even though it was clear that the campaign was politically motivated by the Prague Communist regime and had all the characteristics of "character assassination," Dr. Kirschbaum had to take legal action to clear his name. 102 SLOVAKIA Scholars and experts in history of Central Europe accepted Dr. Kirschbaum's first English book favorably and, as years pass, it is more and more referred to as a source to modern history of Slovakia. IN EUROPE the book was reviewed in two academic periodicals, one published in London, England, and one in Padova, Italy, in the official organ of European federalist, European Bulletin (Jan.-Feb. 1961), published in Roma, Italy, and by experts on Central European affairs in Germany and Spain. In his French article George Kallay wrote in the European Bulletin: "One of the most eminent representatives of the federal thesis among his advocates in Central Europe, is a historian who now lives in Canada, Joseph M. Kirschbaum. Born at the time of the AustroHungarian Monarchy, he was only six years old when it collapsed and, consequently, officially he became a "Czechoslovak". When Slovakia gained tts independence, Kirschbaum, 25 years of age, became one of the most prominent representatives in Slovak politics. Slovak national politics condemned Czech domination as well as German domination which equally sought to subjugate the Slovak people. In many of his political works, Kirschbaum affirms the necessity of a Central European Federation. His most recent work, Slovakia, Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe, is but the expression of his federal thesis. He points out that the countries of Central and Oriental Europe must come to understand that they must unite if they do not wish to play the role of satellites of a foreign power." F. McPoyne in Central Europe Journal Sudeten Bulletin (Munich, December 1960) wrote about the book as follows: "Although written to enlighten and correct the warped political vision of those still convinced that Czechoslovakia was a "little Switzerland in the heart of Europe," this book may be recommended as a compact political history of Slovakia. It is amazing that Czech propaganda was, and to a large extent still is, able to influence the thinking of millions of people-particularly the Anglo-Saxon world-to believe a myth that there is one "Czechoslovak" people. Kirschbaum explodes this myth and traces the origins of Slovakia from its historic beginnings, unfolding before the reader a detailed and soundly referenced account of a proud, vital and highly cultured people from their earliest origins to the declaration of their independence in 1939, pleading for a new order in Central Europe where two world wars were touched off. A dual leitmotiv throughout is the thesis that Slovakia has at all eras of its history been a western-oriented people and has been sought after by other surrounding peoples who attempted, but unsuccessfully, to assimilate it. Today the Slovaks are still western-oriented interiorly and not assimilated, either by the Czechs or by the Soviets. Kirschbaum's book is another reminder and a convincing one, that fires are still burning in the hearts of a little people in Central Europe who, SLOVAKIA 103 like the Irish whom so strongly r esemble, are keeping the faith that independence shall one day be theirs. Though captured by Communists, they have not compl'Omised with them. May Joseph Kirschbaum's meritorious volume win friends for Slovakia and for their cause." More critical opinion was expressed in The Slavonic Review (Vol. 4, 1962-3) published in London, by Prof. W. V. Wallace. This had to be, however, expected from an academic journal behind which was Prof. Seton-Watson. According to the reviewer, Dr. Kirschbaum set out "to make known the truth about Slovakia, and especially about the crucial years of 1939-1945," which in his opinion was "a laudable aim, but a demanding one." Arguing with the text on the cover of the book rather than with the contents, Prof. Wallace could not deny that "Kirschbaum's book has some interest," but did not accept it "as a last word" in which respect he was right. However, the fact that the Slavonic Review dedicated two pages long article to the book, is a clear indication that the book could not be overlooked and has its value in the eyes of people who disagreed with Slovakia's aspirations for independence. IN THE UNITED STATES the book was received with enthusiasm by a number of Slovak periodicals, published in Slovak and English, as a "brilliant defense of the Slovak cause and an overdue scholarly work on Slovakia." Nobody more than American Slovaks felt the need for a book which would tell Americans and the second and third generation of American Slovaks the truth about Slovakia in a comprehensive English work. Dr. Kirschbaum's book filled the gap not only according to many articles in Slovak American newspapers, but also according to the director of the Slovak Institute in Cleveland, Ohio, Rev. A. Pier, O.S.B. who revieved the book in the quarterly Slovakia (Vol. X, No. 6), a1, follows: "This latest work by the distinguished professor of Slavic Studies at the University of Montreal is a well-balanced, co-Ordinated and well-calculated effort to give thinking people a true picture of the Slovak nation struggling for national freedom and survival since the dawn of western civilization. In his introduction, Kirschbaum gives the reader a genuine historical perspective of the land and its people in a few pages. In a concise sweep of centuries of history, the author traces the fateful course of this small but dynamic nation from the sixth century to the present. Never before has a reader of Slovak historical development had the opportunity to learn so quickly the real story of a country whose destiny has been and still is closely associated with the lite of its neighbors, namely, Czechs, Austrians, Germans, Poles, Russians, and Magyars, for here, in a compact volume, the author has compressed centuries of history as it occured in the heart of Europe. Slovak culture, literature and the language of the oldest people in the Danube region, as well as the democratic traditions of the Slovak nation, are presented in an intelligible way. Moreover, the complex events that created and shaped Czecho-Slovakia and then led to the declaration 104 SLOVAKIA of Slovak independence on March 14, 1939 (six months before the outbreak of the War) are so arranged and explained as to give the reader a factual and masterful survey of a hectic period in modern history. Documents and letters relating to the struggle of the Slovaks for their right to self-government and a free statehood are quoted as far back as April 13, 1849, when a group of Slovak deputies submitted a petition to the Ministry in Vienna for national recognition. These, a total of 72, are up to 1955. Thus, not only is this book designate<i'-for popular reading but also for serious study by students of history. ·. It will serve to provide them with a basic historical knowledge of the Slovak nation, and will give them a reliable insight into the incredibly fascinating story of Slovakia on the Danube." Several periodicals reprinted Congressman Bentley's opinion that: "Professor Kirschbaum in his book Slovakia-Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe has well and effectively argued the case for Slovak independence. He has pointed out the geographlcal importance of Slovakia and, to my way of thinking, clearly established the fact that these proud people have every right to make a free choice of their political future when the time comes which will permit them to do so. Perhaps even more important, he has laid great emphasis upon the eventual necessity of a commonwealth of European nations of Central Europe, an organization which would, while permitting free expression of nationalistic tendencies, giv,e to this area the cohesive strength which it has lacked ever since the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian empire. It would mean to me that his book should be required reading for all those who have an interest in the future of the captive peoples of this great region." In the literary quarterly Most the book was reviewed by the nestor of Slovak emigre writers and publicists Konstantin Culen (Vol VII, No. 3-4). The English quarterly Slovakia published several reviews of Dr. Kirschbaum's book, all of them favorable (see Vol. X, No. 6-7, Vol. XI, No. 2). Academic periodicals recorded publication of the book and the SI.a.vie and East European Journal, published at the University of Indiana, Bloomington, Indiana, reviewed the book favorably. More important, however, is the fact that hundreds of university libraries and public libraries made the book available to students and professors of Central European history. The success of the book bothered so much the adversaries of Slovak national aspirations, that the book was repeatedly stolen from some libraries or filled with abusive comments. There were three prints of the book within five years. IN CANADA the book Slovakia-Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe was reviewed very favorably in the bilingual quarterly Etudes slaves et est-europeennes, published at the Universite de Montreal, by Prof V. Lalic (Vol. V, 1960), by Prof. Charles Murin and Prof. Watson Kirkconnell who positively commented also on Dr. KiriChbamn's 105 SLOVAKIA - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - · - - -- - - - - - - cultural publications and essays (University of Toronto Quarterly, Vol. XX.XI, XXXII and XXIV, No. 4). In his extensive review, Prof. V. Lalich dwelt especially on the value of Prof. Kirschbaum's book for Slavists. In his opinion "For many Slavists who were interested in Slovakia only because of the role she played in the epoch of Great Moravia or in Pan-Slavism and later in Czechoslovakia, Professor Kirschbaum's book will represent the needed filling of a gap, which one felt when speaking or writing about the Slavic world. At the same time, however, it will appear as a controversial treatise on many questions pertaining to the history and national identity of the Slovak people. "Using quotations and references profusely, Dr. Kirschbaum's book challenges the erroneous or opposing views and theories, and makes an honest effort to shed a new light on the principal problems of Slovak national development and the modern history of Slovakia. His picture is, understandably, in many regards different from what we were presented with, during the last four decades, as an objective image. But in view of the fact that his work is based on a thorough knowledge of original works, long research and personal experience, it is worth paying attention to this new interpretation of Slovak history and its new presentation of Slovak cultural life." According to Prof. Lalich, "For Slavists, the value of the book lies especially in its first part, in which the author writes on cultural, literary, social and general political issues, and in which he used a scholarly method in presenting Slovakia's contribution to Slavic civilization (pp. 25-26, 40-49). In works on Slavic literature there was, until now, considerable confusion as to the literary language used by the Slovaks and if, or how far, the Slovak language was a distinct Slavic tongue. These questions as well as many others pertaining to the Slovak national and cultural heritage, are answered on the basis of recent research in Dr. Kirschbaum's book. He supports his conclusions by many quotations and documents translated from originals." Nevertheless, Prof. Lalich thinks that the substance of Dr. Kirschbaum's book is "in Part II, in which the author deals extensively with the origin of Czechoslovakia and of the Slovak Republic, and offers quite a different picture from that presented by others during or after the war. Since the author undoubtedly has the necessary background to write on this subject with authority, and because he has based his conclusions on references to a large number of documents, his new presentation of modern Slovak history will not be without value, though it may not or will not satisfy some editors of symposia on Central European countries, whose views the author attacks and rejects as having been motivated by politics and not by facts or scholarly research. In presenting the case of Slovakia, the author tends, however, to engage in an argument rather than in an impartial explanation of faots, 11s if he were intentionally trying to provoke a controversy instead of trying to achieve the acceptance of his views. Repetition of evident 106 SLOVAKIA inaccuracies in many works dealing with Slovakia can certainly irritate the Slovaks, but to readers who are far from resentments, which the Slovaks may rightly feel towards some of their neighbours or politicians, a less emotional presentation would probably be more efficient. The author appears more of a politician than a scholar in this part of his work; nevertheless, he still respects the facts and the truth, and the large documentation he has used makes the book an honest and courageous attempt at a new presentation of Slovakia." Prof. Charles Murin analyzed and evaluated the book in a lenghty scholarly analysis. In his view, "Prof. Kirschbaum's book is written for both the intelligent observer of the international politics and those whose task it is to participate in the shaping of the current international situation which seems to contain an amount of irrational elements to a degree probably never equalled in the period of modern history." "Kirschbaum's book," Prof. Murin continues, "is a valuable contribution to the understanding of the premises and origins of the present day situation, restricted to one of its sections: Central Europe. Genetically this seems to be the most important field through the quantitive aspects of the problems in Asia and Africa overshadow the European problems. The author relates the political history of Slovakia and of Central Europe. The period described, however, happens to be the one which preceded the Soviet hegemony over half of Europe. Thus the book contains excellent material offered to the English reader who wants to trace down the errors of the past and is willing both to learn from the past errors and re-think the categories of living ideas and forces which simultane-0usly are being shaped by and are shaping this world of ours. The basic service this book renders to the reader is that it shows him to what degree the conceptions of the West in regard to the political organization of one of the neuralgic spots in Europe were dominated by facts and to what degree by fancy. To show the interplay of reality and illusion, the genuine and the phony in the official views of the state departments of the West in regard to Central Europe seems to be to be the aim of the book. Further the author shows to what extent these conceptions contained inherent contradictions and were, therefore, doomed in the long run. Be it noted that some of the prejudices discussed in the book represent an inheritance from the post-World War I arrangements." In the opinion of Professor Murin the author "has mastered more than sufficiently the material he is dealing with and is in a solid position to give an accurate account on Slovak history, an account on a sober relativistic character of historical events, thus avoiding the peculiar exclusivities not only of the Czech and Magyar writers, but also of their Slovak antipodes." Publications on cultural matters, four of which Dr. Kirschbaum published in the series Slavistica, edited by Prof. J. B. Rudnyckyj from the University of Manitoba, were reviewed in Slavic Review, University of Toronto quarterly, Slavica Canadiana, Revista de Estudion Politicos SLOVAKIA 107 (Vol. 117-118, 125), Slovakia, Slowakei, Most, as well as in numerous Slovak newspapers and periodicals. Foreign and Slovak reviewers (Dr. S. Glejdura, Rev. A. Pier, Dr. J. Rekem), welcomed these studies as a valuable contribution to scholarly literature on Slovakia destined to acquaint Western Slavists with Slovak culture. Several essays dealing with the Slovak language, philology and literary history, which Dr. Kirschbaum published in academic reviews (Canadian Slavonic Papers, Etudes slaves et est-europeennes) or in Slovak Studies (Vol. ill) and Most, appeared also in reprints and were favorably commented upon by reviewers in Canada, the U.S.A. and Europe. In view of the fact that even among Western Slavists there were many misconceptions .about Slovak language and literatur,e, Dr. Kirschbaum's writings were the first ones in foreign languages to shed an objective light on Slovak language and literature. Several of these essays were originally papers delivered and discussed at annual meetings of Canadian and American :Slavists and performed a useful role of acquainting professors of Slavic studies with Slovak history and literature. The largest and, in the opinion of some critics, the best work by Dr. Kirschbaum, Slovaks in Canada, was received as a model for history books on ethnic groups. In addition to numerous reviews in Slovak, over 30 book reviews in not less than 15 languages were published within a year of the publication of the book. And all were exceptionally favorable. The Minister of Education of Ontario spoke about the book in Parliament and one of the best known Canadian radio and television commentators, Gordon Sinclair, analyzed and praised the book as o particular contribution to Canadian history. Even though the topic of the book had a limited scope, the number of academic periodicals which reviewed it favorably, was greater than in the case of the first English book by Dr. Kirschbaum. Moreover, the reviews were written by professors known as experts and were published in the official organs of American and Canadian associations ,of Slavists: the Slavic Review (Prof. Taborsky); Canadian Slavonic Papers (Prof. J. V. Kaye) ; Etudes slaves et est-europeennes (Prof. R. <::ujes); Slavica Canadiana (Prof. Charles Murin); University of Ottawa Quarterly (Prof. E. Buydosh). From a number of reviews by professors at American and Canadian universities at least a few should be mentioned. Prof E. Taborsky of the University of Texas, assessed the book in the Slavic Review (Vol. 29, No. 2), as follows: "Professor Kirschbaum divides his "saga of a small group of people in a new land who preserved their identity and achieved success" into four parts. Part I describes the historical, ethnic, cultural, political, 1·eligious, and economic ground of the Slovak immigrants and concludes with a brief sketch of the Slovak national character. Based on a wealth of sources, including the archives of various Canadian Slovak organizations, the Slovak press in Canada, and interviews with Slovak settlers in many parts· of Canada, Kirschbaum's study is a useful contribution to the literature on the Cenh·al European 108 SLOVAKIA immigration to the Western Hemisphere. It is only a pity that the volume is marred by occasional remarks revealing the author's antiCrech bias and detracting thus from the objectivity promised in the book's preface." Dr. V. J. Kaye of the Ottawa University welcomed the book as "the first detailed, well-documented, and excellently written history in the English language of the Slovak ethnic group in Canada." And after giving the perusal of individual chapters saying that "Dr. Kirschbaum's study is undoubtedly a valuable contribution to the history of Slavic groups in Canada, and he deserves full recognition for his achievement." (Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. XI, 1, 1969). In the Etudes siaves et est europeennes (Vol. XIII, 1968), Professor R. Cujes of the St. Francis Xavier University wrote about the book as follows: "Centennial year served as an opportune stimulus for informing Canadians of the many and diverse ethnic contributions evident in contemporary Canada. An outstanding example, and one which has been favorably reviewed in several ethnic publications across Canada, is Dr. Joseph Kirschbaum's "Slovaks in Canada." The author certainly succeeded in his task of uncovering and preserving much historical data which will be of interest not only to Canadians of Slovak origin, but also to Canadian historians who have still to write a truly Canadian history. He achieved a good balance between the two extremes possible in such works: either to be too general to have documentary value or to become so detailed that the book becomes source material and too heavy for the general reader. By writing this book, Dr. Kirschbaum rendered invaluable services not only to Slovaks in Canada whose deeds he faithfully recorded but also to all Canadians. Some other ethnic groups, especially the smaller ones which have had, in many ways, similar experience as the Slovaks, may become encouraged to undertake a similar publication of their own. The fact that Dr. Kirschbaum is one of the most important Slovak personalities in Canada, a:nd that he plays an important role among Slovaks abroad, enabled him to present a very clear and complete picture. Nevertheless, the book suffers from one defect; Dr. Kirschbaum's own contributions are much too attenuated. They are an essential and very important I')art of the Slovak scene and should have been presented at greater length in the text and not confined to footnotes and bibliography." Prof J. Roucek, known by his anti-Slovak bias, reviewed the book in Inter1tationai Migration Review (Vol. III, 9, 1969), together with another book on Slovaks and Czechs in Canada by J. Gellner-J. Smerek. In Roucek's opinion Dr. Kirschbaum "certainly stresses his filiopietism" and is "promoting Slovak separatism," to which Prof. Roucek obje~ts, he nevertheless writes: "Since both of these studies are the first systematic surveys of their subject in English, their appearance must be welcomed by all students SLOVAKIA 109 interested in the growing number of immigrants in Canada. Both are filled with valuable information which is hardly acoessible to the average scholar not able to read Czech and Slovak, and both have been prepared by Czechs and Slovaks intimately acquainted with the communities of their countrymen in Canada. Nevertheless, both also suffer when we compare them with each other. In general, Kirschbaum's study, in spite of its weaknesses, is much better and more exhaustive that Gellner-Smerek's work, since it is better documented (as shown by its bibliography, pp. 441-455), and contains reprints of 24 memoranda, petitions, pleas, and resolutions either to the Canadian authorities or to the United Nations by the Slovak Canadian organizations, as well as by individual members of the Canadian Slovak League and the First Catholic Slovak Union during the past three decaaes." On the part of American Slovaks the book was received with the mixture of enthusiasm and envy, expressed not only in a great number of newspapers but also by the poet Mikulas Sprinc in Most, and two ,t eachers at the SS. Cyril and Methodius Academy, Sisters M. Y. Lederleitner and M. M. Tybor. In their thorough analysis of the book they wrote: "A historical survey of Slovaks living anywhere outside their native Slovakia must of necessity follow a certain pattern of development. For the benefit of uniformed readers, the opening of the work must be expository-a delineation of the historic background of the Slovak people and their position with a historic perspective. Then there logically follows a record of their uprooting within the scope of the given consideration, as well as their trials and tribulations in a new environment, an evaluation of what forces worked for or against them, and an assessment of their achievements in the new land. In his book Slovaks in Canada, Dr. J. M. Kirschbaum has effectively met this challenge. We who are privileged to look upon the accomplished fact of a finished project presenting to the public the aches and the trials, the hopes and the promises, the opportunities and the fulfillment up to triumph, the gifts received and the gifts given, the moral as well as the material investments made and the dividends garnered-we are grateful to Dr. Kirschbaum whose scholarly initiative and ac\.lmen together with his indefatigable industry and talent has made this book a reality. It deserves more than one reading since it is an informative and bigly interesting account of Slovak life in a new world setting. In all honesty, we must admit an undenied regret that the Slovaks in the U. S. have not produced a similar or parallel history of their own to match Slovaks in Canada while at the same time we cherish a justifiable pride in Dr. Kirschbaum because he has done a good work well." The book was very positively evaluated even by the official organ of Slovak Protestants in the United States, The Zion (September 1971 ). In the opinion of the editor, Pastor John Adam, Dr. Kirschbaum "has, in his book, Slovaks in Canada, given all Slovaks a valuable history 110 SLOVAKIA which will stand for decades as the work on the immigration of Slovaks to Canada in the first 60 years of this century. He has captured the trials, tribulations and triumphs of Slovaks who came to Canada in three separate waves of immigration. The account of the struggle of the pioneers has thorough documentation, which will help even Americans of Slovak ancestry understand a part of their past for the experience in Canada, in many respects, is a reflection of the struggle in America." In the opinion of the Hon. R. S. Welch, Minister of Education of the Ontario Government, "Slovaks in Canada, as its title suggests, is a comprehensive account of Slovak migrations to Canada, of the trials and successes the Slovak people have experienced here, and of their important contributions to our land. Its author is Slovakian-born Dr. J. M. Kirschbaum, a former diplomat who has achieved great distinction in Canada as an editor, author, schol,a r and university professor of Slavic-Slovak studies. Its sponsor is the Canadian Ethnic Press Association of Ontario. It should, therefore, be a source of satisfaction to all of us when scholars of other ethnic origins, equally proud of both their ancestry and of the contributions made by members of their race to the Canadian nation, choose to chronicle the histories of their people in Canada." (From a speech in Parliament on July 15, 1968). SLOVAKIA is published annually iby the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Arnerican'S of Slovwk descent. One of i:Jhe purposes of SLOVAKIA is to promote ,a bebter U'llderst anding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and jiJs long struggle for freedom and inde-pendeuce. Subscription to Slovrukia $3.00 per year in the U.S.A. - $4.00 elsewhere. Sen<l subscription to: SLOVAKIA 313 Ridge A venue Middletown, P a. 17057  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Evaluation of Dr. Kirschbaum's Writings by Critics Description An account of the resource Slovakia, Vol. 23 (No. 46), 1973 pp. 101-110 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/e3569cb39642c1458214630235f9ad14.pdf 6fd201ce24bc640b190ad23c869dc039 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 123 BEACON IN AMERICAN-SLOVAK LIFE Mother M. Emerentia Petrasek The uniquely fruitful life of a modest American-Slovak Sister-educator came to a regrettable close on January 30, 1973 when the deeply esteemed Mother Emerentia Petrasek quietly died in Danville, Pa., following a heart attack. Up until a few days before her death she was characteristically busy with the kind of work to which she was singularly devoted all through her life, even in her retirement: writing, promoting Slovak cultural interests, translating, encouraging others in cultural projects, and offering seasoned and reliable counsel in many instances. Through it all she kept close to God, the Fount of all wisdom and grace, and like the prudent virgins of the parable, she too, kept her lamp of watchful waiting and prayerfulness trimmed and filled as she prepared for the unannounced coming of the Bridegroom to Whom she had dedicated her life by religious vows lived in convent discipline for 58 years since her first formal profession of religious dedication. Mother Emerentia was born in a Pennsylvania hamlet called Sugar Notch. Her parents were of the God-fearing immigrant class that belonged to the Slovak parish of Our Lady of the Rosary in Ashley, Pa. They provided for Mother Emerentia and for her brother, who is now Monsignor Charles Petrasek, a sound Christian home training. After her elementary schooling in Ashley, Mary Petrasek was enrolled at Mt. St. Mary's in Scranton and later at Marywood College. She was among the early candidates who had responded to Father Jankola's efforts to provide for the education of children of Slovak immigrants even at the cost of establishing a new religious community for this purpose. This American-Slovak congregation is known as the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius, and Mother Erner- �124 SLOVAKIA entia has certainly made remarkable contributions to its spirit and accomplishments. Whether she gave her service as teacher, writer, planner or administrator, serving in various capacities up to the rank of Superior General of over four hundred Sisters, Mother Emerentia always manifested the marks of inspired leadership and she discharged her responsibilities - great and small - with effective devotion. If one were to single out an outstanding talent or characteristic of Mother Emerentia, it would be her wholehearted devotion to the spiritual and cultural heritage of her Slovak ancestry, coupled with a strong sense of devotion to the Holy See and to American patriotism. With her it was a matter of honor, a basic expression o! justice and a conscience-binding fact of life to appreciate with filial gratitude all the gifts which the past offers us so that we might be able to enjoy the blessings and benefits of the present in which we live and progress. Hers was a clear-eyed vision of who we are, where our roots are, and what we can become. In her role as teacher, Mother Emerentia effectively inculcated these attitudes in hundreds of her students who esteemed and practically idolized her. Although her sphere of action seemed to be confined to convent-life dimensions, her teaching and her philosophical outlook upon life and living touched countless other lives. Under the inspiration and impulse of the Holy Spirit this dedicated Sister achieved for God and nation and for fellowman so remarkable a harvest that an exhaustive study could and should be made in at least an appreciative volume summarizini her contributions to Slovak culture. When Mother Emerentia assumed the office of Superior General in 1934, the Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius were already a firmly established congregation but it was essential to take steps for the assured growth of the community and for general participation in all the commitments and interests of the Sisters. This consideration prompted her to devote much attention to St. Cyril Academy, the community's first high school which was housed at Danville and with whose foundation she had been intimately associated. Her first object of interest was the school's �SLOVAKIA 125 bilingual literary magazine Fialky which she had initiated in the first year of the school's foundation. Under her guidance the students had produced an exceptionally creditable school journal and she had always inspired them to cultivate in it a wholesome degree of Slovak orientation. This was evidenced not only by the bilingual aspect o! the publication but also by its selective content. Many o! i~ articles are devoted not only to scholastic and academic interest but also to the interests of the American-Slovak community and to topics of Slovak history and culture. The Academy, however, is but one of the schools under the direction of these Sisters who are engaged primarily in parochial schools, that were founded by Slovak immigrants in America. Over the years these schools have been !ulfilling the mission that had fired the zealous ardor of Father Jankola. Mother Emerentia knew Father Jankola personally and she cherished the ideals to which he had dedicated his priestly li!e. In her capacity as leader and administrator of a teaching body of Sisters, Mother Emerentia was led by the realization that the schools of American-Slovak parishes needed effective teachers who, in turn, needed effective tools like practical textbooks and teaching aids. In this awareness, she conti.Rued and she expanded the training of all teachers not only to meet state certification standards but also to include suitable instruction in the Slovak language and an appreciation of Slovak history and culture. She set a personal example in these respects, for she herself interacted with her Sisters in these fields, right from the early days of her secondary education, through her B.A. and M.A. college degrees from Marywood as well as through her subsequent professional growth. Out 0! practical situations and well-motivated discussions she embodied such useful material in several Slovak texts that she prepared for the schools. In 1929 Mother Emerentia published her first formal Slovak grammar titled Ucebnica slovenskej reci. About twenty years later she had an updated version of Slovak grammar called Steps in Elementary Slovak. From time to time she supplemented and revised these texts as the needs of the times and newer developments in grammar �126 SLOVAKIA and in language arts required. For the benefit of interested teachers and adults, Mother Emerentia developed and conducted a Slovak Correspondence Course. Her language books and lesson sheets thus became handbooks for instruction in Slovak. But she had also noted that there was a need for books of Slovak hymns and folk songs and with diligent int.erest she compiled several editions of the Spevnicek, a substantial collection of Slovak, Latin and English hymn texts suited for religious services. She also edited a Spevnicek of Slovak folk songs. These collections of sacred and secular songs delighted many school children and they were also welcomed by their teachers and by many congregati0ns and pastors as well. When there was a noticeable decline in the study of Slovak in the schools, Mother Emerentia tried to meet the new challenge by undertaking a project to preserve at least some of the Slovak cultural heritage in America even though the language itself was dying out. With the cooperation of other interested Sisters, a number of Slovak religious songs were tranlated into singable English versions and they appeared with voice notation in two publications sponsored by the community. These publications are Alleluia and Bethlehem Carols (1967). Her book length projects as well as her many articles, studies and reviews which Mother Emerentia contributed to a number of representative American-Slovak publications Oargerly to the Jednota weekly and the Jednota Annual) appear to have been but forerunners of her major work: history of the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius which is now completed and ready in manuscript form. When the work is published, it will be the crowning achievement of this distinguished Sister. An abridgment of the community history, which was released as A Brief History of the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius, proves that Mother Emerentia has prepared these annals with total devotion to her sisterhood and that, with the talent of a gifted historian. she was able to delineat.e in them all the forces and all the facets of development that marked the destinies of the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius throughout their a:postolate among Americans of Slovak �SLOVAKIA 127 extraction, especially in their teaching endeavors and works of charity on behalf of the orphaned and the aged. The Slovak language as well as Slovak literature and history were Mother Emerentia's cultural predilection to her dying day. Even in her advanced years and in spite of impaired health, she devoted herself to the interests of the Slovak Book Department in Danville, where she filled orders for those who wished to purchase various kinds of Slovak books, and she maintained vital contacts with many Sisters with whom she continued to share much of her knowledge and information on current topics as well on Slovakia's cultural and historic past. Two traits mark the life history of Mother Emerentia: her boundless modesty and her boundless love which is embodied in the master project that symbolizes her greatness in life-the exquisite architectural gem and the jewel of symbolic richness that are the unique features of the monastic church under her direction at Villa Sacred Heart. Visiting with Mother Emerentia was much like encountering a religious from long bygone days. She personified humility and modesty of a rare degree. Hers was the spirit of prayer, of unfaltering diligence, of recognition of the worth of others and utter self-effacement. As many times as I had tried to turn a conversation to what she had already achieved or was endeavoring to do, she skillfuly managed to re-direct our discussion to some other subject just to avoid drawing attention to herself. Most of her peer Sisters as well as younger members of the community considered her to be the leading intellectual among the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius and the outstanding educator in the specialized field of Slovak interests, yet she herself once pointed out a younger co-worker and remarked with unconcealed admiration, "There's the real intellectual of the Community." This puts me very much in mind of Msgr. Andrew Hlinka who once made precisely the same kind of statement about Dr. Joseph Tiso and his place in the Slovak Populist Party. The great are always ready to recognize and to credit the merits of others. The Sisters' convent church (which Mother Emerentia �12i SLOVAKIA modestly called a convent chapel) is one of the most artistic Slovak edifice in the United States, as is the entire complex of St. Cyril Academy and the motherhouse unit in Danville. In this church are housed all the exquisite religious features that bring inspiration to the visiting faithful and to the Sisters there. In it is also found a wealth of symbolic and stained glass pictorial representation that captures significant highlights of Slovak as well as American-Slovak history. In some respects, this church is a kind of supplement to the written history of the community that is also the product of Mother Emerentia's inspiration and talented skill. Only a spirit as deeply steeped in eternal truth and benignly drawn to Slovakia and the Slovak people as was Mother Emerentia's could have created so rich a contribution to Slovak history preserved in art forms . And this she was able to bring about because of her conviction that such a union of valid values is pleasing both to God and nation, and gratifying to her own community which she tried with all her abilities to build and develop, a community that had prospered and burgeoned so promisingly under her understanding direction. Mother Emerentia has earned herself a lasting place in the history of Slovak culture, for she has been chosen by God to make the shining splendor of her life a brilliant beacon that can lead others on to greater things. From the hights of eternal glory may she continue to shed much light upon her Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius as well as upon countless other Slovaks in all walks of life who knew her or who knew of her, and who found in her diversified sphere of activity much inspiration and a unique sense of stability and security. May she be an ideal to many! THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA is dedicated to works of charity, materially and morally aids Slovaks, here and abr oad, who may be in need of such aid; it supports the American Red Cross, United Fund Campaigns and other American charitable pr ojects. � SLOVAKIA 123 BEACON IN AMERICAN-SLOVAK LIFE Mother M. Emerentia Petrasek The uniquely fruitful life of a modest American-Slovak Sister-educator came to a regrettable close on January 30, 1973 when the deeply esteemed Mother Emerentia Petrasek quietly died in Danville, Pa., following a heart attack. Up until a few days before her death she was characteristically busy with the kind of work to which she was singularly devoted all through her life, even in her retirement: writing, promoting Slovak cultural interests, translating, encouraging others in cultural projects, and offering seasoned and reliable counsel in many instances. Through it all she kept close to God, the Fount of all wisdom and grace, and like the prudent virgins of the parable, she too, kept her lamp of watchful waiting and prayerfulness trimmed and filled as she prepared for the unannounced coming of the Bridegroom to Whom she had dedicated her life by religious vows lived in convent discipline for 58 years since her first formal profession of religious dedication. Mother Emerentia was born in a Pennsylvania hamlet called Sugar Notch. Her parents were of the God-fearing immigrant class that belonged to the Slovak parish of Our Lady of the Rosary in Ashley, Pa. They provided for Mother Emerentia and for her brother, who is now Monsignor Charles Petrasek, a sound Christian home training. After her elementary schooling in Ashley, Mary Petrasek was enrolled at Mt. St. Mary's in Scranton and later at Marywood College. She was among the early candidates who had responded to Father Jankola's efforts to provide for the education of children of Slovak immigrants even at the cost of establishing a new religious community for this purpose. This American-Slovak congregation is known as the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius, and Mother Erner- �124 SLOVAKIA entia has certainly made remarkable contributions to its spirit and accomplishments. Whether she gave her service as teacher, writer, planner or administrator, serving in various capacities up to the rank of Superior General of over four hundred Sisters, Mother Emerentia always manifested the marks of inspired leadership and she discharged her responsibilities - great and small - with effective devotion. If one were to single out an outstanding talent or characteristic of Mother Emerentia, it would be her wholehearted devotion to the spiritual and cultural heritage of her Slovak ancestry, coupled with a strong sense of devotion to the Holy See and to American patriotism. With her it was a matter of honor, a basic expression o! justice and a conscience-binding fact of life to appreciate with filial gratitude all the gifts which the past offers us so that we might be able to enjoy the blessings and benefits of the present in which we live and progress. Hers was a clear-eyed vision of who we are, where our roots are, and what we can become. In her role as teacher, Mother Emerentia effectively inculcated these attitudes in hundreds of her students who esteemed and practically idolized her. Although her sphere of action seemed to be confined to convent-life dimensions, her teaching and her philosophical outlook upon life and living touched countless other lives. Under the inspiration and impulse of the Holy Spirit this dedicated Sister achieved for God and nation and for fellowman so remarkable a harvest that an exhaustive study could and should be made in at least an appreciative volume summarizini her contributions to Slovak culture. When Mother Emerentia assumed the office of Superior General in 1934, the Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius were already a firmly established congregation but it was essential to take steps for the assured growth of the community and for general participation in all the commitments and interests of the Sisters. This consideration prompted her to devote much attention to St. Cyril Academy, the community's first high school which was housed at Danville and with whose foundation she had been intimately associated. Her first object of interest was the school's �SLOVAKIA 125 bilingual literary magazine Fialky which she had initiated in the first year of the school's foundation. Under her guidance the students had produced an exceptionally creditable school journal and she had always inspired them to cultivate in it a wholesome degree of Slovak orientation. This was evidenced not only by the bilingual aspect o! the publication but also by its selective content. Many o! i~ articles are devoted not only to scholastic and academic interest but also to the interests of the American-Slovak community and to topics of Slovak history and culture. The Academy, however, is but one of the schools under the direction of these Sisters who are engaged primarily in parochial schools, that were founded by Slovak immigrants in America. Over the years these schools have been !ulfilling the mission that had fired the zealous ardor of Father Jankola. Mother Emerentia knew Father Jankola personally and she cherished the ideals to which he had dedicated his priestly li!e. In her capacity as leader and administrator of a teaching body of Sisters, Mother Emerentia was led by the realization that the schools of American-Slovak parishes needed effective teachers who, in turn, needed effective tools like practical textbooks and teaching aids. In this awareness, she conti.Rued and she expanded the training of all teachers not only to meet state certification standards but also to include suitable instruction in the Slovak language and an appreciation of Slovak history and culture. She set a personal example in these respects, for she herself interacted with her Sisters in these fields, right from the early days of her secondary education, through her B.A. and M.A. college degrees from Marywood as well as through her subsequent professional growth. Out 0! practical situations and well-motivated discussions she embodied such useful material in several Slovak texts that she prepared for the schools. In 1929 Mother Emerentia published her first formal Slovak grammar titled Ucebnica slovenskej reci. About twenty years later she had an updated version of Slovak grammar called Steps in Elementary Slovak. From time to time she supplemented and revised these texts as the needs of the times and newer developments in grammar �126 SLOVAKIA and in language arts required. For the benefit of interested teachers and adults, Mother Emerentia developed and conducted a Slovak Correspondence Course. Her language books and lesson sheets thus became handbooks for instruction in Slovak. But she had also noted that there was a need for books of Slovak hymns and folk songs and with diligent int.erest she compiled several editions of the Spevnicek, a substantial collection of Slovak, Latin and English hymn texts suited for religious services. She also edited a Spevnicek of Slovak folk songs. These collections of sacred and secular songs delighted many school children and they were also welcomed by their teachers and by many congregati0ns and pastors as well. When there was a noticeable decline in the study of Slovak in the schools, Mother Emerentia tried to meet the new challenge by undertaking a project to preserve at least some of the Slovak cultural heritage in America even though the language itself was dying out. With the cooperation of other interested Sisters, a number of Slovak religious songs were tranlated into singable English versions and they appeared with voice notation in two publications sponsored by the community. These publications are Alleluia and Bethlehem Carols (1967). Her book length projects as well as her many articles, studies and reviews which Mother Emerentia contributed to a number of representative American-Slovak publications Oargerly to the Jednota weekly and the Jednota Annual) appear to have been but forerunners of her major work: history of the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius which is now completed and ready in manuscript form. When the work is published, it will be the crowning achievement of this distinguished Sister. An abridgment of the community history, which was released as A Brief History of the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius, proves that Mother Emerentia has prepared these annals with total devotion to her sisterhood and that, with the talent of a gifted historian. she was able to delineat.e in them all the forces and all the facets of development that marked the destinies of the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius throughout their a:postolate among Americans of Slovak �SLOVAKIA 127 extraction, especially in their teaching endeavors and works of charity on behalf of the orphaned and the aged. The Slovak language as well as Slovak literature and history were Mother Emerentia's cultural predilection to her dying day. Even in her advanced years and in spite of impaired health, she devoted herself to the interests of the Slovak Book Department in Danville, where she filled orders for those who wished to purchase various kinds of Slovak books, and she maintained vital contacts with many Sisters with whom she continued to share much of her knowledge and information on current topics as well on Slovakia's cultural and historic past. Two traits mark the life history of Mother Emerentia: her boundless modesty and her boundless love which is embodied in the master project that symbolizes her greatness in life-the exquisite architectural gem and the jewel of symbolic richness that are the unique features of the monastic church under her direction at Villa Sacred Heart. Visiting with Mother Emerentia was much like encountering a religious from long bygone days. She personified humility and modesty of a rare degree. Hers was the spirit of prayer, of unfaltering diligence, of recognition of the worth of others and utter self-effacement. As many times as I had tried to turn a conversation to what she had already achieved or was endeavoring to do, she skillfuly managed to re-direct our discussion to some other subject just to avoid drawing attention to herself. Most of her peer Sisters as well as younger members of the community considered her to be the leading intellectual among the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius and the outstanding educator in the specialized field of Slovak interests, yet she herself once pointed out a younger co-worker and remarked with unconcealed admiration, "There's the real intellectual of the Community." This puts me very much in mind of Msgr. Andrew Hlinka who once made precisely the same kind of statement about Dr. Joseph Tiso and his place in the Slovak Populist Party. The great are always ready to recognize and to credit the merits of others. The Sisters' convent church (which Mother Emerentia �12i SLOVAKIA modestly called a convent chapel) is one of the most artistic Slovak edifice in the United States, as is the entire complex of St. Cyril Academy and the motherhouse unit in Danville. In this church are housed all the exquisite religious features that bring inspiration to the visiting faithful and to the Sisters there. In it is also found a wealth of symbolic and stained glass pictorial representation that captures significant highlights of Slovak as well as American-Slovak history. In some respects, this church is a kind of supplement to the written history of the community that is also the product of Mother Emerentia's inspiration and talented skill. Only a spirit as deeply steeped in eternal truth and benignly drawn to Slovakia and the Slovak people as was Mother Emerentia's could have created so rich a contribution to Slovak history preserved in art forms . And this she was able to bring about because of her conviction that such a union of valid values is pleasing both to God and nation, and gratifying to her own community which she tried with all her abilities to build and develop, a community that had prospered and burgeoned so promisingly under her understanding direction. Mother Emerentia has earned herself a lasting place in the history of Slovak culture, for she has been chosen by God to make the shining splendor of her life a brilliant beacon that can lead others on to greater things. From the hights of eternal glory may she continue to shed much light upon her Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius as well as upon countless other Slovaks in all walks of life who knew her or who knew of her, and who found in her diversified sphere of activity much inspiration and a unique sense of stability and security. May she be an ideal to many! THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA is dedicated to works of charity, materially and morally aids Slovaks, here and abr oad, who may be in need of such aid; it supports the American Red Cross, United Fund Campaigns and other American charitable pr ojects. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1973, Vol. 23 Description An account of the resource Vol. 23 (No. 46), 1973. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 123 BEACON IN AMERICAN-SLOVAK LIFE Mother M. Emerentia Petrasek The uniquely fruitful life of a modest American-Slovak Sister-educator came to a regrettable close on January 30, 1973 when the deeply esteemed Mother Emerentia Petrasek quietly died in Danville, Pa., following a heart attack. Up until a few days before her death she was characteristically busy with the kind of work to which she was singularly devoted all through her life, even in her retirement: writing, promoting Slovak cultural interests, translating, encouraging others in cultural projects, and offering seasoned and reliable counsel in many instances. Through it all she kept close to God, the Fount of all wisdom and grace, and like the prudent virgins of the parable, she too, kept her lamp of watchful waiting and prayerfulness trimmed and filled as she prepared for the unannounced coming of the Bridegroom to Whom she had dedicated her life by religious vows lived in convent discipline for 58 years since her first formal profession of religious dedication. Mother Emerentia was born in a Pennsylvania hamlet called Sugar Notch. Her parents were of the God-fearing immigrant class that belonged to the Slovak parish of Our Lady of the Rosary in Ashley, Pa. They provided for Mother Emerentia and for her brother, who is now Monsignor Charles Petrasek, a sound Christian home training. After her elementary schooling in Ashley, Mary Petrasek was enrolled at Mt. St. Mary's in Scranton and later at Marywood College. She was among the early candidates who had responded to Father Jankola's efforts to provide for the education of children of Slovak immigrants even at the cost of establishing a new religious community for this purpose. This American-Slovak congregation is known as the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius, and Mother Erner- 124 SLOVAKIA entia has certainly made remarkable contributions to its spirit and accomplishments. Whether she gave her service as teacher, writer, planner or administrator, serving in various capacities up to the rank of Superior General of over four hundred Sisters, Mother Emerentia always manifested the marks of inspired leadership and she discharged her responsibilities - great and small - with effective devotion. If one were to single out an outstanding talent or characteristic of Mother Emerentia, it would be her wholehearted devotion to the spiritual and cultural heritage of her Slovak ancestry, coupled with a strong sense of devotion to the Holy See and to American patriotism. With her it was a matter of honor, a basic expression o! justice and a conscience-binding fact of life to appreciate with filial gratitude all the gifts which the past offers us so that we might be able to enjoy the blessings and benefits of the present in which we live and progress. Hers was a clear-eyed vision of who we are, where our roots are, and what we can become. In her role as teacher, Mother Emerentia effectively inculcated these attitudes in hundreds of her students who esteemed and practically idolized her. Although her sphere of action seemed to be confined to convent-life dimensions, her teaching and her philosophical outlook upon life and living touched countless other lives. Under the inspiration and impulse of the Holy Spirit this dedicated Sister achieved for God and nation and for fellowman so remarkable a harvest that an exhaustive study could and should be made in at least an appreciative volume summarizini her contributions to Slovak culture. When Mother Emerentia assumed the office of Superior General in 1934, the Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius were already a firmly established congregation but it was essential to take steps for the assured growth of the community and for general participation in all the commitments and interests of the Sisters. This consideration prompted her to devote much attention to St. Cyril Academy, the community's first high school which was housed at Danville and with whose foundation she had been intimately associated. Her first object of interest was the school's SLOVAKIA 125 bilingual literary magazine Fialky which she had initiated in the first year of the school's foundation. Under her guidance the students had produced an exceptionally creditable school journal and she had always inspired them to cultivate in it a wholesome degree of Slovak orientation. This was evidenced not only by the bilingual aspect o! the publication but also by its selective content. Many o! i~ articles are devoted not only to scholastic and academic interest but also to the interests of the American-Slovak community and to topics of Slovak history and culture. The Academy, however, is but one of the schools under the direction of these Sisters who are engaged primarily in parochial schools, that were founded by Slovak immigrants in America. Over the years these schools have been !ulfilling the mission that had fired the zealous ardor of Father Jankola. Mother Emerentia knew Father Jankola personally and she cherished the ideals to which he had dedicated his priestly li!e. In her capacity as leader and administrator of a teaching body of Sisters, Mother Emerentia was led by the realization that the schools of American-Slovak parishes needed effective teachers who, in turn, needed effective tools like practical textbooks and teaching aids. In this awareness, she conti.Rued and she expanded the training of all teachers not only to meet state certification standards but also to include suitable instruction in the Slovak language and an appreciation of Slovak history and culture. She set a personal example in these respects, for she herself interacted with her Sisters in these fields, right from the early days of her secondary education, through her B.A. and M.A. college degrees from Marywood as well as through her subsequent professional growth. Out 0! practical situations and well-motivated discussions she embodied such useful material in several Slovak texts that she prepared for the schools. In 1929 Mother Emerentia published her first formal Slovak grammar titled Ucebnica slovenskej reci. About twenty years later she had an updated version of Slovak grammar called Steps in Elementary Slovak. From time to time she supplemented and revised these texts as the needs of the times and newer developments in grammar 126 SLOVAKIA and in language arts required. For the benefit of interested teachers and adults, Mother Emerentia developed and conducted a Slovak Correspondence Course. Her language books and lesson sheets thus became handbooks for instruction in Slovak. But she had also noted that there was a need for books of Slovak hymns and folk songs and with diligent int.erest she compiled several editions of the Spevnicek, a substantial collection of Slovak, Latin and English hymn texts suited for religious services. She also edited a Spevnicek of Slovak folk songs. These collections of sacred and secular songs delighted many school children and they were also welcomed by their teachers and by many congregati0ns and pastors as well. When there was a noticeable decline in the study of Slovak in the schools, Mother Emerentia tried to meet the new challenge by undertaking a project to preserve at least some of the Slovak cultural heritage in America even though the language itself was dying out. With the cooperation of other interested Sisters, a number of Slovak religious songs were tranlated into singable English versions and they appeared with voice notation in two publications sponsored by the community. These publications are Alleluia and Bethlehem Carols (1967). Her book length projects as well as her many articles, studies and reviews which Mother Emerentia contributed to a number of representative American-Slovak publications Oargerly to the Jednota weekly and the Jednota Annual) appear to have been but forerunners of her major work: history of the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius which is now completed and ready in manuscript form. When the work is published, it will be the crowning achievement of this distinguished Sister. An abridgment of the community history, which was released as A Brief History of the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius, proves that Mother Emerentia has prepared these annals with total devotion to her sisterhood and that, with the talent of a gifted historian. she was able to delineat.e in them all the forces and all the facets of development that marked the destinies of the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius throughout their a:postolate among Americans of Slovak SLOVAKIA 127 extraction, especially in their teaching endeavors and works of charity on behalf of the orphaned and the aged. The Slovak language as well as Slovak literature and history were Mother Emerentia's cultural predilection to her dying day. Even in her advanced years and in spite of impaired health, she devoted herself to the interests of the Slovak Book Department in Danville, where she filled orders for those who wished to purchase various kinds of Slovak books, and she maintained vital contacts with many Sisters with whom she continued to share much of her knowledge and information on current topics as well on Slovakia's cultural and historic past. Two traits mark the life history of Mother Emerentia: her boundless modesty and her boundless love which is embodied in the master project that symbolizes her greatness in life-the exquisite architectural gem and the jewel of symbolic richness that are the unique features of the monastic church under her direction at Villa Sacred Heart. Visiting with Mother Emerentia was much like encountering a religious from long bygone days. She personified humility and modesty of a rare degree. Hers was the spirit of prayer, of unfaltering diligence, of recognition of the worth of others and utter self-effacement. As many times as I had tried to turn a conversation to what she had already achieved or was endeavoring to do, she skillfuly managed to re-direct our discussion to some other subject just to avoid drawing attention to herself. Most of her peer Sisters as well as younger members of the community considered her to be the leading intellectual among the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius and the outstanding educator in the specialized field of Slovak interests, yet she herself once pointed out a younger co-worker and remarked with unconcealed admiration, "There's the real intellectual of the Community." This puts me very much in mind of Msgr. Andrew Hlinka who once made precisely the same kind of statement about Dr. Joseph Tiso and his place in the Slovak Populist Party. The great are always ready to recognize and to credit the merits of others. The Sisters' convent church (which Mother Emerentia 12i SLOVAKIA modestly called a convent chapel) is one of the most artistic Slovak edifice in the United States, as is the entire complex of St. Cyril Academy and the motherhouse unit in Danville. In this church are housed all the exquisite religious features that bring inspiration to the visiting faithful and to the Sisters there. In it is also found a wealth of symbolic and stained glass pictorial representation that captures significant highlights of Slovak as well as American-Slovak history. In some respects, this church is a kind of supplement to the written history of the community that is also the product of Mother Emerentia's inspiration and talented skill. Only a spirit as deeply steeped in eternal truth and benignly drawn to Slovakia and the Slovak people as was Mother Emerentia's could have created so rich a contribution to Slovak history preserved in art forms . And this she was able to bring about because of her conviction that such a union of valid values is pleasing both to God and nation, and gratifying to her own community which she tried with all her abilities to build and develop, a community that had prospered and burgeoned so promisingly under her understanding direction. Mother Emerentia has earned herself a lasting place in the history of Slovak culture, for she has been chosen by God to make the shining splendor of her life a brilliant beacon that can lead others on to greater things. From the hights of eternal glory may she continue to shed much light upon her Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius as well as upon countless other Slovaks in all walks of life who knew her or who knew of her, and who found in her diversified sphere of activity much inspiration and a unique sense of stability and security. May she be an ideal to many! THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA is dedicated to works of charity, materially and morally aids Slovaks, here and abr oad, who may be in need of such aid; it supports the American Red Cross, United Fund Campaigns and other American charitable pr ojects.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mother M. Emerentia Petrášek Description An account of the resource Slovakia, Vol. 23 (No. 46), 1973 pp. 123-128 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/ad754c17ffd0726b669df45a412ffa67.pdf 626587d3cc501b645608829879b6d94f PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 129 The Declining Democratic Facade: Czecho-Slovakia 1948-1960* The two constitutions of Czecho-Slovakia enacted by the Communist regime were the Ninth-of-May Constitution of 1948 and the recent Soviet-model Constitution of 1960. Granted that these two constitutions of a Soviet satellite country are anything but the binding fundamental laws that constitute our Western idea of a constitution, still, the difference between these two documents epitomizes the extent to which Czecho-Slovakia's political institutions have been sovietized during the twelve years that separate the Ninth-of-May Constitution and its 1960 successor. It is somewhat ironical to consider constitutions of communist dictatorial systems because in the first place it is enigma why these rulers care to have any written constitution at all. The decisions that arise, usually are made within the supreme party organization. Members of this body are in control of everything in every part of the country and in every segment of life. The communists insist on limiting its own powers, by elaborate systems of constitutional prescriptions and restrictions that are protected legally, but this is only to say that this system operates nominally. The reasons which underlie the Czecho-Slovak communist philosophy of constitutionalism are much the same as those in Soviet Union and in other "people's demo- * The purpose of the study is to examine the forced decline of so-called democracy in Czecho-Slovakia. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the wording of the Bill of Rights of both the 1948 and 1960 Constitutions. Rather than repeat in footnotes unduly on each page, it is simpler to state that all quotes on pages three to six are from the 1948 Costitution of Czecho-Slovakia which is given in Slovakia-A Political History 1918-1950 by Joseph Mikus. Quotes from pages six to ten are from the Constitution drafted on November, 1960. More implicit than explicit, the Constitution forms are much more emergent in 1960 than in the twelve years previous. �130 SLOVAKIA cracies." It is one of the basic maxims of Marxist-Leninist teaching on the relations between the Party and the State that the Party makes policy, that it guides and controls but does not directly carry out its decisions. So, for that reason, the party has a machinery of government separation on the party apparatus and continues to maintain it until the State "withers away." Therefore the Constitution serves a function which the dictatorship of the proletariat operates. No political system, it seems, misuses the concept of popular sovereignity more than the regime of Marxist-Leninism, and Czecho-Slovakia proves to be no exception. "The people are the master in this country. The people, liberated, politically, socially, and economically thus attain through a new Constitution a permanent guarantee of their full and real freedom." "The new Constitution guarantees that the will of the people will henceforth be the law of the country." Both the Ninth-of-May Constitution and the new Constitution of 1960 abound with references to the "people". As in the American Constitution, the introductory "We the People" formula is used and "the people" or the "working people" are designed as the sole source of all power. The reason for this illusion that the Communists try t0 create in that they alone are the servants of too people and worthy of complete confidence is probably the main reason for having this constitution. But it is not our main concern here to examine and analyze the Constitution of 1948 and 1960 in totality or to find in what they differ or in what they are similar. The Communists themselves have stated, referring to the 1948 Constitution, that "our new Constitution will contain two component parts" from the West and the East. It will be our concern to take a specific section, the Bill of Rights, and analyze the forms in the 1948 and the 1960 Constitutions respectively. The crisis of the Third Czecho-Slovak Republic of February 1948 was unleashed by the problem of the new Constitution. The conceptions of the parties confronting one another on fundamental principles were in such opposition that normal political activity had been practically paralyzed by the Communist veto. Communist legal technicians needed only two and a half months to perfect all of the details of the fundamental �SLOVAKIA 131 law. On May 9, 1948, the Constitution was unanimously voted upon by the 246 deputies present. At the solemn session of the National Assembly in the coronation room of the Hradcany Castle in Prague, Prime Minister Gottwald declared that, without the Soviet Union, the setting in motion of the Constitution would have been impossible. The Bill of Rights of the Ninth-of-May Constitution, was heavily loaded with Soviet-style additions and deletions, although, more often than not, it used the democratic wording of the 1920 Czecho-Slovak Constitution. In the first chapter of the Constitution, all the traditional liberties of the citizens were enumerated; equality before the law, liberty of person, liberty of domicile, privacy of correspondence and communications, liberty of place, liberty of patrimony, protection of family and youth, rights to an education, liberty of conscience and confession, liberty of expression and protection of cultural assets, right to petition, right of meeting and association, social rights. In line with the Soviet example, political rights were supplemented with social rights in the Constitution, such as the right to work, to leisure, to just renunciation of work, and to protection of health. While the inclusion of these social rights in the Constitution proper was generally welcomed by the people, the same could not be said of other Eastern admixtures which took the heart out of most of the freedoms that were so solemnly guaranteed. Certain discreet limitations were provided. No one can be arrested if he is not caught in the act, except on a judge's warrant, written and justified. The warrant must be delivered at ,t he time of the arrest and, if possible, within the following forty-eight hours. (Art. 3, §2) No one is to be imprisoned outside of cases provided for by law; every person must either be released within the forty-eight hours following his imprisonment or else referred to the court or authority competent to carry on the proceedings. (Art. 3, §3) For police agents who wished to effect a visit, a search or a confiscation of certain objects in the domicile of a citizen, it was sufficient "to present a written and justified order delivered by a judge or a public authority within the forty-eight hours following." (art. 5, sec. 2 and 3) These �132 SLOVAKIA warrants which authorized searches were to be issued, of course, not exclusively by a judge but also by other "competent authority." The constitutional guarantee of freedom of the press was virtually nullified by a provision that left it to the state to decide who should publish papers and periodicals and under what conditions, as well as to determine "the manner and planned direction of the issue and the distribution of non-periodical publications." Nor was a situation made any better by the monopoly conferred by the state in the field of motion pictures, television and radio broadcasting. "Films, radio broadcasting and television become the exclusive domain of the State." (art.22) Except for the generally insignificant right to petition, the exercise of civil rights was subject to further definition or regulation by the laws to be issued. Therefore, the Bill of Rights in the Ninth-of-May Constitution proved to be a bare skeleton that left the decision-making and enforcement to the communist-dominated national assembly. The Communist Constitution draftsmen made it a Constitutional duty of every citizen to be loyal not only to the Republic, obliged to uphold the Constitution and to obey any call to the defense of the State, but also to "observe in all its actions, the interests of the State, to assist and maintain the furthemnce of the national property and to guard against its being diminished" by the following which puts the citizen on his guard regarding any other than a materialistic philosophy: "No conception of the world, no faith or conviction can bear prejudice to any one, nor can it constitute a sufficient reason to refuse to fulfill a duty imposed by the law." (Art. 15, §2) They were very efficient in balancing the right to work with the duty to work: Each citizen is endowed with the right to work; each citizen also has the duty to work in the interest of the community, according to his capacity. (Art. 26 and 32) According to article 25, workmen were allowed to group themselves into a unified trade union organization in order to defend their interests. Since this organization had been in the hands of Communists since 1945, the �SLOVAKIA 133 workmen had therefore only to accept its constitutional character. Joseph A. Mikus in Slovakia-A Political History 19181950 says it most pointedly and with grim humor, although no humor is really intended: "Furthermore, in fact, it was not possible for workmen to remain outside of this organization. A variety o! administrative pressures were exerted to persuade the workers to join it freely." 1 Finally, in order that the Bill of Rights not to be misunderstood, they added to it a broadly phrased warning that "Statements and acts that constitute a treat to the independence, the totality and unity of the State, to the Constitution, the Republican form of government, and the People's Democratic Order are punishable by law and the misuse of civil rights and liberties to such ends is inadmissable." Furthermore they provided in a clause, so elastic that it could be stretched limitlessly, for a further restriction o! citizens' rights and liberties in time of war "when events occur that threaten in increased measure the independence, totality, unity o! State, Constitution, the Republican form of government and the People's Democratic order or public law and order." (art. 38) In the last analysis, the Ninth-of-May Constitution was a Janus-like creature with one face toward the East and the other looking nostalgically to the West. Considering the circumstances under which it was adopted, it was a remarkably moderate document. Having just overcome their opponents and acquired absolute power within Czechoslovakia, the Communist leaders could have promulgated a full-pledged Soviet style constitution. Instead, they decided to display some unusual restraint and create a fundamental law in which Western elements clearly predominated over the transplants from t:ae East. In spite of Communist interpretation, the frequent use of uniquely democratic phraseology is surprising. This is mentioned in order to provide a better concept to the Bill of Rights in the Ninth-of-May Constitution. While there were many loopholes that vitiated the value of many of the Constitution's guarantees, especially in the field of �134 SLOVAKIA civil rights, there were relatively few positive provisions that could be said to infringe upon the basic principles of democratic rule. The worst violation of democracy was in the overall, intent of the Ninth-of-May Constitution, in its interpretation, and in the way in which it was applied by the Communist leaders, rather than in the letter of the Constitution itself. Despite the rumors which predicted its premature end, the Ninth-of-May Constitution remained in force for more than twelve years. It was not until the fall of 1959, that the KSC (Communist Party of Czecho-Slovakia) decided to replace it with a new fundamental law. On April 19, 1960, the draft of a new Constitution was published as a special supplement to the Party's daily Rude Prdvo. It was approved without opposition by a national Party conferences in July, 1960, and passed unanimously by the National Assembly on July 11, 1960. The basic reason for the replacement of the Ninth-ofMay Constitution with the new "socialist" constitution of 1960 stems from the re~ime's claim of a "virtual completion of socialist construction" in Czecho-Slovakia. The preamble of the Constitution proclaims that"Socialism has triumphed in our country!" "We have entered a new stage in our history, and we are determined to go forward to new and still higher goals. While completing the socialist construction of our country, we are proceeding towards the construction of an advanced socialist society and gathering strength for the transition to communism." (Declaration No. I, p. 41) And so with this change came a corresponding modification in the constitutional framework. In the twelve years of communist control, life in Czecho-Slovakia had outgrown the moderate clauses of the Ninth-of-May Constitution. By 1955-1960, conditions were so outrageously different from what the Constitution had specified, that if a change in the constitution had not been implemented, it would be a farce providing occasions for open ridicule and disrespect. The process of sovietization of civil rights, begun in 1948 was completed in the Constitution of 1960. While the civil rights clauses of the Ninth-of-May Constitution sound- �SLOVAKIA 135 ed like a distant echo of the democratic past, their 1960 version carries an unmistakable made-in-Moscow trade mark. The Czecho-Slovak Bill of Rights like its Soviet model emphasizes economic and social rights. According to article 21: All citizens shall have the right to work and to renumeration for work done according to its quantity, quality and social importance. Article 22: All working people shall have the right to leisure after work. Article 23: All working people have the right to the protection of their health and to medical care, and to material security in old age and when incapable to work and Article 24: All citizens shall have the right to education. Further on in this article is the statement that The State shall ensure citizens of Hungarian, Ukrainian and Polish nationality every opportunity and all means for education in their mother tongue and for their cultural development. After reading in the beginning of the Declaration: "The two nations, Czechs and Slovaks, which created the CzechoSlovak Republic, live in fraternal harmony" one cannot help wondering why the Slovaks were not mentioned in the above article also. After stipulating the above mentioned articles on economic and social rights, the Bill of Rights on the other hand de-emphasizes civil rights proper. Thus it elevates above all the others, the duty and the right to work, as article 19 states: "In a society of working people an individual can attain the fullest development of his capabilities and the realization of his legitimate interests only through active participation in the development of his society, particularly through an appropriate share in social work. Therefore, work for the benefit of the whole is the foremost duty, and the right to work is the foremost right of every citizen." Ii:iterestingly enough there was no mention of workers right to join a union as in the 1948 Constitution. Similarly, in guaranteeing basic political freedoms of speech and assembly, the 1960 Constitution adopts a Soviet strategem of binding them all together in one notorious phrase "in conformity with the interests of the working people, these freedoms shall be guaranteed to all citizens." Also, in contrast to its 1948 predecessor, it no longer contains specific guarantees of freedom of association, �136 SLOVAKIA creative work, and scientific research. Nor does it include the limited habeas corpus provision found in the Ninth-ofMay Constitution. · The Constitution provides for religious freedom but nullifies the practice of religion by declaring that "religious faith or conviction shall not constitute grounds for anyone to refuse to fulfill the civic duties laid upon him by law." (art. 32, §2) We may thus conclude that the entire 1960 Bill of Rights is riddled with various restrictive clauses which negate whatever value the constitutional guarantees of citizens' civil rights may have been. These, of course, are found towards the end of the pages of the Bill of Rights. Among manifold duties, it imposes upon the Czecho-Slovak citizens such obligations as Article 34: "Citizens shall be in duty bound to uphold the Constitution and other laws, and in all their actions to pay heed to the interests of the socialist State and society of the working people." "Citizens shall be bound in duty to protect and strengthen socialist ownership as the inviolable foundation of socialist order and the source of the welfare of the working people, the wealth and strength of the country and finally to abide by the rules of socialist life." This strong emphasis on the duties of citizens toward society is, of course, the logical outgrowth of the Communist concept of the subordination of the individual to collective interests. The Czecho-Slovak constitution-makers stood on solid ideological ground when they placed a basic clause to that effect at the very head of their new Bill of Rights: "In society of the working people, where exploitation of man by man is abolished, the development of the interests of each member of the society are in harmony with the development and interests of the society as a whole." Besides seeing this as being good Marxism-Leninism, we. may look upon the clause as meant also to serve for the additional limitation of individual rights. As explained by a member of the commission for the preparation of the 1960 Constitution, the said clause "gives a directive in the interpretation of various provisions regarding the citizens' rights and duties in case someone would want to misuse his right contrary to the interests of the whole and to the detriment of the society." 2 �SLOVAKIA 137 In 1948 the Communist party, yet unsure of its power, phrased a Constitution that, though impotent, promised freedom and individual endeavors. The constitution was not effected and the absolute power of the state, masked by phrases like "except," or "in case of," "however" and "only if", was nonetheless manifest. By 1960 the Communist party, now firmly entrenched, was strong enough to issue a new Constitution, without the democratic trappings that were featured in 1948. Here the power of the state was confirmed and the use of democratic phrases was reduced to a minimum. Even though there are liberties that are, if nothing else, only nominally expressed in the 1948 Constitution, nevertheless, they suggest a democratic form. There is in general, liberty of person, liberty of domicile, personal :privacy and assurance of secrecy in correspondence and communications. In the 1960 Constitution there is no mention of these. In the 1948 Constitution there is the protection of family and youth, the right to education and liberty of conscience and confession and the liberty of expression and protection of cultural assets. The 1960 Constitution disregards these. In 1960, motherhood, marriage and the family are to to the extent that the state is to give special health care during pregnancy and confinement. Freedom of expression, speech, p.ress all must be consistent with the interests of the working people. These freedoms are given mainly for thQ economic and cultural development of the state. be protected by the State. Provision is made even With the right of meeting and association provided in the 1948 Constitution, there was the so-called trade union organization which existed for the benefit of workers' interests but there is no mention of this in the 1960 Constitution. In the matter of arrest within a specified time lapse in the 1948 Constitution there is no such reference in 1960. Offenders often were punished only by due process of law. �138 SLOVAKIA No longer was a person educated freely but by 1960, education was compulsory and was based on a scientific world outlook and on close ties between school life and the work of the people. Finally in the 1948 Constitution the phrases that nullified each of the freedoms were dispersed throughout the Bill of Rights in a more or less disguised manner. But in the 1960 Constitution the Communist state no longer needed this subterfuge and the articles were lifted; the "guaranteed" freedoms are expressed and positioned obviously and boldly at the conclusion of the Bill of Rights. Although liberal in statement, they are rather explicit in the actions they demand. "Citizens shall be in duty bound to serve in the armed forces" (art. 37) "Citizens shall be in duty bound to protect and strengthen socialist ownership" (art. 35) "The decency of the country and its socialist social order shall be the supreme duty of every citizen." (art. 36) Having gone through this work then, and being familiar with the country itself, this writer finds it transparent that the democratic facade of the 1948 Constitution is stripped away from the sovietized constitution of 1960. Thus the new constitution of the Czecho-Slovak Socialist Republic, as Czecho-Slovakia has been renamed after the Soviet occupation, and the manner in which the Bill of Rights contrasts with the Ninth-of-May Constitution of 1948, reflect with considerable accuracy the extent to which Czecho-Slovakia's political body has been sovietized in the twelve years that separate the two fundamental laws. s. J.B. FOOTNOTES 1) Joseph A. Mikus, Slovakiar-A Political History 1918-1950 (Milwau- kee: Marquette University Press, 1963), p. 229. 2) Edward Taborsky, Communism in Czechoslovakia 1948-1960 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961), p. 182. �SLOVAKIA 139 BIBLIOGRAPHY Borsody, Stephen: The Tragedy of Central Europe. New York, Collier Books, c1960. The Constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic, Prague, Orbis, 1960. <".:ulen, Konstantin: Vznik a zanik Demokratickej strany na Slovensku. (The Rise and the Decline of the Democratic Party in Slovakia.) Middletown, Pa., 1950. Dobis, P. G.: Slovensko vo svetle historickych udalosti. 1900-1970. (Slovakia in the Light of Historical Events. 1900-1970). Rakusko, vlastnym nakladom, 1971. t>urcansky, Ferdinand:Pravo Slovakov na samostatnost'. Vo svetle dokumentov. Biela Kniha. (The Right of the Slovak Nation to Autonomy. In the light of historic documents. The White Book.) Buenos Aires, Slovensky oslobodzovaci vybor, 1954. Facts about Czechoslovakia. Prague, Orbis, 1962. Glaser, Kurt: The Iron Curtain and American Policy. Washington, D. C., Public Affairs Press, cl953. Kirschbaum, Joseph M.: Neis boj o samostatnost' Slovenska. Cleveland, The Slovak Institute, 1958. (Our Struggle for the Independence of Slovakia.) An Outline of Slovakia's Struggle for Independence. 2d ed. Toronto, The Canadian Slovak League, 1964. Slovakia: Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe. New York, Robert Speller, c1960. Memorandum of the Executive Committee of the Slovak League of America to the State Department of the United States. April 25, 1951. Mikus, Joseph A.: Slovakia-A Political History. 1918-1949. Milwaukee, Marquette University Press, 1949. Rudinsky, Jozef F .: ceskoslovensky stat a Slovenska Republika. (The Czechoslovak State and the Slovak Republic.) Munich, Akademischer Verlag Dr. Peter Belej, 1968. Shub, Anatole: An Empire Loses Hope. New York, W. W. Norton, c1970. Sidor, Karol : Moje poznamky k historickym dnom. (My observations on the historic days.) Do tlace pripravil F . Vnuk. Middletown, Pa. Literarny Almanach Slovaka v Amerike, 1971. Sprinc, Mikulas: Slovenska republika. (The Slovak Republic.) Scranton, Obr ana , 1949. � SLOVAKIA 129 The Declining Democratic Facade: Czecho-Slovakia 1948-1960* The two constitutions of Czecho-Slovakia enacted by the Communist regime were the Ninth-of-May Constitution of 1948 and the recent Soviet-model Constitution of 1960. Granted that these two constitutions of a Soviet satellite country are anything but the binding fundamental laws that constitute our Western idea of a constitution, still, the difference between these two documents epitomizes the extent to which Czecho-Slovakia's political institutions have been sovietized during the twelve years that separate the Ninth-of-May Constitution and its 1960 successor. It is somewhat ironical to consider constitutions of communist dictatorial systems because in the first place it is enigma why these rulers care to have any written constitution at all. The decisions that arise, usually are made within the supreme party organization. Members of this body are in control of everything in every part of the country and in every segment of life. The communists insist on limiting its own powers, by elaborate systems of constitutional prescriptions and restrictions that are protected legally, but this is only to say that this system operates nominally. The reasons which underlie the Czecho-Slovak communist philosophy of constitutionalism are much the same as those in Soviet Union and in other "people's demo- * The purpose of the study is to examine the forced decline of so-called democracy in Czecho-Slovakia. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the wording of the Bill of Rights of both the 1948 and 1960 Constitutions. Rather than repeat in footnotes unduly on each page, it is simpler to state that all quotes on pages three to six are from the 1948 Costitution of Czecho-Slovakia which is given in Slovakia-A Political History 1918-1950 by Joseph Mikus. Quotes from pages six to ten are from the Constitution drafted on November, 1960. More implicit than explicit, the Constitution forms are much more emergent in 1960 than in the twelve years previous. �130 SLOVAKIA cracies." It is one of the basic maxims of Marxist-Leninist teaching on the relations between the Party and the State that the Party makes policy, that it guides and controls but does not directly carry out its decisions. So, for that reason, the party has a machinery of government separation on the party apparatus and continues to maintain it until the State "withers away." Therefore the Constitution serves a function which the dictatorship of the proletariat operates. No political system, it seems, misuses the concept of popular sovereignity more than the regime of Marxist-Leninism, and Czecho-Slovakia proves to be no exception. "The people are the master in this country. The people, liberated, politically, socially, and economically thus attain through a new Constitution a permanent guarantee of their full and real freedom." "The new Constitution guarantees that the will of the people will henceforth be the law of the country." Both the Ninth-of-May Constitution and the new Constitution of 1960 abound with references to the "people". As in the American Constitution, the introductory "We the People" formula is used and "the people" or the "working people" are designed as the sole source of all power. The reason for this illusion that the Communists try t0 create in that they alone are the servants of too people and worthy of complete confidence is probably the main reason for having this constitution. But it is not our main concern here to examine and analyze the Constitution of 1948 and 1960 in totality or to find in what they differ or in what they are similar. The Communists themselves have stated, referring to the 1948 Constitution, that "our new Constitution will contain two component parts" from the West and the East. It will be our concern to take a specific section, the Bill of Rights, and analyze the forms in the 1948 and the 1960 Constitutions respectively. The crisis of the Third Czecho-Slovak Republic of February 1948 was unleashed by the problem of the new Constitution. The conceptions of the parties confronting one another on fundamental principles were in such opposition that normal political activity had been practically paralyzed by the Communist veto. Communist legal technicians needed only two and a half months to perfect all of the details of the fundamental �SLOVAKIA 131 law. On May 9, 1948, the Constitution was unanimously voted upon by the 246 deputies present. At the solemn session of the National Assembly in the coronation room of the Hradcany Castle in Prague, Prime Minister Gottwald declared that, without the Soviet Union, the setting in motion of the Constitution would have been impossible. The Bill of Rights of the Ninth-of-May Constitution, was heavily loaded with Soviet-style additions and deletions, although, more often than not, it used the democratic wording of the 1920 Czecho-Slovak Constitution. In the first chapter of the Constitution, all the traditional liberties of the citizens were enumerated; equality before the law, liberty of person, liberty of domicile, privacy of correspondence and communications, liberty of place, liberty of patrimony, protection of family and youth, rights to an education, liberty of conscience and confession, liberty of expression and protection of cultural assets, right to petition, right of meeting and association, social rights. In line with the Soviet example, political rights were supplemented with social rights in the Constitution, such as the right to work, to leisure, to just renunciation of work, and to protection of health. While the inclusion of these social rights in the Constitution proper was generally welcomed by the people, the same could not be said of other Eastern admixtures which took the heart out of most of the freedoms that were so solemnly guaranteed. Certain discreet limitations were provided. No one can be arrested if he is not caught in the act, except on a judge's warrant, written and justified. The warrant must be delivered at ,t he time of the arrest and, if possible, within the following forty-eight hours. (Art. 3, §2) No one is to be imprisoned outside of cases provided for by law; every person must either be released within the forty-eight hours following his imprisonment or else referred to the court or authority competent to carry on the proceedings. (Art. 3, §3) For police agents who wished to effect a visit, a search or a confiscation of certain objects in the domicile of a citizen, it was sufficient "to present a written and justified order delivered by a judge or a public authority within the forty-eight hours following." (art. 5, sec. 2 and 3) These �132 SLOVAKIA warrants which authorized searches were to be issued, of course, not exclusively by a judge but also by other "competent authority." The constitutional guarantee of freedom of the press was virtually nullified by a provision that left it to the state to decide who should publish papers and periodicals and under what conditions, as well as to determine "the manner and planned direction of the issue and the distribution of non-periodical publications." Nor was a situation made any better by the monopoly conferred by the state in the field of motion pictures, television and radio broadcasting. "Films, radio broadcasting and television become the exclusive domain of the State." (art.22) Except for the generally insignificant right to petition, the exercise of civil rights was subject to further definition or regulation by the laws to be issued. Therefore, the Bill of Rights in the Ninth-of-May Constitution proved to be a bare skeleton that left the decision-making and enforcement to the communist-dominated national assembly. The Communist Constitution draftsmen made it a Constitutional duty of every citizen to be loyal not only to the Republic, obliged to uphold the Constitution and to obey any call to the defense of the State, but also to "observe in all its actions, the interests of the State, to assist and maintain the furthemnce of the national property and to guard against its being diminished" by the following which puts the citizen on his guard regarding any other than a materialistic philosophy: "No conception of the world, no faith or conviction can bear prejudice to any one, nor can it constitute a sufficient reason to refuse to fulfill a duty imposed by the law." (Art. 15, §2) They were very efficient in balancing the right to work with the duty to work: Each citizen is endowed with the right to work; each citizen also has the duty to work in the interest of the community, according to his capacity. (Art. 26 and 32) According to article 25, workmen were allowed to group themselves into a unified trade union organization in order to defend their interests. Since this organization had been in the hands of Communists since 1945, the �SLOVAKIA 133 workmen had therefore only to accept its constitutional character. Joseph A. Mikus in Slovakia-A Political History 19181950 says it most pointedly and with grim humor, although no humor is really intended: "Furthermore, in fact, it was not possible for workmen to remain outside of this organization. A variety o! administrative pressures were exerted to persuade the workers to join it freely." 1 Finally, in order that the Bill of Rights not to be misunderstood, they added to it a broadly phrased warning that "Statements and acts that constitute a treat to the independence, the totality and unity of the State, to the Constitution, the Republican form of government, and the People's Democratic Order are punishable by law and the misuse of civil rights and liberties to such ends is inadmissable." Furthermore they provided in a clause, so elastic that it could be stretched limitlessly, for a further restriction o! citizens' rights and liberties in time of war "when events occur that threaten in increased measure the independence, totality, unity o! State, Constitution, the Republican form of government and the People's Democratic order or public law and order." (art. 38) In the last analysis, the Ninth-of-May Constitution was a Janus-like creature with one face toward the East and the other looking nostalgically to the West. Considering the circumstances under which it was adopted, it was a remarkably moderate document. Having just overcome their opponents and acquired absolute power within Czechoslovakia, the Communist leaders could have promulgated a full-pledged Soviet style constitution. Instead, they decided to display some unusual restraint and create a fundamental law in which Western elements clearly predominated over the transplants from t:ae East. In spite of Communist interpretation, the frequent use of uniquely democratic phraseology is surprising. This is mentioned in order to provide a better concept to the Bill of Rights in the Ninth-of-May Constitution. While there were many loopholes that vitiated the value of many of the Constitution's guarantees, especially in the field of �134 SLOVAKIA civil rights, there were relatively few positive provisions that could be said to infringe upon the basic principles of democratic rule. The worst violation of democracy was in the overall, intent of the Ninth-of-May Constitution, in its interpretation, and in the way in which it was applied by the Communist leaders, rather than in the letter of the Constitution itself. Despite the rumors which predicted its premature end, the Ninth-of-May Constitution remained in force for more than twelve years. It was not until the fall of 1959, that the KSC (Communist Party of Czecho-Slovakia) decided to replace it with a new fundamental law. On April 19, 1960, the draft of a new Constitution was published as a special supplement to the Party's daily Rude Prdvo. It was approved without opposition by a national Party conferences in July, 1960, and passed unanimously by the National Assembly on July 11, 1960. The basic reason for the replacement of the Ninth-ofMay Constitution with the new "socialist" constitution of 1960 stems from the re~ime's claim of a "virtual completion of socialist construction" in Czecho-Slovakia. The preamble of the Constitution proclaims that"Socialism has triumphed in our country!" "We have entered a new stage in our history, and we are determined to go forward to new and still higher goals. While completing the socialist construction of our country, we are proceeding towards the construction of an advanced socialist society and gathering strength for the transition to communism." (Declaration No. I, p. 41) And so with this change came a corresponding modification in the constitutional framework. In the twelve years of communist control, life in Czecho-Slovakia had outgrown the moderate clauses of the Ninth-of-May Constitution. By 1955-1960, conditions were so outrageously different from what the Constitution had specified, that if a change in the constitution had not been implemented, it would be a farce providing occasions for open ridicule and disrespect. The process of sovietization of civil rights, begun in 1948 was completed in the Constitution of 1960. While the civil rights clauses of the Ninth-of-May Constitution sound- �SLOVAKIA 135 ed like a distant echo of the democratic past, their 1960 version carries an unmistakable made-in-Moscow trade mark. The Czecho-Slovak Bill of Rights like its Soviet model emphasizes economic and social rights. According to article 21: All citizens shall have the right to work and to renumeration for work done according to its quantity, quality and social importance. Article 22: All working people shall have the right to leisure after work. Article 23: All working people have the right to the protection of their health and to medical care, and to material security in old age and when incapable to work and Article 24: All citizens shall have the right to education. Further on in this article is the statement that The State shall ensure citizens of Hungarian, Ukrainian and Polish nationality every opportunity and all means for education in their mother tongue and for their cultural development. After reading in the beginning of the Declaration: "The two nations, Czechs and Slovaks, which created the CzechoSlovak Republic, live in fraternal harmony" one cannot help wondering why the Slovaks were not mentioned in the above article also. After stipulating the above mentioned articles on economic and social rights, the Bill of Rights on the other hand de-emphasizes civil rights proper. Thus it elevates above all the others, the duty and the right to work, as article 19 states: "In a society of working people an individual can attain the fullest development of his capabilities and the realization of his legitimate interests only through active participation in the development of his society, particularly through an appropriate share in social work. Therefore, work for the benefit of the whole is the foremost duty, and the right to work is the foremost right of every citizen." Ii:iterestingly enough there was no mention of workers right to join a union as in the 1948 Constitution. Similarly, in guaranteeing basic political freedoms of speech and assembly, the 1960 Constitution adopts a Soviet strategem of binding them all together in one notorious phrase "in conformity with the interests of the working people, these freedoms shall be guaranteed to all citizens." Also, in contrast to its 1948 predecessor, it no longer contains specific guarantees of freedom of association, �136 SLOVAKIA creative work, and scientific research. Nor does it include the limited habeas corpus provision found in the Ninth-ofMay Constitution. · The Constitution provides for religious freedom but nullifies the practice of religion by declaring that "religious faith or conviction shall not constitute grounds for anyone to refuse to fulfill the civic duties laid upon him by law." (art. 32, §2) We may thus conclude that the entire 1960 Bill of Rights is riddled with various restrictive clauses which negate whatever value the constitutional guarantees of citizens' civil rights may have been. These, of course, are found towards the end of the pages of the Bill of Rights. Among manifold duties, it imposes upon the Czecho-Slovak citizens such obligations as Article 34: "Citizens shall be in duty bound to uphold the Constitution and other laws, and in all their actions to pay heed to the interests of the socialist State and society of the working people." "Citizens shall be bound in duty to protect and strengthen socialist ownership as the inviolable foundation of socialist order and the source of the welfare of the working people, the wealth and strength of the country and finally to abide by the rules of socialist life." This strong emphasis on the duties of citizens toward society is, of course, the logical outgrowth of the Communist concept of the subordination of the individual to collective interests. The Czecho-Slovak constitution-makers stood on solid ideological ground when they placed a basic clause to that effect at the very head of their new Bill of Rights: "In society of the working people, where exploitation of man by man is abolished, the development of the interests of each member of the society are in harmony with the development and interests of the society as a whole." Besides seeing this as being good Marxism-Leninism, we. may look upon the clause as meant also to serve for the additional limitation of individual rights. As explained by a member of the commission for the preparation of the 1960 Constitution, the said clause "gives a directive in the interpretation of various provisions regarding the citizens' rights and duties in case someone would want to misuse his right contrary to the interests of the whole and to the detriment of the society." 2 �SLOVAKIA 137 In 1948 the Communist party, yet unsure of its power, phrased a Constitution that, though impotent, promised freedom and individual endeavors. The constitution was not effected and the absolute power of the state, masked by phrases like "except," or "in case of," "however" and "only if", was nonetheless manifest. By 1960 the Communist party, now firmly entrenched, was strong enough to issue a new Constitution, without the democratic trappings that were featured in 1948. Here the power of the state was confirmed and the use of democratic phrases was reduced to a minimum. Even though there are liberties that are, if nothing else, only nominally expressed in the 1948 Constitution, nevertheless, they suggest a democratic form. There is in general, liberty of person, liberty of domicile, personal :privacy and assurance of secrecy in correspondence and communications. In the 1960 Constitution there is no mention of these. In the 1948 Constitution there is the protection of family and youth, the right to education and liberty of conscience and confession and the liberty of expression and protection of cultural assets. The 1960 Constitution disregards these. In 1960, motherhood, marriage and the family are to to the extent that the state is to give special health care during pregnancy and confinement. Freedom of expression, speech, p.ress all must be consistent with the interests of the working people. These freedoms are given mainly for thQ economic and cultural development of the state. be protected by the State. Provision is made even With the right of meeting and association provided in the 1948 Constitution, there was the so-called trade union organization which existed for the benefit of workers' interests but there is no mention of this in the 1960 Constitution. In the matter of arrest within a specified time lapse in the 1948 Constitution there is no such reference in 1960. Offenders often were punished only by due process of law. �138 SLOVAKIA No longer was a person educated freely but by 1960, education was compulsory and was based on a scientific world outlook and on close ties between school life and the work of the people. Finally in the 1948 Constitution the phrases that nullified each of the freedoms were dispersed throughout the Bill of Rights in a more or less disguised manner. But in the 1960 Constitution the Communist state no longer needed this subterfuge and the articles were lifted; the "guaranteed" freedoms are expressed and positioned obviously and boldly at the conclusion of the Bill of Rights. Although liberal in statement, they are rather explicit in the actions they demand. "Citizens shall be in duty bound to serve in the armed forces" (art. 37) "Citizens shall be in duty bound to protect and strengthen socialist ownership" (art. 35) "The decency of the country and its socialist social order shall be the supreme duty of every citizen." (art. 36) Having gone through this work then, and being familiar with the country itself, this writer finds it transparent that the democratic facade of the 1948 Constitution is stripped away from the sovietized constitution of 1960. Thus the new constitution of the Czecho-Slovak Socialist Republic, as Czecho-Slovakia has been renamed after the Soviet occupation, and the manner in which the Bill of Rights contrasts with the Ninth-of-May Constitution of 1948, reflect with considerable accuracy the extent to which Czecho-Slovakia's political body has been sovietized in the twelve years that separate the two fundamental laws. s. J.B. FOOTNOTES 1) Joseph A. Mikus, Slovakiar-A Political History 1918-1950 (Milwau- kee: Marquette University Press, 1963), p. 229. 2) Edward Taborsky, Communism in Czechoslovakia 1948-1960 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961), p. 182. �SLOVAKIA 139 BIBLIOGRAPHY Borsody, Stephen: The Tragedy of Central Europe. New York, Collier Books, c1960. The Constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic, Prague, Orbis, 1960. <".:ulen, Konstantin: Vznik a zanik Demokratickej strany na Slovensku. (The Rise and the Decline of the Democratic Party in Slovakia.) Middletown, Pa., 1950. Dobis, P. G.: Slovensko vo svetle historickych udalosti. 1900-1970. (Slovakia in the Light of Historical Events. 1900-1970). Rakusko, vlastnym nakladom, 1971. t>urcansky, Ferdinand:Pravo Slovakov na samostatnost'. Vo svetle dokumentov. Biela Kniha. (The Right of the Slovak Nation to Autonomy. In the light of historic documents. The White Book.) Buenos Aires, Slovensky oslobodzovaci vybor, 1954. Facts about Czechoslovakia. Prague, Orbis, 1962. Glaser, Kurt: The Iron Curtain and American Policy. Washington, D. C., Public Affairs Press, cl953. Kirschbaum, Joseph M.: Neis boj o samostatnost' Slovenska. Cleveland, The Slovak Institute, 1958. (Our Struggle for the Independence of Slovakia.) An Outline of Slovakia's Struggle for Independence. 2d ed. Toronto, The Canadian Slovak League, 1964. Slovakia: Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe. New York, Robert Speller, c1960. Memorandum of the Executive Committee of the Slovak League of America to the State Department of the United States. April 25, 1951. Mikus, Joseph A.: Slovakia-A Political History. 1918-1949. Milwaukee, Marquette University Press, 1949. Rudinsky, Jozef F .: ceskoslovensky stat a Slovenska Republika. (The Czechoslovak State and the Slovak Republic.) Munich, Akademischer Verlag Dr. Peter Belej, 1968. Shub, Anatole: An Empire Loses Hope. New York, W. W. Norton, c1970. Sidor, Karol : Moje poznamky k historickym dnom. (My observations on the historic days.) Do tlace pripravil F . Vnuk. Middletown, Pa. Literarny Almanach Slovaka v Amerike, 1971. Sprinc, Mikulas: Slovenska republika. (The Slovak Republic.) Scranton, Obr ana , 1949. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1973, Vol. 23 Description An account of the resource Vol. 23 (No. 46), 1973. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 129 The Declining Democratic Facade: Czecho-Slovakia 1948-1960* The two constitutions of Czecho-Slovakia enacted by the Communist regime were the Ninth-of-May Constitution of 1948 and the recent Soviet-model Constitution of 1960. Granted that these two constitutions of a Soviet satellite country are anything but the binding fundamental laws that constitute our Western idea of a constitution, still, the difference between these two documents epitomizes the extent to which Czecho-Slovakia's political institutions have been sovietized during the twelve years that separate the Ninth-of-May Constitution and its 1960 successor. It is somewhat ironical to consider constitutions of communist dictatorial systems because in the first place it is enigma why these rulers care to have any written constitution at all. The decisions that arise, usually are made within the supreme party organization. Members of this body are in control of everything in every part of the country and in every segment of life. The communists insist on limiting its own powers, by elaborate systems of constitutional prescriptions and restrictions that are protected legally, but this is only to say that this system operates nominally. The reasons which underlie the Czecho-Slovak communist philosophy of constitutionalism are much the same as those in Soviet Union and in other "people's demo- * The purpose of the study is to examine the forced decline of so-called democracy in Czecho-Slovakia. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the wording of the Bill of Rights of both the 1948 and 1960 Constitutions. Rather than repeat in footnotes unduly on each page, it is simpler to state that all quotes on pages three to six are from the 1948 Costitution of Czecho-Slovakia which is given in Slovakia-A Political History 1918-1950 by Joseph Mikus. Quotes from pages six to ten are from the Constitution drafted on November, 1960. More implicit than explicit, the Constitution forms are much more emergent in 1960 than in the twelve years previous. 130 SLOVAKIA cracies." It is one of the basic maxims of Marxist-Leninist teaching on the relations between the Party and the State that the Party makes policy, that it guides and controls but does not directly carry out its decisions. So, for that reason, the party has a machinery of government separation on the party apparatus and continues to maintain it until the State "withers away." Therefore the Constitution serves a function which the dictatorship of the proletariat operates. No political system, it seems, misuses the concept of popular sovereignity more than the regime of Marxist-Leninism, and Czecho-Slovakia proves to be no exception. "The people are the master in this country. The people, liberated, politically, socially, and economically thus attain through a new Constitution a permanent guarantee of their full and real freedom." "The new Constitution guarantees that the will of the people will henceforth be the law of the country." Both the Ninth-of-May Constitution and the new Constitution of 1960 abound with references to the "people". As in the American Constitution, the introductory "We the People" formula is used and "the people" or the "working people" are designed as the sole source of all power. The reason for this illusion that the Communists try t0 create in that they alone are the servants of too people and worthy of complete confidence is probably the main reason for having this constitution. But it is not our main concern here to examine and analyze the Constitution of 1948 and 1960 in totality or to find in what they differ or in what they are similar. The Communists themselves have stated, referring to the 1948 Constitution, that "our new Constitution will contain two component parts" from the West and the East. It will be our concern to take a specific section, the Bill of Rights, and analyze the forms in the 1948 and the 1960 Constitutions respectively. The crisis of the Third Czecho-Slovak Republic of February 1948 was unleashed by the problem of the new Constitution. The conceptions of the parties confronting one another on fundamental principles were in such opposition that normal political activity had been practically paralyzed by the Communist veto. Communist legal technicians needed only two and a half months to perfect all of the details of the fundamental SLOVAKIA 131 law. On May 9, 1948, the Constitution was unanimously voted upon by the 246 deputies present. At the solemn session of the National Assembly in the coronation room of the Hradcany Castle in Prague, Prime Minister Gottwald declared that, without the Soviet Union, the setting in motion of the Constitution would have been impossible. The Bill of Rights of the Ninth-of-May Constitution, was heavily loaded with Soviet-style additions and deletions, although, more often than not, it used the democratic wording of the 1920 Czecho-Slovak Constitution. In the first chapter of the Constitution, all the traditional liberties of the citizens were enumerated; equality before the law, liberty of person, liberty of domicile, privacy of correspondence and communications, liberty of place, liberty of patrimony, protection of family and youth, rights to an education, liberty of conscience and confession, liberty of expression and protection of cultural assets, right to petition, right of meeting and association, social rights. In line with the Soviet example, political rights were supplemented with social rights in the Constitution, such as the right to work, to leisure, to just renunciation of work, and to protection of health. While the inclusion of these social rights in the Constitution proper was generally welcomed by the people, the same could not be said of other Eastern admixtures which took the heart out of most of the freedoms that were so solemnly guaranteed. Certain discreet limitations were provided. No one can be arrested if he is not caught in the act, except on a judge's warrant, written and justified. The warrant must be delivered at ,t he time of the arrest and, if possible, within the following forty-eight hours. (Art. 3, §2) No one is to be imprisoned outside of cases provided for by law; every person must either be released within the forty-eight hours following his imprisonment or else referred to the court or authority competent to carry on the proceedings. (Art. 3, §3) For police agents who wished to effect a visit, a search or a confiscation of certain objects in the domicile of a citizen, it was sufficient "to present a written and justified order delivered by a judge or a public authority within the forty-eight hours following." (art. 5, sec. 2 and 3) These 132 SLOVAKIA warrants which authorized searches were to be issued, of course, not exclusively by a judge but also by other "competent authority." The constitutional guarantee of freedom of the press was virtually nullified by a provision that left it to the state to decide who should publish papers and periodicals and under what conditions, as well as to determine "the manner and planned direction of the issue and the distribution of non-periodical publications." Nor was a situation made any better by the monopoly conferred by the state in the field of motion pictures, television and radio broadcasting. "Films, radio broadcasting and television become the exclusive domain of the State." (art.22) Except for the generally insignificant right to petition, the exercise of civil rights was subject to further definition or regulation by the laws to be issued. Therefore, the Bill of Rights in the Ninth-of-May Constitution proved to be a bare skeleton that left the decision-making and enforcement to the communist-dominated national assembly. The Communist Constitution draftsmen made it a Constitutional duty of every citizen to be loyal not only to the Republic, obliged to uphold the Constitution and to obey any call to the defense of the State, but also to "observe in all its actions, the interests of the State, to assist and maintain the furthemnce of the national property and to guard against its being diminished" by the following which puts the citizen on his guard regarding any other than a materialistic philosophy: "No conception of the world, no faith or conviction can bear prejudice to any one, nor can it constitute a sufficient reason to refuse to fulfill a duty imposed by the law." (Art. 15, §2) They were very efficient in balancing the right to work with the duty to work: Each citizen is endowed with the right to work; each citizen also has the duty to work in the interest of the community, according to his capacity. (Art. 26 and 32) According to article 25, workmen were allowed to group themselves into a unified trade union organization in order to defend their interests. Since this organization had been in the hands of Communists since 1945, the SLOVAKIA 133 workmen had therefore only to accept its constitutional character. Joseph A. Mikus in Slovakia-A Political History 19181950 says it most pointedly and with grim humor, although no humor is really intended: "Furthermore, in fact, it was not possible for workmen to remain outside of this organization. A variety o! administrative pressures were exerted to persuade the workers to join it freely." 1 Finally, in order that the Bill of Rights not to be misunderstood, they added to it a broadly phrased warning that "Statements and acts that constitute a treat to the independence, the totality and unity of the State, to the Constitution, the Republican form of government, and the People's Democratic Order are punishable by law and the misuse of civil rights and liberties to such ends is inadmissable." Furthermore they provided in a clause, so elastic that it could be stretched limitlessly, for a further restriction o! citizens' rights and liberties in time of war "when events occur that threaten in increased measure the independence, totality, unity o! State, Constitution, the Republican form of government and the People's Democratic order or public law and order." (art. 38) In the last analysis, the Ninth-of-May Constitution was a Janus-like creature with one face toward the East and the other looking nostalgically to the West. Considering the circumstances under which it was adopted, it was a remarkably moderate document. Having just overcome their opponents and acquired absolute power within Czechoslovakia, the Communist leaders could have promulgated a full-pledged Soviet style constitution. Instead, they decided to display some unusual restraint and create a fundamental law in which Western elements clearly predominated over the transplants from t:ae East. In spite of Communist interpretation, the frequent use of uniquely democratic phraseology is surprising. This is mentioned in order to provide a better concept to the Bill of Rights in the Ninth-of-May Constitution. While there were many loopholes that vitiated the value of many of the Constitution's guarantees, especially in the field of 134 SLOVAKIA civil rights, there were relatively few positive provisions that could be said to infringe upon the basic principles of democratic rule. The worst violation of democracy was in the overall, intent of the Ninth-of-May Constitution, in its interpretation, and in the way in which it was applied by the Communist leaders, rather than in the letter of the Constitution itself. Despite the rumors which predicted its premature end, the Ninth-of-May Constitution remained in force for more than twelve years. It was not until the fall of 1959, that the KSC (Communist Party of Czecho-Slovakia) decided to replace it with a new fundamental law. On April 19, 1960, the draft of a new Constitution was published as a special supplement to the Party's daily Rude Prdvo. It was approved without opposition by a national Party conferences in July, 1960, and passed unanimously by the National Assembly on July 11, 1960. The basic reason for the replacement of the Ninth-ofMay Constitution with the new "socialist" constitution of 1960 stems from the re~ime's claim of a "virtual completion of socialist construction" in Czecho-Slovakia. The preamble of the Constitution proclaims that"Socialism has triumphed in our country!" "We have entered a new stage in our history, and we are determined to go forward to new and still higher goals. While completing the socialist construction of our country, we are proceeding towards the construction of an advanced socialist society and gathering strength for the transition to communism." (Declaration No. I, p. 41) And so with this change came a corresponding modification in the constitutional framework. In the twelve years of communist control, life in Czecho-Slovakia had outgrown the moderate clauses of the Ninth-of-May Constitution. By 1955-1960, conditions were so outrageously different from what the Constitution had specified, that if a change in the constitution had not been implemented, it would be a farce providing occasions for open ridicule and disrespect. The process of sovietization of civil rights, begun in 1948 was completed in the Constitution of 1960. While the civil rights clauses of the Ninth-of-May Constitution sound- SLOVAKIA 135 ed like a distant echo of the democratic past, their 1960 version carries an unmistakable made-in-Moscow trade mark. The Czecho-Slovak Bill of Rights like its Soviet model emphasizes economic and social rights. According to article 21: All citizens shall have the right to work and to renumeration for work done according to its quantity, quality and social importance. Article 22: All working people shall have the right to leisure after work. Article 23: All working people have the right to the protection of their health and to medical care, and to material security in old age and when incapable to work and Article 24: All citizens shall have the right to education. Further on in this article is the statement that The State shall ensure citizens of Hungarian, Ukrainian and Polish nationality every opportunity and all means for education in their mother tongue and for their cultural development. After reading in the beginning of the Declaration: "The two nations, Czechs and Slovaks, which created the CzechoSlovak Republic, live in fraternal harmony" one cannot help wondering why the Slovaks were not mentioned in the above article also. After stipulating the above mentioned articles on economic and social rights, the Bill of Rights on the other hand de-emphasizes civil rights proper. Thus it elevates above all the others, the duty and the right to work, as article 19 states: "In a society of working people an individual can attain the fullest development of his capabilities and the realization of his legitimate interests only through active participation in the development of his society, particularly through an appropriate share in social work. Therefore, work for the benefit of the whole is the foremost duty, and the right to work is the foremost right of every citizen." Ii:iterestingly enough there was no mention of workers right to join a union as in the 1948 Constitution. Similarly, in guaranteeing basic political freedoms of speech and assembly, the 1960 Constitution adopts a Soviet strategem of binding them all together in one notorious phrase "in conformity with the interests of the working people, these freedoms shall be guaranteed to all citizens." Also, in contrast to its 1948 predecessor, it no longer contains specific guarantees of freedom of association, 136 SLOVAKIA creative work, and scientific research. Nor does it include the limited habeas corpus provision found in the Ninth-ofMay Constitution. · The Constitution provides for religious freedom but nullifies the practice of religion by declaring that "religious faith or conviction shall not constitute grounds for anyone to refuse to fulfill the civic duties laid upon him by law." (art. 32, §2) We may thus conclude that the entire 1960 Bill of Rights is riddled with various restrictive clauses which negate whatever value the constitutional guarantees of citizens' civil rights may have been. These, of course, are found towards the end of the pages of the Bill of Rights. Among manifold duties, it imposes upon the Czecho-Slovak citizens such obligations as Article 34: "Citizens shall be in duty bound to uphold the Constitution and other laws, and in all their actions to pay heed to the interests of the socialist State and society of the working people." "Citizens shall be bound in duty to protect and strengthen socialist ownership as the inviolable foundation of socialist order and the source of the welfare of the working people, the wealth and strength of the country and finally to abide by the rules of socialist life." This strong emphasis on the duties of citizens toward society is, of course, the logical outgrowth of the Communist concept of the subordination of the individual to collective interests. The Czecho-Slovak constitution-makers stood on solid ideological ground when they placed a basic clause to that effect at the very head of their new Bill of Rights: "In society of the working people, where exploitation of man by man is abolished, the development of the interests of each member of the society are in harmony with the development and interests of the society as a whole." Besides seeing this as being good Marxism-Leninism, we. may look upon the clause as meant also to serve for the additional limitation of individual rights. As explained by a member of the commission for the preparation of the 1960 Constitution, the said clause "gives a directive in the interpretation of various provisions regarding the citizens' rights and duties in case someone would want to misuse his right contrary to the interests of the whole and to the detriment of the society." 2 SLOVAKIA 137 In 1948 the Communist party, yet unsure of its power, phrased a Constitution that, though impotent, promised freedom and individual endeavors. The constitution was not effected and the absolute power of the state, masked by phrases like "except," or "in case of," "however" and "only if", was nonetheless manifest. By 1960 the Communist party, now firmly entrenched, was strong enough to issue a new Constitution, without the democratic trappings that were featured in 1948. Here the power of the state was confirmed and the use of democratic phrases was reduced to a minimum. Even though there are liberties that are, if nothing else, only nominally expressed in the 1948 Constitution, nevertheless, they suggest a democratic form. There is in general, liberty of person, liberty of domicile, personal :privacy and assurance of secrecy in correspondence and communications. In the 1960 Constitution there is no mention of these. In the 1948 Constitution there is the protection of family and youth, the right to education and liberty of conscience and confession and the liberty of expression and protection of cultural assets. The 1960 Constitution disregards these. In 1960, motherhood, marriage and the family are to to the extent that the state is to give special health care during pregnancy and confinement. Freedom of expression, speech, p.ress all must be consistent with the interests of the working people. These freedoms are given mainly for thQ economic and cultural development of the state. be protected by the State. Provision is made even With the right of meeting and association provided in the 1948 Constitution, there was the so-called trade union organization which existed for the benefit of workers' interests but there is no mention of this in the 1960 Constitution. In the matter of arrest within a specified time lapse in the 1948 Constitution there is no such reference in 1960. Offenders often were punished only by due process of law. 138 SLOVAKIA No longer was a person educated freely but by 1960, education was compulsory and was based on a scientific world outlook and on close ties between school life and the work of the people. Finally in the 1948 Constitution the phrases that nullified each of the freedoms were dispersed throughout the Bill of Rights in a more or less disguised manner. But in the 1960 Constitution the Communist state no longer needed this subterfuge and the articles were lifted; the "guaranteed" freedoms are expressed and positioned obviously and boldly at the conclusion of the Bill of Rights. Although liberal in statement, they are rather explicit in the actions they demand. "Citizens shall be in duty bound to serve in the armed forces" (art. 37) "Citizens shall be in duty bound to protect and strengthen socialist ownership" (art. 35) "The decency of the country and its socialist social order shall be the supreme duty of every citizen." (art. 36) Having gone through this work then, and being familiar with the country itself, this writer finds it transparent that the democratic facade of the 1948 Constitution is stripped away from the sovietized constitution of 1960. Thus the new constitution of the Czecho-Slovak Socialist Republic, as Czecho-Slovakia has been renamed after the Soviet occupation, and the manner in which the Bill of Rights contrasts with the Ninth-of-May Constitution of 1948, reflect with considerable accuracy the extent to which Czecho-Slovakia's political body has been sovietized in the twelve years that separate the two fundamental laws. s. J.B. FOOTNOTES 1) Joseph A. Mikus, Slovakiar-A Political History 1918-1950 (Milwau- kee: Marquette University Press, 1963), p. 229. 2) Edward Taborsky, Communism in Czechoslovakia 1948-1960 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961), p. 182. SLOVAKIA 139 BIBLIOGRAPHY Borsody, Stephen: The Tragedy of Central Europe. New York, Collier Books, c1960. The Constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic, Prague, Orbis, 1960. <".:ulen, Konstantin: Vznik a zanik Demokratickej strany na Slovensku. (The Rise and the Decline of the Democratic Party in Slovakia.) Middletown, Pa., 1950. Dobis, P. G.: Slovensko vo svetle historickych udalosti. 1900-1970. (Slovakia in the Light of Historical Events. 1900-1970). Rakusko, vlastnym nakladom, 1971. t>urcansky, Ferdinand:Pravo Slovakov na samostatnost'. Vo svetle dokumentov. Biela Kniha. (The Right of the Slovak Nation to Autonomy. In the light of historic documents. The White Book.) Buenos Aires, Slovensky oslobodzovaci vybor, 1954. Facts about Czechoslovakia. Prague, Orbis, 1962. Glaser, Kurt: The Iron Curtain and American Policy. Washington, D. C., Public Affairs Press, cl953. Kirschbaum, Joseph M.: Neis boj o samostatnost' Slovenska. Cleveland, The Slovak Institute, 1958. (Our Struggle for the Independence of Slovakia.) An Outline of Slovakia's Struggle for Independence. 2d ed. Toronto, The Canadian Slovak League, 1964. Slovakia: Nation at the Crossroads of Central Europe. New York, Robert Speller, c1960. Memorandum of the Executive Committee of the Slovak League of America to the State Department of the United States. April 25, 1951. Mikus, Joseph A.: Slovakia-A Political History. 1918-1949. Milwaukee, Marquette University Press, 1949. Rudinsky, Jozef F .: ceskoslovensky stat a Slovenska Republika. (The Czechoslovak State and the Slovak Republic.) Munich, Akademischer Verlag Dr. Peter Belej, 1968. Shub, Anatole: An Empire Loses Hope. New York, W. W. Norton, c1970. Sidor, Karol : Moje poznamky k historickym dnom. (My observations on the historic days.) Do tlace pripravil F . Vnuk. Middletown, Pa. Literarny Almanach Slovaka v Amerike, 1971. Sprinc, Mikulas: Slovenska republika. (The Slovak Republic.) Scranton, Obr ana , 1949.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Declining Democratic Facade: Czecho-Slovakia 1948-1960 Description An account of the resource S. J. B. Slovakia, Vol. 23 (No. 46), 1973 pp. 129-139 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/2daa090993cdcff74a9d21ad738d28f2.pdf dd5d44121cea5e5b0e6ebf2df13625de PDF Text Text 158 SLOVAKIA CURRENT ISSUES ·Proclamation Adopted by Sf oval< League of America CHICAGO, ILL. - MAY 27, 1972 Assembled in the Congress, the delegates to the 43rd Biennial Congress of the Slovak League of America, unanimously adopt this resolution: 1. The Slovak League of America will continue with all its energies to support, to advance and to spread the doctrine of self determination and freedom for all nations, as these are principles espoused by our own United States of America. 2. The Slovak League of America will continue with its cultural and civic programs, by means of its scholarships and other undertakings. Thus, we will better inform the free world, especially here in our own country, of the centuries-old aspirations and rights of Slovak nation. We feel these rights will be best enjoyed in some type of European federation or union in which the citizens of a free and independent Slovakia will decide their own destiny. 3. In furtherance of the above goals, the Slovak League of America will continue to work closely with all Slovak organizations, publications and institutions everywhere; thereby giving moral, financial and practical support to the aspirations of more than three million Slovaks torn away from their native soil, as well as to the downtrodden brethren in subjugated Slovakia. 4. As one of the founders of the Slovak World Congress, the Slovak League of America endorses the program of the Slovak World Congress and make available to it all its powers and resources. �SLOVAKIA 159 5. The Slovak League of America makes special request to all Slovak groups to appeal to the Slovak youthfor they are our future-without them the Slovak cause, especially here in the United States of America, will not long endure. 6. Finally, we solicit the continued sacrifices and dedication of all Slovak-Americans and American-Slovaks, fortunate enough to enjoy the freedom and privileges of our great Country, so that in our hopes for peace to men of goodvill, our subjugated brethren, may in God's good time likewise enjoy such freedoms. THE SWVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Edward J. B eh u n c i k, President Joseph Pa u co, Secretary MEMORANDUM of the Slovak Catholic Mission in Australia Director-General UNESCO Place De Fontenoy Paris vrre France Dear Sir: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization has proclaimed the year 1972 as "International Book Year". This is a worthy undertaking and deserves every good success, but it is to be regretted that not all of mankind is in a position to freely participate in it. \ rticle IX of the Charter of the Book states: "The free flow of books between countries is an essential supplement to national supplies and promotes international understanding." �168 SLOVAKIA Contrary to this statement and the current year program of UNESCO is the practice of the Government of the Czecho-Slovak Socialistic Republic and the Governments of other countries under Communist rule and culturally dominated by Moscow. These countries discriminate in the exchange of books and printed matter in general. While the free world is flooded with propaganda and literature issued by the Soviet Block countries, there is great discrimination in the Communist countries against literature published in the free world, and into CzechoSlovakia the entry of religious and the like books is actually prohibited. This is being done in spite of the fact that Communist Block countries are members of the United Nation organization and are signitories of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The purpose of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization according to its constitution is "To contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations." The Slovak Nation, one of many enslaved by Communism, has a high regard for this noble objective of UNESCO but is prevented in carrying out its part in it. The purpose of this memorandum is to draw your attention to the plight in which the Slovak Nation has been placed by no fault of its own, and also to point out that the action required to remedy the ills of the systems dominating the life of Slovaks under Moscow supremacy is long overdue. The Slovak Nation is the oldest Christian Nation in Central Europe. Its country is Slovakia with a population of 4,542,098. This Nation is not in a position to exercise the rights as enumerated for every human being by the United Nations. At the time when the most fundamental freedoms of �SLOVAKIA 161 mankind were announced by the United Nations, the Slovak Nation was stripped of them by the power of Moscow which marked the end of the Slovak Independent Republic, .and Slovakia was forcibly joined with Bohemia and Moravia in the Czecho-Slovak Socialistic Republic. By this arbitrary act the Slovak Nation was in 1945 deprived of the principle of self-determination affirmed by the Charter of the United Nations. Chapter I, article 1, paragraph 2 reads: (The purposes of the United Nations are) "To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and selfdetermination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace." The Slovak Nation is not free to choose its form of government and is ruled by the totalitarian system under the banner of international Communism. Consequently with regard to the objectives of UNESCO the Slovak Nation is not in a position to develop itself according to its Christian character and thus it is not free either to contribute to the cultural wealth of the human family or to enjoy its benefits. UNESCO holds that for the promotion of its activities, three of the rights, enumerated in the Universal Declaration are of outstanding importance: 1. "The right to education ( article 26) 2. "The right of culture (article 27) 3. "The right to freedom of information (article 19)". The Slovak Nation does not enjoy freedom to claim and exercise any of these rights. 1. Paragraph 2, of article 26 reads: "Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace." �162 SLOVAKIA Human personality can be fully developed when an individual enjoys the most fundamental freedoms such as: freedom freedom freedom freedom of speech, of belief, from fear, from want. The Slovak Nation enjoys none of these. The whole educational system in Slovakia is saturated with Marxism, which is contrary to the Christian character of the Slovak Nation. The promoting of tolerance is unknown to Communism which is disseminating hatred and it is disrupting unity on all levels of life. For Communism "peace" means the domination of private and public life according to the teaching of Marxism. According to paragraph 3 of article 26, "Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children." The Slovak parents are denied this right for in Slovakia there is only the Communist system of education. In 1945 Slovakia had 1887 Catholic schools. All of them were confiscated by Communists and the children of Catholic parents (also other religions) were indoctrinated in Marxism. 2. Article 27, paragraph 1, reads: "Everyone has the right freely participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and it..s benefits." In Slovakia culture, arts, science have been made servants of Communism and they have no value unless they are guided by principles of Marxism and unless they are designed for the promotion of Communism. 3. According Article 19: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers." �163 SLOVAKIA In Slovakia there is no freedom of opinion and expression. These have to be in conformity with Marxism. Ideas and opinions are usually communicated by books, newspapers, radio, television and public addresses. But in Slovakia, these medias are Communist controlled and are designed to promote militant atheism. What has been said about the situation in Slovakia, applies also to a lesser or greater degree to other countries under Communist rule, and while Communist propaganda and literature is freely distributed in the countries of the Western Democracies, the frontiers of the countries under Communist domination are virtually sealted to the printed word from the West. This especially applies to articles of a religious nature. This state of affairs is contrary to the spirit of the United Nations and is alien to the objectives of UNESCO. Its toleration would only strengthen the hand of international Communism and encourage all actual or potential dictators in their drive to enslave the rights and freedom of mankind. Having this in mind, we respectfully request that: a) You bring the plight of the Slovak Nation to the attention of the General Assembly of the United Nations Organization, b) the dignity of Slovaks be fully restored, so that the Slovak Nation can take an honorable place in the family of free Nations according to the spirit of the United Nations and aims of UNESCO. We trust that you will assist us in our request that justice be done to the Slovak Nation and so fulfill the principles of the United Nations and aims of UNESCO. Yours respectfully, Rev. Jan Krasnansky, s. V.D. Chaplain to the Slovak Community in Sydney Jan Secansky Sydney, August 1972 Delegate to the Religious Section of the Slovak World Congress �164 SLOVAKIA Ethnic Studies at C.C.N.Y. and the First Course on the Slavic American Heritage The City College of the City University of New York has long taken pride both in the achievements of its students and in the leading role it has played in recognizing and adapting to new ethnic and cultural developments in New York's multi-cultural and multi-national community. For many years C.C.N.Y. has ranked with Harvard and the University of California at Berkeley in the number of its graduates who go on for doctorates. This year The City College again took a leadership role by initiating the nation's first college level course on the Slavic American Heritage. Different ethnic groups at City College have long struggled for recognition and have broadened the college's involvement in the community by pressing for the establishment of new programs and courses more "relevant" to their ethnic backgrounds. In response to the students' demands at C.C.N.Y. in 1969, New York's Board of Higher Education authorized The City College to establish a Department of Urban and Ethnic Studies (UES) which would engage in both instruction and research. This department assists students in preparing for new careers in community leadership, public service, education, and work with voluntary agencies in urban areas. In September of 1969 the new Department of Urban and Ethnic Studies opened its doors with 183 students enrolled in two courses in Afro-American and Puerto Rican Studies. The following semester courses in urban and community affairs were added. During the second year the curriculum was expanded to include the beginnings of Chinese-American and Carribean Studies. From the beginning the Department of Urban and Ethnic Studies exhibited striking vitality and growth. The number of courses given by the Department rose from two (in the fall of 1969) to thirteen (in the spring of 1970) and then to twenty-three (in the spring of 1971). From �SLOVAKIA 165 seven sections in the first semester it grew to forty-two in the spring of 1971, while student enrollment rose from 183 to about 1400. By Fall 1971, UES had been divided into three separate departments: Black Studies, Puerto Rican Studies, and Asian Studies. At the same time a separate department of Jewish Studies had been created. It became administration policy that an ethnic studies department could be established only if the particular ethnic group consisted of at least 5 percent of the student population at C.C.N.Y. Only the four ethnic groups listed above contributed this much. Others would have to be satisfied with basic courses only. At present, City College's four ethnic studies departments offer a total of over 120 courses; these are attended by more than 2300 students. Courses cover such varied subjects as "Asian Women", "Black Folklore", "Community Power Analysis and Research", "Political Modernization in Black America", "The Contemporary Puerto Rican Family", "Jewish Identity", "Jewish American Community", "Ethnic Leaders", "Field Work Experience in a Bilingual Environment", and "Creative Research in Urban and Ethnic Studies". Although hundreds of Slavic-American students attend The City College, they do not constitute 5 percent of the student body. Nonetheless many of them are eager to explore their ethnic heritage within the context of college study. America's Slavic-speaking population constitutes one of the most significant "white minority" groups in the country. Today, when all minority groups are trying to assert their contribution to the nation's growth, very little has been done to explore this group's history, culture, social problems and its struggle to maintain its identity in the United States. Systematic study of Slavic-Americans and their heritage is long overdue. There is a strong feeling of ethnic awareness among some members of the younger generation, there are also strong indications that the melting pot conception can not be maintained any longer and that America is beginning to recognize and appreciate the diversity of its ethnic elements in terms of a new cultural pluralism . .As Prof. Michael Novak puts it in his new book, The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics, "It is time for a new cultural pluralism �166 SLOVAKIA and a politics that requires this new cultural pluralism -one that draws from resources other than Anglo-Saxon history and values." The first course (being offered at City College), called Slavic American Heritage, is listed among the College's core requirements and is open to all interested students. The course is presented by Prof. Peter Goy and is being attended by 19 students. It is a survey of Slavic American Heritage. It attempts to explore the history of Slavic Americans. The course encompasses all Slavic-speaking groups in the country (Belorussian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovenian, Slovak and Ukrainian, to mention a few) and includes a brief history of Slavs in the U.S.A. from the early XVII century to the present. It stresses their struggle for survival in the New World while emphasizing the participation of Slavs in American life and the role they have played in U.S. History. It expands upon current problems of identity and assimilation facing the younger generation. It takes into scope the Slavic historical background, characteristics of the Slavic population, economic conditions, religious conditions, education and contemporary literatures of the different ethnic groups. One of the aspects of this course is original research and analysis made by the students on various aspects of our contemporary Slavic groups, such as: Polish Ethnic Press, Ukrainian Scientific Institutions, Contemporary Ethnic Leaders, Czech Community in New York, Contemporary Slovak Women in America, Rhuthenians in U.S.A., Youth Organizations and the Impact of Assimilation on SelfIdentity, Bicultural Conflict and Synthesis, etc. In order to facilitate and further the original research of the students and faculty, a collection of a Slavic Contemporary ethnic archive and library materials is essential. Therefore, we would appreciate a donation of materials such as books, pamphlets, periodicals, newspapers, leaflets, films, etc, from all Slavic ethnic groups (Belorussian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovenian, Slovak, Ukrainian and others) in the United States, a~ well as their organizations and patriotic individuals. We strongly believe that in the near future other colleges and universities, specifically those located in large �SLOVAKIA 167 Slavic communities such as Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland, Buffalo, etc., will accommodate their Slavic residents and open the door to the vast richness, resourcefulness and abundance of Slavic American Heritage. Professor P. G o y 201 Goethals Hall The City College of the University of New York New York, N. Y. 10031 What Did the Slovak Communists Want in 1968? Dr. John M. Kochik (A translation from the Slovak of Viktor Pavlenda's co chcu Slovdci published in Svet socializmu, No. 32, August 6, 1968 by Obzor Publishers, Bratislava.) "In January the movement was initiated for a democratic Czech and Slovak socialism which would be economically more dynamic, socially more just, ideologically more progressive, comprehensively more human,-making it more attractive than any existing socio-economic system. The movement for this type of socialism is fast developing across the country which two peoples and nationalities inhabit. From the very essence of this movement proceeds its most basically inherent feature, namely, the very democratization of the relationship between the two peoples, between them and the nationalities living among them, and between the nationalities living side-byside. However, should this essential element be disregarded the movement would become pseudodemocratic, despite the fact that one sector of society has been the ruling nation until now and is reputedly the most democratic. Therefore, the Slovaks have the complete right to formulate their national claims, while the Czechs have the moral responsibility of seriously considering and democratically accepting them in the new democratic atmosphere of thought and action. �168 SLOVAKIA What is the Basis of Our National Movement as a Natural Ri ght,-A Right Suppressed and Ignored in the Past? 1. A half-century should suffice for an elder brother to recognize the younger as thoroughly related, not adopted, without a stepmother, but having his same very own Czecho-Slovakian homeland. There could be no more fitting occasion to acknowledge this self-same truth than the fiftieth October-anniversary of governing together. 2. In its current history "something" always went wrong in the real autonomy of the Slovak nation. First, a word only about autonomy, later about all the remaining issues. We regard as our most natural and sacred rights the proclamation and recognition of the actual, genuine self-rule of our people. This presupposes the elimination, not only in words but in actual fact, of the present humiliating- position of Slovakia, and the providing of it with an equal opportunity of realization in all aspects of social life. 3. The road to a new, just solution of the relationships between our peoples should proceed through a politicaleconomic Czecho-Slovakian federation: an economicallyrational and nationally-just federation. Thus, we desire neither that kind of federation which would crush the Republic through a rigid control of the greater over the lesser, nor such as would shatter the Republic by indecisive free choice, one yelling 'To the left!', the other 'To the right!'. 4. The Czecho-Slovak federation should systematically transfer the inclusive spirit of the democratizing process as such into the living conditions of both nations and into the relationship between them. That means that, taken objectively, henceforth it would insure more intensively the acceleration of the process of raising the quality of conditions in realizing the Czech and Slovak labor potential both on the job as well as in life. But, simultaneously-and this indeed holds true for socialist society-it must accelerate the process of making conditions of realization of the national labor forces approach each other, and of further equalizing the comparatively large discrepancies in economic and living standards between Slovakia and the Czech regions . In these processes-the quality of conditions of utilizing the citizen as such and the relatively-equal utiliza- �SLOVAKIA 169 tion of both peoples-we realize the sense o! an economically-rational and a nationally-just federation. 5. It is completely natural (especially from the experiences of their former development) that nowadays the Slovaks are not satisfied with promises nor with a referral to the good intentions of another even though be is one's very own brother, but they require the systematic guarantee of inclusive national autonomy in a federation. We visualize the starting-point as in a nationally-just pyramid of authoritative governmental bodies; national governmental bodies with original authority-federal governmental bodies with derived competency agreed upon by the national governmental bodies. 6. We wish to establish a federation and the functioning of federal governmental bodies upon three principles: economy, flexibility and effectiveness, and national justice. The realization of these principles are demanded so that federal governmental bodies would be numerically minimal with a small apparatus. We demand the nationallyjust activity of federal governmental bodies in: the prohibition of majority-rule in legislative acts, the equal structuring of the administration and applicable solutions (that is, the prohibition of majority-rule, parity, agreements) in the federal executive governmental bodies. We implore the second, Czech, party, that is the Czech citizen:-consider this matter in silence, without prejudice, and give an answer six times! It is not an expression most completely natural that from these six basic principles the Slovaks proceed, placing one bother on an equal footing with the other brother? Or, does someone wish to shout us down repeatedly with the renewed expression: "Co vlastne ti Slovdci chteji?" (In the original Slovak text this question is given in the Czech language and meaning "What do those Slovaks actually want?", note that this question relates to the title and theme of the article.-Translator's comment.) I will not cease being an optimist. I still believe that the answer of our Czech brother will be non-Antonine (A passible reference to Antonin Novotny, First Party Secretary and the President of the Republic, his regime, policies and character.-Translator's comment), different in substance from its present usage, and that it will be worthy to the development of the Czech people." �170 SLOVAKIA AS OTHERS SEE IT The Church in Czecho-Slovakia been forced into early retirement is very weak, but it will continue to make them scarcer. Yet, strange as it may sound, the to survive. There are 14 dioceses, but only two bishops. The govern- government is not suppressing rement will not permit any more to ligion altogether. Firstly, it is be consecrated, so 12 of the 14 afraid to do so. Secondly, the Comdioceses must function with a munist Party is split on the issue priest who serves as vicar for the of how much to suppress religion. diocese. The vicars are chosen Some argue that it must be persecuted as fiercely as it is in Red largely by the state. No Catholic schools are permit- China. Others say that if it is kept ted in Czecho-Slovakia, though two weak, it will gradually die out as seminaries are still functioning, Communism takes over. A third one for Czechs and one for Slovaks. point: Communist leaders for the There are about 150 in the Czech most part are becoming increasingseminary, not many for 10 million ly pragmatic. They persecute religion only in Czechs, most of whom are Catholic. There are about 200 seminarians a ritualistic way, paying lip service in the seminary for Slovaks, in to Communist ideology. They persecute it mostly inasmuch as it Bratislava. About 3,500 priests are active. constitutes a force outside of the Another 500 must work as laymen, total power structure they have since the government does not re- allocated to themselves. Absolute cognize them as priests. Approxi- dictators have always tried to permately 35 priests are ordained each secute religion and weaken it to year. Worst of all, most of the the point where it has no power, nuns have recently been confined unless they have the power in their to work as staff in mental institu- hands. The police are not much in evition. Had we a Catholic Anti-Defamation League in the United dence in Czecho-Slovakia. Nor are States, we could bring enough there Russian soldiers on the street. pressure to bear to stop such but everyone knows there are 80,000 Soviet troops stationed just abuses. Remember how Stalin used to 30 miles away. Everyone rememcall it "changing the guard" when bers how Moscow sent in 650,000 he had a purge of Party officials? troops in a great hurry four years It still goes on. Three hundred ago, to crush the "human face" thousand members of the Commu- type of Communism Alexander nist Party have been purged in Dubcek had tried to introduce. One of the first buildings I saw Czecho-Slovakia in the past four years. Forty per cent of the writers in Prague was a training school have been forced out of their pro- for future members of the Party. fession. Fifty thousand union mem- It is the Party members and they bers were purged. The remaining alone who get all the good jobs writers stick to the Communist and who run every facet of governline, attacking the clergy as "fas- ment. Membership is limited to cists" and "Nazi." A large percent- those the Party invites, such as age of the monasteries have been sons or friends of Party members, closed recently, and priests have or those who do not practice their �SLOVAKIA religion and for other reasons appeal to the ruling class. Only Party members can be candidates in a system where to be nominated by the Party is a guarantee of "election." Only Party members can hold trusted position. Only they have all the power. Communists argue that if the whole world were Communist, there would be no wars. But Czecho-Slovakia is a direct refutation of that theory. The country was brutally invaded in 1968 when it tried to humanize its type of Communism. Nor is it true that Communism lessens crime. Any visitor to Czecho-Slovakia sees prostitutes walking the main streets at night. Cars are often stripped or stolen. Drugs are not a problem, though they are in Moscow. Alcohol, which we often fail to think of as a drug, is a huge problem in all those countries. Stealing stocks and bonds is not a problem. But stealing from the state is on a much greater scale than anything we can imagine. "The whole system," I was told repeatedly, "is built on stealing."-Father Dan Lyons. Twin Circle, November 10, 1972. VIENNA (AP) - Travel fo a Westerner may be occassionally troublesome, but this is nothing compared to the battle with red tape an East European traveler encounters, if he just goes from one Communist country to another. The Slovak Assn. of Journalists recently issued what it called "a recipe for avoiding difficulties with passport and customs control" which lists so many things to do that it might in fact discourage anybody from making the trip in the first place. The association's biweekly publication, listed the regulations applying in the various East Europe- 171 an countries, which in the case of the Soviet Union alone covered 21 lines. The hard-core measures are nearly the same in every East European country. Each wants to know who crosses the border, watches that not too much of its national currency is taken out, nor rare consumer goods which the East European countries prefer to sell in the West for hard currency. Red tape starts at home. Slovaks have to file customs and foreign currency declarations; in some cases they must also have exit permits. Anyone intending to take a gift exceeding $20 along must obtain permission. Anyone wanting to visit the Soviet Union or Poland must have a visa. Joining a tour of a state travel agency makes this relatively simple. But anyone who wants to visit privately must have an invitation authenticated by a Soviet militia.-Werner Olimann WAKE FOREST, N. C. (NC)Ethnic Americans are "neither angels nor devils" but an unusual combination of political liberals and old fashioned patriots, according to Father Andrew Greeley. The ethnic "believes that progress is possible and that change is desirable," Father Greeley told a conference here on Civil Religion in America. "If he is less likely now than he was 20 years ago to describe himself as a liberal, the reason is not that he is any less committed to change or any less sympathetic with the oppressed but simply that he has much less confidence in American liberalism now." The ethnics, Father Greeley said, "like the United States of America. The flag, the 'Star Spangled Banner,' the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, the �172 SLOVAKIA Capitol building, the office of the presidency-all of these are admired symbols which together sum up the gratitude the ethnic feels for what the United States has made possible for him: freedom, dignity, comfort, security-things which his ancestors in the countries from which they fled or were driven would not have dreamt possible." Father Greeley, director of the University of Chicago's Center for the study of American Pluralism, said that members of ethnic groups are "less likely" than other Americans to favor the Vietnam war and, despite a tradition of anti-communism, they do not object to reapproachment with China or the Soviet Union." Members of ethnic groups, descendants of the most recent waves of European immigrants, have not been in America "long enough or achieved that level of security where it becomes easy to hate and despite the United States," the priest-sociologist said. "An appeal to the conscience of the ethnic against war and against injustice that is based on American patriotism has much better chance of being effective than one based on denunciation of America as a sick society, burning American flags, and ridiculing American institutions," Father Greeley said. Ethnics want to eliminate "hunger, misery, poverty, bad housing, bad education, and every other sort of social ill wherever is can be found in America," he said. "They supported the New Deal social reforms and have continued to vote for liberal congressional candidates who have extended and enlarged the New Deal." At the same time, Father Greeley said, ethnics place "a strong emphasis on the freedom and dignity of the individual person. A person should not be messed with or hassled by large bureaucratic agencies, be they governmental, labor, business, or ecclesiastical." Father Greeley spoke at a conference sponsored by the ~outhwestern Baptist Theological Seminary here and the American Jewish Committee. PITISBURGH-Tbey aren't the Same Old Steelers anymore. Just ask Gerela's Gorillas, Franco's Italian Army or the newly formed Dobra Shunka fan club. All those have been spawned by the success of the Pittsburgh Steelers, making a strong bid for the first division title in their 40-year pro football history. Gerela\s GO!fillas favor placekicker Roy Gerela, and rookie running sensation Franco Harris is the honorary commander of Franco's Italian Army. But what about Dobra Shunka? "That's Slovak for 'Great Ham,' " says Steeler linebacker Jack Ham, whose ancestors were European. "They're a great bunch of guys," Ham added. "Most of them live over in Port Vue, same as Gerela's Gorillas. You can't beat enthusiasm like that." Ham knows first hand the degree of Steeler mania. He's probably the only pro football player ever to get an ovation during a church sermon. "It happened at evening Mass the Sunday we beat Kansas City," recalls Ham, who attends St. Bernard's Roman Catholic Church in suburban Dormont. The monsignor was sermonizing on parish matters when suddenly he decided to switch topics and proclaimed from the pulpit, "How about those Steelers!" During the ensuing praise, he asked if Steeler vice President Dan �SLOVAKIA Roomey, a member of the parish, was in attendance. Rooney wasn't but Ham was and one of the faithful stood up and introduced him as "Jack Ham-the Steelers great linebacker. " 173 "It was really something," recalls Ham. "They gave me a big ovation just like we were out at the stadium, I even stayed after Mass and signed autographs."( Associated Press) Astronaut Gene Cernan is of Slovak origin. His grandfather migrated to the U.S.A. from Vysoka, Kysuce region, Slovakia �174 SLOVAKIA BOOK REVIEWS BOOKS ON SLOVAKIA Reviewed by J.M. Kirschbaum The Czechoslovak Reform Move- of view. It also put into proper ment by Galla Golan, Cambridge, perspective the economic as well at the University Press, 1971, as political and national reasons for which young Slovak intellectuBibl., 334 pages. Among the dozens of books on als, all of them staunch supporters the de-Stalinization and liberation of the Communist Party, began to movement in Czecho-Slovakia, the rebel against the Stalinist system. present book by Galia Golan, Lec- There is no doubt that economic turer in Political Science and Rus- as well as political disparity betsian Studies at the Hebrew Univer- ween Slovakia and the Czech lands sity in Jerusalem, is one of the became intolerable even to Slovak most objective and best research- Communists. The spark for the ed works. Whereas many authors moment came, however, from the of books on the reform movement writers and intellectuals who cravin Czecho-Slovakia viewed the situ- ed for more freedom and could not ation from Prague and dealt with tolerate the injustice committed on the events mostly on the basis of so-called Slovak "bourgeois nationCzech sources (see our reviews in alists" who were freed from prisSlovakia for 1970 and 1971, and in ons, but not rehabilitated. The Slavica Canadiana A. D.1970), the Czech intellectuals joined the present book does not suffer from movement three or four years any anti-Slovak bias. The author later, in 1967 and 1968, and gave objectively analyzed the beginnings it the weight which paved the way of the reform movement from 1963 for the events of 1968. Unfortuto 1968, and recognized the role nately, it would appear that they which was played by Slovak writ- not only helped the movement to ers, journalists and politicians. As get momentum, but also pushed it a result, the picture is quite dif- to the extreme and in the end gave ferent from many other books on the Soviets a prete~t for the inthe subject. Because except for vasion. the books by Skilling, Shawcross, The book is an excellent survey Fejto, Lungi and Ello, the reform of the whole period from 1963 to movement in Czecho-Slovakia and 1968. It is divided into six chapespecially its last phase, was a- ters. In its Introduction the book scribed by Western observers and surveys the years 1956-1962 and analysts to Czech intellectuals and then it analyzes the revolt of the several books were published under intellectuals, the economic reforms, the title: The Prague Spring. In reforms in the social cultural some instances, even Dubcek's .role spheres, political reforms, the ewas played down and other Slovaks vents of 1967 and 1968. The author wei"e omitted or ignored. paid special attention to Slovaks Galla Golan's book is, however, in the second chapter, as well as obje<:tive not only from this point in Chapters V and VI. In one chap- �SLOVAKIA ter the author analyzes specially the "pressures from the Slovaks and the youth." In the chapter on economic reforms, the book gives credit to the efforts of Dr. Eugen Loebl and to his plan for reforming the bankrupt economy. Other Slovak reformers, either in economic fields or in the political structure of Czecho-Slovakia are equally mentioned and so are Slovak periodicals, especially Kulturny Zivot and Slovenske Pohl'ady. Galia Golan seems to understand much better than other specialists in Eastern Europe the basic issues which separate Slovaks and Czechs and which dramatically came to the surface during the years 19631968. Trying to present an objective picture of the whole situation she avoided simplifications and, therefore, her book will remain as one of the best researched and scholarly written analysis of the attempts by Slovaks and Czechs to give Communism a human face. Wolfgang Venohr: Aufstand fii,r die Tschecho-Slowakei (Uprising for Czecho-Slovakia), Christian Wegner Verlag, Hamburg, 1969, bibl., ill., doc., 372 p. The War period of the Slovak history has been avoided for a long time in German historiography. Many more books were published in English than in the German language. When finally books on Slovakia appeared in Germany, they were written by historians coming not from Germany but from other Eastern European countries (Ludwig von Gogolak, Jorg K. Hoensch, Almar Reitzner) and the backgrounds of the authors influenced their attitudes and interpretation of the dramatic period of modern Slovak history. The book under review is the first one by a Western writer on the uprising which occured in Slo- 175 vakia in the Fall of 1944 and was presented until now only by memoirs or books written by the Communist participants, except for one volume of documents edited by V. Precan. Venohr's book does not agree completely with the Communist interpretation and sheds a new light on the bloody and controversial rebellion which was at least three times re-interpreted by the Communists themselves. There is no note on the author of the book and of his credentials. The work is comprehensive and refers not only to many printed sources but also to personal interviews with the Communist participants and officers of the Slovak army involved in the uprising. Interviews with non-Communist participants, even though some of them live in Germany, are missing. In view of the fact that the non-Communist organizers and participants of the uprising did not publish uptil now their version of the political aims and of the part played by the Slovak army or non-Communist population, Venohr's book fills an important gap. It is, however, very hard to say how far his interpretation is free of any bias, in spite of the fact that he states in his epilogue that he tried to avoid an ideological approach. As he says, the aim of his book was to "help the Slovaks to gain their international respect and develop brotherly relations built on equality of rights with the Czechs." At the same time the book should "serve to create a better understanding between Germany and Czecho-Slovakia." Venohr's presentation of the Slovak Republic and his survey of Slovak history would indicate that he endeavored to look at Slovaks without the usual bias which we can find in some Western and �17~ SLOVAKIA Communist history books. Throughout the book, there is an effort to avoid the negative attitude towards the Slovak struggle for independence. There is no a priori denial of bonafide actions and goodwill on the part of the Slovak politicians and in one instance the author even states that from the scientific point of view nobody can seriously speak about Fascism in Slovakia (p. 30). Nevertheless, on many pages of the book he uses the term "Klerikal Faschismus" ( clerofascism) coined by the Communists. Venohr accepted as valid the statement by President Dr. Tiso that the existence of the Slovak Republic will be of great importance for the future generations, but in his view the uprising is even of greater importance for historical claims of Slovak national identity. This is, of course, a debatable view but it sums up Venohr's attitude towards the uprising. From this premise, the author approached all the events and persons involved in the history of Slovakia from 1938 to 1945. The volume is composed of two parts. In the first part he writes about the independent Slovakia, the Slovak army until 1943, about the political opposition; the unwanted partizan war; the military conspiracy; the memorandum by General Catlo§ and the mission to Moscow by Smidke. The second part is entitled: "Occupation and Uprising." It contains six chapters in which the author speaks about military events of the uprising from the time Germany sent two divisions to fight the Soviet partizans. Their arrival, however, triggered off the uprising of the Slovak army units and led to events of historical importance. Venohr describes the battles in various parts of Slovakia with the Slovak army which was preparing an uprising against Germans independently of ,t he Soviet partizans, as well as the political aims of the whole uprising. It is mainly in this part of the book where the author differs from the Communist historiographers but it is to be regretted that he did not confront statements of the people with whom he had interviews with the writings and opinions of the nonCommunist participants who live in the West. He also failed to mention that the Communists originally aimed at establishing a Slovak Soviet Republic and not Czecho-Slovakia. In spite of this, Venohr's description and evaluation of the events seems to be much more objective and closer to the historical truth than the one-sided interpretation published in today's Slovakia by Communist writers, or by some Western historians who adopted the Czech or the Communist interpretation. His stress on the divergence of views between the Communists and military leadership on one side and the Bene§ Government on the other sheds a new light on the uprising whose final history is still to be written. The memorandum and the attempts by the Minister of National Defense of the Slovak Republic, General F. Catlo§, to come to an agreement with Moscow to save Slovakia of occupation is another important revelation in the book, since it has not been taken into consideration by Western historians. A number of documents attached to the book also enhance its value. However, in spite of Venohr's endeavor to be objective towards the leaders of the Slovak Republic, there are, of course, still some inaccuracies in his book which could have been corrected if the author �SLOVAKIA had interviewed the emigre Slovak historians or political leaders. His survey of Slovak history also suffers accepting the Czech rather than the Slovak interpretation of the Slovak past. There is no doubt that Slovakia suffered a sort of social decapitation and lost their leading classes to Hungarian assimilation and policy. There was, however, Slovak national consciousness a long time before Stt'.ir's period and we can safely say that Slovak national renaissance started in the 17th century and the Bernolak group, which is not even mentioned by Venohr, deserves credit for the national awakening of the Slovak people. Economically, Slovakia also presented a different picture. Even with these shortcomings Venohr's book is, however, much closer to the historical facts and objective interpretation of the War period in Slovak history than . any other work published in the West, exept for books written by Slovak exiled historians who defe nd the right of the Slovak people to self determination and independence. vm and IX. · Historica 5-6, Slovak Institute, Cleveland-Rome, 1969, pp. 216 and 231, bibl., ill. Slovak Studies, Volume The recent volumes of Slovak Studies are an additional contribution to the research into. the Slovak history in ,t he English language. In comparison with the previous volµmes, the contributors are mostly from the younger generation and several of them from among Slovak intellectuals educa.ted at American universities. For this reason, both volumes also contain essays on American Slovaks. In view of the fact that there is no history book on the achievements and contribution of American Slovaks to Slovak national develop- 177 ment, these contributions are of particular value. The first volume contain four contributions: "The Role of American Slovaks in the Creation of Czecho-Slovakia, 1914-1918," by M. M. Stolarik; a study "Education in Slovakia" by M. I. Angelovic SS.C.M.; "The Quadrennial Reports of the Bishops of Nitra to Rome," by E. Bouydosh; and "A Short Survey of the Eastern Catholic Churches," by Prof. M. Lacko, S.J. To the second volume contributed Msgr. J . Rekem "Selected Chapters from the Slovak Cultural History"; F. Vnuk, a study "British Recognition of Independent Slovalda in 1939"; M. Tybor, "Fa_ther Matthew Jankola (1872-1916)"; J . J. Karch, . Slovakia Under Communism, 1944-1964"; Prof. M. Lacko, "A Historical Song from Eastern Slovakia" and "Camaldulese Red Monastery-Cerveny Klastor." All contributions are on the level of academic papers and point to new aspects and new knowledge of the Slovak past. From the historical point of view, the most relevant is, of course, the well researched and well written assay on British recognition of independent Slovakia in 1939 and Stolarik's M.A. thesis on the role of American Slovaks in the creation of Czechoslovakia, while from the cultural point of view the thesis on education in Slovakia by Sister .Angelovic and the essay on J ankola by Sister Tybor deserve particular mention. F. Vnuk's research into the British archives brought forth some very interesting information on the attitude of Great Britain towards Slovakia and many unknown documents which prove· that the Government of Great Britain and British diplomats had quite a different view of the Slovak problem than the Czech exiles, headed by Dr. �178 SLOVAKIA Bene§, made us believe and smuggled into Western historiography. It would appear from Vnuk's study that Great Britain was neither eager to recognize the Czecho-Slovak government in exile, nor believed to adverse reports on Slovakia, and that Slovaks needed only some good diplomats in London to put Slovakia and her striving for independence into a different light in the West. Vnuk certainly deserves recognition for studying the British archives because our knowledge of Great Britain's attitude towards Slovakia was very limited until now. Msgr. Rekem's contribution "Selected Chapters from the Slovak Cultural History" is a concise view of Slovak cultural development from the Middle Ages to the Bernolak period, written on the pattern of his previous studies either in English, German, or Slovak and, as usual, well documented. The essay would deserve to be distributed as a separate publication. M. Stolarik's contribution to the volume is an M. A. thesis and as such indicating that we can expect from the young historian further valuable contribution to the exploration of the history of Slovaks in the United States. His thesis is well balanced and based on research into the unknown as well as published sources, and enhanced by a useful bibliography. There is no need to write about Prof. Lacko's contribution since he has been an accepted authority on the subjects he writes about and his contributions are marked by thorough knowledge and originality. E. Bouydosh's contribution is a continuation of his previous research and writings and of interest for Slovak religious past. From - the Slovak point of view the contributions by the Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius, M. I. An- gelovic and M. Tybor deserve special mention. It would seem that both contributions are M. A. theses or parts thereof. They are valuable not only by their contents but also by their originality and research into the unknown and unpublished sources. In view of the fact that scholars in today's Slovakia are not allowed to extend their research into the history of Slovaks abroad, both contributions are of particular interest for Slovak historiography. The essay by J. J. Karch "Slovakia Under Communism, 1944-1964" is a well written account but too short to give a complete picture. It would be useful if this theme could be enlarged in Slovak Studies by the author or other Slovak specialists in modem Slovak history. To conclude, we can say that both volumes honorably represent the efforts of Slovak intellectuals in the West to fill the gap of knowledge of the Slovak past among Western historians and students of Central Eastern Europe. L'oecumenisme at le panslavisme de l'abbe JEAN PALARIK, par Joseph Vavrovic; These presentee a la Faculte des Arts de l'Universite d'Ottawa en vue l'obtention du Ph.D. en Etudes Slaves, Ottawa, 1972, 470 p. The thesis under review is a mature scholarly work, apparently the result of a long and thorough research into the archives and published sources pertaining to the historical background and to the activities of Jan Palarlk, whose dramatic works survived until the present time, but whose ecumenism was forgotten and his panslavic ideas were over-shadowed by his famous countrymen: Jan Koll.Ar and L'udovit Stur. In view of tlle present trend in the Catholic �SLOVAKIA Church, and the misuse of the idealistic panslavism by the Soviet Union, Palarik's 19th century ideas, for which he suffered persecution from the ecclesiastic superiors and was scorned by adherents of panslavism based on Russian leadership, are actual and timely and the thesis is, in many ways, an original work. The thesis is divided into three parts: historical background of the activities of Jan Palarik; the ecumenism of Palarik, and the panslavism of Palarik. In the first part the author of the thesis discusses the nationalist wave in Hungary after the Congress of Vienna, the insurrection in 1848 and the period of absolutism of Bach and the di· vision of the monarchy into the Austrian and Hungarian part. In part two, the thesis deals with the origins of Palarik's ecumenism, his activities as editor of the monthly Cyrill a Method and with the con·flict with his ecclesiastic superiors. Part three gives a survey of the origins of panslavism and draws a distinction between Palarik's idea of panslavism and that of Jan Kollar. Palarik's ecumenism stemmed from his concern for the Slovak people who were menaced by Magyarization and weakened by religious division. The Slovak Catholic clergy made many efforts towards uniting with Slovak Protestants in cultural and literary activities even before Palarik's time. Encouraged by J. M. Hurban's work on the union of Slovak Lu• therans with Calvinists in Hungary (Unia cili spojeni Lutheranu s Kalviny v Uhrach, Budin, 1846, 240 p.), Palarik took, however, a step further. He recommended also a religious union, basing his views on similar tendencies of Catholic theologians in Germany and France and insisting on it for patriotic rea- 179 sons. Palarik developed his national ecumenism in a series of articles published in the monthly Cyrill a Method of which he was editor. Supported by several other young Catholic clergymen who advocated not only the union with Slovak Protestants but also far reaching reforms of the Catholic Church in Hungary, Palarik came into conflict with the hierarchy and especially with the Archbishop-Primas Scitovsky. His progressive and democratic ideas gained him, nevertheless, many adherents amongst Slovak Catholics. Unfortunately, he failed to obtain an adequate response on the part of Slovak Lutherans and after Palarik had to submit to the Church authorities, the movement for uniting Slovaks in their religion slowly died down. In Msgr. Vavrovic's analysis it was nevertheless an interesting movement on the part of Slovak Catholics and Palarik emerges from the thesis as a well educated idealistic patriot concerned about the progress of the Slovak people and about the reform in the Catholic Church on much similar lines as have been accepted by the last Vatican Council. In his series on the necessity of union of Catholics with Lutherans in Slovakia, he referred to well-known contemporary theologians and fought for his ideas in prose as well as in verses to make an impact on the leaders and believers of both churches. Palarik's panslavism was generally as idealistic as Kollar's or Stur's concept of Slavic reciprocity. He differed, however, from them in his favorable attitude towards Poland and not only failed to advocate Russian supremacy and leadership but also insisted on the necessity of equality of all Slavic peoples. There are echoes of Herder's and Hegel's philosophy and prophecies about the role the Slavs �180 SLOVAKIA will play in the world in Palarik's panslavism, ·. even though he did not refer to them. From Stur who advocated . the acceptance .of the Russian orthodoxy · by all Slavic peoples Palarik also differed in religious respect by advocl;l.ting the union of all Slavs in the Catholic Church, referring to the words of Christ about "one shepherd and one fold." His defense of Poles who were subjugated by the Russians caused him criticism from other Slovak panslavists. Nevertheless Palarik deserves recognition for creating two concepts of panslavism in Slovakia, and the present Soviet domination of Slavic peoples proves that he was right in refuting panslavism based on Russian leadership and supremacy. Since Palarik has been known for the past 100 years mostly as a playwright and dramatist, whose works : Incognito (i858), D'rotar (1860), Smierenie and Dobrodruzstvo pri Obzinkach (1862), Dimitrij samozvanec (1870), have been played until the present day, the thesis by Msgr. Vavrovic contributes to the knowledge of Palarik's activities and ideas which make him one of the most progressive and democratic Slovak leader of the 19th century. In conclusion we can say that the thesis is a valuable piece of academic writing. In view of the role played by panslavism in Slavic literatures and in the awakening of Slavic peoples, the thesis will add to this movement a new dimension: the ecumenic idea and a new conception of mutuality among Slavs. The knowledge of numerous languages by the author and his intellectual training made it possible to shed light on both movements from various points of view: philosophical, theological and literary. He also presented the subject in a clear style and methodically well balanced. The author of the thesis used practically all relevant sources in several languages and displayed a thorough knowledge of ·the basic works on panslavism and ecumenism. At the same time, he seems to know all writings by and on Palarik as his numerous quotations and bibliography indicate. Editor's remark: The reviewer, Prof. Joseph M. Kirschbaum, was a member of the jury which examined the a:uthor at the defense of his thesis · and recommended its acceptance summa cum laude. Milan S. :i'>urica: La Morte di M. R. Stefanik Alla Luce Dei Documenti Militari Italiani Inediti, Collana di Studi Sull'Europa 0rientale, Univsersita Degli Studi di Padova, Padova, 1971, pp. 94. For the past fifty years, the mysterious death of. one of the co~ founder of Czec.ho-Slovakia, General Milan R. Stefanik, gave ground to various hypotheses and accusations and created dissensions between Czechs and Slovaks. While on the part of the Prague government Stefanik's death was attributed to an accident, on the Slovak side persisted the belief t];J.at Stefanik lost his life because Dr. Benes and also T. G. Masaryk disagreed with Stefanik's political views and wanted to prevent him from taking part in the political life of Czecho-Slovakia. The circumstances in which the aeroplane bringing Stefanik from Italy to his native land crashed near Bratislava favored the . hypothesis that the crash was due to an artillery attack ordered by an officer of the Czecho-Slovak army who allegedly mistook the Italian aircraft for a Hungarian one. Also the manner in which the �SLOVAKIA 181 Prague government handled the investigation of the accident and fought the rumors and allegations accusing Dr. Benes of the responsibility for Stef{mik's death, helped to strengthen the belief that Stefanik actually was a victim of a political plot. Even though he was a member of the Czecho-Slovak government and his arrival was announced, there were no preparations for his reception and the archives containing the investigation records were kept top-secret during the whole existence of the pre-war Czecho-Slovakia. directly confirms the belief that Stefanik was the victim of a political plot. As all historical works by !Jurica, also the present one is well researched and well written. Its scholarly value is enhanced by references to practically all known books and articles on Stefanik's life and death, in addition to his own thorough research of Italian military archives. The essay was originally published in the periodical n Mondo Slavo of which Prof. !Jurica is one of the founders and editors. For the above reasons, the death of Stefanik attracted writers as well as historians. Professor :i'.>urica has reviewed in his publication riot only the circumstances of Stefanik's death, but also analyzed the probability of all hypotheses advanced in the past. In addition, he ~xamined for the first time the Italian military archives pertaining to the departure of General M. R. Stefanik from Italy to his native Slovakia. In the past, the life and death of Stefanik were usually treated on the basis of French, Slovak and Czech sources, memoirs, . and reminiscences. Professor nurica rightly considered it necessary to study the Italian archives and by doing so, he made a valuable contribution to the efforts of solving the mystery of Stefanik's death. He was successful in proving incorrect several assertions of the Prague government especially those concerning the meteorological conditions, the alleged inexperience of the pilot and the allegation that Stefanik's arrival was not announced before. As historian, :i'.>urica avoided pronouncing any firm conclusion as to which hyphothesis is correct but his research destroyed the Prague government's version of Stefanik's death and in- Michael Novak, The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics, The McMillan Company, New York, N. Y., 1972, pp. 321, Price $7.95. For the past four or five years, many American scholars expressed their doubts as to whether the United States became a "melting pot" or if that theory was just a myth. Several conferences of historical societies and sociologists and linguists suddenly discovered that America was a multi-cultural society and that the ethnic groups were not melted. The result of this academic discovery called the attention of the politicians and results in debates and finally in a Bill on Centers of Ethnic Studies in the Congress. However, neither the studies of sociologists and historians, nor the recent Bill of Schweiker and Pucinski are as palatable and, by their approach, as human as is the book by Prof. Novak. Besides being well researched, the book is a real confession and a deep reflection on the human structure of America of today, written in excellent style, placing the book between a work of science and a novel. The author is professor of philosophy and religious studies at the State University of New York at �182 SLOVAKIA Old Westbury and has to his credit the reader; his hardly ornamental ten books, mostly dealing with name for the ethnic groups "PIGS." philosophy, theology and Catholics. He also separates Poles from other Prof. Novak is a third generation Slavs, even though the Polish AAmerican Slovak whose conscious- mericans preserved some of the ness of ethnic background was a- most Slavic characteristics. wakened not long ago during the Novak's book is bound to shake presidential campaigns by Barry the conscience of many Americans, Goldwater and Governor George and will probably do so for a deWallace in 1966. As Novak writes cade to come. It may be worthwhile in his book, he was "alarmed by the for many American Slovaks to concleavage between the old WASP sider as to whether they should and the new technological con- actively join this new political sciousness" and "felt increasingly force. It would perhaps be good to uncomfortable with the condescen- do so not only for their own sake sion and disdain heaped upon and the United States but also for Catholics." So he found himself the country of their fathers and beginning to say "we" rather than forefathers-Slovakia. "they" when he spoke of ethnics (page 63). Since that time, Prof. Slavs in Canada, Vol. m, Compiled and Edited by Prof. Cornelius J. Novak made a thorough study of Jaenen, University of Ottawa, the ethnic problem in the United 1971, 348 pages. Price: $7.00. States, mostly in its psychological, sociological and political aspects. The third volume of Slavs in Due to his philosophical educa- Canada contains proceeding of the tion and writing talent, Novak Third National Conference on Cawrote in his book some of the , nadian Slavs held in 1969 at York most interesting insights into the ' University in Toronto. Professors life, aspiration and problems of the of Slavic Studies at various Canamany millions of Americans who dian universities organized in 1965 are neither WASPS nor Blacks. under the leadership of Professor It is a delight to read for instance B. Bociurkiw a committee whose his chapter "Confessions of a task was to study the problems of White Ethnic" in which he ana- Canadian Slavs. The committee was lyses some of the basic psycho- successful in organizing the first logical problems which various Conference on Canadian Slavs in ethnic groups, especially Slavs, and Banff, the second in Ottawa, and as far as religion is concerned, all the third in Toronto, attracting American Catholics, had to face many specialists in Slavic and ethfrom the time of their immigration nic studies. While the first and up to the present day. second Conferences were dealing Prof. Novak who has been a staff predominantly with the general member in several recent political problems of Canadian Slavs, the campaigns, envisages the "unmelt- third Conference was divided into able ethnics" as the new political six sections dealing with research, force of the seventies. politics and law, education, IanHe came to that conclusion as guages and literature, journalism a result of the study of numerous and folklore. Altogether 22 papers books dealing with present day were presented and discussed in America, as his many references those sections and the volume unand quotations indicate. There is der review contains the edited text one thing which bothers, however, of the papers. �SLOVAKIA One of the most interesting studies in the volume is a volumi• nous paper on the ethnic identification and attitudes of university students of Ukrainian descent by Prof. B. Bociurkiw. His conclusions can apply to students of other Slavic groups not only in Canada but apparently also in the United States. Another paper of general interest was presented by Prof. V. Szyrynski on the subject "Ethnic Integration and Psychological Adjustment," while Prof. J . D. Gagnon from the Universite de Montreal gave his views about the position of immigrants in Quebec if that Province became independent 183 Jaroslaw A. Piekalkiewicz: Public Opinion PoUing in Czechoslovakia, 1968-69, Results and Analysis of Surveys Conducted During the Dubcek Era, Praeger Publishers, New York, Washington, London, 1972. The number of books which dealt with the political upheavals in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968, was so great that another book would seem superfluous. Some 60 books were published in the English language alone, and there were a dozen books in other West European languages. Nevertheless, the present volume on Public Opinion Besides these basic studies, the Polling will be very useful for hisvolume contains interesting intorians and students of Eastern sights into the Canadian education and minority rights, a study on the Europe. influence of the English language Its specific value lies in the fact on Slavic languages and the por• that it embraces the whole territory trayal of Canada's ethnic groups in of Czecho-Slovakia and pays attensome French Canadian novels. For tion to the relations between Slothe first time, the Conference paid vaks and Czechs which, in many attention to the ethnic press and other publications, was overlooked the papers dealing with the sub- or minimized. In addition, this book ject contained an essay on Byelo- expresses the opinions of many russian publications in Canada by Czechs and Slovaks and, as a result, A. A. Hrycuk, "The Ideological is not a write-up by an observer Orientation of the Canadian Slavic who was only partly familiar with Press" by J. M. Kirschbaum, and the problems and judged them on "Analysis of the Periodical Pub- the basis of his observations or lications of Canadian Slavs," by A. limited information received in Malycky. Prague. The book also seems to be free of the usual anti-Slovak bias, Some of these papers were of which we often find in political strictly scientific character while writings by Western historians and others contained general informa- specialists on Eastern Europe. tion or basic facts for further studies, and, therefore, the contents of The book is divided into 11 chapthe volume are uneven in their ters in which the author endeavorscholarly value. Nevertheless, the ed to find an answer to the quesbook is of importance not only for tion as to whether there was a acquainting Canadians with the revolution or counter-revolution; Slavic groups but it should also be what kind of socialism the Czechs considered as a valuable contribu- and Slovaks wanted to achieve; the tion to the general trend to build role of the existing non-communist Canada as a multi-cultural society. parties; the role of the National �184 SLOVAKIA Front, political parties and political opposition; popularity of individual leaders and attitudes on the economic system. _In conclusion, the author applied the findings to other communist states of Eastern Europe. The Slovaks resented their subjection aiid both physically and theoretically opposed the real or imaginary political, economic and cultum l dominance of the Czechs. With this dissatisfaction simmering throughout the years, it is not surprising to £ind that the 1968 Reformist Movement originated in Slovakia and was led by many Slovak individuals. It seems apparent...:....Concludes the author-that the Slovak · people viewed the Reformist Movement as an opportunity to gain . a real and equal autonomy within the Czechoslovak Federal system." If we take into consideration that all polls display flaws and inaccuracies, we could question s·ome of the results of the polls which the . author organized in Czecho-Slovakia and based thereon his conclusions. Nevertheless, his book seems to be closer to the real situation and feelings of the Slovaks and Czechs than the works of According to the polls, 94% of many observers who relied on more limited information either in per- Slovaks expressed the opinion that sonal contacts or printed sources. there was a· need for a new form of relationship between the Czechs One of the topics of interest for and Slovaks. Contrary to the opinSlovaks in this book is unboubtedly ion of other writers on the upheav"the traditional conflict between als in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968, the Czechs and Slovaks." This topic author also found a great number was treated in many books publish- of Czechs who supported the need ed in the West either inadequately for .a re-definition of the relationwith parti pris or else it was over- ship of Slovaks and Czechs within looked completely. In the view of the Republic. According to his the author "a discussion of the pub- findings, "of all the individuals lic's conception of the new politi- surveyed, only one out of 14 discal system in Czechoslovakia would agreed with the need for a ·re-definbe incomplete wi.thout considering ed relationship; This evidence the role and relationship of the says ,t he author-leaves no doubt two nations that composed the that the future realization of socialCzechoslovak Socialist Republic. He ist democracy . in Czechoslovakia dwelt, therefore, on this problem was to include a democratic and and found out that "historically, equal relationship between the the post-war communist govern- Czech and Slovak peoples" (pp. ment in Czechoslovakia closely fol- 110-112). There is no doubt · that lowed the one-nation philosophy about the same ·number would opt outlined in 1918 by ,t he founders for independence; if Slovaks had of Czechoslovak Republic. Urider full freedom of choice. this theory the Czechs and Slovaks were a single nation divided not by Milan S. f>urica (Ed.). Il Mondo ethnic differences but only by disSlavo, Vol. ni Ceseo, Centro similar historical patterns of deStudi Europa Orientale, Padova, velopment. These two peoples were 1971. to be bound together in a unified While in Slovakia books dealing state· under which the Slovaks enjoyed only a minimum autonomy. wrth Slovak culture, history, liter- �SLOVAKIA ature or philology are still directed predominantly towards Eastern Europe, Slovak intellectuals in the West have the duty to fulfill the gap which has been created by separating Slovakia from the free world. Among Slovak intellectuals in Europe Prof. Milan s. :Ourica distinguished himself by performing this role not only by his books and lectures in Western European countries, but since 1969, by editing the Italian academic periodical n Mondo Slavo (The Slavic World). In all three volumes of the periodical, which appeared until now, the contributions . on Slovak matters contain valuable information on history, language and culture of the Slovak people. The first volume, published in 1969, contained a well-written survey on the development of the Slovak literary language during the past 50 years by Adriana Feriencikova, and an article on Italian artizans and merchants in Slovakia in the 18th century by Anton Spiesz. In the second volume, published in 1970, Lisa Guarda Nardini analyzed the political and social doctrine of the late Slovak President, Dr. Joseph Tiso, under the title "Ideological Premises of Czecho-Slovak Federalism." In the third volume, Prof. Milan S. :Ourica, published some unknown and very interesting military documents from Italian archives about the death of M. R. Stefanik. (The essay is available also in a reprint and has been reviewed separately in Slovakia). From the Slovak point of view all these contributions are of special value. Not only for the reasons that under the present regime in Slovakia cultural contacts with the West are practically non-existent, 185 but also for the fact that there are still many misconceptions about Slovak culture, language and history among Western Slavists. The essay on the development of the Slovak literary language during the past 50 years by A. Feriencikova has also the merit of being well researched and containing all the basic facts and sources which can put the development of the Slovak language into proper perspective. In spite of many efforts of Slovak intellectuals in the West, historl still lln-·1 ...n th ans 5.....,.., or ere ~ 1 who W?te about the Slovak as being a dialect of the Czech language. Studies on the subject in Western languages are, therefore, never superfluous. Since Slavic studies considerably developed in all Western countries after the Second World War, n Mondo Slavo will acquaint Slavists with Slovakia not only in Italy, but also in many Western countries. This can be expected all the more in view of the high academic value of all contributions and careful edition of the periodical by Prof. !>urica. Among the contributors there are in all three volumes known Slavists of Italian or Slav origin, teaching at Italian universities. While several periodicals on Slavic matters published in other Western countries deal mostly with Russian culture and literature, 1l Mondo Slavo has shown distinction in paying attention to smaller Slavic nations and their cultures such as Slovenes, Croats and Slovaks. Students of Eastern Europe will, therefore, welcome Il Mondo Slavo since it will provide reliable scholarly information on Slavic peoples which are either misrepresented or rarely mentioned in academic periodicals published in French, English or German languages. �186 SLOVAKIA NEW COLLECTIONS OF SLOVAK EMIGRE POETRY Rudolf Diloni, Hladn11 vetrf.k (Hun- poetic biography in short poems gry Breeze), Edition Polana, full of grace, imagination and deep feelings. The collection, as well as Zurich, 1972, 86 pages. the entire Dilong's literary work Jan L. Dorfmsky, Od splnu po za- in exile would deserve a thorough tmenie (From the Full Moon to analytic evaluation, and not only the Eclipse), Series Lyra, Slovak passing reviews as this one, to apInstitute of SS. Cyril and Meth- preciate fully his work. odius, Rome, 1972, 110 pages. Doransky's book From the Full Slovak emigre literature is grow- Moon to the Eclipse deserves our ing inspite of the fact that we are special appreciation because due to again cut off from Slovakia and the unfavorable circumstances in exile, assimilation of the younger genera- we know -only a very small pa1t of tions is rapidly progressing among his literary work. Doransky is a Slovaks abroad. It is, however, poet of considerable versatility, mostly the first wave of Slovak and besides many lyrical verses post-war emigres who still create and patriotic poems, he wrote in belles lettres, and not the writers Canada a drama called Stara mat', who left Slovakia in recent years neopust'ajte nas (Grandmother Do Not Leave Us Alone, 1953), sucfor Western countries. The two collections of verses cessfully played by Slovak groups under review are by poets whose across Canada. Before coming to reputations were established in Canada, Doransky had published Slovakia and who during the past a play called Novou cestou (On A two decades belonged to the best New Path, 1930), and a collection and most prolific Slovak emigre of satirical verses Slep£ pasazieri (Blind Passengers, 1943). writers. In exile Doransky's poetry was Dilong's Hungry Breeze is again personal lyrical poetry in which published in various anthologies: his talent and mastership remind Vo vyhnanstve (1947); Zdravica sv. us of pleasant spiritual vibrations Cyrilovi a M etodovi ( 1963) ; in litfull of color, joy, sadness, mixed erary periodicals and in almanacs with hope and faith. The book is and newpapers. In recent years his divided into four chapters, each epigrams, published either in the chapter starting with appropriate quarterly Most, Literarn11 Almaillustrations by Jan Mraz, a talent- nach Slovaka 11 Amerike or in ed graphic artist from the new newspapers and almanacs, became preferred reading among Slovak wave of Slovak emigration. While all chapters contain beauti- intelligentsia in the free world. ful lyrical poetry, readers will wel- Besides poetry, Doransky wrote a come especially Chapter 4 entitled: number of short novels and other Slovak Women (Album). Dilong prose contributions under the penpublished here some of the most name Hamornik and J. D. Oravee. Doransky came from a part of beautiful verses which we can find in modern Slovak poetry and in Slovakia which gave to Slovak litSlovak poetry in general, except erature and public life many outfor Mari na by Sladkovic. In the first standini poets and novelists. He three chapters Dilong dreams a- inherited a love for literature and bout his young years, his parents, began to write in his early youth, his native Orava. It is a sort of first for students' periodicals, later �SLOVAKIA for literary and cultural monthlies. When the Russian armies over-ran Slovakia, Doransky with thousands of other Slovak intellectuals left with his family for the West. After spending a few months in Austria and two years in Assissi and Rome, he landed in Canada in 1949 and has lived in Montreal for the past 23 years. Very recently a collection of his epigrams was published with a lengthy commentary by F. Vnuk and enthusiastically received by critics and readers. Those who know Doransk:y are aware of the fact that the published epigrams are just a selection of the large number he wrote during his lifetime. We can say the same about the present collection of Iyrical and patriotic verses. They are also a selection from his many verses and we have to acknowledge that it is an excellent selection. The book is dd.vided into four parts and presents a spiritual profile of the poet and poetic sketches from his journey from Slovakia through Italy to Canada, as well as fine lyrical verses dedicated to his wife, daughter and grand-daughter. As in Dilongs's collection, the best part seems to be his chapter on Slovak women, in Doransky's book the finest verses are about his mother, and mothers in general. The title of the book expresses accurately the contents of the collection which certainly will rank among the best lyrical Slovak poetry in exile. A short biographical note was added to the collection by J . M. Rydlo and the cover was artistically designed by the poet's son :Cudovit In the opinion of this reviewer, Doransky deserves a thorough analysis and evaluation of his literary work in order that we may appreciate it adequately. 187 Rudolf Dilong: Ponukam chlieb so sol'ou-I Offer Bread and Salt, Translated by Sister M. Martina Tybor. Published by Dobra kniha 1971, Galt, Ontario, Bilingual, 151 pages. By publishing this bilingual collection of poetry in prose, Rudolf Dilong proved once more that he is the most prolific and versatile contemporary poet in exile. The number of books he published in Slovakia, which he left in defiance of her Communist rulers, as well as the number of books published during his long exile in Argentina and the U.S.A., is impressive and unrivalled by any other Slovak writer. Attracted by new currents in French inter-war Catholic poetry and surrealism, Dilong experimented in many poetic forms and due to his great love for life and gay temper, was the "enfant terrible" among the Slovak Catholic poets of his generation. The present book is another experiment in fo rm and contents and by publishing it in English and Slovak, it was the merit for acquainting foreign readers with an interesting sample of Slovak literature as well as with the author himself. Dilong's reputation as a poet was well established before he left his native country. Besides publishing 14 collections of poems, two dramas, and two collections of prose, he also was very active in organizing literary journals, and contributed practically to all Slovak cuttural periodicals and anthologies of Slovak poetry. In addition, he was either co-founder or editor of two literary periodicals Postup (193436) and Nove Slovo (1939-40). In exile he remained one of the leading and again most profilic poets. His poetry remained strongly nationalistic, deeply religious in essence but not homiletic in form �188 SLOVAKIA or content, humble and rebellious and usually expressed in beautiful images and practically varied forms. While several other Slovak poets did not find opportunities in exile to publish their works, Dilong's books were published in rapid succession. From 1950 to 1970 he produced and published some 20 books either in Buenos Aires, where he spent nearly 20 years of his exile, or recently in the United States. Many of his manuscripts perished together with his books, when Peron was burning churches in Argentina. As in Slovakia, his poetic production in exile has been varied in forms and themes but the basic overtones of a patriot and Franciscan friar, even if not following always the dogma and rules of his religious order, remained the main characteristic of his entire literary work in immigration. Some of his verses became hymns for Slovak exiles, recited on various solemn occasions and re-published many times in Slovak periodicals and newspapers. Several of Dilong's poems were translated into Spanish, Polish and French. With his great love for life and because of his patriotic zeal and fiery poetry, he became one of the most interesting figures among Slovak writers. Some of his first poems inspired by their contents and musical rhythm Slovak composers in their compositions, and several poems became songs of the Slovak youth, as well as of the Slovak army. The book under review is divided into three parts: The house will bleach to ash; Out of bounds without bounds, and Human hands. Each part contains a number of short reflective and highly imaginative poems in prose which compel the reader to meditate and think about our age, our neighbor, poverty, suffering, rebellion, smile; about our life and death, emotions and beliefs, about God and man. As such, it is a valuable addition to Dilong's work and to Slovak literature. Jan Okal': Cielito Lindo, Edicia Dobra kniha, Galt, Ontario, 1972, Illustration by J. G. Cincik, 65 p. For the past several years Slovak emigre poetry was enriched by a number of beautifully illustrated collections of verse by leading Slovak poets abroad. While some of the collections contained patriotic verses and personal lyrical poetry with Slovak topics, in other collections we find poetry inspired by the beauty of foreign countries in which Slovaks either lived or visited. Okal"s masterfully illustrated collection Cielito Lindo is an outstanding example of this new poetry, and it is not easy to say if the reader enjoys more the verses or the beautiful illustrations. In any case, there is a lot of artistic value and enjoyment for the reader and we cannot but feel a certain pride that in the modest circumstances in exile, Slovak literature can afford the luxury of such books. In a certain way, Jan Okal' deserves credit for introducing into Slovak literature this combination of poetry and visual arts. Already his first published collection George Janosik: A Carpathian Saga, published in 1953, and his chronicle in 13 poems entitled Kronika Slovakov (The Chronicle of Slovaks, 1954), were published in the same form. Then for a number of years, this gifted Slovak poet remained silent, except for publishing here and there verses in the literary journal Most or the Literarny Almanach Slovaka v Amerike. In �SLOVAKIA 1970, appeared his colleetion of verses Vada a vino (Water and Wine), in which Okal' reminisced about the years spent in Italy and especially in Rome. The present collection is a sort of continuation of the book Voda a vino. This time he is drawing in his poems, usually not longer than one or two verses, beautiful images of places in Mexico. Jan Okal' is a gifted and refined poet, and we hope that he will continue to publish poetry of such outstanding taste and artistic value. Jan E. Bor, Eugen Vesnin - Un poeta Eslovaco en tierras Mediterraneas, Buenos Aires, 1972, 71 pages. Among Slovak intellectuals who assiduously worked in exile for the past 20 years in order to make Slovak literature known to the Spanish reading public, Jan E. Bor has been the most prolific. Either in his own writings or in translations, he published a considerable number of essays and studies on Slovak poetry and prose not only in periodicals but also in book form. The present essay on the poet Eugen Vesnin is one of his most recent publications. The publication is divided into eight chapters in which Bor analyzes Vesnin's poetry, his personality, the reaction to Vesnin's poetry by readers and literary critics either on the part of Slovaks or Italians who acclaimed Vesnin for his collection of verses in Italian 189 language. In the last two chapters Bor analyzes Vesnin's attachment to Etruria and his enchantment with feminine beauty. Bor writes on Vesnin's poetry with the usual skill and knowledge of literary science for which he was known already in Slovakia where he belonged to the best known literary critics of his generation. In exile he lowered sometimes his yardstick when writing on Slovak emigre writers and poets, but his erudition in literary science has been evident in every book and essay he had published during the past twenty years. The portrait of Vesnin in Bor's publication is not only favorable but also well balanced and presented in Bor's baroque style. According to Bor, Vesnin belongs to the best Slovak lyrical poets among Slovak emigre writers and enriched Slovak literature by many themes inspired by the beauty of Rome and the Mediterranean area where Vesnin has lived the past three or four decades. Several collections of Vesnin's poetry undoubtedly prove that Italy enchanted him, though many of his verses were written with patriotic overtones and "heimweh" for his native Slovakia. Since every book on Slovak literature in foreign languages is a valuable contribution to our efforts to acquaint the Western world with Slovak culture, we cannot but welcome the newest publication by Prof. Jan E. Bor. J. M. K i r s c h b a um THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA heartily commends all efforts of our governmental and other organs to ferret out and unmask all Communists and fellow travellers, as well as all persons and organizations who wittingly or unwittingly give aid and comfort to the conspiracy of Communism promoted by the Soviet Union. �190 SLOVAKIA BOOKS ON JEWS IN SLOVAKIA Reviewed by Dr. Arved G r e b e r t during the past several centuries. The first volume contains an especially worthwhile article in two parts by Dr. Lidia Rothkirchen, a member of the research staff of Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. Her contribution, "Slovakia (1848-1938)" presents a very keen and rather accurate picture of the history of Slovakia and the Jews in that country. Naturally, in all of the articles dealing with the law, religion, social organization, etc., the writers faithfully record the history of the Jews in Slovakia. The second volume contains the article of Rabbi Hugo Stransky who was a former chief rabbi in Zilina. His is an arresting chapter on "The Religious Life in Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia," Then, too, Frank Reichenthal's "Jewish Art in Slovakia" is a very interesting review by the former chief of the department of decorative art at the State School of Applied Arts in Bratislava from 1932 to 1938. Before emigrating to United States in 1948 he served as president of the Slovak Artists' Association from 1946 to 1947. This first volume contains Eugen Barkany's "Jewish Cemeteries in Slovakia" article by the late architect and builder ( 1886-1967) and co-founder of the Jewish Museum in Presov, Slovakia. Some of the artistic motives on the gravestones, the writer observes, show a definite influence of Slovak folk art, indicating a close, intimate relationship between the Jews and the Slovaks. Gertrude Hirschler's "The His- The Jews of Czechoslovakia, histori- Europe cal studies and surveys, edited by "The Jewish Publication Society of America," Philadelphia, and the "Society for the History of Czechoslovak Jews," New York, Vol. I, 5728-1968, pp. 583, Vol. II, 5732-1971, pp. 707. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 67-12372. Up to the present time two volumes on the history of the Jews in Czecho-Slovakia constitute an unusually valuable contribution on the history of the inhabitants of that state. The Jews in Czech lands, in Slovakia and in Sub-Carpathian Russia (Ruthenia) made a vital contribution to the Jews in general but also to the history of the people in those regions, namely, the Czechs, Germans, Slovaks, Magyars and the Ukrainians. The authors of the various articles by their objective and calm tone do not digress from a strictly scientific analysis, even when the themes, which in their tragic dimensions and consequences, understandably provide the occasion for an outburst of wrath and recrimination. In this respect the work is extraordinary effective and convincing. In no way do the authors avoid sensitive subjects. They neither ignore nor sidestep realities that have frequently been used as pretexts for criticism by the enemies of Jewry. These they explain and place in special categories in the destiny of the Jews, for example, in the framework of the historical evaluation of central and eastern �SLOVAKIA tory of Agudah Israel in Slovakia (1918-1939)" is interesting, too. Of course, in all of the articles ranging from studies of various movements, organizational life, religious welfare, education, art, etc., there is a large number of facts about the life of the Jews in Slovakia and their relationship to the local inhabitants, chiefly, the Slovaks and Magyars. The number is so great that it is virtually impossible to review them all but at least we have mentioned some of them relating specifically to Slovakia. Dr. Lidia Rothkirchen's "Slovakia (1848-1938)" deserves special attention. Her article in two parts covers 53 pages. A number of facts mentioned are known only by Slovak historians and experts. For instance, the writer states that in 1858 there were 308 Jewish schools in Hungary. Of this number 131, ie., almost 45%, were located in the Bratislava school district. Bratislava, therefore, was a very important center of Jewish learning in the kingdom of Hungary. Among the charter members of the Matica Slovenska (the leading cultural organization of the Slovaks in the last century) we find a number of Jews. When the government in Budapest gave orders to close down the Slovak central schools (junior colleges) in Revuca, Klastor pod Znievom and Turciansky Svaty Martin (all in Slovakia at the time under Hungarian imperial rule), two Jewish members of the Diet (Moritz Wehrman and Eduard Horn) spoke up and requested that the schools be kept open. Dr. Lidia Rothkirchen notes that before the Jews won equal rights in Hungary, the people of Liptovsky Sv. Mikulas elected Izak Diner, a Jew, as Mayor of the city. A number of Jews later served as mayors in the same city. She 191 reminds the reader that Slovak Jews played an important role in the Zionist movement in the kingdom of Hungary. Two Jews from Bardejov (eastern Slovakia), Julius Davidsohn and Julius Davidovic, attended the first Zionist Congress in Basle, Switzerland (1897). Eight of thirteeen Zionist chapters established in Hungary were located in Slovakia, namely, in Bratislava, Nitra, Trnava, Prefov, Ko~ice, Kezmarok, Dolny Kubin and Banska Bystrica, and the first Zionist congress in Hungary convened in Bratislava in 1903. The following year the World Mizrahi Congress met in the Slovak capital. The writer notes that the Magyar government in Budapest considered the Zionist movement with the same disfavor as it did the nationalistic movement of the Slovaks in their country. During World War I both the Zionist movement and the activities of the Slovak patriots were banned by law. Names of outstanding Jewish writers and scientists are listed by Dr. Rothkirchen. She points out that Jewish writers in their novels and romances touched upon the J ewish problem in the framework of a Slovak historical background. Dr. Lidia Rothkirchen cites that in 1921 of a totaI of 135,918 Jews in Slovakia, 70,522 were registered as Jews, 29,290 as Slovaks and the rest as Magyars, Germans, Rusins, etc. The 1930 census showed 44,009 registered as Slovaks and 72,644 as J ews. This figure represents quite convincing proof of the rapid Slovakization of the Jewish population. Had it not been for the tragic events of World War II, this process of amalgamation would have inevitably resulted in a very advantageous symbiosis of the Slovak Jews and the Slovaks. She writes (page 105): From 1933 on "the Slovaks more and more o- �192 SLOVAKIA penly advocated either detachment from Czechoslovakia altogether and establishment of an independent Slovakia, or a Slovakia which would enjoy much wider autonomy and self-rule." In general this work may be accepted as a very valuable contribution to the history of the people inhabiting Czecho-Slovakia. Every public or private library should have it on its shelves. No scholar who is interested in the history of this area can be without it. To a large extent without the untiring efforts of L'udovit Sturc, president of the Society for the History of the Czechoslovak Jews in New York, this important work in two volumes would not have come to press. Mr. Sturc is a native of Slovakia and a friend of Slovak writers and artists. Unfortunately, so far his work has not been adequately appreciated. cin, Kosice, Jasov, Spisske Podhradie, Levoca, Kezmarok, Podolinec, Nove Zamky and Hlohovec. Kosice, Bardejov, Trencin, Skalica, Hlohovec, Trnava, Pezinok and Bratislava are listed separately as centers of Jewish libraries and culture. Dr. Schreiber, recognized universally as an authority in his field, considers the material found in the area now known as Slovakia as an important part of the culture of the Jews who inhabited Hungary during the Middle Ages. This work, which was lacking in scientific literature, is the beginning of further research in the archives and libraries in this direction throughout Slovakia. It is, at the same time an interesting proof, or evidence, for the tradition of the high degree of culture of the population in Slovakia during the Medieval era. Karl Baum: Nazi Anti-Jewish Legislation in the Czech Protectorate, a Documentary, in "Soviet Jewish Affairs," a Journal on Jewish Problems in the USSR and Eastern Europe, London, No. 3, May, 1972. Published by the Institute Dr. Alexander Schreiber, director of Jewish Affairs, London, in asof the Rabbinical Seminary in Busociation with the World Jewish dapest, has written a very noteCongress in Geneva. worthy book on the cultural history Karl Baum's article is noteworthy of the Jews in Slovakia during the Medieval era. The book contains a for several reasons. In his introlist and analysis of 172 Hebrew duction the writer states that the codex fragments which were used anti-Jewish legislation in the Czech protectorate (1939-1945) has not for book-bindings. Together with Arpad Zoltan of been properly treated in ternationthe Slovak Academy of Sciences in al scientific writings so far, while Bratislava the author studied the a rich and documented literature archives and libraries in the fol- about anti-Jewish regulations in lowing Slovak cities and towns: Hitler's Germany does exist. Those Bratislava, Cerveny Kamen pri who studied this question outside Modre, Pezinok, Jur near Bratisla- of Hitler's sphere ordinarily did va, Trnava, Nitra, Nova Bana, Ban- not study the laws of the protectorska Bystrica, Turciansky Svaty ate, which they assumed were an Martin, Dolny Kubin, Bytca, Tren- integral part of the Reich and those Alexander Schreiber: Hebriiische Kodexuberreste in Ungarlb."ndischen Eibandstafeln. Heber Kodexmaradvanyok magyarorszagi kotestablakban. Budapest, 1969. I �SLOVAKIA who studied anti-Jewish laws in Hitler's Germany did not consider the protectorate because it did not belong directly to the framework of the Third Reich. Baum, at least, partially fills this void. The writer gives a detailed study on anti-Jewish legislation in the Czech Protectorate and traces the execution of the laws not only by the Nazis but also by the Czech government officials in the Protectorate. Baum's study from this viewpoint is highly important because he has brought to the international forum little known or unknown facts which were hidden on the pages of "The Collection of Laws and Regulations" promulsignatures of President (Dr.) Hacha or Czech ministers. Baum emphasizes that these laws of the wartime Czech protectorate "reflect only part of the unmitigated evil to which one of the leading Jewish communities was to fall victim. They carry little evidence of persecution and harassment on the local level, nor do they mirror the share of those of non-German vintage in Czechoslovakia who had come in to participate in the great hunt of the century and to divide its spoils. It must be left to future historians to establish their contribution to the tragedy of Czechoslovak Jewry." Baum calls attention to the December 1, 1930, Census in CzechoSlovakia as listing the number of Jews as 356,830, which is inaccurate inasmuch 15,000 Jews from Germany found refuge there when Hitler came to power. Of 854,600 who were registered as atheists in Czecho-Slovakia, according to Baum, at least 10% were of Jewish origin. Moreover, there was no provision for a natural increase of the Jewish population from 1930 to 1939. Consequently, the author's estimate has some 457,000 Jews in Czecho-Slo- 193 vakia by 1938, hence actually 100,000 more than is generally indicated in the figures. All of the above, the author concludes, became innocent victims of inhumane discrimination and inhuman mistreatment in the lands of the Czech Protectorate during World War II. ANNUAL FURDEK Jednota Annual FURDEK 1973, Vol. XII, 1973. Edited by Joseph C. Krajsa. Publisher, The First Catholic Slovak Union. Printed by Jednota Press, Middletown, Pa. 208 pages. This publication, Jednota Annual Furdek, continues commendably in the footsteps of Philip A. Hrobak, the first editor who conceived the idea of addressing it to our youth for their benefit. The present volume offers the youthful reader valuable information and inspiration as well. The 12th volume is definitely youth oriented, for it gives several phases of the background of our early Slovak immigrants to American shores and a look at the historic homeland of our parents and grandparents. Quite appropriately the Furdek leads off with a pictorial introduction of the officers of the Jednota because they are the official representatives of the organization that has a membership close to 100,000. Daniel Tanzone discusses fraternalism and the Slovak immigrant in a highly readable and documented study of the origins and growth of Slovak fraternal organizations in this country. Introduction of Janko Kral', Slovak revolutionary poet of the 19th century, by Joseph Kirschbaum, Ph.D., LL.D., of Toronto, Canada, is rather timely in view of current �194 SLOVAKIA Catholic unity is a .serious reminder in our times to stand united in the Faith of our Fathers when diversity of opinions, various modes of liturgical worship, and even divergent doctrinal proposals are dangerous challenges to the orthodoxy of our faith. Father Franko's Slovak Christmas Eve sacred vignette should be adopted by every Christian family to help preserve the spirit and true meaning of a genuinely Christian yuletide season. Reproductions (in exquisite color) of the stained glass windows adorning the Chapel of the Jednota Home are a pictorial portrayal of the spirit of faith that inspired their creation and at the same time a public testimonial of honor of two of the most famous Slovak priests of our age, namely, Father Furdek, founder of the Jednota, and Father Tiso, the martyr-president of the Slovak Republic. Clevelanders will no doubt find the article by Slovak Bet1edictine scribe, Fr. Andrew V. Pier, 0.S.B., on early Slovak immigrants interesting . . . and his other contributions informative. The story about Staff Sergeant Frank Mitka, a Veteran of the U.S. Army for more than thirty years, brings into the limelight a career soldier who enjoyed military life . . . he was a forerunner of the present-day volunteer army. The valaska, a traditional Slovak weapon designed for protection ... not aggression . . . is a national symbol of strength and resistance The Slovak Catholic Federation against the forces of injustice and of America is primarily an associa- tyranny. Sheep and their shepherds in tion of Slovak Catholic fraternal organizations that hold the Church Slovakia are the subjects of a roin highest esteem because their mantic setting (an idyllic scene on members accept it as a society the mountainside) with the venerestablished by Christ for the salva- able 'baca' holding his young proteges spell-bound as they listen to tion of their immortal souls. Monsignor Gallik's article on an endless series of thrilling epi- trends that are characterized by the same spirit of restlessness, r adical change, disillusionment and a mixture of hope and despair that marked the life and work of a Slovak poet who was in the forefront of the struggle for social justice and political freedom. St. Joseph the Workman, the universal patron of workingmen everywhere, is a favorite saint of men who must toil at manual labor. The statue of St. Joseph overlooking the industrial environs of St. Michael Slovak parish, Munhall, Pa., in the heart of the steel industry of the Pittsburgh area is a constant inspiration to the passerby. Tribute to Karl Pacanovsky, 'a philosopher-craftsma n' at the Hill School in Pottstown, Pa. for more than three decades, is a well deserved one for a Slovak worker who was dedicated to his tasks in his workshop. R. H. Andrews' article on India is an eye-opener for those who know so little about the great work accomplished by Catholic missionaries in the Far East. Furdek's youth panel of scholarship winners (39 young men and 2:5 young women) is a fine representation of Jednota's honor students of the past year. Paul Berish in his Relevant contribution finds fault ... and rightly so . . . with the mishandling of facts about the Slovaks and their history by American journalists, newsreporters, and even socalled editorial writers and historians. �SLOVAKIA sodes around the fireside after the evening chores are done, but members of a definite economic class that is an asset to the country and its people. Even the Croatians, by exception, get a boost in this year's Furdek as Father Wuerl recalls the 1,000th anniversary of the feast of St. Blaise, celebrated in the town of Dubrovnik, Croatia, on February 3, 1972. Paul Berish uncovers the 'hidden life of Brother Rudolf' over a span of fifty years as a tailor in the service of the Lord in the tailorshop of a monastic Redemptorist community. Salt in Slovakia has been a rich commodity for Slovakia and neighboring states in central Europe for many centuries. Solivar, near Pre~ov, continues to mine salt to the present day by modern methods and techniques. Michael Kurak of the Holy Trinity Slovak parochial school in Yonkers, N. Y. tells the world he is a Slovak . . . and proud of it! Father Robert Terentieff is presented by Dr. Michael Simko to our readers as an artist, teacher, dramatist, zealous shepherd of souls and preserver of Slovak customs in Connecticut. The pictorial contribution of Paul C. Fallat, Slovak artist, on an important phase in the life of Father Hlinka who was 'a fearless fighter for Slovak freedom' is an atractive re-enactment of the highlights of the Slovak leader's dynamic career that helped win the struggle for the Slovak nation's political freedom before World War II. American and Canadian Translators of Slovak poetry by Dr. J . M. Kirschbaum, Slovak diplomat and writer, not only touches upon translations of Slovak poems but lists a considerable number of 195 translations from Slovak prose. Included in the list of translators with such world known personalities as Bjornson, Seton-Watson and Denis are W. Kirkconnell, J. Vajda, I. Kramoris, M. Sprinc, K. Strmen and Sister M. Tybor, SS.C.M. The Tool Box by Alvin Lehar brings to light an amusing incident in the early life of Stan Sladek, a Slovak professional football player from the Bronx in the 1950's and 1960's. Dorothy Day, the 74-year-old Catholic social worker, speaker, publisher and activist during most of her lifetime, is given tribute by Joseph McLellan who characterizes the remarkable champion of social justice and evangelical poverty as 'a prophet of Catholic social concern.' Dr. Kirschbaum attempts to sift the truth from falsehood in the conflicting accounts involving the creation of the Slovak Republic on March 14, 1939 . . . almost six months before the German invasion of Poland started the war. Australia beckoned several thousand freedom-loving Slovaks to seek their livelihood there after their country was locked up behind the Iron Curtain. Approximately ten thousand Slovaks in exile are found in southern Australia. Father Matthew Jankola (founder of the Religious Order of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Danville, Pa.) has a proper evaluation of his lifework in the biographical sketch of Daniel Tanzone, young Slovak writer. Another promising young Slovak writer, Michael J. Krajsa, rightly gives credit to our early American Slovak leaders for establishing fraternal societies, churches, schools and social-cultural centers that flourished in their time. Krajsa concentrates on the story of the Jednota primarily. �196 SLOVAKIA Interspersed throughout the volume are short poems, designed no doubt for inspiration as well as variety . . . these adequately fulfill their purpose. Rt. Rev. Jerome Koval, 0.S.B SLOVAK PIONEERS IN AMERICA Jozef Pauco, Ph.D. Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike (Slovak Pioneers in America). First Catholic Slovak Union, Cleveland, 0. , 1972. 358 pages. Illustrated. $4.95. Slovak Pioneers in America (Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike), from the pen of Dr. Joseph Pauco, is another publication of the Jednota Press of the First Catholic Slovak Union. The book is dedicated as a living witness to the staunch and lasting accomplishments of those Slovak pioneerspriests, religious and laity-who with their whole being stood in the service of the American Slovaks. Many made outstanding cultural and literary contributions that have become part of the lasting treasury of America's worth. On these factual pages, the author and the First Catholic Slovak Union fulfill an obligation which is due to Slovak nation since it gave to America fully one-third of its people. These immigrants filled all facets of American labor and pulled themselves up from the mines, the iron pits and steel mills to the ranks of Generals, professional men, and business men, but most of all they led their people to be loyal citizens of their new country, the United States of America. It is in this vein that Pauco presents his new book Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike. When the book is translated into English, the third and fourth generations of American Slovaks will be able to fully evaluate all the accomplishments and contributions of their pioneer parents and grandparents-not only what they did for them, but for the over three million American Slovaks and for the whole of America. Pauco's work required serious research and documentation. In an objective manner he credits the life and works of the pioneers and categorizes them in their proper niche in the history of the American Slovaks, in America and the Slovak nation. He presents those leading pioneers who played the greatest role in the cultural field; those who organized fraternal societies, parishes, schools, and religious orders; those who preserved the literary culture with the publication of newspapers and books; and those who were fired with the ideal of liberty that even permeated to Slovakia. It was the American Slovaks who initiated the movement for an independent Slovakia prior to World War I. They were proud of the document known as the "Pittsburgh Pact" which became the platform of the political party in Slovakia seeking autonomy for the Slovak people. This was a unique display of cooperation and a symbolic gesture between the Slovak nation and the emigrated American Slovaks. Father J oseph A. Gajdosik, Supreme Chaplain of the First Catholic Slovak Union and Chairman of its Literary Committee-himself an eloquent and gifted writergave a few thoughts concerning Pauco's new book as he remembered reading the installments in the Jednota. "The stories of the Slovak pioneers are very provocative, enlightening and very stimulating. They reveal the joyous faith that the Slovak pioneers had, which in �197 SLOVAKIA turn motivated them in their endeavors to better their lives, and help assure a better future for their loved ones, and for Slovaks in general. The realism that FAITH has many faces is beautifully depicted in the lives of the many characters who appear in the Priekopnici! "The lives of these pioneers communicate the personal and devoted consecration to the Slovak motto of living for God and People, to such a degree, that undoubtedly young adults of the second, third, etc., Slovak generation, who perhaps have difficulty of choosing a career, will be aided by the publication of this book to select a career, which will fulfill their vocation for life. "The 'Slovak Cause' is no longer a hot issue in the average life of an American of Slovak ancestry, in fact, I find a reversing trend. However, if this book can make one cognizant of his Slovak origin, it may serve to help one gain heights which otherwise would be out of bounds, e.g. Michael Novak, and his noted book The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics. "Pauco's book is one sure way to arousing interest in the Slovak heritage on a personal and individual basis, especially among our younger people. Hopefully, an English translation will be made in the near future, so that devotion to the Slovak ethnicity will be fostered. "The book should bolster Dr. Joseph Pauco's strong thoughts about the termination and death of the Slovak language in the United States. The book is also a warning to our fair-weather-Slovaks, who claim that they received little if anything from their Slovak ancestors, for it teaches that much Slovak affluence and prestige is di- rectly the result of the conduct and work of our pioneers. "It behooves our brethren who are ashamed of their Slovak ethnicity, to study their history, and learn how everything they have was given to them, and that they should give themselves for others as our pioneers did. The ultimate lesson is that we, Americans of Slovak ancestry, should foster and serve the Slovak cause and ideal, at least as much, if not better then our pioneers in early America." Dr. Joseph Pauco came to the United States 22 years ago. He earned his doctorate in Philosophy at the Slovak University in Bratislava. As a historian and journalist, he has dedicated himself fully to the service of the American Slovaks. He has spent all his time in the United States on the editorial staff of Jednota, the Catholic Weekly of the First Catholic Slovak Union. He is also the publisher of the oldest Slovak newspaper in America Slovak v Amerike (American Slovak) and is a contributor to many other periodicals. He is the author of over 20 books, mostly dedicated to the life of the American Slovaks, including the history of the First Catholic Slovak Union and the lives of Fr. Stephen Furdek and Fr. Matthew Jankola. His many hundreds of articles, especially the column "Slovaci a ich zivot" (Slovaks and Their Life ) in Jedno ta, systematically record the accomplishments and efforts of the American Slovaks and their institutions. Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike is in itself a pioneer book. Nothing to date has been published in such documentary detail about American Slovak pioneers. The First Catholic Slovak Union is proud to publish this vital literary work of Dr. Joseph Pauco. Joseph c. Krajsa �198 SLOVAKIA JANKOLA'S CENTENNIAL Jankola centennial Books.-Pamiitnica 100-ho vyrocia narodenia Otca Matusa Jankolu (1872-1972). - Jankola Book. Honoring the Centennial of the Birth of Father Matthew Jankola (1872-1972) Both of these books were prepared and published by the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius, collaborating at Jankola Library in Danville, Pennsylvania, July-August, 1972, under the chairmanship of Sister M. Martina Tybor. The historian of the future who undertakes a study of the history of the Slovak people will inevitably reach out for the most objective of resource materials available. And it is just such a balanced, such a level and extraordinary objective and tastefully factual contribution that has appeared this year as an enrichment in the specific field of Slovak-American immigrant chronicles. The work consists of two distinct volumes, one in English and one in Slovak (similar but not identical in content), delineating the life and the achievements of Father Matthew Jankola, pioneer SlovakAmerican priest and patriot, who was a leader, educator, writer, and the founder of the American community, Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius. This eminently commendable publication project was endorsed and sponsored by Mother M. Valeria Romanchek, Superior General of the congregation, and it became a reality only by reason of the dedication, diligence, and scholarship of the Sisters who were fittingly associated with Jankola Library in this undertaking. Jankola Library is directed by Sister M. Martina Tybor and under her chairmanship there evolved an editorial committee consisting of Mother M. Emerentia Petra~ek, Sister M. Lilliana Kardo~, Sister M. Consuela Gregorovic, Sister M. Philomena Abbick, Sister M. Tarcisia Gregorovic and Sister Donna Marie Ivanko. By their personal effort and professional talent these Sisters worked to contribute every aspect of the publication: the researching and compiling of data, literary composition, technical composing and preparation of copy, multilith reproduction, collating and binding. Susan Oravec of Peckville, Pa. designed the artistic and becoming cover portrait, and photography was done by Joseph McGlinn of Danville and John Gre~kovic of Olyphant, Pa. The books credit items of information etc. contributed by Sisters M. John Vianney, M. Eileen McCoy, M. Regina, M. Bernardine, M. Raphael, and M. Yolanda. Each volume consists of 134 pages, is fully protected by copyright and is dedicated to the memory of the esteemed Founder of this American community of sisters whose prime apostolates are teaching and caring for the orphaned and the aged. The sisters thus express the gratitude which is justly due to Father Jankola not only by this community but by all the Slovak people both in this country and abroad, especially for his priestly zeal in promoting spirituality and culture, for his selfsacrifice on behalf of his fellowman, his leadership and vision as well as his determination to better the lot of the Slovak immigrant in America. The opening pages of each souvenir book contain commemorative poetry of high quality. The text also includes rich and informative articles such as a biography which cover the fruitful work of Father Jankola's lifetime of less than fifty �SLOVAKIA years, a historical survey of the founding of the community and reminiscences of some who knew Father J ankola well. Another important contribution in these books is the descriptive account of Jimkola Library at Danville, Pa., its holdings, areas of service, prospects, etc. Of special interest is a picture of Father J ankola's two surviving sisters, Mrs. Irma J ankola Srbova and Mrs. Luisa J ankola Sopkova of Slovakia, together with a reproduction of the congratulatory lines which they sent to grace the centennial celebration. As a special supplement in each book are the news reports and 199 photographs which record the centennial observance and the Jankola Exhibit of Memorabilia held at Danville on August 13, 1972. The news accounts were prepared by Dr. Joseph Pauco, Slovak journalist and editor, and by Rev. Augustine J. Zan, Chaplain at Maria J oseph Manor. These unique books creditably record the work of Father Jankola and honor him worthily for the legacy which he bequeathed to the Church, to the Slovak nation and to his adopted country, the USA. Although this is a limited edition, copies are still available at J ankola Library, Danville, Pa. 17821. Rev. Augustine J. Za n Annual S L O V A K I A is published by the Slovak League of America, 313 Ridge Ave., Middletown, Pa. 17057. Subscription $3.00. Editor: Joseph Pauto, Ph. D. Editorial Board: Draga 0/vlnska, Louis Kandra, Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D., Joseph A. Miku§, Ph. 0., Fr. Andrew Pier, O.S.B., M.A., Daniel F. Tanzone, M.A., Sister M. Tybor, SS.C.M., M.A. �SLOVAKIA 200 Contents The Slovak Word Abroad - Gorazd Zvonicky - 3 Twenty Years of the Slovak Institute in Cleveland - Joseph Paufo,Ph.D. -16 The Inflectional Morphology of Standard Slovak: A Descriptive Analysis John Michael Kochik, Ph:D. - 24 The Ethnical Philosophy of nudovit Stur - Stefan Polakovi~ - 29 Fortieth Anniversary Canadian Slovak League - Edward J. Behuncik -48 Youth in Search of Slovak Identity and Pride - John Llhani, Ph.D. -53 A New Phase in the Socialist Economic Reform - V. J. Hurley - 57 The Renaissance of the Slovak American Literature - P. O'Reilly - 66 Cultural Revival of American and Canadian Slovaks - Jozef Paufo, Ph.D. -72 Dr. J. M. Kirschbaum - F . Vnuk - 82 Select Bibliography of Foreign Language Writings by Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum - 92 Evaluation of Dr. Kirschbaum's Writings by Critics - 101 /Diplomatic and Consular Relations of Slovakia with Neutral States - J. M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D. - 111 Mother M . Emerentia Petrasek - 123 The Declining Democratic Facade: Czecho-Slovakia 1948-1960 - S. J.B. -129 Youth, Our Hope - Pavo! 0 . Hviezdoslav - 140 Ethnicity and Research - Dr. Steven I. Miller - 141 Ethnics Work Hard - Msgr. James T. McHugh - 153 The American Political Question - Edward M. Zelenak - 155 Current Issues - 158 As Others See It - 170 Book Reviews (J. M. Kirschbaum - Books on Slovakia - Galla Golan: The Czechoslovak Reform Movement - Wolfgang Venohr: Aufstand fiir die Tschecho-Slowakei - Slovak Studies, Volume Vlll and IX - Joseph Vravrovic: L'oecumenisme et le panslavisme de l'abbe Jean Palarik - Milan S. f>urica: La Morte di M. R. Stefanik Alla Luce Dei Documenti Militari Italiani Inediti - Michael Novak: The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics - Slavs in Canada, Vol. III - Jaroslaw A. Piekalkiewicz: Public Opinion Polling in Czechoslovakia - Milan S. f>urica (Ed.): II Mondo Slavo, Vol. Ill; New Collections of Slovak ~migre Poetry - Rudolf Dilong: IIladny vetrik - Jan L. Doransky: Od splnu po zatmenie - Rudolf Dilong: Pomikam chlieb so sol'ou - Jan Okal': Cielito Lindo Jan E. Bor: Eugen Vesnin; Books on Jews in Slovakia -reviewed by Dr. Arved Grebert - (Ed.): The Jews of Czechoslovakia Alexander Schreiber: Hebriiische Kodexilberreste in Ungarliindischen Eibandstafeln - Karl Baum: Nazi Anti-Jewish Legislation in the Czech Protectorate - Jednota Annual FURDEK reviewed by Rt. Rev. Jerome Koval, O.S.B. - Jozef Paufo, Ph.D.: Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike (by Joseph C. Krajsa) - Jankola Centennial Books (by Rev. Augustine J. Zan) - 174 �Our Contributors Gorazd Zvonicky - poet, professor, Rome, Italy author, historian, Middletown, Pa. Joseph Pauco, Ph.D. - assistant professor of Czech and Russian, University of Nebraska, Lincoln John M. Kochik, Ph.D. - former professor at the Slovak University, Bratislava, Slovakia, now in Argentina Stefan Polakovic, Ph;D. - attorney-at-law, Stratford, Conn. Edward J. Behuncik - professor of Hispanic Linguistics, University of John Lihani, Ph.D. - Kenrtucky Francis Vnuk - historian; professor, Institute of Technology, Adelaide, Australia Joseph M . Kirschbaum, LL.D., Ph-D. - historian, author, Toronto, Ontario Pav ol 0. Hviezdoslav - noted Slovak poet Sr. M . Martina Tybor, SS.C-M. - teacher and author, Danville, Pa. assistant professor, Sociology of Education, Loyola University, Chicago, Ill. Dr. Steven I. MiUer - Msgr. James T. McHugh - diocese of Harrisburg, Pa. Edward M. Zelenak - musician, college student, Detroit, Michigan Dr. Arved Grebert - former Slovak diplomat, now in Switzerland Rt. Rev . Jerome Koval, O.S-B. - Abbot, St. Andrew's Svorad Slovak Abbey, Cleveland, Ohio Joseph C. Krajsa - Editor, Jednota, Middletown, Pa. Rev. Augustine J . Zan - author, Danville, Pa. V . J . Hurley; P. O'ReiUy and S. J. B. - Slovak American students �PRI NTI D IN U.S. A. JIDN OTA PlllN TER Y, MID DLli TOW N, PA. � 158 SLOVAKIA CURRENT ISSUES ·Proclamation Adopted by Sf oval< League of America CHICAGO, ILL. - MAY 27, 1972 Assembled in the Congress, the delegates to the 43rd Biennial Congress of the Slovak League of America, unanimously adopt this resolution: 1. The Slovak League of America will continue with all its energies to support, to advance and to spread the doctrine of self determination and freedom for all nations, as these are principles espoused by our own United States of America. 2. The Slovak League of America will continue with its cultural and civic programs, by means of its scholarships and other undertakings. Thus, we will better inform the free world, especially here in our own country, of the centuries-old aspirations and rights of Slovak nation. We feel these rights will be best enjoyed in some type of European federation or union in which the citizens of a free and independent Slovakia will decide their own destiny. 3. In furtherance of the above goals, the Slovak League of America will continue to work closely with all Slovak organizations, publications and institutions everywhere; thereby giving moral, financial and practical support to the aspirations of more than three million Slovaks torn away from their native soil, as well as to the downtrodden brethren in subjugated Slovakia. 4. As one of the founders of the Slovak World Congress, the Slovak League of America endorses the program of the Slovak World Congress and make available to it all its powers and resources. �SLOVAKIA 159 5. The Slovak League of America makes special request to all Slovak groups to appeal to the Slovak youthfor they are our future-without them the Slovak cause, especially here in the United States of America, will not long endure. 6. Finally, we solicit the continued sacrifices and dedication of all Slovak-Americans and American-Slovaks, fortunate enough to enjoy the freedom and privileges of our great Country, so that in our hopes for peace to men of goodvill, our subjugated brethren, may in God's good time likewise enjoy such freedoms. THE SWVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Edward J. B eh u n c i k, President Joseph Pa u co, Secretary MEMORANDUM of the Slovak Catholic Mission in Australia Director-General UNESCO Place De Fontenoy Paris vrre France Dear Sir: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization has proclaimed the year 1972 as "International Book Year". This is a worthy undertaking and deserves every good success, but it is to be regretted that not all of mankind is in a position to freely participate in it. \ rticle IX of the Charter of the Book states: "The free flow of books between countries is an essential supplement to national supplies and promotes international understanding." �168 SLOVAKIA Contrary to this statement and the current year program of UNESCO is the practice of the Government of the Czecho-Slovak Socialistic Republic and the Governments of other countries under Communist rule and culturally dominated by Moscow. These countries discriminate in the exchange of books and printed matter in general. While the free world is flooded with propaganda and literature issued by the Soviet Block countries, there is great discrimination in the Communist countries against literature published in the free world, and into CzechoSlovakia the entry of religious and the like books is actually prohibited. This is being done in spite of the fact that Communist Block countries are members of the United Nation organization and are signitories of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The purpose of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization according to its constitution is "To contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations." The Slovak Nation, one of many enslaved by Communism, has a high regard for this noble objective of UNESCO but is prevented in carrying out its part in it. The purpose of this memorandum is to draw your attention to the plight in which the Slovak Nation has been placed by no fault of its own, and also to point out that the action required to remedy the ills of the systems dominating the life of Slovaks under Moscow supremacy is long overdue. The Slovak Nation is the oldest Christian Nation in Central Europe. Its country is Slovakia with a population of 4,542,098. This Nation is not in a position to exercise the rights as enumerated for every human being by the United Nations. At the time when the most fundamental freedoms of �SLOVAKIA 161 mankind were announced by the United Nations, the Slovak Nation was stripped of them by the power of Moscow which marked the end of the Slovak Independent Republic, .and Slovakia was forcibly joined with Bohemia and Moravia in the Czecho-Slovak Socialistic Republic. By this arbitrary act the Slovak Nation was in 1945 deprived of the principle of self-determination affirmed by the Charter of the United Nations. Chapter I, article 1, paragraph 2 reads: (The purposes of the United Nations are) "To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and selfdetermination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace." The Slovak Nation is not free to choose its form of government and is ruled by the totalitarian system under the banner of international Communism. Consequently with regard to the objectives of UNESCO the Slovak Nation is not in a position to develop itself according to its Christian character and thus it is not free either to contribute to the cultural wealth of the human family or to enjoy its benefits. UNESCO holds that for the promotion of its activities, three of the rights, enumerated in the Universal Declaration are of outstanding importance: 1. "The right to education ( article 26) 2. "The right of culture (article 27) 3. "The right to freedom of information (article 19)". The Slovak Nation does not enjoy freedom to claim and exercise any of these rights. 1. Paragraph 2, of article 26 reads: "Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace." �162 SLOVAKIA Human personality can be fully developed when an individual enjoys the most fundamental freedoms such as: freedom freedom freedom freedom of speech, of belief, from fear, from want. The Slovak Nation enjoys none of these. The whole educational system in Slovakia is saturated with Marxism, which is contrary to the Christian character of the Slovak Nation. The promoting of tolerance is unknown to Communism which is disseminating hatred and it is disrupting unity on all levels of life. For Communism "peace" means the domination of private and public life according to the teaching of Marxism. According to paragraph 3 of article 26, "Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children." The Slovak parents are denied this right for in Slovakia there is only the Communist system of education. In 1945 Slovakia had 1887 Catholic schools. All of them were confiscated by Communists and the children of Catholic parents (also other religions) were indoctrinated in Marxism. 2. Article 27, paragraph 1, reads: "Everyone has the right freely participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and it..s benefits." In Slovakia culture, arts, science have been made servants of Communism and they have no value unless they are guided by principles of Marxism and unless they are designed for the promotion of Communism. 3. According Article 19: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers." �163 SLOVAKIA In Slovakia there is no freedom of opinion and expression. These have to be in conformity with Marxism. Ideas and opinions are usually communicated by books, newspapers, radio, television and public addresses. But in Slovakia, these medias are Communist controlled and are designed to promote militant atheism. What has been said about the situation in Slovakia, applies also to a lesser or greater degree to other countries under Communist rule, and while Communist propaganda and literature is freely distributed in the countries of the Western Democracies, the frontiers of the countries under Communist domination are virtually sealted to the printed word from the West. This especially applies to articles of a religious nature. This state of affairs is contrary to the spirit of the United Nations and is alien to the objectives of UNESCO. Its toleration would only strengthen the hand of international Communism and encourage all actual or potential dictators in their drive to enslave the rights and freedom of mankind. Having this in mind, we respectfully request that: a) You bring the plight of the Slovak Nation to the attention of the General Assembly of the United Nations Organization, b) the dignity of Slovaks be fully restored, so that the Slovak Nation can take an honorable place in the family of free Nations according to the spirit of the United Nations and aims of UNESCO. We trust that you will assist us in our request that justice be done to the Slovak Nation and so fulfill the principles of the United Nations and aims of UNESCO. Yours respectfully, Rev. Jan Krasnansky, s. V.D. Chaplain to the Slovak Community in Sydney Jan Secansky Sydney, August 1972 Delegate to the Religious Section of the Slovak World Congress �164 SLOVAKIA Ethnic Studies at C.C.N.Y. and the First Course on the Slavic American Heritage The City College of the City University of New York has long taken pride both in the achievements of its students and in the leading role it has played in recognizing and adapting to new ethnic and cultural developments in New York's multi-cultural and multi-national community. For many years C.C.N.Y. has ranked with Harvard and the University of California at Berkeley in the number of its graduates who go on for doctorates. This year The City College again took a leadership role by initiating the nation's first college level course on the Slavic American Heritage. Different ethnic groups at City College have long struggled for recognition and have broadened the college's involvement in the community by pressing for the establishment of new programs and courses more "relevant" to their ethnic backgrounds. In response to the students' demands at C.C.N.Y. in 1969, New York's Board of Higher Education authorized The City College to establish a Department of Urban and Ethnic Studies (UES) which would engage in both instruction and research. This department assists students in preparing for new careers in community leadership, public service, education, and work with voluntary agencies in urban areas. In September of 1969 the new Department of Urban and Ethnic Studies opened its doors with 183 students enrolled in two courses in Afro-American and Puerto Rican Studies. The following semester courses in urban and community affairs were added. During the second year the curriculum was expanded to include the beginnings of Chinese-American and Carribean Studies. From the beginning the Department of Urban and Ethnic Studies exhibited striking vitality and growth. The number of courses given by the Department rose from two (in the fall of 1969) to thirteen (in the spring of 1970) and then to twenty-three (in the spring of 1971). From �SLOVAKIA 165 seven sections in the first semester it grew to forty-two in the spring of 1971, while student enrollment rose from 183 to about 1400. By Fall 1971, UES had been divided into three separate departments: Black Studies, Puerto Rican Studies, and Asian Studies. At the same time a separate department of Jewish Studies had been created. It became administration policy that an ethnic studies department could be established only if the particular ethnic group consisted of at least 5 percent of the student population at C.C.N.Y. Only the four ethnic groups listed above contributed this much. Others would have to be satisfied with basic courses only. At present, City College's four ethnic studies departments offer a total of over 120 courses; these are attended by more than 2300 students. Courses cover such varied subjects as "Asian Women", "Black Folklore", "Community Power Analysis and Research", "Political Modernization in Black America", "The Contemporary Puerto Rican Family", "Jewish Identity", "Jewish American Community", "Ethnic Leaders", "Field Work Experience in a Bilingual Environment", and "Creative Research in Urban and Ethnic Studies". Although hundreds of Slavic-American students attend The City College, they do not constitute 5 percent of the student body. Nonetheless many of them are eager to explore their ethnic heritage within the context of college study. America's Slavic-speaking population constitutes one of the most significant "white minority" groups in the country. Today, when all minority groups are trying to assert their contribution to the nation's growth, very little has been done to explore this group's history, culture, social problems and its struggle to maintain its identity in the United States. Systematic study of Slavic-Americans and their heritage is long overdue. There is a strong feeling of ethnic awareness among some members of the younger generation, there are also strong indications that the melting pot conception can not be maintained any longer and that America is beginning to recognize and appreciate the diversity of its ethnic elements in terms of a new cultural pluralism . .As Prof. Michael Novak puts it in his new book, The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics, "It is time for a new cultural pluralism �166 SLOVAKIA and a politics that requires this new cultural pluralism -one that draws from resources other than Anglo-Saxon history and values." The first course (being offered at City College), called Slavic American Heritage, is listed among the College's core requirements and is open to all interested students. The course is presented by Prof. Peter Goy and is being attended by 19 students. It is a survey of Slavic American Heritage. It attempts to explore the history of Slavic Americans. The course encompasses all Slavic-speaking groups in the country (Belorussian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovenian, Slovak and Ukrainian, to mention a few) and includes a brief history of Slavs in the U.S.A. from the early XVII century to the present. It stresses their struggle for survival in the New World while emphasizing the participation of Slavs in American life and the role they have played in U.S. History. It expands upon current problems of identity and assimilation facing the younger generation. It takes into scope the Slavic historical background, characteristics of the Slavic population, economic conditions, religious conditions, education and contemporary literatures of the different ethnic groups. One of the aspects of this course is original research and analysis made by the students on various aspects of our contemporary Slavic groups, such as: Polish Ethnic Press, Ukrainian Scientific Institutions, Contemporary Ethnic Leaders, Czech Community in New York, Contemporary Slovak Women in America, Rhuthenians in U.S.A., Youth Organizations and the Impact of Assimilation on SelfIdentity, Bicultural Conflict and Synthesis, etc. In order to facilitate and further the original research of the students and faculty, a collection of a Slavic Contemporary ethnic archive and library materials is essential. Therefore, we would appreciate a donation of materials such as books, pamphlets, periodicals, newspapers, leaflets, films, etc, from all Slavic ethnic groups (Belorussian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovenian, Slovak, Ukrainian and others) in the United States, a~ well as their organizations and patriotic individuals. We strongly believe that in the near future other colleges and universities, specifically those located in large �SLOVAKIA 167 Slavic communities such as Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland, Buffalo, etc., will accommodate their Slavic residents and open the door to the vast richness, resourcefulness and abundance of Slavic American Heritage. Professor P. G o y 201 Goethals Hall The City College of the University of New York New York, N. Y. 10031 What Did the Slovak Communists Want in 1968? Dr. John M. Kochik (A translation from the Slovak of Viktor Pavlenda's co chcu Slovdci published in Svet socializmu, No. 32, August 6, 1968 by Obzor Publishers, Bratislava.) "In January the movement was initiated for a democratic Czech and Slovak socialism which would be economically more dynamic, socially more just, ideologically more progressive, comprehensively more human,-making it more attractive than any existing socio-economic system. The movement for this type of socialism is fast developing across the country which two peoples and nationalities inhabit. From the very essence of this movement proceeds its most basically inherent feature, namely, the very democratization of the relationship between the two peoples, between them and the nationalities living among them, and between the nationalities living side-byside. However, should this essential element be disregarded the movement would become pseudodemocratic, despite the fact that one sector of society has been the ruling nation until now and is reputedly the most democratic. Therefore, the Slovaks have the complete right to formulate their national claims, while the Czechs have the moral responsibility of seriously considering and democratically accepting them in the new democratic atmosphere of thought and action. �168 SLOVAKIA What is the Basis of Our National Movement as a Natural Ri ght,-A Right Suppressed and Ignored in the Past? 1. A half-century should suffice for an elder brother to recognize the younger as thoroughly related, not adopted, without a stepmother, but having his same very own Czecho-Slovakian homeland. There could be no more fitting occasion to acknowledge this self-same truth than the fiftieth October-anniversary of governing together. 2. In its current history "something" always went wrong in the real autonomy of the Slovak nation. First, a word only about autonomy, later about all the remaining issues. We regard as our most natural and sacred rights the proclamation and recognition of the actual, genuine self-rule of our people. This presupposes the elimination, not only in words but in actual fact, of the present humiliating- position of Slovakia, and the providing of it with an equal opportunity of realization in all aspects of social life. 3. The road to a new, just solution of the relationships between our peoples should proceed through a politicaleconomic Czecho-Slovakian federation: an economicallyrational and nationally-just federation. Thus, we desire neither that kind of federation which would crush the Republic through a rigid control of the greater over the lesser, nor such as would shatter the Republic by indecisive free choice, one yelling 'To the left!', the other 'To the right!'. 4. The Czecho-Slovak federation should systematically transfer the inclusive spirit of the democratizing process as such into the living conditions of both nations and into the relationship between them. That means that, taken objectively, henceforth it would insure more intensively the acceleration of the process of raising the quality of conditions in realizing the Czech and Slovak labor potential both on the job as well as in life. But, simultaneously-and this indeed holds true for socialist society-it must accelerate the process of making conditions of realization of the national labor forces approach each other, and of further equalizing the comparatively large discrepancies in economic and living standards between Slovakia and the Czech regions . In these processes-the quality of conditions of utilizing the citizen as such and the relatively-equal utiliza- �SLOVAKIA 169 tion of both peoples-we realize the sense o! an economically-rational and a nationally-just federation. 5. It is completely natural (especially from the experiences of their former development) that nowadays the Slovaks are not satisfied with promises nor with a referral to the good intentions of another even though be is one's very own brother, but they require the systematic guarantee of inclusive national autonomy in a federation. We visualize the starting-point as in a nationally-just pyramid of authoritative governmental bodies; national governmental bodies with original authority-federal governmental bodies with derived competency agreed upon by the national governmental bodies. 6. We wish to establish a federation and the functioning of federal governmental bodies upon three principles: economy, flexibility and effectiveness, and national justice. The realization of these principles are demanded so that federal governmental bodies would be numerically minimal with a small apparatus. We demand the nationallyjust activity of federal governmental bodies in: the prohibition of majority-rule in legislative acts, the equal structuring of the administration and applicable solutions (that is, the prohibition of majority-rule, parity, agreements) in the federal executive governmental bodies. We implore the second, Czech, party, that is the Czech citizen:-consider this matter in silence, without prejudice, and give an answer six times! It is not an expression most completely natural that from these six basic principles the Slovaks proceed, placing one bother on an equal footing with the other brother? Or, does someone wish to shout us down repeatedly with the renewed expression: "Co vlastne ti Slovdci chteji?" (In the original Slovak text this question is given in the Czech language and meaning "What do those Slovaks actually want?", note that this question relates to the title and theme of the article.-Translator's comment.) I will not cease being an optimist. I still believe that the answer of our Czech brother will be non-Antonine (A passible reference to Antonin Novotny, First Party Secretary and the President of the Republic, his regime, policies and character.-Translator's comment), different in substance from its present usage, and that it will be worthy to the development of the Czech people." �170 SLOVAKIA AS OTHERS SEE IT The Church in Czecho-Slovakia been forced into early retirement is very weak, but it will continue to make them scarcer. Yet, strange as it may sound, the to survive. There are 14 dioceses, but only two bishops. The govern- government is not suppressing rement will not permit any more to ligion altogether. Firstly, it is be consecrated, so 12 of the 14 afraid to do so. Secondly, the Comdioceses must function with a munist Party is split on the issue priest who serves as vicar for the of how much to suppress religion. diocese. The vicars are chosen Some argue that it must be persecuted as fiercely as it is in Red largely by the state. No Catholic schools are permit- China. Others say that if it is kept ted in Czecho-Slovakia, though two weak, it will gradually die out as seminaries are still functioning, Communism takes over. A third one for Czechs and one for Slovaks. point: Communist leaders for the There are about 150 in the Czech most part are becoming increasingseminary, not many for 10 million ly pragmatic. They persecute religion only in Czechs, most of whom are Catholic. There are about 200 seminarians a ritualistic way, paying lip service in the seminary for Slovaks, in to Communist ideology. They persecute it mostly inasmuch as it Bratislava. About 3,500 priests are active. constitutes a force outside of the Another 500 must work as laymen, total power structure they have since the government does not re- allocated to themselves. Absolute cognize them as priests. Approxi- dictators have always tried to permately 35 priests are ordained each secute religion and weaken it to year. Worst of all, most of the the point where it has no power, nuns have recently been confined unless they have the power in their to work as staff in mental institu- hands. The police are not much in evition. Had we a Catholic Anti-Defamation League in the United dence in Czecho-Slovakia. Nor are States, we could bring enough there Russian soldiers on the street. pressure to bear to stop such but everyone knows there are 80,000 Soviet troops stationed just abuses. Remember how Stalin used to 30 miles away. Everyone rememcall it "changing the guard" when bers how Moscow sent in 650,000 he had a purge of Party officials? troops in a great hurry four years It still goes on. Three hundred ago, to crush the "human face" thousand members of the Commu- type of Communism Alexander nist Party have been purged in Dubcek had tried to introduce. One of the first buildings I saw Czecho-Slovakia in the past four years. Forty per cent of the writers in Prague was a training school have been forced out of their pro- for future members of the Party. fession. Fifty thousand union mem- It is the Party members and they bers were purged. The remaining alone who get all the good jobs writers stick to the Communist and who run every facet of governline, attacking the clergy as "fas- ment. Membership is limited to cists" and "Nazi." A large percent- those the Party invites, such as age of the monasteries have been sons or friends of Party members, closed recently, and priests have or those who do not practice their �SLOVAKIA religion and for other reasons appeal to the ruling class. Only Party members can be candidates in a system where to be nominated by the Party is a guarantee of "election." Only Party members can hold trusted position. Only they have all the power. Communists argue that if the whole world were Communist, there would be no wars. But Czecho-Slovakia is a direct refutation of that theory. The country was brutally invaded in 1968 when it tried to humanize its type of Communism. Nor is it true that Communism lessens crime. Any visitor to Czecho-Slovakia sees prostitutes walking the main streets at night. Cars are often stripped or stolen. Drugs are not a problem, though they are in Moscow. Alcohol, which we often fail to think of as a drug, is a huge problem in all those countries. Stealing stocks and bonds is not a problem. But stealing from the state is on a much greater scale than anything we can imagine. "The whole system," I was told repeatedly, "is built on stealing."-Father Dan Lyons. Twin Circle, November 10, 1972. VIENNA (AP) - Travel fo a Westerner may be occassionally troublesome, but this is nothing compared to the battle with red tape an East European traveler encounters, if he just goes from one Communist country to another. The Slovak Assn. of Journalists recently issued what it called "a recipe for avoiding difficulties with passport and customs control" which lists so many things to do that it might in fact discourage anybody from making the trip in the first place. The association's biweekly publication, listed the regulations applying in the various East Europe- 171 an countries, which in the case of the Soviet Union alone covered 21 lines. The hard-core measures are nearly the same in every East European country. Each wants to know who crosses the border, watches that not too much of its national currency is taken out, nor rare consumer goods which the East European countries prefer to sell in the West for hard currency. Red tape starts at home. Slovaks have to file customs and foreign currency declarations; in some cases they must also have exit permits. Anyone intending to take a gift exceeding $20 along must obtain permission. Anyone wanting to visit the Soviet Union or Poland must have a visa. Joining a tour of a state travel agency makes this relatively simple. But anyone who wants to visit privately must have an invitation authenticated by a Soviet militia.-Werner Olimann WAKE FOREST, N. C. (NC)Ethnic Americans are "neither angels nor devils" but an unusual combination of political liberals and old fashioned patriots, according to Father Andrew Greeley. The ethnic "believes that progress is possible and that change is desirable," Father Greeley told a conference here on Civil Religion in America. "If he is less likely now than he was 20 years ago to describe himself as a liberal, the reason is not that he is any less committed to change or any less sympathetic with the oppressed but simply that he has much less confidence in American liberalism now." The ethnics, Father Greeley said, "like the United States of America. The flag, the 'Star Spangled Banner,' the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, the �172 SLOVAKIA Capitol building, the office of the presidency-all of these are admired symbols which together sum up the gratitude the ethnic feels for what the United States has made possible for him: freedom, dignity, comfort, security-things which his ancestors in the countries from which they fled or were driven would not have dreamt possible." Father Greeley, director of the University of Chicago's Center for the study of American Pluralism, said that members of ethnic groups are "less likely" than other Americans to favor the Vietnam war and, despite a tradition of anti-communism, they do not object to reapproachment with China or the Soviet Union." Members of ethnic groups, descendants of the most recent waves of European immigrants, have not been in America "long enough or achieved that level of security where it becomes easy to hate and despite the United States," the priest-sociologist said. "An appeal to the conscience of the ethnic against war and against injustice that is based on American patriotism has much better chance of being effective than one based on denunciation of America as a sick society, burning American flags, and ridiculing American institutions," Father Greeley said. Ethnics want to eliminate "hunger, misery, poverty, bad housing, bad education, and every other sort of social ill wherever is can be found in America," he said. "They supported the New Deal social reforms and have continued to vote for liberal congressional candidates who have extended and enlarged the New Deal." At the same time, Father Greeley said, ethnics place "a strong emphasis on the freedom and dignity of the individual person. A person should not be messed with or hassled by large bureaucratic agencies, be they governmental, labor, business, or ecclesiastical." Father Greeley spoke at a conference sponsored by the ~outhwestern Baptist Theological Seminary here and the American Jewish Committee. PITISBURGH-Tbey aren't the Same Old Steelers anymore. Just ask Gerela's Gorillas, Franco's Italian Army or the newly formed Dobra Shunka fan club. All those have been spawned by the success of the Pittsburgh Steelers, making a strong bid for the first division title in their 40-year pro football history. Gerela\s GO!fillas favor placekicker Roy Gerela, and rookie running sensation Franco Harris is the honorary commander of Franco's Italian Army. But what about Dobra Shunka? "That's Slovak for 'Great Ham,' " says Steeler linebacker Jack Ham, whose ancestors were European. "They're a great bunch of guys," Ham added. "Most of them live over in Port Vue, same as Gerela's Gorillas. You can't beat enthusiasm like that." Ham knows first hand the degree of Steeler mania. He's probably the only pro football player ever to get an ovation during a church sermon. "It happened at evening Mass the Sunday we beat Kansas City," recalls Ham, who attends St. Bernard's Roman Catholic Church in suburban Dormont. The monsignor was sermonizing on parish matters when suddenly he decided to switch topics and proclaimed from the pulpit, "How about those Steelers!" During the ensuing praise, he asked if Steeler vice President Dan �SLOVAKIA Roomey, a member of the parish, was in attendance. Rooney wasn't but Ham was and one of the faithful stood up and introduced him as "Jack Ham-the Steelers great linebacker. " 173 "It was really something," recalls Ham. "They gave me a big ovation just like we were out at the stadium, I even stayed after Mass and signed autographs."( Associated Press) Astronaut Gene Cernan is of Slovak origin. His grandfather migrated to the U.S.A. from Vysoka, Kysuce region, Slovakia �174 SLOVAKIA BOOK REVIEWS BOOKS ON SLOVAKIA Reviewed by J.M. Kirschbaum The Czechoslovak Reform Move- of view. It also put into proper ment by Galla Golan, Cambridge, perspective the economic as well at the University Press, 1971, as political and national reasons for which young Slovak intellectuBibl., 334 pages. Among the dozens of books on als, all of them staunch supporters the de-Stalinization and liberation of the Communist Party, began to movement in Czecho-Slovakia, the rebel against the Stalinist system. present book by Galia Golan, Lec- There is no doubt that economic turer in Political Science and Rus- as well as political disparity betsian Studies at the Hebrew Univer- ween Slovakia and the Czech lands sity in Jerusalem, is one of the became intolerable even to Slovak most objective and best research- Communists. The spark for the ed works. Whereas many authors moment came, however, from the of books on the reform movement writers and intellectuals who cravin Czecho-Slovakia viewed the situ- ed for more freedom and could not ation from Prague and dealt with tolerate the injustice committed on the events mostly on the basis of so-called Slovak "bourgeois nationCzech sources (see our reviews in alists" who were freed from prisSlovakia for 1970 and 1971, and in ons, but not rehabilitated. The Slavica Canadiana A. D.1970), the Czech intellectuals joined the present book does not suffer from movement three or four years any anti-Slovak bias. The author later, in 1967 and 1968, and gave objectively analyzed the beginnings it the weight which paved the way of the reform movement from 1963 for the events of 1968. Unfortuto 1968, and recognized the role nately, it would appear that they which was played by Slovak writ- not only helped the movement to ers, journalists and politicians. As get momentum, but also pushed it a result, the picture is quite dif- to the extreme and in the end gave ferent from many other books on the Soviets a prete~t for the inthe subject. Because except for vasion. the books by Skilling, Shawcross, The book is an excellent survey Fejto, Lungi and Ello, the reform of the whole period from 1963 to movement in Czecho-Slovakia and 1968. It is divided into six chapespecially its last phase, was a- ters. In its Introduction the book scribed by Western observers and surveys the years 1956-1962 and analysts to Czech intellectuals and then it analyzes the revolt of the several books were published under intellectuals, the economic reforms, the title: The Prague Spring. In reforms in the social cultural some instances, even Dubcek's .role spheres, political reforms, the ewas played down and other Slovaks vents of 1967 and 1968. The author wei"e omitted or ignored. paid special attention to Slovaks Galla Golan's book is, however, in the second chapter, as well as obje<:tive not only from this point in Chapters V and VI. In one chap- �SLOVAKIA ter the author analyzes specially the "pressures from the Slovaks and the youth." In the chapter on economic reforms, the book gives credit to the efforts of Dr. Eugen Loebl and to his plan for reforming the bankrupt economy. Other Slovak reformers, either in economic fields or in the political structure of Czecho-Slovakia are equally mentioned and so are Slovak periodicals, especially Kulturny Zivot and Slovenske Pohl'ady. Galia Golan seems to understand much better than other specialists in Eastern Europe the basic issues which separate Slovaks and Czechs and which dramatically came to the surface during the years 19631968. Trying to present an objective picture of the whole situation she avoided simplifications and, therefore, her book will remain as one of the best researched and scholarly written analysis of the attempts by Slovaks and Czechs to give Communism a human face. Wolfgang Venohr: Aufstand fii,r die Tschecho-Slowakei (Uprising for Czecho-Slovakia), Christian Wegner Verlag, Hamburg, 1969, bibl., ill., doc., 372 p. The War period of the Slovak history has been avoided for a long time in German historiography. Many more books were published in English than in the German language. When finally books on Slovakia appeared in Germany, they were written by historians coming not from Germany but from other Eastern European countries (Ludwig von Gogolak, Jorg K. Hoensch, Almar Reitzner) and the backgrounds of the authors influenced their attitudes and interpretation of the dramatic period of modern Slovak history. The book under review is the first one by a Western writer on the uprising which occured in Slo- 175 vakia in the Fall of 1944 and was presented until now only by memoirs or books written by the Communist participants, except for one volume of documents edited by V. Precan. Venohr's book does not agree completely with the Communist interpretation and sheds a new light on the bloody and controversial rebellion which was at least three times re-interpreted by the Communists themselves. There is no note on the author of the book and of his credentials. The work is comprehensive and refers not only to many printed sources but also to personal interviews with the Communist participants and officers of the Slovak army involved in the uprising. Interviews with non-Communist participants, even though some of them live in Germany, are missing. In view of the fact that the non-Communist organizers and participants of the uprising did not publish uptil now their version of the political aims and of the part played by the Slovak army or non-Communist population, Venohr's book fills an important gap. It is, however, very hard to say how far his interpretation is free of any bias, in spite of the fact that he states in his epilogue that he tried to avoid an ideological approach. As he says, the aim of his book was to "help the Slovaks to gain their international respect and develop brotherly relations built on equality of rights with the Czechs." At the same time the book should "serve to create a better understanding between Germany and Czecho-Slovakia." Venohr's presentation of the Slovak Republic and his survey of Slovak history would indicate that he endeavored to look at Slovaks without the usual bias which we can find in some Western and �17~ SLOVAKIA Communist history books. Throughout the book, there is an effort to avoid the negative attitude towards the Slovak struggle for independence. There is no a priori denial of bonafide actions and goodwill on the part of the Slovak politicians and in one instance the author even states that from the scientific point of view nobody can seriously speak about Fascism in Slovakia (p. 30). Nevertheless, on many pages of the book he uses the term "Klerikal Faschismus" ( clerofascism) coined by the Communists. Venohr accepted as valid the statement by President Dr. Tiso that the existence of the Slovak Republic will be of great importance for the future generations, but in his view the uprising is even of greater importance for historical claims of Slovak national identity. This is, of course, a debatable view but it sums up Venohr's attitude towards the uprising. From this premise, the author approached all the events and persons involved in the history of Slovakia from 1938 to 1945. The volume is composed of two parts. In the first part he writes about the independent Slovakia, the Slovak army until 1943, about the political opposition; the unwanted partizan war; the military conspiracy; the memorandum by General Catlo§ and the mission to Moscow by Smidke. The second part is entitled: "Occupation and Uprising." It contains six chapters in which the author speaks about military events of the uprising from the time Germany sent two divisions to fight the Soviet partizans. Their arrival, however, triggered off the uprising of the Slovak army units and led to events of historical importance. Venohr describes the battles in various parts of Slovakia with the Slovak army which was preparing an uprising against Germans independently of ,t he Soviet partizans, as well as the political aims of the whole uprising. It is mainly in this part of the book where the author differs from the Communist historiographers but it is to be regretted that he did not confront statements of the people with whom he had interviews with the writings and opinions of the nonCommunist participants who live in the West. He also failed to mention that the Communists originally aimed at establishing a Slovak Soviet Republic and not Czecho-Slovakia. In spite of this, Venohr's description and evaluation of the events seems to be much more objective and closer to the historical truth than the one-sided interpretation published in today's Slovakia by Communist writers, or by some Western historians who adopted the Czech or the Communist interpretation. His stress on the divergence of views between the Communists and military leadership on one side and the Bene§ Government on the other sheds a new light on the uprising whose final history is still to be written. The memorandum and the attempts by the Minister of National Defense of the Slovak Republic, General F. Catlo§, to come to an agreement with Moscow to save Slovakia of occupation is another important revelation in the book, since it has not been taken into consideration by Western historians. A number of documents attached to the book also enhance its value. However, in spite of Venohr's endeavor to be objective towards the leaders of the Slovak Republic, there are, of course, still some inaccuracies in his book which could have been corrected if the author �SLOVAKIA had interviewed the emigre Slovak historians or political leaders. His survey of Slovak history also suffers accepting the Czech rather than the Slovak interpretation of the Slovak past. There is no doubt that Slovakia suffered a sort of social decapitation and lost their leading classes to Hungarian assimilation and policy. There was, however, Slovak national consciousness a long time before Stt'.ir's period and we can safely say that Slovak national renaissance started in the 17th century and the Bernolak group, which is not even mentioned by Venohr, deserves credit for the national awakening of the Slovak people. Economically, Slovakia also presented a different picture. Even with these shortcomings Venohr's book is, however, much closer to the historical facts and objective interpretation of the War period in Slovak history than . any other work published in the West, exept for books written by Slovak exiled historians who defe nd the right of the Slovak people to self determination and independence. vm and IX. · Historica 5-6, Slovak Institute, Cleveland-Rome, 1969, pp. 216 and 231, bibl., ill. Slovak Studies, Volume The recent volumes of Slovak Studies are an additional contribution to the research into. the Slovak history in ,t he English language. In comparison with the previous volµmes, the contributors are mostly from the younger generation and several of them from among Slovak intellectuals educa.ted at American universities. For this reason, both volumes also contain essays on American Slovaks. In view of the fact that there is no history book on the achievements and contribution of American Slovaks to Slovak national develop- 177 ment, these contributions are of particular value. The first volume contain four contributions: "The Role of American Slovaks in the Creation of Czecho-Slovakia, 1914-1918," by M. M. Stolarik; a study "Education in Slovakia" by M. I. Angelovic SS.C.M.; "The Quadrennial Reports of the Bishops of Nitra to Rome," by E. Bouydosh; and "A Short Survey of the Eastern Catholic Churches," by Prof. M. Lacko, S.J. To the second volume contributed Msgr. J . Rekem "Selected Chapters from the Slovak Cultural History"; F. Vnuk, a study "British Recognition of Independent Slovalda in 1939"; M. Tybor, "Fa_ther Matthew Jankola (1872-1916)"; J . J. Karch, . Slovakia Under Communism, 1944-1964"; Prof. M. Lacko, "A Historical Song from Eastern Slovakia" and "Camaldulese Red Monastery-Cerveny Klastor." All contributions are on the level of academic papers and point to new aspects and new knowledge of the Slovak past. From the historical point of view, the most relevant is, of course, the well researched and well written assay on British recognition of independent Slovakia in 1939 and Stolarik's M.A. thesis on the role of American Slovaks in the creation of Czechoslovakia, while from the cultural point of view the thesis on education in Slovakia by Sister .Angelovic and the essay on J ankola by Sister Tybor deserve particular mention. F. Vnuk's research into the British archives brought forth some very interesting information on the attitude of Great Britain towards Slovakia and many unknown documents which prove· that the Government of Great Britain and British diplomats had quite a different view of the Slovak problem than the Czech exiles, headed by Dr. �178 SLOVAKIA Bene§, made us believe and smuggled into Western historiography. It would appear from Vnuk's study that Great Britain was neither eager to recognize the Czecho-Slovak government in exile, nor believed to adverse reports on Slovakia, and that Slovaks needed only some good diplomats in London to put Slovakia and her striving for independence into a different light in the West. Vnuk certainly deserves recognition for studying the British archives because our knowledge of Great Britain's attitude towards Slovakia was very limited until now. Msgr. Rekem's contribution "Selected Chapters from the Slovak Cultural History" is a concise view of Slovak cultural development from the Middle Ages to the Bernolak period, written on the pattern of his previous studies either in English, German, or Slovak and, as usual, well documented. The essay would deserve to be distributed as a separate publication. M. Stolarik's contribution to the volume is an M. A. thesis and as such indicating that we can expect from the young historian further valuable contribution to the exploration of the history of Slovaks in the United States. His thesis is well balanced and based on research into the unknown as well as published sources, and enhanced by a useful bibliography. There is no need to write about Prof. Lacko's contribution since he has been an accepted authority on the subjects he writes about and his contributions are marked by thorough knowledge and originality. E. Bouydosh's contribution is a continuation of his previous research and writings and of interest for Slovak religious past. From - the Slovak point of view the contributions by the Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius, M. I. An- gelovic and M. Tybor deserve special mention. It would seem that both contributions are M. A. theses or parts thereof. They are valuable not only by their contents but also by their originality and research into the unknown and unpublished sources. In view of the fact that scholars in today's Slovakia are not allowed to extend their research into the history of Slovaks abroad, both contributions are of particular interest for Slovak historiography. The essay by J. J. Karch "Slovakia Under Communism, 1944-1964" is a well written account but too short to give a complete picture. It would be useful if this theme could be enlarged in Slovak Studies by the author or other Slovak specialists in modem Slovak history. To conclude, we can say that both volumes honorably represent the efforts of Slovak intellectuals in the West to fill the gap of knowledge of the Slovak past among Western historians and students of Central Eastern Europe. L'oecumenisme at le panslavisme de l'abbe JEAN PALARIK, par Joseph Vavrovic; These presentee a la Faculte des Arts de l'Universite d'Ottawa en vue l'obtention du Ph.D. en Etudes Slaves, Ottawa, 1972, 470 p. The thesis under review is a mature scholarly work, apparently the result of a long and thorough research into the archives and published sources pertaining to the historical background and to the activities of Jan Palarlk, whose dramatic works survived until the present time, but whose ecumenism was forgotten and his panslavic ideas were over-shadowed by his famous countrymen: Jan Koll.Ar and L'udovit Stur. In view of tlle present trend in the Catholic �SLOVAKIA Church, and the misuse of the idealistic panslavism by the Soviet Union, Palarik's 19th century ideas, for which he suffered persecution from the ecclesiastic superiors and was scorned by adherents of panslavism based on Russian leadership, are actual and timely and the thesis is, in many ways, an original work. The thesis is divided into three parts: historical background of the activities of Jan Palarik; the ecumenism of Palarik, and the panslavism of Palarik. In the first part the author of the thesis discusses the nationalist wave in Hungary after the Congress of Vienna, the insurrection in 1848 and the period of absolutism of Bach and the di· vision of the monarchy into the Austrian and Hungarian part. In part two, the thesis deals with the origins of Palarik's ecumenism, his activities as editor of the monthly Cyrill a Method and with the con·flict with his ecclesiastic superiors. Part three gives a survey of the origins of panslavism and draws a distinction between Palarik's idea of panslavism and that of Jan Kollar. Palarik's ecumenism stemmed from his concern for the Slovak people who were menaced by Magyarization and weakened by religious division. The Slovak Catholic clergy made many efforts towards uniting with Slovak Protestants in cultural and literary activities even before Palarik's time. Encouraged by J. M. Hurban's work on the union of Slovak Lu• therans with Calvinists in Hungary (Unia cili spojeni Lutheranu s Kalviny v Uhrach, Budin, 1846, 240 p.), Palarik took, however, a step further. He recommended also a religious union, basing his views on similar tendencies of Catholic theologians in Germany and France and insisting on it for patriotic rea- 179 sons. Palarik developed his national ecumenism in a series of articles published in the monthly Cyrill a Method of which he was editor. Supported by several other young Catholic clergymen who advocated not only the union with Slovak Protestants but also far reaching reforms of the Catholic Church in Hungary, Palarik came into conflict with the hierarchy and especially with the Archbishop-Primas Scitovsky. His progressive and democratic ideas gained him, nevertheless, many adherents amongst Slovak Catholics. Unfortunately, he failed to obtain an adequate response on the part of Slovak Lutherans and after Palarik had to submit to the Church authorities, the movement for uniting Slovaks in their religion slowly died down. In Msgr. Vavrovic's analysis it was nevertheless an interesting movement on the part of Slovak Catholics and Palarik emerges from the thesis as a well educated idealistic patriot concerned about the progress of the Slovak people and about the reform in the Catholic Church on much similar lines as have been accepted by the last Vatican Council. In his series on the necessity of union of Catholics with Lutherans in Slovakia, he referred to well-known contemporary theologians and fought for his ideas in prose as well as in verses to make an impact on the leaders and believers of both churches. Palarik's panslavism was generally as idealistic as Kollar's or Stur's concept of Slavic reciprocity. He differed, however, from them in his favorable attitude towards Poland and not only failed to advocate Russian supremacy and leadership but also insisted on the necessity of equality of all Slavic peoples. There are echoes of Herder's and Hegel's philosophy and prophecies about the role the Slavs �180 SLOVAKIA will play in the world in Palarik's panslavism, ·. even though he did not refer to them. From Stur who advocated . the acceptance .of the Russian orthodoxy · by all Slavic peoples Palarik also differed in religious respect by advocl;l.ting the union of all Slavs in the Catholic Church, referring to the words of Christ about "one shepherd and one fold." His defense of Poles who were subjugated by the Russians caused him criticism from other Slovak panslavists. Nevertheless Palarik deserves recognition for creating two concepts of panslavism in Slovakia, and the present Soviet domination of Slavic peoples proves that he was right in refuting panslavism based on Russian leadership and supremacy. Since Palarik has been known for the past 100 years mostly as a playwright and dramatist, whose works : Incognito (i858), D'rotar (1860), Smierenie and Dobrodruzstvo pri Obzinkach (1862), Dimitrij samozvanec (1870), have been played until the present day, the thesis by Msgr. Vavrovic contributes to the knowledge of Palarik's activities and ideas which make him one of the most progressive and democratic Slovak leader of the 19th century. In conclusion we can say that the thesis is a valuable piece of academic writing. In view of the role played by panslavism in Slavic literatures and in the awakening of Slavic peoples, the thesis will add to this movement a new dimension: the ecumenic idea and a new conception of mutuality among Slavs. The knowledge of numerous languages by the author and his intellectual training made it possible to shed light on both movements from various points of view: philosophical, theological and literary. He also presented the subject in a clear style and methodically well balanced. The author of the thesis used practically all relevant sources in several languages and displayed a thorough knowledge of ·the basic works on panslavism and ecumenism. At the same time, he seems to know all writings by and on Palarik as his numerous quotations and bibliography indicate. Editor's remark: The reviewer, Prof. Joseph M. Kirschbaum, was a member of the jury which examined the a:uthor at the defense of his thesis · and recommended its acceptance summa cum laude. Milan S. :i'>urica: La Morte di M. R. Stefanik Alla Luce Dei Documenti Militari Italiani Inediti, Collana di Studi Sull'Europa 0rientale, Univsersita Degli Studi di Padova, Padova, 1971, pp. 94. For the past fifty years, the mysterious death of. one of the co~ founder of Czec.ho-Slovakia, General Milan R. Stefanik, gave ground to various hypotheses and accusations and created dissensions between Czechs and Slovaks. While on the part of the Prague government Stefanik's death was attributed to an accident, on the Slovak side persisted the belief t];J.at Stefanik lost his life because Dr. Benes and also T. G. Masaryk disagreed with Stefanik's political views and wanted to prevent him from taking part in the political life of Czecho-Slovakia. The circumstances in which the aeroplane bringing Stefanik from Italy to his native land crashed near Bratislava favored the . hypothesis that the crash was due to an artillery attack ordered by an officer of the Czecho-Slovak army who allegedly mistook the Italian aircraft for a Hungarian one. Also the manner in which the �SLOVAKIA 181 Prague government handled the investigation of the accident and fought the rumors and allegations accusing Dr. Benes of the responsibility for Stef{mik's death, helped to strengthen the belief that Stefanik actually was a victim of a political plot. Even though he was a member of the Czecho-Slovak government and his arrival was announced, there were no preparations for his reception and the archives containing the investigation records were kept top-secret during the whole existence of the pre-war Czecho-Slovakia. directly confirms the belief that Stefanik was the victim of a political plot. As all historical works by !Jurica, also the present one is well researched and well written. Its scholarly value is enhanced by references to practically all known books and articles on Stefanik's life and death, in addition to his own thorough research of Italian military archives. The essay was originally published in the periodical n Mondo Slavo of which Prof. !Jurica is one of the founders and editors. For the above reasons, the death of Stefanik attracted writers as well as historians. Professor :i'.>urica has reviewed in his publication riot only the circumstances of Stefanik's death, but also analyzed the probability of all hypotheses advanced in the past. In addition, he ~xamined for the first time the Italian military archives pertaining to the departure of General M. R. Stefanik from Italy to his native Slovakia. In the past, the life and death of Stefanik were usually treated on the basis of French, Slovak and Czech sources, memoirs, . and reminiscences. Professor nurica rightly considered it necessary to study the Italian archives and by doing so, he made a valuable contribution to the efforts of solving the mystery of Stefanik's death. He was successful in proving incorrect several assertions of the Prague government especially those concerning the meteorological conditions, the alleged inexperience of the pilot and the allegation that Stefanik's arrival was not announced before. As historian, :i'.>urica avoided pronouncing any firm conclusion as to which hyphothesis is correct but his research destroyed the Prague government's version of Stefanik's death and in- Michael Novak, The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics, The McMillan Company, New York, N. Y., 1972, pp. 321, Price $7.95. For the past four or five years, many American scholars expressed their doubts as to whether the United States became a "melting pot" or if that theory was just a myth. Several conferences of historical societies and sociologists and linguists suddenly discovered that America was a multi-cultural society and that the ethnic groups were not melted. The result of this academic discovery called the attention of the politicians and results in debates and finally in a Bill on Centers of Ethnic Studies in the Congress. However, neither the studies of sociologists and historians, nor the recent Bill of Schweiker and Pucinski are as palatable and, by their approach, as human as is the book by Prof. Novak. Besides being well researched, the book is a real confession and a deep reflection on the human structure of America of today, written in excellent style, placing the book between a work of science and a novel. The author is professor of philosophy and religious studies at the State University of New York at �182 SLOVAKIA Old Westbury and has to his credit the reader; his hardly ornamental ten books, mostly dealing with name for the ethnic groups "PIGS." philosophy, theology and Catholics. He also separates Poles from other Prof. Novak is a third generation Slavs, even though the Polish AAmerican Slovak whose conscious- mericans preserved some of the ness of ethnic background was a- most Slavic characteristics. wakened not long ago during the Novak's book is bound to shake presidential campaigns by Barry the conscience of many Americans, Goldwater and Governor George and will probably do so for a deWallace in 1966. As Novak writes cade to come. It may be worthwhile in his book, he was "alarmed by the for many American Slovaks to concleavage between the old WASP sider as to whether they should and the new technological con- actively join this new political sciousness" and "felt increasingly force. It would perhaps be good to uncomfortable with the condescen- do so not only for their own sake sion and disdain heaped upon and the United States but also for Catholics." So he found himself the country of their fathers and beginning to say "we" rather than forefathers-Slovakia. "they" when he spoke of ethnics (page 63). Since that time, Prof. Slavs in Canada, Vol. m, Compiled and Edited by Prof. Cornelius J. Novak made a thorough study of Jaenen, University of Ottawa, the ethnic problem in the United 1971, 348 pages. Price: $7.00. States, mostly in its psychological, sociological and political aspects. The third volume of Slavs in Due to his philosophical educa- Canada contains proceeding of the tion and writing talent, Novak Third National Conference on Cawrote in his book some of the , nadian Slavs held in 1969 at York most interesting insights into the ' University in Toronto. Professors life, aspiration and problems of the of Slavic Studies at various Canamany millions of Americans who dian universities organized in 1965 are neither WASPS nor Blacks. under the leadership of Professor It is a delight to read for instance B. Bociurkiw a committee whose his chapter "Confessions of a task was to study the problems of White Ethnic" in which he ana- Canadian Slavs. The committee was lyses some of the basic psycho- successful in organizing the first logical problems which various Conference on Canadian Slavs in ethnic groups, especially Slavs, and Banff, the second in Ottawa, and as far as religion is concerned, all the third in Toronto, attracting American Catholics, had to face many specialists in Slavic and ethfrom the time of their immigration nic studies. While the first and up to the present day. second Conferences were dealing Prof. Novak who has been a staff predominantly with the general member in several recent political problems of Canadian Slavs, the campaigns, envisages the "unmelt- third Conference was divided into able ethnics" as the new political six sections dealing with research, force of the seventies. politics and law, education, IanHe came to that conclusion as guages and literature, journalism a result of the study of numerous and folklore. Altogether 22 papers books dealing with present day were presented and discussed in America, as his many references those sections and the volume unand quotations indicate. There is der review contains the edited text one thing which bothers, however, of the papers. �SLOVAKIA One of the most interesting studies in the volume is a volumi• nous paper on the ethnic identification and attitudes of university students of Ukrainian descent by Prof. B. Bociurkiw. His conclusions can apply to students of other Slavic groups not only in Canada but apparently also in the United States. Another paper of general interest was presented by Prof. V. Szyrynski on the subject "Ethnic Integration and Psychological Adjustment," while Prof. J . D. Gagnon from the Universite de Montreal gave his views about the position of immigrants in Quebec if that Province became independent 183 Jaroslaw A. Piekalkiewicz: Public Opinion PoUing in Czechoslovakia, 1968-69, Results and Analysis of Surveys Conducted During the Dubcek Era, Praeger Publishers, New York, Washington, London, 1972. The number of books which dealt with the political upheavals in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968, was so great that another book would seem superfluous. Some 60 books were published in the English language alone, and there were a dozen books in other West European languages. Nevertheless, the present volume on Public Opinion Besides these basic studies, the Polling will be very useful for hisvolume contains interesting intorians and students of Eastern sights into the Canadian education and minority rights, a study on the Europe. influence of the English language Its specific value lies in the fact on Slavic languages and the por• that it embraces the whole territory trayal of Canada's ethnic groups in of Czecho-Slovakia and pays attensome French Canadian novels. For tion to the relations between Slothe first time, the Conference paid vaks and Czechs which, in many attention to the ethnic press and other publications, was overlooked the papers dealing with the sub- or minimized. In addition, this book ject contained an essay on Byelo- expresses the opinions of many russian publications in Canada by Czechs and Slovaks and, as a result, A. A. Hrycuk, "The Ideological is not a write-up by an observer Orientation of the Canadian Slavic who was only partly familiar with Press" by J. M. Kirschbaum, and the problems and judged them on "Analysis of the Periodical Pub- the basis of his observations or lications of Canadian Slavs," by A. limited information received in Malycky. Prague. The book also seems to be free of the usual anti-Slovak bias, Some of these papers were of which we often find in political strictly scientific character while writings by Western historians and others contained general informa- specialists on Eastern Europe. tion or basic facts for further studies, and, therefore, the contents of The book is divided into 11 chapthe volume are uneven in their ters in which the author endeavorscholarly value. Nevertheless, the ed to find an answer to the quesbook is of importance not only for tion as to whether there was a acquainting Canadians with the revolution or counter-revolution; Slavic groups but it should also be what kind of socialism the Czechs considered as a valuable contribu- and Slovaks wanted to achieve; the tion to the general trend to build role of the existing non-communist Canada as a multi-cultural society. parties; the role of the National �184 SLOVAKIA Front, political parties and political opposition; popularity of individual leaders and attitudes on the economic system. _In conclusion, the author applied the findings to other communist states of Eastern Europe. The Slovaks resented their subjection aiid both physically and theoretically opposed the real or imaginary political, economic and cultum l dominance of the Czechs. With this dissatisfaction simmering throughout the years, it is not surprising to £ind that the 1968 Reformist Movement originated in Slovakia and was led by many Slovak individuals. It seems apparent...:....Concludes the author-that the Slovak · people viewed the Reformist Movement as an opportunity to gain . a real and equal autonomy within the Czechoslovak Federal system." If we take into consideration that all polls display flaws and inaccuracies, we could question s·ome of the results of the polls which the . author organized in Czecho-Slovakia and based thereon his conclusions. Nevertheless, his book seems to be closer to the real situation and feelings of the Slovaks and Czechs than the works of According to the polls, 94% of many observers who relied on more limited information either in per- Slovaks expressed the opinion that sonal contacts or printed sources. there was a· need for a new form of relationship between the Czechs One of the topics of interest for and Slovaks. Contrary to the opinSlovaks in this book is unboubtedly ion of other writers on the upheav"the traditional conflict between als in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968, the Czechs and Slovaks." This topic author also found a great number was treated in many books publish- of Czechs who supported the need ed in the West either inadequately for .a re-definition of the relationwith parti pris or else it was over- ship of Slovaks and Czechs within looked completely. In the view of the Republic. According to his the author "a discussion of the pub- findings, "of all the individuals lic's conception of the new politi- surveyed, only one out of 14 discal system in Czechoslovakia would agreed with the need for a ·re-definbe incomplete wi.thout considering ed relationship; This evidence the role and relationship of the says ,t he author-leaves no doubt two nations that composed the that the future realization of socialCzechoslovak Socialist Republic. He ist democracy . in Czechoslovakia dwelt, therefore, on this problem was to include a democratic and and found out that "historically, equal relationship between the the post-war communist govern- Czech and Slovak peoples" (pp. ment in Czechoslovakia closely fol- 110-112). There is no doubt · that lowed the one-nation philosophy about the same ·number would opt outlined in 1918 by ,t he founders for independence; if Slovaks had of Czechoslovak Republic. Urider full freedom of choice. this theory the Czechs and Slovaks were a single nation divided not by Milan S. f>urica (Ed.). Il Mondo ethnic differences but only by disSlavo, Vol. ni Ceseo, Centro similar historical patterns of deStudi Europa Orientale, Padova, velopment. These two peoples were 1971. to be bound together in a unified While in Slovakia books dealing state· under which the Slovaks enjoyed only a minimum autonomy. wrth Slovak culture, history, liter- �SLOVAKIA ature or philology are still directed predominantly towards Eastern Europe, Slovak intellectuals in the West have the duty to fulfill the gap which has been created by separating Slovakia from the free world. Among Slovak intellectuals in Europe Prof. Milan s. :Ourica distinguished himself by performing this role not only by his books and lectures in Western European countries, but since 1969, by editing the Italian academic periodical n Mondo Slavo (The Slavic World). In all three volumes of the periodical, which appeared until now, the contributions . on Slovak matters contain valuable information on history, language and culture of the Slovak people. The first volume, published in 1969, contained a well-written survey on the development of the Slovak literary language during the past 50 years by Adriana Feriencikova, and an article on Italian artizans and merchants in Slovakia in the 18th century by Anton Spiesz. In the second volume, published in 1970, Lisa Guarda Nardini analyzed the political and social doctrine of the late Slovak President, Dr. Joseph Tiso, under the title "Ideological Premises of Czecho-Slovak Federalism." In the third volume, Prof. Milan S. :Ourica, published some unknown and very interesting military documents from Italian archives about the death of M. R. Stefanik. (The essay is available also in a reprint and has been reviewed separately in Slovakia). From the Slovak point of view all these contributions are of special value. Not only for the reasons that under the present regime in Slovakia cultural contacts with the West are practically non-existent, 185 but also for the fact that there are still many misconceptions about Slovak culture, language and history among Western Slavists. The essay on the development of the Slovak literary language during the past 50 years by A. Feriencikova has also the merit of being well researched and containing all the basic facts and sources which can put the development of the Slovak language into proper perspective. In spite of many efforts of Slovak intellectuals in the West, historl still lln-·1 ...n th ans 5.....,.., or ere ~ 1 who W?te about the Slovak as being a dialect of the Czech language. Studies on the subject in Western languages are, therefore, never superfluous. Since Slavic studies considerably developed in all Western countries after the Second World War, n Mondo Slavo will acquaint Slavists with Slovakia not only in Italy, but also in many Western countries. This can be expected all the more in view of the high academic value of all contributions and careful edition of the periodical by Prof. !>urica. Among the contributors there are in all three volumes known Slavists of Italian or Slav origin, teaching at Italian universities. While several periodicals on Slavic matters published in other Western countries deal mostly with Russian culture and literature, 1l Mondo Slavo has shown distinction in paying attention to smaller Slavic nations and their cultures such as Slovenes, Croats and Slovaks. Students of Eastern Europe will, therefore, welcome Il Mondo Slavo since it will provide reliable scholarly information on Slavic peoples which are either misrepresented or rarely mentioned in academic periodicals published in French, English or German languages. �186 SLOVAKIA NEW COLLECTIONS OF SLOVAK EMIGRE POETRY Rudolf Diloni, Hladn11 vetrf.k (Hun- poetic biography in short poems gry Breeze), Edition Polana, full of grace, imagination and deep feelings. The collection, as well as Zurich, 1972, 86 pages. the entire Dilong's literary work Jan L. Dorfmsky, Od splnu po za- in exile would deserve a thorough tmenie (From the Full Moon to analytic evaluation, and not only the Eclipse), Series Lyra, Slovak passing reviews as this one, to apInstitute of SS. Cyril and Meth- preciate fully his work. odius, Rome, 1972, 110 pages. Doransky's book From the Full Slovak emigre literature is grow- Moon to the Eclipse deserves our ing inspite of the fact that we are special appreciation because due to again cut off from Slovakia and the unfavorable circumstances in exile, assimilation of the younger genera- we know -only a very small pa1t of tions is rapidly progressing among his literary work. Doransky is a Slovaks abroad. It is, however, poet of considerable versatility, mostly the first wave of Slovak and besides many lyrical verses post-war emigres who still create and patriotic poems, he wrote in belles lettres, and not the writers Canada a drama called Stara mat', who left Slovakia in recent years neopust'ajte nas (Grandmother Do Not Leave Us Alone, 1953), sucfor Western countries. The two collections of verses cessfully played by Slovak groups under review are by poets whose across Canada. Before coming to reputations were established in Canada, Doransky had published Slovakia and who during the past a play called Novou cestou (On A two decades belonged to the best New Path, 1930), and a collection and most prolific Slovak emigre of satirical verses Slep£ pasazieri (Blind Passengers, 1943). writers. In exile Doransky's poetry was Dilong's Hungry Breeze is again personal lyrical poetry in which published in various anthologies: his talent and mastership remind Vo vyhnanstve (1947); Zdravica sv. us of pleasant spiritual vibrations Cyrilovi a M etodovi ( 1963) ; in litfull of color, joy, sadness, mixed erary periodicals and in almanacs with hope and faith. The book is and newpapers. In recent years his divided into four chapters, each epigrams, published either in the chapter starting with appropriate quarterly Most, Literarn11 Almaillustrations by Jan Mraz, a talent- nach Slovaka 11 Amerike or in ed graphic artist from the new newspapers and almanacs, became preferred reading among Slovak wave of Slovak emigration. While all chapters contain beauti- intelligentsia in the free world. ful lyrical poetry, readers will wel- Besides poetry, Doransky wrote a come especially Chapter 4 entitled: number of short novels and other Slovak Women (Album). Dilong prose contributions under the penpublished here some of the most name Hamornik and J. D. Oravee. Doransky came from a part of beautiful verses which we can find in modern Slovak poetry and in Slovakia which gave to Slovak litSlovak poetry in general, except erature and public life many outfor Mari na by Sladkovic. In the first standini poets and novelists. He three chapters Dilong dreams a- inherited a love for literature and bout his young years, his parents, began to write in his early youth, his native Orava. It is a sort of first for students' periodicals, later �SLOVAKIA for literary and cultural monthlies. When the Russian armies over-ran Slovakia, Doransky with thousands of other Slovak intellectuals left with his family for the West. After spending a few months in Austria and two years in Assissi and Rome, he landed in Canada in 1949 and has lived in Montreal for the past 23 years. Very recently a collection of his epigrams was published with a lengthy commentary by F. Vnuk and enthusiastically received by critics and readers. Those who know Doransk:y are aware of the fact that the published epigrams are just a selection of the large number he wrote during his lifetime. We can say the same about the present collection of Iyrical and patriotic verses. They are also a selection from his many verses and we have to acknowledge that it is an excellent selection. The book is dd.vided into four parts and presents a spiritual profile of the poet and poetic sketches from his journey from Slovakia through Italy to Canada, as well as fine lyrical verses dedicated to his wife, daughter and grand-daughter. As in Dilongs's collection, the best part seems to be his chapter on Slovak women, in Doransky's book the finest verses are about his mother, and mothers in general. The title of the book expresses accurately the contents of the collection which certainly will rank among the best lyrical Slovak poetry in exile. A short biographical note was added to the collection by J . M. Rydlo and the cover was artistically designed by the poet's son :Cudovit In the opinion of this reviewer, Doransky deserves a thorough analysis and evaluation of his literary work in order that we may appreciate it adequately. 187 Rudolf Dilong: Ponukam chlieb so sol'ou-I Offer Bread and Salt, Translated by Sister M. Martina Tybor. Published by Dobra kniha 1971, Galt, Ontario, Bilingual, 151 pages. By publishing this bilingual collection of poetry in prose, Rudolf Dilong proved once more that he is the most prolific and versatile contemporary poet in exile. The number of books he published in Slovakia, which he left in defiance of her Communist rulers, as well as the number of books published during his long exile in Argentina and the U.S.A., is impressive and unrivalled by any other Slovak writer. Attracted by new currents in French inter-war Catholic poetry and surrealism, Dilong experimented in many poetic forms and due to his great love for life and gay temper, was the "enfant terrible" among the Slovak Catholic poets of his generation. The present book is another experiment in fo rm and contents and by publishing it in English and Slovak, it was the merit for acquainting foreign readers with an interesting sample of Slovak literature as well as with the author himself. Dilong's reputation as a poet was well established before he left his native country. Besides publishing 14 collections of poems, two dramas, and two collections of prose, he also was very active in organizing literary journals, and contributed practically to all Slovak cuttural periodicals and anthologies of Slovak poetry. In addition, he was either co-founder or editor of two literary periodicals Postup (193436) and Nove Slovo (1939-40). In exile he remained one of the leading and again most profilic poets. His poetry remained strongly nationalistic, deeply religious in essence but not homiletic in form �188 SLOVAKIA or content, humble and rebellious and usually expressed in beautiful images and practically varied forms. While several other Slovak poets did not find opportunities in exile to publish their works, Dilong's books were published in rapid succession. From 1950 to 1970 he produced and published some 20 books either in Buenos Aires, where he spent nearly 20 years of his exile, or recently in the United States. Many of his manuscripts perished together with his books, when Peron was burning churches in Argentina. As in Slovakia, his poetic production in exile has been varied in forms and themes but the basic overtones of a patriot and Franciscan friar, even if not following always the dogma and rules of his religious order, remained the main characteristic of his entire literary work in immigration. Some of his verses became hymns for Slovak exiles, recited on various solemn occasions and re-published many times in Slovak periodicals and newspapers. Several of Dilong's poems were translated into Spanish, Polish and French. With his great love for life and because of his patriotic zeal and fiery poetry, he became one of the most interesting figures among Slovak writers. Some of his first poems inspired by their contents and musical rhythm Slovak composers in their compositions, and several poems became songs of the Slovak youth, as well as of the Slovak army. The book under review is divided into three parts: The house will bleach to ash; Out of bounds without bounds, and Human hands. Each part contains a number of short reflective and highly imaginative poems in prose which compel the reader to meditate and think about our age, our neighbor, poverty, suffering, rebellion, smile; about our life and death, emotions and beliefs, about God and man. As such, it is a valuable addition to Dilong's work and to Slovak literature. Jan Okal': Cielito Lindo, Edicia Dobra kniha, Galt, Ontario, 1972, Illustration by J. G. Cincik, 65 p. For the past several years Slovak emigre poetry was enriched by a number of beautifully illustrated collections of verse by leading Slovak poets abroad. While some of the collections contained patriotic verses and personal lyrical poetry with Slovak topics, in other collections we find poetry inspired by the beauty of foreign countries in which Slovaks either lived or visited. Okal"s masterfully illustrated collection Cielito Lindo is an outstanding example of this new poetry, and it is not easy to say if the reader enjoys more the verses or the beautiful illustrations. In any case, there is a lot of artistic value and enjoyment for the reader and we cannot but feel a certain pride that in the modest circumstances in exile, Slovak literature can afford the luxury of such books. In a certain way, Jan Okal' deserves credit for introducing into Slovak literature this combination of poetry and visual arts. Already his first published collection George Janosik: A Carpathian Saga, published in 1953, and his chronicle in 13 poems entitled Kronika Slovakov (The Chronicle of Slovaks, 1954), were published in the same form. Then for a number of years, this gifted Slovak poet remained silent, except for publishing here and there verses in the literary journal Most or the Literarny Almanach Slovaka v Amerike. In �SLOVAKIA 1970, appeared his colleetion of verses Vada a vino (Water and Wine), in which Okal' reminisced about the years spent in Italy and especially in Rome. The present collection is a sort of continuation of the book Voda a vino. This time he is drawing in his poems, usually not longer than one or two verses, beautiful images of places in Mexico. Jan Okal' is a gifted and refined poet, and we hope that he will continue to publish poetry of such outstanding taste and artistic value. Jan E. Bor, Eugen Vesnin - Un poeta Eslovaco en tierras Mediterraneas, Buenos Aires, 1972, 71 pages. Among Slovak intellectuals who assiduously worked in exile for the past 20 years in order to make Slovak literature known to the Spanish reading public, Jan E. Bor has been the most prolific. Either in his own writings or in translations, he published a considerable number of essays and studies on Slovak poetry and prose not only in periodicals but also in book form. The present essay on the poet Eugen Vesnin is one of his most recent publications. The publication is divided into eight chapters in which Bor analyzes Vesnin's poetry, his personality, the reaction to Vesnin's poetry by readers and literary critics either on the part of Slovaks or Italians who acclaimed Vesnin for his collection of verses in Italian 189 language. In the last two chapters Bor analyzes Vesnin's attachment to Etruria and his enchantment with feminine beauty. Bor writes on Vesnin's poetry with the usual skill and knowledge of literary science for which he was known already in Slovakia where he belonged to the best known literary critics of his generation. In exile he lowered sometimes his yardstick when writing on Slovak emigre writers and poets, but his erudition in literary science has been evident in every book and essay he had published during the past twenty years. The portrait of Vesnin in Bor's publication is not only favorable but also well balanced and presented in Bor's baroque style. According to Bor, Vesnin belongs to the best Slovak lyrical poets among Slovak emigre writers and enriched Slovak literature by many themes inspired by the beauty of Rome and the Mediterranean area where Vesnin has lived the past three or four decades. Several collections of Vesnin's poetry undoubtedly prove that Italy enchanted him, though many of his verses were written with patriotic overtones and "heimweh" for his native Slovakia. Since every book on Slovak literature in foreign languages is a valuable contribution to our efforts to acquaint the Western world with Slovak culture, we cannot but welcome the newest publication by Prof. Jan E. Bor. J. M. K i r s c h b a um THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA heartily commends all efforts of our governmental and other organs to ferret out and unmask all Communists and fellow travellers, as well as all persons and organizations who wittingly or unwittingly give aid and comfort to the conspiracy of Communism promoted by the Soviet Union. �190 SLOVAKIA BOOKS ON JEWS IN SLOVAKIA Reviewed by Dr. Arved G r e b e r t during the past several centuries. The first volume contains an especially worthwhile article in two parts by Dr. Lidia Rothkirchen, a member of the research staff of Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. Her contribution, "Slovakia (1848-1938)" presents a very keen and rather accurate picture of the history of Slovakia and the Jews in that country. Naturally, in all of the articles dealing with the law, religion, social organization, etc., the writers faithfully record the history of the Jews in Slovakia. The second volume contains the article of Rabbi Hugo Stransky who was a former chief rabbi in Zilina. His is an arresting chapter on "The Religious Life in Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia," Then, too, Frank Reichenthal's "Jewish Art in Slovakia" is a very interesting review by the former chief of the department of decorative art at the State School of Applied Arts in Bratislava from 1932 to 1938. Before emigrating to United States in 1948 he served as president of the Slovak Artists' Association from 1946 to 1947. This first volume contains Eugen Barkany's "Jewish Cemeteries in Slovakia" article by the late architect and builder ( 1886-1967) and co-founder of the Jewish Museum in Presov, Slovakia. Some of the artistic motives on the gravestones, the writer observes, show a definite influence of Slovak folk art, indicating a close, intimate relationship between the Jews and the Slovaks. Gertrude Hirschler's "The His- The Jews of Czechoslovakia, histori- Europe cal studies and surveys, edited by "The Jewish Publication Society of America," Philadelphia, and the "Society for the History of Czechoslovak Jews," New York, Vol. I, 5728-1968, pp. 583, Vol. II, 5732-1971, pp. 707. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 67-12372. Up to the present time two volumes on the history of the Jews in Czecho-Slovakia constitute an unusually valuable contribution on the history of the inhabitants of that state. The Jews in Czech lands, in Slovakia and in Sub-Carpathian Russia (Ruthenia) made a vital contribution to the Jews in general but also to the history of the people in those regions, namely, the Czechs, Germans, Slovaks, Magyars and the Ukrainians. The authors of the various articles by their objective and calm tone do not digress from a strictly scientific analysis, even when the themes, which in their tragic dimensions and consequences, understandably provide the occasion for an outburst of wrath and recrimination. In this respect the work is extraordinary effective and convincing. In no way do the authors avoid sensitive subjects. They neither ignore nor sidestep realities that have frequently been used as pretexts for criticism by the enemies of Jewry. These they explain and place in special categories in the destiny of the Jews, for example, in the framework of the historical evaluation of central and eastern �SLOVAKIA tory of Agudah Israel in Slovakia (1918-1939)" is interesting, too. Of course, in all of the articles ranging from studies of various movements, organizational life, religious welfare, education, art, etc., there is a large number of facts about the life of the Jews in Slovakia and their relationship to the local inhabitants, chiefly, the Slovaks and Magyars. The number is so great that it is virtually impossible to review them all but at least we have mentioned some of them relating specifically to Slovakia. Dr. Lidia Rothkirchen's "Slovakia (1848-1938)" deserves special attention. Her article in two parts covers 53 pages. A number of facts mentioned are known only by Slovak historians and experts. For instance, the writer states that in 1858 there were 308 Jewish schools in Hungary. Of this number 131, ie., almost 45%, were located in the Bratislava school district. Bratislava, therefore, was a very important center of Jewish learning in the kingdom of Hungary. Among the charter members of the Matica Slovenska (the leading cultural organization of the Slovaks in the last century) we find a number of Jews. When the government in Budapest gave orders to close down the Slovak central schools (junior colleges) in Revuca, Klastor pod Znievom and Turciansky Svaty Martin (all in Slovakia at the time under Hungarian imperial rule), two Jewish members of the Diet (Moritz Wehrman and Eduard Horn) spoke up and requested that the schools be kept open. Dr. Lidia Rothkirchen notes that before the Jews won equal rights in Hungary, the people of Liptovsky Sv. Mikulas elected Izak Diner, a Jew, as Mayor of the city. A number of Jews later served as mayors in the same city. She 191 reminds the reader that Slovak Jews played an important role in the Zionist movement in the kingdom of Hungary. Two Jews from Bardejov (eastern Slovakia), Julius Davidsohn and Julius Davidovic, attended the first Zionist Congress in Basle, Switzerland (1897). Eight of thirteeen Zionist chapters established in Hungary were located in Slovakia, namely, in Bratislava, Nitra, Trnava, Prefov, Ko~ice, Kezmarok, Dolny Kubin and Banska Bystrica, and the first Zionist congress in Hungary convened in Bratislava in 1903. The following year the World Mizrahi Congress met in the Slovak capital. The writer notes that the Magyar government in Budapest considered the Zionist movement with the same disfavor as it did the nationalistic movement of the Slovaks in their country. During World War I both the Zionist movement and the activities of the Slovak patriots were banned by law. Names of outstanding Jewish writers and scientists are listed by Dr. Rothkirchen. She points out that Jewish writers in their novels and romances touched upon the J ewish problem in the framework of a Slovak historical background. Dr. Lidia Rothkirchen cites that in 1921 of a totaI of 135,918 Jews in Slovakia, 70,522 were registered as Jews, 29,290 as Slovaks and the rest as Magyars, Germans, Rusins, etc. The 1930 census showed 44,009 registered as Slovaks and 72,644 as J ews. This figure represents quite convincing proof of the rapid Slovakization of the Jewish population. Had it not been for the tragic events of World War II, this process of amalgamation would have inevitably resulted in a very advantageous symbiosis of the Slovak Jews and the Slovaks. She writes (page 105): From 1933 on "the Slovaks more and more o- �192 SLOVAKIA penly advocated either detachment from Czechoslovakia altogether and establishment of an independent Slovakia, or a Slovakia which would enjoy much wider autonomy and self-rule." In general this work may be accepted as a very valuable contribution to the history of the people inhabiting Czecho-Slovakia. Every public or private library should have it on its shelves. No scholar who is interested in the history of this area can be without it. To a large extent without the untiring efforts of L'udovit Sturc, president of the Society for the History of the Czechoslovak Jews in New York, this important work in two volumes would not have come to press. Mr. Sturc is a native of Slovakia and a friend of Slovak writers and artists. Unfortunately, so far his work has not been adequately appreciated. cin, Kosice, Jasov, Spisske Podhradie, Levoca, Kezmarok, Podolinec, Nove Zamky and Hlohovec. Kosice, Bardejov, Trencin, Skalica, Hlohovec, Trnava, Pezinok and Bratislava are listed separately as centers of Jewish libraries and culture. Dr. Schreiber, recognized universally as an authority in his field, considers the material found in the area now known as Slovakia as an important part of the culture of the Jews who inhabited Hungary during the Middle Ages. This work, which was lacking in scientific literature, is the beginning of further research in the archives and libraries in this direction throughout Slovakia. It is, at the same time an interesting proof, or evidence, for the tradition of the high degree of culture of the population in Slovakia during the Medieval era. Karl Baum: Nazi Anti-Jewish Legislation in the Czech Protectorate, a Documentary, in "Soviet Jewish Affairs," a Journal on Jewish Problems in the USSR and Eastern Europe, London, No. 3, May, 1972. Published by the Institute Dr. Alexander Schreiber, director of Jewish Affairs, London, in asof the Rabbinical Seminary in Busociation with the World Jewish dapest, has written a very noteCongress in Geneva. worthy book on the cultural history Karl Baum's article is noteworthy of the Jews in Slovakia during the Medieval era. The book contains a for several reasons. In his introlist and analysis of 172 Hebrew duction the writer states that the codex fragments which were used anti-Jewish legislation in the Czech protectorate (1939-1945) has not for book-bindings. Together with Arpad Zoltan of been properly treated in ternationthe Slovak Academy of Sciences in al scientific writings so far, while Bratislava the author studied the a rich and documented literature archives and libraries in the fol- about anti-Jewish regulations in lowing Slovak cities and towns: Hitler's Germany does exist. Those Bratislava, Cerveny Kamen pri who studied this question outside Modre, Pezinok, Jur near Bratisla- of Hitler's sphere ordinarily did va, Trnava, Nitra, Nova Bana, Ban- not study the laws of the protectorska Bystrica, Turciansky Svaty ate, which they assumed were an Martin, Dolny Kubin, Bytca, Tren- integral part of the Reich and those Alexander Schreiber: Hebriiische Kodexuberreste in Ungarlb."ndischen Eibandstafeln. Heber Kodexmaradvanyok magyarorszagi kotestablakban. Budapest, 1969. I �SLOVAKIA who studied anti-Jewish laws in Hitler's Germany did not consider the protectorate because it did not belong directly to the framework of the Third Reich. Baum, at least, partially fills this void. The writer gives a detailed study on anti-Jewish legislation in the Czech Protectorate and traces the execution of the laws not only by the Nazis but also by the Czech government officials in the Protectorate. Baum's study from this viewpoint is highly important because he has brought to the international forum little known or unknown facts which were hidden on the pages of "The Collection of Laws and Regulations" promulsignatures of President (Dr.) Hacha or Czech ministers. Baum emphasizes that these laws of the wartime Czech protectorate "reflect only part of the unmitigated evil to which one of the leading Jewish communities was to fall victim. They carry little evidence of persecution and harassment on the local level, nor do they mirror the share of those of non-German vintage in Czechoslovakia who had come in to participate in the great hunt of the century and to divide its spoils. It must be left to future historians to establish their contribution to the tragedy of Czechoslovak Jewry." Baum calls attention to the December 1, 1930, Census in CzechoSlovakia as listing the number of Jews as 356,830, which is inaccurate inasmuch 15,000 Jews from Germany found refuge there when Hitler came to power. Of 854,600 who were registered as atheists in Czecho-Slovakia, according to Baum, at least 10% were of Jewish origin. Moreover, there was no provision for a natural increase of the Jewish population from 1930 to 1939. Consequently, the author's estimate has some 457,000 Jews in Czecho-Slo- 193 vakia by 1938, hence actually 100,000 more than is generally indicated in the figures. All of the above, the author concludes, became innocent victims of inhumane discrimination and inhuman mistreatment in the lands of the Czech Protectorate during World War II. ANNUAL FURDEK Jednota Annual FURDEK 1973, Vol. XII, 1973. Edited by Joseph C. Krajsa. Publisher, The First Catholic Slovak Union. Printed by Jednota Press, Middletown, Pa. 208 pages. This publication, Jednota Annual Furdek, continues commendably in the footsteps of Philip A. Hrobak, the first editor who conceived the idea of addressing it to our youth for their benefit. The present volume offers the youthful reader valuable information and inspiration as well. The 12th volume is definitely youth oriented, for it gives several phases of the background of our early Slovak immigrants to American shores and a look at the historic homeland of our parents and grandparents. Quite appropriately the Furdek leads off with a pictorial introduction of the officers of the Jednota because they are the official representatives of the organization that has a membership close to 100,000. Daniel Tanzone discusses fraternalism and the Slovak immigrant in a highly readable and documented study of the origins and growth of Slovak fraternal organizations in this country. Introduction of Janko Kral', Slovak revolutionary poet of the 19th century, by Joseph Kirschbaum, Ph.D., LL.D., of Toronto, Canada, is rather timely in view of current �194 SLOVAKIA Catholic unity is a .serious reminder in our times to stand united in the Faith of our Fathers when diversity of opinions, various modes of liturgical worship, and even divergent doctrinal proposals are dangerous challenges to the orthodoxy of our faith. Father Franko's Slovak Christmas Eve sacred vignette should be adopted by every Christian family to help preserve the spirit and true meaning of a genuinely Christian yuletide season. Reproductions (in exquisite color) of the stained glass windows adorning the Chapel of the Jednota Home are a pictorial portrayal of the spirit of faith that inspired their creation and at the same time a public testimonial of honor of two of the most famous Slovak priests of our age, namely, Father Furdek, founder of the Jednota, and Father Tiso, the martyr-president of the Slovak Republic. Clevelanders will no doubt find the article by Slovak Bet1edictine scribe, Fr. Andrew V. Pier, 0.S.B., on early Slovak immigrants interesting . . . and his other contributions informative. The story about Staff Sergeant Frank Mitka, a Veteran of the U.S. Army for more than thirty years, brings into the limelight a career soldier who enjoyed military life . . . he was a forerunner of the present-day volunteer army. The valaska, a traditional Slovak weapon designed for protection ... not aggression . . . is a national symbol of strength and resistance The Slovak Catholic Federation against the forces of injustice and of America is primarily an associa- tyranny. Sheep and their shepherds in tion of Slovak Catholic fraternal organizations that hold the Church Slovakia are the subjects of a roin highest esteem because their mantic setting (an idyllic scene on members accept it as a society the mountainside) with the venerestablished by Christ for the salva- able 'baca' holding his young proteges spell-bound as they listen to tion of their immortal souls. Monsignor Gallik's article on an endless series of thrilling epi- trends that are characterized by the same spirit of restlessness, r adical change, disillusionment and a mixture of hope and despair that marked the life and work of a Slovak poet who was in the forefront of the struggle for social justice and political freedom. St. Joseph the Workman, the universal patron of workingmen everywhere, is a favorite saint of men who must toil at manual labor. The statue of St. Joseph overlooking the industrial environs of St. Michael Slovak parish, Munhall, Pa., in the heart of the steel industry of the Pittsburgh area is a constant inspiration to the passerby. Tribute to Karl Pacanovsky, 'a philosopher-craftsma n' at the Hill School in Pottstown, Pa. for more than three decades, is a well deserved one for a Slovak worker who was dedicated to his tasks in his workshop. R. H. Andrews' article on India is an eye-opener for those who know so little about the great work accomplished by Catholic missionaries in the Far East. Furdek's youth panel of scholarship winners (39 young men and 2:5 young women) is a fine representation of Jednota's honor students of the past year. Paul Berish in his Relevant contribution finds fault ... and rightly so . . . with the mishandling of facts about the Slovaks and their history by American journalists, newsreporters, and even socalled editorial writers and historians. �SLOVAKIA sodes around the fireside after the evening chores are done, but members of a definite economic class that is an asset to the country and its people. Even the Croatians, by exception, get a boost in this year's Furdek as Father Wuerl recalls the 1,000th anniversary of the feast of St. Blaise, celebrated in the town of Dubrovnik, Croatia, on February 3, 1972. Paul Berish uncovers the 'hidden life of Brother Rudolf' over a span of fifty years as a tailor in the service of the Lord in the tailorshop of a monastic Redemptorist community. Salt in Slovakia has been a rich commodity for Slovakia and neighboring states in central Europe for many centuries. Solivar, near Pre~ov, continues to mine salt to the present day by modern methods and techniques. Michael Kurak of the Holy Trinity Slovak parochial school in Yonkers, N. Y. tells the world he is a Slovak . . . and proud of it! Father Robert Terentieff is presented by Dr. Michael Simko to our readers as an artist, teacher, dramatist, zealous shepherd of souls and preserver of Slovak customs in Connecticut. The pictorial contribution of Paul C. Fallat, Slovak artist, on an important phase in the life of Father Hlinka who was 'a fearless fighter for Slovak freedom' is an atractive re-enactment of the highlights of the Slovak leader's dynamic career that helped win the struggle for the Slovak nation's political freedom before World War II. American and Canadian Translators of Slovak poetry by Dr. J . M. Kirschbaum, Slovak diplomat and writer, not only touches upon translations of Slovak poems but lists a considerable number of 195 translations from Slovak prose. Included in the list of translators with such world known personalities as Bjornson, Seton-Watson and Denis are W. Kirkconnell, J. Vajda, I. Kramoris, M. Sprinc, K. Strmen and Sister M. Tybor, SS.C.M. The Tool Box by Alvin Lehar brings to light an amusing incident in the early life of Stan Sladek, a Slovak professional football player from the Bronx in the 1950's and 1960's. Dorothy Day, the 74-year-old Catholic social worker, speaker, publisher and activist during most of her lifetime, is given tribute by Joseph McLellan who characterizes the remarkable champion of social justice and evangelical poverty as 'a prophet of Catholic social concern.' Dr. Kirschbaum attempts to sift the truth from falsehood in the conflicting accounts involving the creation of the Slovak Republic on March 14, 1939 . . . almost six months before the German invasion of Poland started the war. Australia beckoned several thousand freedom-loving Slovaks to seek their livelihood there after their country was locked up behind the Iron Curtain. Approximately ten thousand Slovaks in exile are found in southern Australia. Father Matthew Jankola (founder of the Religious Order of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Danville, Pa.) has a proper evaluation of his lifework in the biographical sketch of Daniel Tanzone, young Slovak writer. Another promising young Slovak writer, Michael J. Krajsa, rightly gives credit to our early American Slovak leaders for establishing fraternal societies, churches, schools and social-cultural centers that flourished in their time. Krajsa concentrates on the story of the Jednota primarily. �196 SLOVAKIA Interspersed throughout the volume are short poems, designed no doubt for inspiration as well as variety . . . these adequately fulfill their purpose. Rt. Rev. Jerome Koval, 0.S.B SLOVAK PIONEERS IN AMERICA Jozef Pauco, Ph.D. Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike (Slovak Pioneers in America). First Catholic Slovak Union, Cleveland, 0. , 1972. 358 pages. Illustrated. $4.95. Slovak Pioneers in America (Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike), from the pen of Dr. Joseph Pauco, is another publication of the Jednota Press of the First Catholic Slovak Union. The book is dedicated as a living witness to the staunch and lasting accomplishments of those Slovak pioneerspriests, religious and laity-who with their whole being stood in the service of the American Slovaks. Many made outstanding cultural and literary contributions that have become part of the lasting treasury of America's worth. On these factual pages, the author and the First Catholic Slovak Union fulfill an obligation which is due to Slovak nation since it gave to America fully one-third of its people. These immigrants filled all facets of American labor and pulled themselves up from the mines, the iron pits and steel mills to the ranks of Generals, professional men, and business men, but most of all they led their people to be loyal citizens of their new country, the United States of America. It is in this vein that Pauco presents his new book Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike. When the book is translated into English, the third and fourth generations of American Slovaks will be able to fully evaluate all the accomplishments and contributions of their pioneer parents and grandparents-not only what they did for them, but for the over three million American Slovaks and for the whole of America. Pauco's work required serious research and documentation. In an objective manner he credits the life and works of the pioneers and categorizes them in their proper niche in the history of the American Slovaks, in America and the Slovak nation. He presents those leading pioneers who played the greatest role in the cultural field; those who organized fraternal societies, parishes, schools, and religious orders; those who preserved the literary culture with the publication of newspapers and books; and those who were fired with the ideal of liberty that even permeated to Slovakia. It was the American Slovaks who initiated the movement for an independent Slovakia prior to World War I. They were proud of the document known as the "Pittsburgh Pact" which became the platform of the political party in Slovakia seeking autonomy for the Slovak people. This was a unique display of cooperation and a symbolic gesture between the Slovak nation and the emigrated American Slovaks. Father J oseph A. Gajdosik, Supreme Chaplain of the First Catholic Slovak Union and Chairman of its Literary Committee-himself an eloquent and gifted writergave a few thoughts concerning Pauco's new book as he remembered reading the installments in the Jednota. "The stories of the Slovak pioneers are very provocative, enlightening and very stimulating. They reveal the joyous faith that the Slovak pioneers had, which in �197 SLOVAKIA turn motivated them in their endeavors to better their lives, and help assure a better future for their loved ones, and for Slovaks in general. The realism that FAITH has many faces is beautifully depicted in the lives of the many characters who appear in the Priekopnici! "The lives of these pioneers communicate the personal and devoted consecration to the Slovak motto of living for God and People, to such a degree, that undoubtedly young adults of the second, third, etc., Slovak generation, who perhaps have difficulty of choosing a career, will be aided by the publication of this book to select a career, which will fulfill their vocation for life. "The 'Slovak Cause' is no longer a hot issue in the average life of an American of Slovak ancestry, in fact, I find a reversing trend. However, if this book can make one cognizant of his Slovak origin, it may serve to help one gain heights which otherwise would be out of bounds, e.g. Michael Novak, and his noted book The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics. "Pauco's book is one sure way to arousing interest in the Slovak heritage on a personal and individual basis, especially among our younger people. Hopefully, an English translation will be made in the near future, so that devotion to the Slovak ethnicity will be fostered. "The book should bolster Dr. Joseph Pauco's strong thoughts about the termination and death of the Slovak language in the United States. The book is also a warning to our fair-weather-Slovaks, who claim that they received little if anything from their Slovak ancestors, for it teaches that much Slovak affluence and prestige is di- rectly the result of the conduct and work of our pioneers. "It behooves our brethren who are ashamed of their Slovak ethnicity, to study their history, and learn how everything they have was given to them, and that they should give themselves for others as our pioneers did. The ultimate lesson is that we, Americans of Slovak ancestry, should foster and serve the Slovak cause and ideal, at least as much, if not better then our pioneers in early America." Dr. Joseph Pauco came to the United States 22 years ago. He earned his doctorate in Philosophy at the Slovak University in Bratislava. As a historian and journalist, he has dedicated himself fully to the service of the American Slovaks. He has spent all his time in the United States on the editorial staff of Jednota, the Catholic Weekly of the First Catholic Slovak Union. He is also the publisher of the oldest Slovak newspaper in America Slovak v Amerike (American Slovak) and is a contributor to many other periodicals. He is the author of over 20 books, mostly dedicated to the life of the American Slovaks, including the history of the First Catholic Slovak Union and the lives of Fr. Stephen Furdek and Fr. Matthew Jankola. His many hundreds of articles, especially the column "Slovaci a ich zivot" (Slovaks and Their Life ) in Jedno ta, systematically record the accomplishments and efforts of the American Slovaks and their institutions. Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike is in itself a pioneer book. Nothing to date has been published in such documentary detail about American Slovak pioneers. The First Catholic Slovak Union is proud to publish this vital literary work of Dr. Joseph Pauco. Joseph c. Krajsa �198 SLOVAKIA JANKOLA'S CENTENNIAL Jankola centennial Books.-Pamiitnica 100-ho vyrocia narodenia Otca Matusa Jankolu (1872-1972). - Jankola Book. Honoring the Centennial of the Birth of Father Matthew Jankola (1872-1972) Both of these books were prepared and published by the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius, collaborating at Jankola Library in Danville, Pennsylvania, July-August, 1972, under the chairmanship of Sister M. Martina Tybor. The historian of the future who undertakes a study of the history of the Slovak people will inevitably reach out for the most objective of resource materials available. And it is just such a balanced, such a level and extraordinary objective and tastefully factual contribution that has appeared this year as an enrichment in the specific field of Slovak-American immigrant chronicles. The work consists of two distinct volumes, one in English and one in Slovak (similar but not identical in content), delineating the life and the achievements of Father Matthew Jankola, pioneer SlovakAmerican priest and patriot, who was a leader, educator, writer, and the founder of the American community, Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius. This eminently commendable publication project was endorsed and sponsored by Mother M. Valeria Romanchek, Superior General of the congregation, and it became a reality only by reason of the dedication, diligence, and scholarship of the Sisters who were fittingly associated with Jankola Library in this undertaking. Jankola Library is directed by Sister M. Martina Tybor and under her chairmanship there evolved an editorial committee consisting of Mother M. Emerentia Petra~ek, Sister M. Lilliana Kardo~, Sister M. Consuela Gregorovic, Sister M. Philomena Abbick, Sister M. Tarcisia Gregorovic and Sister Donna Marie Ivanko. By their personal effort and professional talent these Sisters worked to contribute every aspect of the publication: the researching and compiling of data, literary composition, technical composing and preparation of copy, multilith reproduction, collating and binding. Susan Oravec of Peckville, Pa. designed the artistic and becoming cover portrait, and photography was done by Joseph McGlinn of Danville and John Gre~kovic of Olyphant, Pa. The books credit items of information etc. contributed by Sisters M. John Vianney, M. Eileen McCoy, M. Regina, M. Bernardine, M. Raphael, and M. Yolanda. Each volume consists of 134 pages, is fully protected by copyright and is dedicated to the memory of the esteemed Founder of this American community of sisters whose prime apostolates are teaching and caring for the orphaned and the aged. The sisters thus express the gratitude which is justly due to Father Jankola not only by this community but by all the Slovak people both in this country and abroad, especially for his priestly zeal in promoting spirituality and culture, for his selfsacrifice on behalf of his fellowman, his leadership and vision as well as his determination to better the lot of the Slovak immigrant in America. The opening pages of each souvenir book contain commemorative poetry of high quality. The text also includes rich and informative articles such as a biography which cover the fruitful work of Father Jankola's lifetime of less than fifty �SLOVAKIA years, a historical survey of the founding of the community and reminiscences of some who knew Father J ankola well. Another important contribution in these books is the descriptive account of Jimkola Library at Danville, Pa., its holdings, areas of service, prospects, etc. Of special interest is a picture of Father J ankola's two surviving sisters, Mrs. Irma J ankola Srbova and Mrs. Luisa J ankola Sopkova of Slovakia, together with a reproduction of the congratulatory lines which they sent to grace the centennial celebration. As a special supplement in each book are the news reports and 199 photographs which record the centennial observance and the Jankola Exhibit of Memorabilia held at Danville on August 13, 1972. The news accounts were prepared by Dr. Joseph Pauco, Slovak journalist and editor, and by Rev. Augustine J. Zan, Chaplain at Maria J oseph Manor. These unique books creditably record the work of Father Jankola and honor him worthily for the legacy which he bequeathed to the Church, to the Slovak nation and to his adopted country, the USA. Although this is a limited edition, copies are still available at J ankola Library, Danville, Pa. 17821. Rev. Augustine J. Za n Annual S L O V A K I A is published by the Slovak League of America, 313 Ridge Ave., Middletown, Pa. 17057. Subscription $3.00. Editor: Joseph Pauto, Ph. D. Editorial Board: Draga 0/vlnska, Louis Kandra, Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D., Joseph A. Miku§, Ph. 0., Fr. Andrew Pier, O.S.B., M.A., Daniel F. Tanzone, M.A., Sister M. Tybor, SS.C.M., M.A. �SLOVAKIA 200 Contents The Slovak Word Abroad - Gorazd Zvonicky - 3 Twenty Years of the Slovak Institute in Cleveland - Joseph Paufo,Ph.D. -16 The Inflectional Morphology of Standard Slovak: A Descriptive Analysis John Michael Kochik, Ph:D. - 24 The Ethnical Philosophy of nudovit Stur - Stefan Polakovi~ - 29 Fortieth Anniversary Canadian Slovak League - Edward J. Behuncik -48 Youth in Search of Slovak Identity and Pride - John Llhani, Ph.D. -53 A New Phase in the Socialist Economic Reform - V. J. Hurley - 57 The Renaissance of the Slovak American Literature - P. O'Reilly - 66 Cultural Revival of American and Canadian Slovaks - Jozef Paufo, Ph.D. -72 Dr. J. M. Kirschbaum - F . Vnuk - 82 Select Bibliography of Foreign Language Writings by Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum - 92 Evaluation of Dr. Kirschbaum's Writings by Critics - 101 /Diplomatic and Consular Relations of Slovakia with Neutral States - J. M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D. - 111 Mother M . Emerentia Petrasek - 123 The Declining Democratic Facade: Czecho-Slovakia 1948-1960 - S. J.B. -129 Youth, Our Hope - Pavo! 0 . Hviezdoslav - 140 Ethnicity and Research - Dr. Steven I. Miller - 141 Ethnics Work Hard - Msgr. James T. McHugh - 153 The American Political Question - Edward M. Zelenak - 155 Current Issues - 158 As Others See It - 170 Book Reviews (J. M. Kirschbaum - Books on Slovakia - Galla Golan: The Czechoslovak Reform Movement - Wolfgang Venohr: Aufstand fiir die Tschecho-Slowakei - Slovak Studies, Volume Vlll and IX - Joseph Vravrovic: L'oecumenisme et le panslavisme de l'abbe Jean Palarik - Milan S. f>urica: La Morte di M. R. Stefanik Alla Luce Dei Documenti Militari Italiani Inediti - Michael Novak: The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics - Slavs in Canada, Vol. III - Jaroslaw A. Piekalkiewicz: Public Opinion Polling in Czechoslovakia - Milan S. f>urica (Ed.): II Mondo Slavo, Vol. Ill; New Collections of Slovak ~migre Poetry - Rudolf Dilong: IIladny vetrik - Jan L. Doransky: Od splnu po zatmenie - Rudolf Dilong: Pomikam chlieb so sol'ou - Jan Okal': Cielito Lindo Jan E. Bor: Eugen Vesnin; Books on Jews in Slovakia -reviewed by Dr. Arved Grebert - (Ed.): The Jews of Czechoslovakia Alexander Schreiber: Hebriiische Kodexilberreste in Ungarliindischen Eibandstafeln - Karl Baum: Nazi Anti-Jewish Legislation in the Czech Protectorate - Jednota Annual FURDEK reviewed by Rt. Rev. Jerome Koval, O.S.B. - Jozef Paufo, Ph.D.: Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike (by Joseph C. Krajsa) - Jankola Centennial Books (by Rev. Augustine J. Zan) - 174 �Our Contributors Gorazd Zvonicky - poet, professor, Rome, Italy author, historian, Middletown, Pa. Joseph Pauco, Ph.D. - assistant professor of Czech and Russian, University of Nebraska, Lincoln John M. Kochik, Ph.D. - former professor at the Slovak University, Bratislava, Slovakia, now in Argentina Stefan Polakovic, Ph;D. - attorney-at-law, Stratford, Conn. Edward J. Behuncik - professor of Hispanic Linguistics, University of John Lihani, Ph.D. - Kenrtucky Francis Vnuk - historian; professor, Institute of Technology, Adelaide, Australia Joseph M . Kirschbaum, LL.D., Ph-D. - historian, author, Toronto, Ontario Pav ol 0. Hviezdoslav - noted Slovak poet Sr. M . Martina Tybor, SS.C-M. - teacher and author, Danville, Pa. assistant professor, Sociology of Education, Loyola University, Chicago, Ill. Dr. Steven I. MiUer - Msgr. James T. McHugh - diocese of Harrisburg, Pa. Edward M. Zelenak - musician, college student, Detroit, Michigan Dr. Arved Grebert - former Slovak diplomat, now in Switzerland Rt. Rev . Jerome Koval, O.S-B. - Abbot, St. Andrew's Svorad Slovak Abbey, Cleveland, Ohio Joseph C. Krajsa - Editor, Jednota, Middletown, Pa. Rev. Augustine J . Zan - author, Danville, Pa. V . J . Hurley; P. O'ReiUy and S. J. B. - Slovak American students �PRI NTI D IN U.S. A. JIDN OTA PlllN TER Y, MID DLli TOW N, PA. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1973, Vol. 23 Description An account of the resource Vol. 23 (No. 46), 1973. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 158 SLOVAKIA CURRENT ISSUES ·Proclamation Adopted by Sf oval< League of America CHICAGO, ILL. - MAY 27, 1972 Assembled in the Congress, the delegates to the 43rd Biennial Congress of the Slovak League of America, unanimously adopt this resolution: 1. The Slovak League of America will continue with all its energies to support, to advance and to spread the doctrine of self determination and freedom for all nations, as these are principles espoused by our own United States of America. 2. The Slovak League of America will continue with its cultural and civic programs, by means of its scholarships and other undertakings. Thus, we will better inform the free world, especially here in our own country, of the centuries-old aspirations and rights of Slovak nation. We feel these rights will be best enjoyed in some type of European federation or union in which the citizens of a free and independent Slovakia will decide their own destiny. 3. In furtherance of the above goals, the Slovak League of America will continue to work closely with all Slovak organizations, publications and institutions everywhere; thereby giving moral, financial and practical support to the aspirations of more than three million Slovaks torn away from their native soil, as well as to the downtrodden brethren in subjugated Slovakia. 4. As one of the founders of the Slovak World Congress, the Slovak League of America endorses the program of the Slovak World Congress and make available to it all its powers and resources. SLOVAKIA 159 5. The Slovak League of America makes special request to all Slovak groups to appeal to the Slovak youthfor they are our future-without them the Slovak cause, especially here in the United States of America, will not long endure. 6. Finally, we solicit the continued sacrifices and dedication of all Slovak-Americans and American-Slovaks, fortunate enough to enjoy the freedom and privileges of our great Country, so that in our hopes for peace to men of goodvill, our subjugated brethren, may in God's good time likewise enjoy such freedoms. THE SWVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Edward J. B eh u n c i k, President Joseph Pa u co, Secretary MEMORANDUM of the Slovak Catholic Mission in Australia Director-General UNESCO Place De Fontenoy Paris vrre France Dear Sir: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization has proclaimed the year 1972 as "International Book Year". This is a worthy undertaking and deserves every good success, but it is to be regretted that not all of mankind is in a position to freely participate in it. \ rticle IX of the Charter of the Book states: "The free flow of books between countries is an essential supplement to national supplies and promotes international understanding." 168 SLOVAKIA Contrary to this statement and the current year program of UNESCO is the practice of the Government of the Czecho-Slovak Socialistic Republic and the Governments of other countries under Communist rule and culturally dominated by Moscow. These countries discriminate in the exchange of books and printed matter in general. While the free world is flooded with propaganda and literature issued by the Soviet Block countries, there is great discrimination in the Communist countries against literature published in the free world, and into CzechoSlovakia the entry of religious and the like books is actually prohibited. This is being done in spite of the fact that Communist Block countries are members of the United Nation organization and are signitories of the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The purpose of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization according to its constitution is "To contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture in order to further universal respect for justice, for the rule of law and for the human rights and fundamental freedoms which are affirmed for the peoples of the world, without distinction of race, sex, language or religion, by the Charter of the United Nations." The Slovak Nation, one of many enslaved by Communism, has a high regard for this noble objective of UNESCO but is prevented in carrying out its part in it. The purpose of this memorandum is to draw your attention to the plight in which the Slovak Nation has been placed by no fault of its own, and also to point out that the action required to remedy the ills of the systems dominating the life of Slovaks under Moscow supremacy is long overdue. The Slovak Nation is the oldest Christian Nation in Central Europe. Its country is Slovakia with a population of 4,542,098. This Nation is not in a position to exercise the rights as enumerated for every human being by the United Nations. At the time when the most fundamental freedoms of SLOVAKIA 161 mankind were announced by the United Nations, the Slovak Nation was stripped of them by the power of Moscow which marked the end of the Slovak Independent Republic, .and Slovakia was forcibly joined with Bohemia and Moravia in the Czecho-Slovak Socialistic Republic. By this arbitrary act the Slovak Nation was in 1945 deprived of the principle of self-determination affirmed by the Charter of the United Nations. Chapter I, article 1, paragraph 2 reads: (The purposes of the United Nations are) "To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and selfdetermination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace." The Slovak Nation is not free to choose its form of government and is ruled by the totalitarian system under the banner of international Communism. Consequently with regard to the objectives of UNESCO the Slovak Nation is not in a position to develop itself according to its Christian character and thus it is not free either to contribute to the cultural wealth of the human family or to enjoy its benefits. UNESCO holds that for the promotion of its activities, three of the rights, enumerated in the Universal Declaration are of outstanding importance: 1. "The right to education ( article 26) 2. "The right of culture (article 27) 3. "The right to freedom of information (article 19)". The Slovak Nation does not enjoy freedom to claim and exercise any of these rights. 1. Paragraph 2, of article 26 reads: "Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace." 162 SLOVAKIA Human personality can be fully developed when an individual enjoys the most fundamental freedoms such as: freedom freedom freedom freedom of speech, of belief, from fear, from want. The Slovak Nation enjoys none of these. The whole educational system in Slovakia is saturated with Marxism, which is contrary to the Christian character of the Slovak Nation. The promoting of tolerance is unknown to Communism which is disseminating hatred and it is disrupting unity on all levels of life. For Communism "peace" means the domination of private and public life according to the teaching of Marxism. According to paragraph 3 of article 26, "Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children." The Slovak parents are denied this right for in Slovakia there is only the Communist system of education. In 1945 Slovakia had 1887 Catholic schools. All of them were confiscated by Communists and the children of Catholic parents (also other religions) were indoctrinated in Marxism. 2. Article 27, paragraph 1, reads: "Everyone has the right freely participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and it..s benefits." In Slovakia culture, arts, science have been made servants of Communism and they have no value unless they are guided by principles of Marxism and unless they are designed for the promotion of Communism. 3. According Article 19: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers." 163 SLOVAKIA In Slovakia there is no freedom of opinion and expression. These have to be in conformity with Marxism. Ideas and opinions are usually communicated by books, newspapers, radio, television and public addresses. But in Slovakia, these medias are Communist controlled and are designed to promote militant atheism. What has been said about the situation in Slovakia, applies also to a lesser or greater degree to other countries under Communist rule, and while Communist propaganda and literature is freely distributed in the countries of the Western Democracies, the frontiers of the countries under Communist domination are virtually sealted to the printed word from the West. This especially applies to articles of a religious nature. This state of affairs is contrary to the spirit of the United Nations and is alien to the objectives of UNESCO. Its toleration would only strengthen the hand of international Communism and encourage all actual or potential dictators in their drive to enslave the rights and freedom of mankind. Having this in mind, we respectfully request that: a) You bring the plight of the Slovak Nation to the attention of the General Assembly of the United Nations Organization, b) the dignity of Slovaks be fully restored, so that the Slovak Nation can take an honorable place in the family of free Nations according to the spirit of the United Nations and aims of UNESCO. We trust that you will assist us in our request that justice be done to the Slovak Nation and so fulfill the principles of the United Nations and aims of UNESCO. Yours respectfully, Rev. Jan Krasnansky, s. V.D. Chaplain to the Slovak Community in Sydney Jan Secansky Sydney, August 1972 Delegate to the Religious Section of the Slovak World Congress 164 SLOVAKIA Ethnic Studies at C.C.N.Y. and the First Course on the Slavic American Heritage The City College of the City University of New York has long taken pride both in the achievements of its students and in the leading role it has played in recognizing and adapting to new ethnic and cultural developments in New York's multi-cultural and multi-national community. For many years C.C.N.Y. has ranked with Harvard and the University of California at Berkeley in the number of its graduates who go on for doctorates. This year The City College again took a leadership role by initiating the nation's first college level course on the Slavic American Heritage. Different ethnic groups at City College have long struggled for recognition and have broadened the college's involvement in the community by pressing for the establishment of new programs and courses more "relevant" to their ethnic backgrounds. In response to the students' demands at C.C.N.Y. in 1969, New York's Board of Higher Education authorized The City College to establish a Department of Urban and Ethnic Studies (UES) which would engage in both instruction and research. This department assists students in preparing for new careers in community leadership, public service, education, and work with voluntary agencies in urban areas. In September of 1969 the new Department of Urban and Ethnic Studies opened its doors with 183 students enrolled in two courses in Afro-American and Puerto Rican Studies. The following semester courses in urban and community affairs were added. During the second year the curriculum was expanded to include the beginnings of Chinese-American and Carribean Studies. From the beginning the Department of Urban and Ethnic Studies exhibited striking vitality and growth. The number of courses given by the Department rose from two (in the fall of 1969) to thirteen (in the spring of 1970) and then to twenty-three (in the spring of 1971). From SLOVAKIA 165 seven sections in the first semester it grew to forty-two in the spring of 1971, while student enrollment rose from 183 to about 1400. By Fall 1971, UES had been divided into three separate departments: Black Studies, Puerto Rican Studies, and Asian Studies. At the same time a separate department of Jewish Studies had been created. It became administration policy that an ethnic studies department could be established only if the particular ethnic group consisted of at least 5 percent of the student population at C.C.N.Y. Only the four ethnic groups listed above contributed this much. Others would have to be satisfied with basic courses only. At present, City College's four ethnic studies departments offer a total of over 120 courses; these are attended by more than 2300 students. Courses cover such varied subjects as "Asian Women", "Black Folklore", "Community Power Analysis and Research", "Political Modernization in Black America", "The Contemporary Puerto Rican Family", "Jewish Identity", "Jewish American Community", "Ethnic Leaders", "Field Work Experience in a Bilingual Environment", and "Creative Research in Urban and Ethnic Studies". Although hundreds of Slavic-American students attend The City College, they do not constitute 5 percent of the student body. Nonetheless many of them are eager to explore their ethnic heritage within the context of college study. America's Slavic-speaking population constitutes one of the most significant "white minority" groups in the country. Today, when all minority groups are trying to assert their contribution to the nation's growth, very little has been done to explore this group's history, culture, social problems and its struggle to maintain its identity in the United States. Systematic study of Slavic-Americans and their heritage is long overdue. There is a strong feeling of ethnic awareness among some members of the younger generation, there are also strong indications that the melting pot conception can not be maintained any longer and that America is beginning to recognize and appreciate the diversity of its ethnic elements in terms of a new cultural pluralism . .As Prof. Michael Novak puts it in his new book, The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics, "It is time for a new cultural pluralism 166 SLOVAKIA and a politics that requires this new cultural pluralism -one that draws from resources other than Anglo-Saxon history and values." The first course (being offered at City College), called Slavic American Heritage, is listed among the College's core requirements and is open to all interested students. The course is presented by Prof. Peter Goy and is being attended by 19 students. It is a survey of Slavic American Heritage. It attempts to explore the history of Slavic Americans. The course encompasses all Slavic-speaking groups in the country (Belorussian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovenian, Slovak and Ukrainian, to mention a few) and includes a brief history of Slavs in the U.S.A. from the early XVII century to the present. It stresses their struggle for survival in the New World while emphasizing the participation of Slavs in American life and the role they have played in U.S. History. It expands upon current problems of identity and assimilation facing the younger generation. It takes into scope the Slavic historical background, characteristics of the Slavic population, economic conditions, religious conditions, education and contemporary literatures of the different ethnic groups. One of the aspects of this course is original research and analysis made by the students on various aspects of our contemporary Slavic groups, such as: Polish Ethnic Press, Ukrainian Scientific Institutions, Contemporary Ethnic Leaders, Czech Community in New York, Contemporary Slovak Women in America, Rhuthenians in U.S.A., Youth Organizations and the Impact of Assimilation on SelfIdentity, Bicultural Conflict and Synthesis, etc. In order to facilitate and further the original research of the students and faculty, a collection of a Slavic Contemporary ethnic archive and library materials is essential. Therefore, we would appreciate a donation of materials such as books, pamphlets, periodicals, newspapers, leaflets, films, etc, from all Slavic ethnic groups (Belorussian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovenian, Slovak, Ukrainian and others) in the United States, a~ well as their organizations and patriotic individuals. We strongly believe that in the near future other colleges and universities, specifically those located in large SLOVAKIA 167 Slavic communities such as Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland, Buffalo, etc., will accommodate their Slavic residents and open the door to the vast richness, resourcefulness and abundance of Slavic American Heritage. Professor P. G o y 201 Goethals Hall The City College of the University of New York New York, N. Y. 10031 What Did the Slovak Communists Want in 1968? Dr. John M. Kochik (A translation from the Slovak of Viktor Pavlenda's co chcu Slovdci published in Svet socializmu, No. 32, August 6, 1968 by Obzor Publishers, Bratislava.) "In January the movement was initiated for a democratic Czech and Slovak socialism which would be economically more dynamic, socially more just, ideologically more progressive, comprehensively more human,-making it more attractive than any existing socio-economic system. The movement for this type of socialism is fast developing across the country which two peoples and nationalities inhabit. From the very essence of this movement proceeds its most basically inherent feature, namely, the very democratization of the relationship between the two peoples, between them and the nationalities living among them, and between the nationalities living side-byside. However, should this essential element be disregarded the movement would become pseudodemocratic, despite the fact that one sector of society has been the ruling nation until now and is reputedly the most democratic. Therefore, the Slovaks have the complete right to formulate their national claims, while the Czechs have the moral responsibility of seriously considering and democratically accepting them in the new democratic atmosphere of thought and action. 168 SLOVAKIA What is the Basis of Our National Movement as a Natural Ri ght,-A Right Suppressed and Ignored in the Past? 1. A half-century should suffice for an elder brother to recognize the younger as thoroughly related, not adopted, without a stepmother, but having his same very own Czecho-Slovakian homeland. There could be no more fitting occasion to acknowledge this self-same truth than the fiftieth October-anniversary of governing together. 2. In its current history "something" always went wrong in the real autonomy of the Slovak nation. First, a word only about autonomy, later about all the remaining issues. We regard as our most natural and sacred rights the proclamation and recognition of the actual, genuine self-rule of our people. This presupposes the elimination, not only in words but in actual fact, of the present humiliating- position of Slovakia, and the providing of it with an equal opportunity of realization in all aspects of social life. 3. The road to a new, just solution of the relationships between our peoples should proceed through a politicaleconomic Czecho-Slovakian federation: an economicallyrational and nationally-just federation. Thus, we desire neither that kind of federation which would crush the Republic through a rigid control of the greater over the lesser, nor such as would shatter the Republic by indecisive free choice, one yelling 'To the left!', the other 'To the right!'. 4. The Czecho-Slovak federation should systematically transfer the inclusive spirit of the democratizing process as such into the living conditions of both nations and into the relationship between them. That means that, taken objectively, henceforth it would insure more intensively the acceleration of the process of raising the quality of conditions in realizing the Czech and Slovak labor potential both on the job as well as in life. But, simultaneously-and this indeed holds true for socialist society-it must accelerate the process of making conditions of realization of the national labor forces approach each other, and of further equalizing the comparatively large discrepancies in economic and living standards between Slovakia and the Czech regions . In these processes-the quality of conditions of utilizing the citizen as such and the relatively-equal utiliza- SLOVAKIA 169 tion of both peoples-we realize the sense o! an economically-rational and a nationally-just federation. 5. It is completely natural (especially from the experiences of their former development) that nowadays the Slovaks are not satisfied with promises nor with a referral to the good intentions of another even though be is one's very own brother, but they require the systematic guarantee of inclusive national autonomy in a federation. We visualize the starting-point as in a nationally-just pyramid of authoritative governmental bodies; national governmental bodies with original authority-federal governmental bodies with derived competency agreed upon by the national governmental bodies. 6. We wish to establish a federation and the functioning of federal governmental bodies upon three principles: economy, flexibility and effectiveness, and national justice. The realization of these principles are demanded so that federal governmental bodies would be numerically minimal with a small apparatus. We demand the nationallyjust activity of federal governmental bodies in: the prohibition of majority-rule in legislative acts, the equal structuring of the administration and applicable solutions (that is, the prohibition of majority-rule, parity, agreements) in the federal executive governmental bodies. We implore the second, Czech, party, that is the Czech citizen:-consider this matter in silence, without prejudice, and give an answer six times! It is not an expression most completely natural that from these six basic principles the Slovaks proceed, placing one bother on an equal footing with the other brother? Or, does someone wish to shout us down repeatedly with the renewed expression: "Co vlastne ti Slovdci chteji?" (In the original Slovak text this question is given in the Czech language and meaning "What do those Slovaks actually want?", note that this question relates to the title and theme of the article.-Translator's comment.) I will not cease being an optimist. I still believe that the answer of our Czech brother will be non-Antonine (A passible reference to Antonin Novotny, First Party Secretary and the President of the Republic, his regime, policies and character.-Translator's comment), different in substance from its present usage, and that it will be worthy to the development of the Czech people." 170 SLOVAKIA AS OTHERS SEE IT The Church in Czecho-Slovakia been forced into early retirement is very weak, but it will continue to make them scarcer. Yet, strange as it may sound, the to survive. There are 14 dioceses, but only two bishops. The govern- government is not suppressing rement will not permit any more to ligion altogether. Firstly, it is be consecrated, so 12 of the 14 afraid to do so. Secondly, the Comdioceses must function with a munist Party is split on the issue priest who serves as vicar for the of how much to suppress religion. diocese. The vicars are chosen Some argue that it must be persecuted as fiercely as it is in Red largely by the state. No Catholic schools are permit- China. Others say that if it is kept ted in Czecho-Slovakia, though two weak, it will gradually die out as seminaries are still functioning, Communism takes over. A third one for Czechs and one for Slovaks. point: Communist leaders for the There are about 150 in the Czech most part are becoming increasingseminary, not many for 10 million ly pragmatic. They persecute religion only in Czechs, most of whom are Catholic. There are about 200 seminarians a ritualistic way, paying lip service in the seminary for Slovaks, in to Communist ideology. They persecute it mostly inasmuch as it Bratislava. About 3,500 priests are active. constitutes a force outside of the Another 500 must work as laymen, total power structure they have since the government does not re- allocated to themselves. Absolute cognize them as priests. Approxi- dictators have always tried to permately 35 priests are ordained each secute religion and weaken it to year. Worst of all, most of the the point where it has no power, nuns have recently been confined unless they have the power in their to work as staff in mental institu- hands. The police are not much in evition. Had we a Catholic Anti-Defamation League in the United dence in Czecho-Slovakia. Nor are States, we could bring enough there Russian soldiers on the street. pressure to bear to stop such but everyone knows there are 80,000 Soviet troops stationed just abuses. Remember how Stalin used to 30 miles away. Everyone rememcall it "changing the guard" when bers how Moscow sent in 650,000 he had a purge of Party officials? troops in a great hurry four years It still goes on. Three hundred ago, to crush the "human face" thousand members of the Commu- type of Communism Alexander nist Party have been purged in Dubcek had tried to introduce. One of the first buildings I saw Czecho-Slovakia in the past four years. Forty per cent of the writers in Prague was a training school have been forced out of their pro- for future members of the Party. fession. Fifty thousand union mem- It is the Party members and they bers were purged. The remaining alone who get all the good jobs writers stick to the Communist and who run every facet of governline, attacking the clergy as "fas- ment. Membership is limited to cists" and "Nazi." A large percent- those the Party invites, such as age of the monasteries have been sons or friends of Party members, closed recently, and priests have or those who do not practice their SLOVAKIA religion and for other reasons appeal to the ruling class. Only Party members can be candidates in a system where to be nominated by the Party is a guarantee of "election." Only Party members can hold trusted position. Only they have all the power. Communists argue that if the whole world were Communist, there would be no wars. But Czecho-Slovakia is a direct refutation of that theory. The country was brutally invaded in 1968 when it tried to humanize its type of Communism. Nor is it true that Communism lessens crime. Any visitor to Czecho-Slovakia sees prostitutes walking the main streets at night. Cars are often stripped or stolen. Drugs are not a problem, though they are in Moscow. Alcohol, which we often fail to think of as a drug, is a huge problem in all those countries. Stealing stocks and bonds is not a problem. But stealing from the state is on a much greater scale than anything we can imagine. "The whole system," I was told repeatedly, "is built on stealing."-Father Dan Lyons. Twin Circle, November 10, 1972. VIENNA (AP) - Travel fo a Westerner may be occassionally troublesome, but this is nothing compared to the battle with red tape an East European traveler encounters, if he just goes from one Communist country to another. The Slovak Assn. of Journalists recently issued what it called "a recipe for avoiding difficulties with passport and customs control" which lists so many things to do that it might in fact discourage anybody from making the trip in the first place. The association's biweekly publication, listed the regulations applying in the various East Europe- 171 an countries, which in the case of the Soviet Union alone covered 21 lines. The hard-core measures are nearly the same in every East European country. Each wants to know who crosses the border, watches that not too much of its national currency is taken out, nor rare consumer goods which the East European countries prefer to sell in the West for hard currency. Red tape starts at home. Slovaks have to file customs and foreign currency declarations; in some cases they must also have exit permits. Anyone intending to take a gift exceeding $20 along must obtain permission. Anyone wanting to visit the Soviet Union or Poland must have a visa. Joining a tour of a state travel agency makes this relatively simple. But anyone who wants to visit privately must have an invitation authenticated by a Soviet militia.-Werner Olimann WAKE FOREST, N. C. (NC)Ethnic Americans are "neither angels nor devils" but an unusual combination of political liberals and old fashioned patriots, according to Father Andrew Greeley. The ethnic "believes that progress is possible and that change is desirable," Father Greeley told a conference here on Civil Religion in America. "If he is less likely now than he was 20 years ago to describe himself as a liberal, the reason is not that he is any less committed to change or any less sympathetic with the oppressed but simply that he has much less confidence in American liberalism now." The ethnics, Father Greeley said, "like the United States of America. The flag, the 'Star Spangled Banner,' the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, the 172 SLOVAKIA Capitol building, the office of the presidency-all of these are admired symbols which together sum up the gratitude the ethnic feels for what the United States has made possible for him: freedom, dignity, comfort, security-things which his ancestors in the countries from which they fled or were driven would not have dreamt possible." Father Greeley, director of the University of Chicago's Center for the study of American Pluralism, said that members of ethnic groups are "less likely" than other Americans to favor the Vietnam war and, despite a tradition of anti-communism, they do not object to reapproachment with China or the Soviet Union." Members of ethnic groups, descendants of the most recent waves of European immigrants, have not been in America "long enough or achieved that level of security where it becomes easy to hate and despite the United States," the priest-sociologist said. "An appeal to the conscience of the ethnic against war and against injustice that is based on American patriotism has much better chance of being effective than one based on denunciation of America as a sick society, burning American flags, and ridiculing American institutions," Father Greeley said. Ethnics want to eliminate "hunger, misery, poverty, bad housing, bad education, and every other sort of social ill wherever is can be found in America," he said. "They supported the New Deal social reforms and have continued to vote for liberal congressional candidates who have extended and enlarged the New Deal." At the same time, Father Greeley said, ethnics place "a strong emphasis on the freedom and dignity of the individual person. A person should not be messed with or hassled by large bureaucratic agencies, be they governmental, labor, business, or ecclesiastical." Father Greeley spoke at a conference sponsored by the ~outhwestern Baptist Theological Seminary here and the American Jewish Committee. PITISBURGH-Tbey aren't the Same Old Steelers anymore. Just ask Gerela's Gorillas, Franco's Italian Army or the newly formed Dobra Shunka fan club. All those have been spawned by the success of the Pittsburgh Steelers, making a strong bid for the first division title in their 40-year pro football history. Gerela\s GO!fillas favor placekicker Roy Gerela, and rookie running sensation Franco Harris is the honorary commander of Franco's Italian Army. But what about Dobra Shunka? "That's Slovak for 'Great Ham,' " says Steeler linebacker Jack Ham, whose ancestors were European. "They're a great bunch of guys," Ham added. "Most of them live over in Port Vue, same as Gerela's Gorillas. You can't beat enthusiasm like that." Ham knows first hand the degree of Steeler mania. He's probably the only pro football player ever to get an ovation during a church sermon. "It happened at evening Mass the Sunday we beat Kansas City," recalls Ham, who attends St. Bernard's Roman Catholic Church in suburban Dormont. The monsignor was sermonizing on parish matters when suddenly he decided to switch topics and proclaimed from the pulpit, "How about those Steelers!" During the ensuing praise, he asked if Steeler vice President Dan SLOVAKIA Roomey, a member of the parish, was in attendance. Rooney wasn't but Ham was and one of the faithful stood up and introduced him as "Jack Ham-the Steelers great linebacker. " 173 "It was really something," recalls Ham. "They gave me a big ovation just like we were out at the stadium, I even stayed after Mass and signed autographs."( Associated Press) Astronaut Gene Cernan is of Slovak origin. His grandfather migrated to the U.S.A. from Vysoka, Kysuce region, Slovakia 174 SLOVAKIA BOOK REVIEWS BOOKS ON SLOVAKIA Reviewed by J.M. Kirschbaum The Czechoslovak Reform Move- of view. It also put into proper ment by Galla Golan, Cambridge, perspective the economic as well at the University Press, 1971, as political and national reasons for which young Slovak intellectuBibl., 334 pages. Among the dozens of books on als, all of them staunch supporters the de-Stalinization and liberation of the Communist Party, began to movement in Czecho-Slovakia, the rebel against the Stalinist system. present book by Galia Golan, Lec- There is no doubt that economic turer in Political Science and Rus- as well as political disparity betsian Studies at the Hebrew Univer- ween Slovakia and the Czech lands sity in Jerusalem, is one of the became intolerable even to Slovak most objective and best research- Communists. The spark for the ed works. Whereas many authors moment came, however, from the of books on the reform movement writers and intellectuals who cravin Czecho-Slovakia viewed the situ- ed for more freedom and could not ation from Prague and dealt with tolerate the injustice committed on the events mostly on the basis of so-called Slovak "bourgeois nationCzech sources (see our reviews in alists" who were freed from prisSlovakia for 1970 and 1971, and in ons, but not rehabilitated. The Slavica Canadiana A. D.1970), the Czech intellectuals joined the present book does not suffer from movement three or four years any anti-Slovak bias. The author later, in 1967 and 1968, and gave objectively analyzed the beginnings it the weight which paved the way of the reform movement from 1963 for the events of 1968. Unfortuto 1968, and recognized the role nately, it would appear that they which was played by Slovak writ- not only helped the movement to ers, journalists and politicians. As get momentum, but also pushed it a result, the picture is quite dif- to the extreme and in the end gave ferent from many other books on the Soviets a prete~t for the inthe subject. Because except for vasion. the books by Skilling, Shawcross, The book is an excellent survey Fejto, Lungi and Ello, the reform of the whole period from 1963 to movement in Czecho-Slovakia and 1968. It is divided into six chapespecially its last phase, was a- ters. In its Introduction the book scribed by Western observers and surveys the years 1956-1962 and analysts to Czech intellectuals and then it analyzes the revolt of the several books were published under intellectuals, the economic reforms, the title: The Prague Spring. In reforms in the social cultural some instances, even Dubcek's .role spheres, political reforms, the ewas played down and other Slovaks vents of 1967 and 1968. The author wei"e omitted or ignored. paid special attention to Slovaks Galla Golan's book is, however, in the second chapter, as well as obje<:tive not only from this point in Chapters V and VI. In one chap- SLOVAKIA ter the author analyzes specially the "pressures from the Slovaks and the youth." In the chapter on economic reforms, the book gives credit to the efforts of Dr. Eugen Loebl and to his plan for reforming the bankrupt economy. Other Slovak reformers, either in economic fields or in the political structure of Czecho-Slovakia are equally mentioned and so are Slovak periodicals, especially Kulturny Zivot and Slovenske Pohl'ady. Galia Golan seems to understand much better than other specialists in Eastern Europe the basic issues which separate Slovaks and Czechs and which dramatically came to the surface during the years 19631968. Trying to present an objective picture of the whole situation she avoided simplifications and, therefore, her book will remain as one of the best researched and scholarly written analysis of the attempts by Slovaks and Czechs to give Communism a human face. Wolfgang Venohr: Aufstand fii,r die Tschecho-Slowakei (Uprising for Czecho-Slovakia), Christian Wegner Verlag, Hamburg, 1969, bibl., ill., doc., 372 p. The War period of the Slovak history has been avoided for a long time in German historiography. Many more books were published in English than in the German language. When finally books on Slovakia appeared in Germany, they were written by historians coming not from Germany but from other Eastern European countries (Ludwig von Gogolak, Jorg K. Hoensch, Almar Reitzner) and the backgrounds of the authors influenced their attitudes and interpretation of the dramatic period of modern Slovak history. The book under review is the first one by a Western writer on the uprising which occured in Slo- 175 vakia in the Fall of 1944 and was presented until now only by memoirs or books written by the Communist participants, except for one volume of documents edited by V. Precan. Venohr's book does not agree completely with the Communist interpretation and sheds a new light on the bloody and controversial rebellion which was at least three times re-interpreted by the Communists themselves. There is no note on the author of the book and of his credentials. The work is comprehensive and refers not only to many printed sources but also to personal interviews with the Communist participants and officers of the Slovak army involved in the uprising. Interviews with non-Communist participants, even though some of them live in Germany, are missing. In view of the fact that the non-Communist organizers and participants of the uprising did not publish uptil now their version of the political aims and of the part played by the Slovak army or non-Communist population, Venohr's book fills an important gap. It is, however, very hard to say how far his interpretation is free of any bias, in spite of the fact that he states in his epilogue that he tried to avoid an ideological approach. As he says, the aim of his book was to "help the Slovaks to gain their international respect and develop brotherly relations built on equality of rights with the Czechs." At the same time the book should "serve to create a better understanding between Germany and Czecho-Slovakia." Venohr's presentation of the Slovak Republic and his survey of Slovak history would indicate that he endeavored to look at Slovaks without the usual bias which we can find in some Western and 17~ SLOVAKIA Communist history books. Throughout the book, there is an effort to avoid the negative attitude towards the Slovak struggle for independence. There is no a priori denial of bonafide actions and goodwill on the part of the Slovak politicians and in one instance the author even states that from the scientific point of view nobody can seriously speak about Fascism in Slovakia (p. 30). Nevertheless, on many pages of the book he uses the term "Klerikal Faschismus" ( clerofascism) coined by the Communists. Venohr accepted as valid the statement by President Dr. Tiso that the existence of the Slovak Republic will be of great importance for the future generations, but in his view the uprising is even of greater importance for historical claims of Slovak national identity. This is, of course, a debatable view but it sums up Venohr's attitude towards the uprising. From this premise, the author approached all the events and persons involved in the history of Slovakia from 1938 to 1945. The volume is composed of two parts. In the first part he writes about the independent Slovakia, the Slovak army until 1943, about the political opposition; the unwanted partizan war; the military conspiracy; the memorandum by General Catlo§ and the mission to Moscow by Smidke. The second part is entitled: "Occupation and Uprising." It contains six chapters in which the author speaks about military events of the uprising from the time Germany sent two divisions to fight the Soviet partizans. Their arrival, however, triggered off the uprising of the Slovak army units and led to events of historical importance. Venohr describes the battles in various parts of Slovakia with the Slovak army which was preparing an uprising against Germans independently of ,t he Soviet partizans, as well as the political aims of the whole uprising. It is mainly in this part of the book where the author differs from the Communist historiographers but it is to be regretted that he did not confront statements of the people with whom he had interviews with the writings and opinions of the nonCommunist participants who live in the West. He also failed to mention that the Communists originally aimed at establishing a Slovak Soviet Republic and not Czecho-Slovakia. In spite of this, Venohr's description and evaluation of the events seems to be much more objective and closer to the historical truth than the one-sided interpretation published in today's Slovakia by Communist writers, or by some Western historians who adopted the Czech or the Communist interpretation. His stress on the divergence of views between the Communists and military leadership on one side and the Bene§ Government on the other sheds a new light on the uprising whose final history is still to be written. The memorandum and the attempts by the Minister of National Defense of the Slovak Republic, General F. Catlo§, to come to an agreement with Moscow to save Slovakia of occupation is another important revelation in the book, since it has not been taken into consideration by Western historians. A number of documents attached to the book also enhance its value. However, in spite of Venohr's endeavor to be objective towards the leaders of the Slovak Republic, there are, of course, still some inaccuracies in his book which could have been corrected if the author SLOVAKIA had interviewed the emigre Slovak historians or political leaders. His survey of Slovak history also suffers accepting the Czech rather than the Slovak interpretation of the Slovak past. There is no doubt that Slovakia suffered a sort of social decapitation and lost their leading classes to Hungarian assimilation and policy. There was, however, Slovak national consciousness a long time before Stt'.ir's period and we can safely say that Slovak national renaissance started in the 17th century and the Bernolak group, which is not even mentioned by Venohr, deserves credit for the national awakening of the Slovak people. Economically, Slovakia also presented a different picture. Even with these shortcomings Venohr's book is, however, much closer to the historical facts and objective interpretation of the War period in Slovak history than . any other work published in the West, exept for books written by Slovak exiled historians who defe nd the right of the Slovak people to self determination and independence. vm and IX. · Historica 5-6, Slovak Institute, Cleveland-Rome, 1969, pp. 216 and 231, bibl., ill. Slovak Studies, Volume The recent volumes of Slovak Studies are an additional contribution to the research into. the Slovak history in ,t he English language. In comparison with the previous volµmes, the contributors are mostly from the younger generation and several of them from among Slovak intellectuals educa.ted at American universities. For this reason, both volumes also contain essays on American Slovaks. In view of the fact that there is no history book on the achievements and contribution of American Slovaks to Slovak national develop- 177 ment, these contributions are of particular value. The first volume contain four contributions: "The Role of American Slovaks in the Creation of Czecho-Slovakia, 1914-1918," by M. M. Stolarik; a study "Education in Slovakia" by M. I. Angelovic SS.C.M.; "The Quadrennial Reports of the Bishops of Nitra to Rome," by E. Bouydosh; and "A Short Survey of the Eastern Catholic Churches," by Prof. M. Lacko, S.J. To the second volume contributed Msgr. J . Rekem "Selected Chapters from the Slovak Cultural History"; F. Vnuk, a study "British Recognition of Independent Slovalda in 1939"; M. Tybor, "Fa_ther Matthew Jankola (1872-1916)"; J . J. Karch, . Slovakia Under Communism, 1944-1964"; Prof. M. Lacko, "A Historical Song from Eastern Slovakia" and "Camaldulese Red Monastery-Cerveny Klastor." All contributions are on the level of academic papers and point to new aspects and new knowledge of the Slovak past. From the historical point of view, the most relevant is, of course, the well researched and well written assay on British recognition of independent Slovakia in 1939 and Stolarik's M.A. thesis on the role of American Slovaks in the creation of Czechoslovakia, while from the cultural point of view the thesis on education in Slovakia by Sister .Angelovic and the essay on J ankola by Sister Tybor deserve particular mention. F. Vnuk's research into the British archives brought forth some very interesting information on the attitude of Great Britain towards Slovakia and many unknown documents which prove· that the Government of Great Britain and British diplomats had quite a different view of the Slovak problem than the Czech exiles, headed by Dr. 178 SLOVAKIA Bene§, made us believe and smuggled into Western historiography. It would appear from Vnuk's study that Great Britain was neither eager to recognize the Czecho-Slovak government in exile, nor believed to adverse reports on Slovakia, and that Slovaks needed only some good diplomats in London to put Slovakia and her striving for independence into a different light in the West. Vnuk certainly deserves recognition for studying the British archives because our knowledge of Great Britain's attitude towards Slovakia was very limited until now. Msgr. Rekem's contribution "Selected Chapters from the Slovak Cultural History" is a concise view of Slovak cultural development from the Middle Ages to the Bernolak period, written on the pattern of his previous studies either in English, German, or Slovak and, as usual, well documented. The essay would deserve to be distributed as a separate publication. M. Stolarik's contribution to the volume is an M. A. thesis and as such indicating that we can expect from the young historian further valuable contribution to the exploration of the history of Slovaks in the United States. His thesis is well balanced and based on research into the unknown as well as published sources, and enhanced by a useful bibliography. There is no need to write about Prof. Lacko's contribution since he has been an accepted authority on the subjects he writes about and his contributions are marked by thorough knowledge and originality. E. Bouydosh's contribution is a continuation of his previous research and writings and of interest for Slovak religious past. From - the Slovak point of view the contributions by the Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius, M. I. An- gelovic and M. Tybor deserve special mention. It would seem that both contributions are M. A. theses or parts thereof. They are valuable not only by their contents but also by their originality and research into the unknown and unpublished sources. In view of the fact that scholars in today's Slovakia are not allowed to extend their research into the history of Slovaks abroad, both contributions are of particular interest for Slovak historiography. The essay by J. J. Karch "Slovakia Under Communism, 1944-1964" is a well written account but too short to give a complete picture. It would be useful if this theme could be enlarged in Slovak Studies by the author or other Slovak specialists in modem Slovak history. To conclude, we can say that both volumes honorably represent the efforts of Slovak intellectuals in the West to fill the gap of knowledge of the Slovak past among Western historians and students of Central Eastern Europe. L'oecumenisme at le panslavisme de l'abbe JEAN PALARIK, par Joseph Vavrovic; These presentee a la Faculte des Arts de l'Universite d'Ottawa en vue l'obtention du Ph.D. en Etudes Slaves, Ottawa, 1972, 470 p. The thesis under review is a mature scholarly work, apparently the result of a long and thorough research into the archives and published sources pertaining to the historical background and to the activities of Jan Palarlk, whose dramatic works survived until the present time, but whose ecumenism was forgotten and his panslavic ideas were over-shadowed by his famous countrymen: Jan Koll.Ar and L'udovit Stur. In view of tlle present trend in the Catholic SLOVAKIA Church, and the misuse of the idealistic panslavism by the Soviet Union, Palarik's 19th century ideas, for which he suffered persecution from the ecclesiastic superiors and was scorned by adherents of panslavism based on Russian leadership, are actual and timely and the thesis is, in many ways, an original work. The thesis is divided into three parts: historical background of the activities of Jan Palarik; the ecumenism of Palarik, and the panslavism of Palarik. In the first part the author of the thesis discusses the nationalist wave in Hungary after the Congress of Vienna, the insurrection in 1848 and the period of absolutism of Bach and the di· vision of the monarchy into the Austrian and Hungarian part. In part two, the thesis deals with the origins of Palarik's ecumenism, his activities as editor of the monthly Cyrill a Method and with the con·flict with his ecclesiastic superiors. Part three gives a survey of the origins of panslavism and draws a distinction between Palarik's idea of panslavism and that of Jan Kollar. Palarik's ecumenism stemmed from his concern for the Slovak people who were menaced by Magyarization and weakened by religious division. The Slovak Catholic clergy made many efforts towards uniting with Slovak Protestants in cultural and literary activities even before Palarik's time. Encouraged by J. M. Hurban's work on the union of Slovak Lu• therans with Calvinists in Hungary (Unia cili spojeni Lutheranu s Kalviny v Uhrach, Budin, 1846, 240 p.), Palarik took, however, a step further. He recommended also a religious union, basing his views on similar tendencies of Catholic theologians in Germany and France and insisting on it for patriotic rea- 179 sons. Palarik developed his national ecumenism in a series of articles published in the monthly Cyrill a Method of which he was editor. Supported by several other young Catholic clergymen who advocated not only the union with Slovak Protestants but also far reaching reforms of the Catholic Church in Hungary, Palarik came into conflict with the hierarchy and especially with the Archbishop-Primas Scitovsky. His progressive and democratic ideas gained him, nevertheless, many adherents amongst Slovak Catholics. Unfortunately, he failed to obtain an adequate response on the part of Slovak Lutherans and after Palarik had to submit to the Church authorities, the movement for uniting Slovaks in their religion slowly died down. In Msgr. Vavrovic's analysis it was nevertheless an interesting movement on the part of Slovak Catholics and Palarik emerges from the thesis as a well educated idealistic patriot concerned about the progress of the Slovak people and about the reform in the Catholic Church on much similar lines as have been accepted by the last Vatican Council. In his series on the necessity of union of Catholics with Lutherans in Slovakia, he referred to well-known contemporary theologians and fought for his ideas in prose as well as in verses to make an impact on the leaders and believers of both churches. Palarik's panslavism was generally as idealistic as Kollar's or Stur's concept of Slavic reciprocity. He differed, however, from them in his favorable attitude towards Poland and not only failed to advocate Russian supremacy and leadership but also insisted on the necessity of equality of all Slavic peoples. There are echoes of Herder's and Hegel's philosophy and prophecies about the role the Slavs 180 SLOVAKIA will play in the world in Palarik's panslavism, ·. even though he did not refer to them. From Stur who advocated . the acceptance .of the Russian orthodoxy · by all Slavic peoples Palarik also differed in religious respect by advocl;l.ting the union of all Slavs in the Catholic Church, referring to the words of Christ about "one shepherd and one fold." His defense of Poles who were subjugated by the Russians caused him criticism from other Slovak panslavists. Nevertheless Palarik deserves recognition for creating two concepts of panslavism in Slovakia, and the present Soviet domination of Slavic peoples proves that he was right in refuting panslavism based on Russian leadership and supremacy. Since Palarik has been known for the past 100 years mostly as a playwright and dramatist, whose works : Incognito (i858), D'rotar (1860), Smierenie and Dobrodruzstvo pri Obzinkach (1862), Dimitrij samozvanec (1870), have been played until the present day, the thesis by Msgr. Vavrovic contributes to the knowledge of Palarik's activities and ideas which make him one of the most progressive and democratic Slovak leader of the 19th century. In conclusion we can say that the thesis is a valuable piece of academic writing. In view of the role played by panslavism in Slavic literatures and in the awakening of Slavic peoples, the thesis will add to this movement a new dimension: the ecumenic idea and a new conception of mutuality among Slavs. The knowledge of numerous languages by the author and his intellectual training made it possible to shed light on both movements from various points of view: philosophical, theological and literary. He also presented the subject in a clear style and methodically well balanced. The author of the thesis used practically all relevant sources in several languages and displayed a thorough knowledge of ·the basic works on panslavism and ecumenism. At the same time, he seems to know all writings by and on Palarik as his numerous quotations and bibliography indicate. Editor's remark: The reviewer, Prof. Joseph M. Kirschbaum, was a member of the jury which examined the a:uthor at the defense of his thesis · and recommended its acceptance summa cum laude. Milan S. :i'>urica: La Morte di M. R. Stefanik Alla Luce Dei Documenti Militari Italiani Inediti, Collana di Studi Sull'Europa 0rientale, Univsersita Degli Studi di Padova, Padova, 1971, pp. 94. For the past fifty years, the mysterious death of. one of the co~ founder of Czec.ho-Slovakia, General Milan R. Stefanik, gave ground to various hypotheses and accusations and created dissensions between Czechs and Slovaks. While on the part of the Prague government Stefanik's death was attributed to an accident, on the Slovak side persisted the belief t];J.at Stefanik lost his life because Dr. Benes and also T. G. Masaryk disagreed with Stefanik's political views and wanted to prevent him from taking part in the political life of Czecho-Slovakia. The circumstances in which the aeroplane bringing Stefanik from Italy to his native land crashed near Bratislava favored the . hypothesis that the crash was due to an artillery attack ordered by an officer of the Czecho-Slovak army who allegedly mistook the Italian aircraft for a Hungarian one. Also the manner in which the SLOVAKIA 181 Prague government handled the investigation of the accident and fought the rumors and allegations accusing Dr. Benes of the responsibility for Stef{mik's death, helped to strengthen the belief that Stefanik actually was a victim of a political plot. Even though he was a member of the Czecho-Slovak government and his arrival was announced, there were no preparations for his reception and the archives containing the investigation records were kept top-secret during the whole existence of the pre-war Czecho-Slovakia. directly confirms the belief that Stefanik was the victim of a political plot. As all historical works by !Jurica, also the present one is well researched and well written. Its scholarly value is enhanced by references to practically all known books and articles on Stefanik's life and death, in addition to his own thorough research of Italian military archives. The essay was originally published in the periodical n Mondo Slavo of which Prof. !Jurica is one of the founders and editors. For the above reasons, the death of Stefanik attracted writers as well as historians. Professor :i'.>urica has reviewed in his publication riot only the circumstances of Stefanik's death, but also analyzed the probability of all hypotheses advanced in the past. In addition, he ~xamined for the first time the Italian military archives pertaining to the departure of General M. R. Stefanik from Italy to his native Slovakia. In the past, the life and death of Stefanik were usually treated on the basis of French, Slovak and Czech sources, memoirs, . and reminiscences. Professor nurica rightly considered it necessary to study the Italian archives and by doing so, he made a valuable contribution to the efforts of solving the mystery of Stefanik's death. He was successful in proving incorrect several assertions of the Prague government especially those concerning the meteorological conditions, the alleged inexperience of the pilot and the allegation that Stefanik's arrival was not announced before. As historian, :i'.>urica avoided pronouncing any firm conclusion as to which hyphothesis is correct but his research destroyed the Prague government's version of Stefanik's death and in- Michael Novak, The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics, The McMillan Company, New York, N. Y., 1972, pp. 321, Price $7.95. For the past four or five years, many American scholars expressed their doubts as to whether the United States became a "melting pot" or if that theory was just a myth. Several conferences of historical societies and sociologists and linguists suddenly discovered that America was a multi-cultural society and that the ethnic groups were not melted. The result of this academic discovery called the attention of the politicians and results in debates and finally in a Bill on Centers of Ethnic Studies in the Congress. However, neither the studies of sociologists and historians, nor the recent Bill of Schweiker and Pucinski are as palatable and, by their approach, as human as is the book by Prof. Novak. Besides being well researched, the book is a real confession and a deep reflection on the human structure of America of today, written in excellent style, placing the book between a work of science and a novel. The author is professor of philosophy and religious studies at the State University of New York at 182 SLOVAKIA Old Westbury and has to his credit the reader; his hardly ornamental ten books, mostly dealing with name for the ethnic groups "PIGS." philosophy, theology and Catholics. He also separates Poles from other Prof. Novak is a third generation Slavs, even though the Polish AAmerican Slovak whose conscious- mericans preserved some of the ness of ethnic background was a- most Slavic characteristics. wakened not long ago during the Novak's book is bound to shake presidential campaigns by Barry the conscience of many Americans, Goldwater and Governor George and will probably do so for a deWallace in 1966. As Novak writes cade to come. It may be worthwhile in his book, he was "alarmed by the for many American Slovaks to concleavage between the old WASP sider as to whether they should and the new technological con- actively join this new political sciousness" and "felt increasingly force. It would perhaps be good to uncomfortable with the condescen- do so not only for their own sake sion and disdain heaped upon and the United States but also for Catholics." So he found himself the country of their fathers and beginning to say "we" rather than forefathers-Slovakia. "they" when he spoke of ethnics (page 63). Since that time, Prof. Slavs in Canada, Vol. m, Compiled and Edited by Prof. Cornelius J. Novak made a thorough study of Jaenen, University of Ottawa, the ethnic problem in the United 1971, 348 pages. Price: $7.00. States, mostly in its psychological, sociological and political aspects. The third volume of Slavs in Due to his philosophical educa- Canada contains proceeding of the tion and writing talent, Novak Third National Conference on Cawrote in his book some of the , nadian Slavs held in 1969 at York most interesting insights into the ' University in Toronto. Professors life, aspiration and problems of the of Slavic Studies at various Canamany millions of Americans who dian universities organized in 1965 are neither WASPS nor Blacks. under the leadership of Professor It is a delight to read for instance B. Bociurkiw a committee whose his chapter "Confessions of a task was to study the problems of White Ethnic" in which he ana- Canadian Slavs. The committee was lyses some of the basic psycho- successful in organizing the first logical problems which various Conference on Canadian Slavs in ethnic groups, especially Slavs, and Banff, the second in Ottawa, and as far as religion is concerned, all the third in Toronto, attracting American Catholics, had to face many specialists in Slavic and ethfrom the time of their immigration nic studies. While the first and up to the present day. second Conferences were dealing Prof. Novak who has been a staff predominantly with the general member in several recent political problems of Canadian Slavs, the campaigns, envisages the "unmelt- third Conference was divided into able ethnics" as the new political six sections dealing with research, force of the seventies. politics and law, education, IanHe came to that conclusion as guages and literature, journalism a result of the study of numerous and folklore. Altogether 22 papers books dealing with present day were presented and discussed in America, as his many references those sections and the volume unand quotations indicate. There is der review contains the edited text one thing which bothers, however, of the papers. SLOVAKIA One of the most interesting studies in the volume is a volumi• nous paper on the ethnic identification and attitudes of university students of Ukrainian descent by Prof. B. Bociurkiw. His conclusions can apply to students of other Slavic groups not only in Canada but apparently also in the United States. Another paper of general interest was presented by Prof. V. Szyrynski on the subject "Ethnic Integration and Psychological Adjustment," while Prof. J . D. Gagnon from the Universite de Montreal gave his views about the position of immigrants in Quebec if that Province became independent 183 Jaroslaw A. Piekalkiewicz: Public Opinion PoUing in Czechoslovakia, 1968-69, Results and Analysis of Surveys Conducted During the Dubcek Era, Praeger Publishers, New York, Washington, London, 1972. The number of books which dealt with the political upheavals in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968, was so great that another book would seem superfluous. Some 60 books were published in the English language alone, and there were a dozen books in other West European languages. Nevertheless, the present volume on Public Opinion Besides these basic studies, the Polling will be very useful for hisvolume contains interesting intorians and students of Eastern sights into the Canadian education and minority rights, a study on the Europe. influence of the English language Its specific value lies in the fact on Slavic languages and the por• that it embraces the whole territory trayal of Canada's ethnic groups in of Czecho-Slovakia and pays attensome French Canadian novels. For tion to the relations between Slothe first time, the Conference paid vaks and Czechs which, in many attention to the ethnic press and other publications, was overlooked the papers dealing with the sub- or minimized. In addition, this book ject contained an essay on Byelo- expresses the opinions of many russian publications in Canada by Czechs and Slovaks and, as a result, A. A. Hrycuk, "The Ideological is not a write-up by an observer Orientation of the Canadian Slavic who was only partly familiar with Press" by J. M. Kirschbaum, and the problems and judged them on "Analysis of the Periodical Pub- the basis of his observations or lications of Canadian Slavs," by A. limited information received in Malycky. Prague. The book also seems to be free of the usual anti-Slovak bias, Some of these papers were of which we often find in political strictly scientific character while writings by Western historians and others contained general informa- specialists on Eastern Europe. tion or basic facts for further studies, and, therefore, the contents of The book is divided into 11 chapthe volume are uneven in their ters in which the author endeavorscholarly value. Nevertheless, the ed to find an answer to the quesbook is of importance not only for tion as to whether there was a acquainting Canadians with the revolution or counter-revolution; Slavic groups but it should also be what kind of socialism the Czechs considered as a valuable contribu- and Slovaks wanted to achieve; the tion to the general trend to build role of the existing non-communist Canada as a multi-cultural society. parties; the role of the National 184 SLOVAKIA Front, political parties and political opposition; popularity of individual leaders and attitudes on the economic system. _In conclusion, the author applied the findings to other communist states of Eastern Europe. The Slovaks resented their subjection aiid both physically and theoretically opposed the real or imaginary political, economic and cultum l dominance of the Czechs. With this dissatisfaction simmering throughout the years, it is not surprising to £ind that the 1968 Reformist Movement originated in Slovakia and was led by many Slovak individuals. It seems apparent...:....Concludes the author-that the Slovak · people viewed the Reformist Movement as an opportunity to gain . a real and equal autonomy within the Czechoslovak Federal system." If we take into consideration that all polls display flaws and inaccuracies, we could question s·ome of the results of the polls which the . author organized in Czecho-Slovakia and based thereon his conclusions. Nevertheless, his book seems to be closer to the real situation and feelings of the Slovaks and Czechs than the works of According to the polls, 94% of many observers who relied on more limited information either in per- Slovaks expressed the opinion that sonal contacts or printed sources. there was a· need for a new form of relationship between the Czechs One of the topics of interest for and Slovaks. Contrary to the opinSlovaks in this book is unboubtedly ion of other writers on the upheav"the traditional conflict between als in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968, the Czechs and Slovaks." This topic author also found a great number was treated in many books publish- of Czechs who supported the need ed in the West either inadequately for .a re-definition of the relationwith parti pris or else it was over- ship of Slovaks and Czechs within looked completely. In the view of the Republic. According to his the author "a discussion of the pub- findings, "of all the individuals lic's conception of the new politi- surveyed, only one out of 14 discal system in Czechoslovakia would agreed with the need for a ·re-definbe incomplete wi.thout considering ed relationship; This evidence the role and relationship of the says ,t he author-leaves no doubt two nations that composed the that the future realization of socialCzechoslovak Socialist Republic. He ist democracy . in Czechoslovakia dwelt, therefore, on this problem was to include a democratic and and found out that "historically, equal relationship between the the post-war communist govern- Czech and Slovak peoples" (pp. ment in Czechoslovakia closely fol- 110-112). There is no doubt · that lowed the one-nation philosophy about the same ·number would opt outlined in 1918 by ,t he founders for independence; if Slovaks had of Czechoslovak Republic. Urider full freedom of choice. this theory the Czechs and Slovaks were a single nation divided not by Milan S. f>urica (Ed.). Il Mondo ethnic differences but only by disSlavo, Vol. ni Ceseo, Centro similar historical patterns of deStudi Europa Orientale, Padova, velopment. These two peoples were 1971. to be bound together in a unified While in Slovakia books dealing state· under which the Slovaks enjoyed only a minimum autonomy. wrth Slovak culture, history, liter- SLOVAKIA ature or philology are still directed predominantly towards Eastern Europe, Slovak intellectuals in the West have the duty to fulfill the gap which has been created by separating Slovakia from the free world. Among Slovak intellectuals in Europe Prof. Milan s. :Ourica distinguished himself by performing this role not only by his books and lectures in Western European countries, but since 1969, by editing the Italian academic periodical n Mondo Slavo (The Slavic World). In all three volumes of the periodical, which appeared until now, the contributions . on Slovak matters contain valuable information on history, language and culture of the Slovak people. The first volume, published in 1969, contained a well-written survey on the development of the Slovak literary language during the past 50 years by Adriana Feriencikova, and an article on Italian artizans and merchants in Slovakia in the 18th century by Anton Spiesz. In the second volume, published in 1970, Lisa Guarda Nardini analyzed the political and social doctrine of the late Slovak President, Dr. Joseph Tiso, under the title "Ideological Premises of Czecho-Slovak Federalism." In the third volume, Prof. Milan S. :Ourica, published some unknown and very interesting military documents from Italian archives about the death of M. R. Stefanik. (The essay is available also in a reprint and has been reviewed separately in Slovakia). From the Slovak point of view all these contributions are of special value. Not only for the reasons that under the present regime in Slovakia cultural contacts with the West are practically non-existent, 185 but also for the fact that there are still many misconceptions about Slovak culture, language and history among Western Slavists. The essay on the development of the Slovak literary language during the past 50 years by A. Feriencikova has also the merit of being well researched and containing all the basic facts and sources which can put the development of the Slovak language into proper perspective. In spite of many efforts of Slovak intellectuals in the West, historl still lln-·1 ...n th ans 5.....,.., or ere ~ 1 who W?te about the Slovak as being a dialect of the Czech language. Studies on the subject in Western languages are, therefore, never superfluous. Since Slavic studies considerably developed in all Western countries after the Second World War, n Mondo Slavo will acquaint Slavists with Slovakia not only in Italy, but also in many Western countries. This can be expected all the more in view of the high academic value of all contributions and careful edition of the periodical by Prof. !>urica. Among the contributors there are in all three volumes known Slavists of Italian or Slav origin, teaching at Italian universities. While several periodicals on Slavic matters published in other Western countries deal mostly with Russian culture and literature, 1l Mondo Slavo has shown distinction in paying attention to smaller Slavic nations and their cultures such as Slovenes, Croats and Slovaks. Students of Eastern Europe will, therefore, welcome Il Mondo Slavo since it will provide reliable scholarly information on Slavic peoples which are either misrepresented or rarely mentioned in academic periodicals published in French, English or German languages. 186 SLOVAKIA NEW COLLECTIONS OF SLOVAK EMIGRE POETRY Rudolf Diloni, Hladn11 vetrf.k (Hun- poetic biography in short poems gry Breeze), Edition Polana, full of grace, imagination and deep feelings. The collection, as well as Zurich, 1972, 86 pages. the entire Dilong's literary work Jan L. Dorfmsky, Od splnu po za- in exile would deserve a thorough tmenie (From the Full Moon to analytic evaluation, and not only the Eclipse), Series Lyra, Slovak passing reviews as this one, to apInstitute of SS. Cyril and Meth- preciate fully his work. odius, Rome, 1972, 110 pages. Doransky's book From the Full Slovak emigre literature is grow- Moon to the Eclipse deserves our ing inspite of the fact that we are special appreciation because due to again cut off from Slovakia and the unfavorable circumstances in exile, assimilation of the younger genera- we know -only a very small pa1t of tions is rapidly progressing among his literary work. Doransky is a Slovaks abroad. It is, however, poet of considerable versatility, mostly the first wave of Slovak and besides many lyrical verses post-war emigres who still create and patriotic poems, he wrote in belles lettres, and not the writers Canada a drama called Stara mat', who left Slovakia in recent years neopust'ajte nas (Grandmother Do Not Leave Us Alone, 1953), sucfor Western countries. The two collections of verses cessfully played by Slovak groups under review are by poets whose across Canada. Before coming to reputations were established in Canada, Doransky had published Slovakia and who during the past a play called Novou cestou (On A two decades belonged to the best New Path, 1930), and a collection and most prolific Slovak emigre of satirical verses Slep£ pasazieri (Blind Passengers, 1943). writers. In exile Doransky's poetry was Dilong's Hungry Breeze is again personal lyrical poetry in which published in various anthologies: his talent and mastership remind Vo vyhnanstve (1947); Zdravica sv. us of pleasant spiritual vibrations Cyrilovi a M etodovi ( 1963) ; in litfull of color, joy, sadness, mixed erary periodicals and in almanacs with hope and faith. The book is and newpapers. In recent years his divided into four chapters, each epigrams, published either in the chapter starting with appropriate quarterly Most, Literarn11 Almaillustrations by Jan Mraz, a talent- nach Slovaka 11 Amerike or in ed graphic artist from the new newspapers and almanacs, became preferred reading among Slovak wave of Slovak emigration. While all chapters contain beauti- intelligentsia in the free world. ful lyrical poetry, readers will wel- Besides poetry, Doransky wrote a come especially Chapter 4 entitled: number of short novels and other Slovak Women (Album). Dilong prose contributions under the penpublished here some of the most name Hamornik and J. D. Oravee. Doransky came from a part of beautiful verses which we can find in modern Slovak poetry and in Slovakia which gave to Slovak litSlovak poetry in general, except erature and public life many outfor Mari na by Sladkovic. In the first standini poets and novelists. He three chapters Dilong dreams a- inherited a love for literature and bout his young years, his parents, began to write in his early youth, his native Orava. It is a sort of first for students' periodicals, later SLOVAKIA for literary and cultural monthlies. When the Russian armies over-ran Slovakia, Doransky with thousands of other Slovak intellectuals left with his family for the West. After spending a few months in Austria and two years in Assissi and Rome, he landed in Canada in 1949 and has lived in Montreal for the past 23 years. Very recently a collection of his epigrams was published with a lengthy commentary by F. Vnuk and enthusiastically received by critics and readers. Those who know Doransk:y are aware of the fact that the published epigrams are just a selection of the large number he wrote during his lifetime. We can say the same about the present collection of Iyrical and patriotic verses. They are also a selection from his many verses and we have to acknowledge that it is an excellent selection. The book is dd.vided into four parts and presents a spiritual profile of the poet and poetic sketches from his journey from Slovakia through Italy to Canada, as well as fine lyrical verses dedicated to his wife, daughter and grand-daughter. As in Dilongs's collection, the best part seems to be his chapter on Slovak women, in Doransky's book the finest verses are about his mother, and mothers in general. The title of the book expresses accurately the contents of the collection which certainly will rank among the best lyrical Slovak poetry in exile. A short biographical note was added to the collection by J . M. Rydlo and the cover was artistically designed by the poet's son :Cudovit In the opinion of this reviewer, Doransky deserves a thorough analysis and evaluation of his literary work in order that we may appreciate it adequately. 187 Rudolf Dilong: Ponukam chlieb so sol'ou-I Offer Bread and Salt, Translated by Sister M. Martina Tybor. Published by Dobra kniha 1971, Galt, Ontario, Bilingual, 151 pages. By publishing this bilingual collection of poetry in prose, Rudolf Dilong proved once more that he is the most prolific and versatile contemporary poet in exile. The number of books he published in Slovakia, which he left in defiance of her Communist rulers, as well as the number of books published during his long exile in Argentina and the U.S.A., is impressive and unrivalled by any other Slovak writer. Attracted by new currents in French inter-war Catholic poetry and surrealism, Dilong experimented in many poetic forms and due to his great love for life and gay temper, was the "enfant terrible" among the Slovak Catholic poets of his generation. The present book is another experiment in fo rm and contents and by publishing it in English and Slovak, it was the merit for acquainting foreign readers with an interesting sample of Slovak literature as well as with the author himself. Dilong's reputation as a poet was well established before he left his native country. Besides publishing 14 collections of poems, two dramas, and two collections of prose, he also was very active in organizing literary journals, and contributed practically to all Slovak cuttural periodicals and anthologies of Slovak poetry. In addition, he was either co-founder or editor of two literary periodicals Postup (193436) and Nove Slovo (1939-40). In exile he remained one of the leading and again most profilic poets. His poetry remained strongly nationalistic, deeply religious in essence but not homiletic in form 188 SLOVAKIA or content, humble and rebellious and usually expressed in beautiful images and practically varied forms. While several other Slovak poets did not find opportunities in exile to publish their works, Dilong's books were published in rapid succession. From 1950 to 1970 he produced and published some 20 books either in Buenos Aires, where he spent nearly 20 years of his exile, or recently in the United States. Many of his manuscripts perished together with his books, when Peron was burning churches in Argentina. As in Slovakia, his poetic production in exile has been varied in forms and themes but the basic overtones of a patriot and Franciscan friar, even if not following always the dogma and rules of his religious order, remained the main characteristic of his entire literary work in immigration. Some of his verses became hymns for Slovak exiles, recited on various solemn occasions and re-published many times in Slovak periodicals and newspapers. Several of Dilong's poems were translated into Spanish, Polish and French. With his great love for life and because of his patriotic zeal and fiery poetry, he became one of the most interesting figures among Slovak writers. Some of his first poems inspired by their contents and musical rhythm Slovak composers in their compositions, and several poems became songs of the Slovak youth, as well as of the Slovak army. The book under review is divided into three parts: The house will bleach to ash; Out of bounds without bounds, and Human hands. Each part contains a number of short reflective and highly imaginative poems in prose which compel the reader to meditate and think about our age, our neighbor, poverty, suffering, rebellion, smile; about our life and death, emotions and beliefs, about God and man. As such, it is a valuable addition to Dilong's work and to Slovak literature. Jan Okal': Cielito Lindo, Edicia Dobra kniha, Galt, Ontario, 1972, Illustration by J. G. Cincik, 65 p. For the past several years Slovak emigre poetry was enriched by a number of beautifully illustrated collections of verse by leading Slovak poets abroad. While some of the collections contained patriotic verses and personal lyrical poetry with Slovak topics, in other collections we find poetry inspired by the beauty of foreign countries in which Slovaks either lived or visited. Okal"s masterfully illustrated collection Cielito Lindo is an outstanding example of this new poetry, and it is not easy to say if the reader enjoys more the verses or the beautiful illustrations. In any case, there is a lot of artistic value and enjoyment for the reader and we cannot but feel a certain pride that in the modest circumstances in exile, Slovak literature can afford the luxury of such books. In a certain way, Jan Okal' deserves credit for introducing into Slovak literature this combination of poetry and visual arts. Already his first published collection George Janosik: A Carpathian Saga, published in 1953, and his chronicle in 13 poems entitled Kronika Slovakov (The Chronicle of Slovaks, 1954), were published in the same form. Then for a number of years, this gifted Slovak poet remained silent, except for publishing here and there verses in the literary journal Most or the Literarny Almanach Slovaka v Amerike. In SLOVAKIA 1970, appeared his colleetion of verses Vada a vino (Water and Wine), in which Okal' reminisced about the years spent in Italy and especially in Rome. The present collection is a sort of continuation of the book Voda a vino. This time he is drawing in his poems, usually not longer than one or two verses, beautiful images of places in Mexico. Jan Okal' is a gifted and refined poet, and we hope that he will continue to publish poetry of such outstanding taste and artistic value. Jan E. Bor, Eugen Vesnin - Un poeta Eslovaco en tierras Mediterraneas, Buenos Aires, 1972, 71 pages. Among Slovak intellectuals who assiduously worked in exile for the past 20 years in order to make Slovak literature known to the Spanish reading public, Jan E. Bor has been the most prolific. Either in his own writings or in translations, he published a considerable number of essays and studies on Slovak poetry and prose not only in periodicals but also in book form. The present essay on the poet Eugen Vesnin is one of his most recent publications. The publication is divided into eight chapters in which Bor analyzes Vesnin's poetry, his personality, the reaction to Vesnin's poetry by readers and literary critics either on the part of Slovaks or Italians who acclaimed Vesnin for his collection of verses in Italian 189 language. In the last two chapters Bor analyzes Vesnin's attachment to Etruria and his enchantment with feminine beauty. Bor writes on Vesnin's poetry with the usual skill and knowledge of literary science for which he was known already in Slovakia where he belonged to the best known literary critics of his generation. In exile he lowered sometimes his yardstick when writing on Slovak emigre writers and poets, but his erudition in literary science has been evident in every book and essay he had published during the past twenty years. The portrait of Vesnin in Bor's publication is not only favorable but also well balanced and presented in Bor's baroque style. According to Bor, Vesnin belongs to the best Slovak lyrical poets among Slovak emigre writers and enriched Slovak literature by many themes inspired by the beauty of Rome and the Mediterranean area where Vesnin has lived the past three or four decades. Several collections of Vesnin's poetry undoubtedly prove that Italy enchanted him, though many of his verses were written with patriotic overtones and "heimweh" for his native Slovakia. Since every book on Slovak literature in foreign languages is a valuable contribution to our efforts to acquaint the Western world with Slovak culture, we cannot but welcome the newest publication by Prof. Jan E. Bor. J. M. K i r s c h b a um THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA heartily commends all efforts of our governmental and other organs to ferret out and unmask all Communists and fellow travellers, as well as all persons and organizations who wittingly or unwittingly give aid and comfort to the conspiracy of Communism promoted by the Soviet Union. 190 SLOVAKIA BOOKS ON JEWS IN SLOVAKIA Reviewed by Dr. Arved G r e b e r t during the past several centuries. The first volume contains an especially worthwhile article in two parts by Dr. Lidia Rothkirchen, a member of the research staff of Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. Her contribution, "Slovakia (1848-1938)" presents a very keen and rather accurate picture of the history of Slovakia and the Jews in that country. Naturally, in all of the articles dealing with the law, religion, social organization, etc., the writers faithfully record the history of the Jews in Slovakia. The second volume contains the article of Rabbi Hugo Stransky who was a former chief rabbi in Zilina. His is an arresting chapter on "The Religious Life in Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia," Then, too, Frank Reichenthal's "Jewish Art in Slovakia" is a very interesting review by the former chief of the department of decorative art at the State School of Applied Arts in Bratislava from 1932 to 1938. Before emigrating to United States in 1948 he served as president of the Slovak Artists' Association from 1946 to 1947. This first volume contains Eugen Barkany's "Jewish Cemeteries in Slovakia" article by the late architect and builder ( 1886-1967) and co-founder of the Jewish Museum in Presov, Slovakia. Some of the artistic motives on the gravestones, the writer observes, show a definite influence of Slovak folk art, indicating a close, intimate relationship between the Jews and the Slovaks. Gertrude Hirschler's "The His- The Jews of Czechoslovakia, histori- Europe cal studies and surveys, edited by "The Jewish Publication Society of America," Philadelphia, and the "Society for the History of Czechoslovak Jews," New York, Vol. I, 5728-1968, pp. 583, Vol. II, 5732-1971, pp. 707. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 67-12372. Up to the present time two volumes on the history of the Jews in Czecho-Slovakia constitute an unusually valuable contribution on the history of the inhabitants of that state. The Jews in Czech lands, in Slovakia and in Sub-Carpathian Russia (Ruthenia) made a vital contribution to the Jews in general but also to the history of the people in those regions, namely, the Czechs, Germans, Slovaks, Magyars and the Ukrainians. The authors of the various articles by their objective and calm tone do not digress from a strictly scientific analysis, even when the themes, which in their tragic dimensions and consequences, understandably provide the occasion for an outburst of wrath and recrimination. In this respect the work is extraordinary effective and convincing. In no way do the authors avoid sensitive subjects. They neither ignore nor sidestep realities that have frequently been used as pretexts for criticism by the enemies of Jewry. These they explain and place in special categories in the destiny of the Jews, for example, in the framework of the historical evaluation of central and eastern SLOVAKIA tory of Agudah Israel in Slovakia (1918-1939)" is interesting, too. Of course, in all of the articles ranging from studies of various movements, organizational life, religious welfare, education, art, etc., there is a large number of facts about the life of the Jews in Slovakia and their relationship to the local inhabitants, chiefly, the Slovaks and Magyars. The number is so great that it is virtually impossible to review them all but at least we have mentioned some of them relating specifically to Slovakia. Dr. Lidia Rothkirchen's "Slovakia (1848-1938)" deserves special attention. Her article in two parts covers 53 pages. A number of facts mentioned are known only by Slovak historians and experts. For instance, the writer states that in 1858 there were 308 Jewish schools in Hungary. Of this number 131, ie., almost 45%, were located in the Bratislava school district. Bratislava, therefore, was a very important center of Jewish learning in the kingdom of Hungary. Among the charter members of the Matica Slovenska (the leading cultural organization of the Slovaks in the last century) we find a number of Jews. When the government in Budapest gave orders to close down the Slovak central schools (junior colleges) in Revuca, Klastor pod Znievom and Turciansky Svaty Martin (all in Slovakia at the time under Hungarian imperial rule), two Jewish members of the Diet (Moritz Wehrman and Eduard Horn) spoke up and requested that the schools be kept open. Dr. Lidia Rothkirchen notes that before the Jews won equal rights in Hungary, the people of Liptovsky Sv. Mikulas elected Izak Diner, a Jew, as Mayor of the city. A number of Jews later served as mayors in the same city. She 191 reminds the reader that Slovak Jews played an important role in the Zionist movement in the kingdom of Hungary. Two Jews from Bardejov (eastern Slovakia), Julius Davidsohn and Julius Davidovic, attended the first Zionist Congress in Basle, Switzerland (1897). Eight of thirteeen Zionist chapters established in Hungary were located in Slovakia, namely, in Bratislava, Nitra, Trnava, Prefov, Ko~ice, Kezmarok, Dolny Kubin and Banska Bystrica, and the first Zionist congress in Hungary convened in Bratislava in 1903. The following year the World Mizrahi Congress met in the Slovak capital. The writer notes that the Magyar government in Budapest considered the Zionist movement with the same disfavor as it did the nationalistic movement of the Slovaks in their country. During World War I both the Zionist movement and the activities of the Slovak patriots were banned by law. Names of outstanding Jewish writers and scientists are listed by Dr. Rothkirchen. She points out that Jewish writers in their novels and romances touched upon the J ewish problem in the framework of a Slovak historical background. Dr. Lidia Rothkirchen cites that in 1921 of a totaI of 135,918 Jews in Slovakia, 70,522 were registered as Jews, 29,290 as Slovaks and the rest as Magyars, Germans, Rusins, etc. The 1930 census showed 44,009 registered as Slovaks and 72,644 as J ews. This figure represents quite convincing proof of the rapid Slovakization of the Jewish population. Had it not been for the tragic events of World War II, this process of amalgamation would have inevitably resulted in a very advantageous symbiosis of the Slovak Jews and the Slovaks. She writes (page 105): From 1933 on "the Slovaks more and more o- 192 SLOVAKIA penly advocated either detachment from Czechoslovakia altogether and establishment of an independent Slovakia, or a Slovakia which would enjoy much wider autonomy and self-rule." In general this work may be accepted as a very valuable contribution to the history of the people inhabiting Czecho-Slovakia. Every public or private library should have it on its shelves. No scholar who is interested in the history of this area can be without it. To a large extent without the untiring efforts of L'udovit Sturc, president of the Society for the History of the Czechoslovak Jews in New York, this important work in two volumes would not have come to press. Mr. Sturc is a native of Slovakia and a friend of Slovak writers and artists. Unfortunately, so far his work has not been adequately appreciated. cin, Kosice, Jasov, Spisske Podhradie, Levoca, Kezmarok, Podolinec, Nove Zamky and Hlohovec. Kosice, Bardejov, Trencin, Skalica, Hlohovec, Trnava, Pezinok and Bratislava are listed separately as centers of Jewish libraries and culture. Dr. Schreiber, recognized universally as an authority in his field, considers the material found in the area now known as Slovakia as an important part of the culture of the Jews who inhabited Hungary during the Middle Ages. This work, which was lacking in scientific literature, is the beginning of further research in the archives and libraries in this direction throughout Slovakia. It is, at the same time an interesting proof, or evidence, for the tradition of the high degree of culture of the population in Slovakia during the Medieval era. Karl Baum: Nazi Anti-Jewish Legislation in the Czech Protectorate, a Documentary, in "Soviet Jewish Affairs," a Journal on Jewish Problems in the USSR and Eastern Europe, London, No. 3, May, 1972. Published by the Institute Dr. Alexander Schreiber, director of Jewish Affairs, London, in asof the Rabbinical Seminary in Busociation with the World Jewish dapest, has written a very noteCongress in Geneva. worthy book on the cultural history Karl Baum's article is noteworthy of the Jews in Slovakia during the Medieval era. The book contains a for several reasons. In his introlist and analysis of 172 Hebrew duction the writer states that the codex fragments which were used anti-Jewish legislation in the Czech protectorate (1939-1945) has not for book-bindings. Together with Arpad Zoltan of been properly treated in ternationthe Slovak Academy of Sciences in al scientific writings so far, while Bratislava the author studied the a rich and documented literature archives and libraries in the fol- about anti-Jewish regulations in lowing Slovak cities and towns: Hitler's Germany does exist. Those Bratislava, Cerveny Kamen pri who studied this question outside Modre, Pezinok, Jur near Bratisla- of Hitler's sphere ordinarily did va, Trnava, Nitra, Nova Bana, Ban- not study the laws of the protectorska Bystrica, Turciansky Svaty ate, which they assumed were an Martin, Dolny Kubin, Bytca, Tren- integral part of the Reich and those Alexander Schreiber: Hebriiische Kodexuberreste in Ungarlb."ndischen Eibandstafeln. Heber Kodexmaradvanyok magyarorszagi kotestablakban. Budapest, 1969. I SLOVAKIA who studied anti-Jewish laws in Hitler's Germany did not consider the protectorate because it did not belong directly to the framework of the Third Reich. Baum, at least, partially fills this void. The writer gives a detailed study on anti-Jewish legislation in the Czech Protectorate and traces the execution of the laws not only by the Nazis but also by the Czech government officials in the Protectorate. Baum's study from this viewpoint is highly important because he has brought to the international forum little known or unknown facts which were hidden on the pages of "The Collection of Laws and Regulations" promulsignatures of President (Dr.) Hacha or Czech ministers. Baum emphasizes that these laws of the wartime Czech protectorate "reflect only part of the unmitigated evil to which one of the leading Jewish communities was to fall victim. They carry little evidence of persecution and harassment on the local level, nor do they mirror the share of those of non-German vintage in Czechoslovakia who had come in to participate in the great hunt of the century and to divide its spoils. It must be left to future historians to establish their contribution to the tragedy of Czechoslovak Jewry." Baum calls attention to the December 1, 1930, Census in CzechoSlovakia as listing the number of Jews as 356,830, which is inaccurate inasmuch 15,000 Jews from Germany found refuge there when Hitler came to power. Of 854,600 who were registered as atheists in Czecho-Slovakia, according to Baum, at least 10% were of Jewish origin. Moreover, there was no provision for a natural increase of the Jewish population from 1930 to 1939. Consequently, the author's estimate has some 457,000 Jews in Czecho-Slo- 193 vakia by 1938, hence actually 100,000 more than is generally indicated in the figures. All of the above, the author concludes, became innocent victims of inhumane discrimination and inhuman mistreatment in the lands of the Czech Protectorate during World War II. ANNUAL FURDEK Jednota Annual FURDEK 1973, Vol. XII, 1973. Edited by Joseph C. Krajsa. Publisher, The First Catholic Slovak Union. Printed by Jednota Press, Middletown, Pa. 208 pages. This publication, Jednota Annual Furdek, continues commendably in the footsteps of Philip A. Hrobak, the first editor who conceived the idea of addressing it to our youth for their benefit. The present volume offers the youthful reader valuable information and inspiration as well. The 12th volume is definitely youth oriented, for it gives several phases of the background of our early Slovak immigrants to American shores and a look at the historic homeland of our parents and grandparents. Quite appropriately the Furdek leads off with a pictorial introduction of the officers of the Jednota because they are the official representatives of the organization that has a membership close to 100,000. Daniel Tanzone discusses fraternalism and the Slovak immigrant in a highly readable and documented study of the origins and growth of Slovak fraternal organizations in this country. Introduction of Janko Kral', Slovak revolutionary poet of the 19th century, by Joseph Kirschbaum, Ph.D., LL.D., of Toronto, Canada, is rather timely in view of current 194 SLOVAKIA Catholic unity is a .serious reminder in our times to stand united in the Faith of our Fathers when diversity of opinions, various modes of liturgical worship, and even divergent doctrinal proposals are dangerous challenges to the orthodoxy of our faith. Father Franko's Slovak Christmas Eve sacred vignette should be adopted by every Christian family to help preserve the spirit and true meaning of a genuinely Christian yuletide season. Reproductions (in exquisite color) of the stained glass windows adorning the Chapel of the Jednota Home are a pictorial portrayal of the spirit of faith that inspired their creation and at the same time a public testimonial of honor of two of the most famous Slovak priests of our age, namely, Father Furdek, founder of the Jednota, and Father Tiso, the martyr-president of the Slovak Republic. Clevelanders will no doubt find the article by Slovak Bet1edictine scribe, Fr. Andrew V. Pier, 0.S.B., on early Slovak immigrants interesting . . . and his other contributions informative. The story about Staff Sergeant Frank Mitka, a Veteran of the U.S. Army for more than thirty years, brings into the limelight a career soldier who enjoyed military life . . . he was a forerunner of the present-day volunteer army. The valaska, a traditional Slovak weapon designed for protection ... not aggression . . . is a national symbol of strength and resistance The Slovak Catholic Federation against the forces of injustice and of America is primarily an associa- tyranny. Sheep and their shepherds in tion of Slovak Catholic fraternal organizations that hold the Church Slovakia are the subjects of a roin highest esteem because their mantic setting (an idyllic scene on members accept it as a society the mountainside) with the venerestablished by Christ for the salva- able 'baca' holding his young proteges spell-bound as they listen to tion of their immortal souls. Monsignor Gallik's article on an endless series of thrilling epi- trends that are characterized by the same spirit of restlessness, r adical change, disillusionment and a mixture of hope and despair that marked the life and work of a Slovak poet who was in the forefront of the struggle for social justice and political freedom. St. Joseph the Workman, the universal patron of workingmen everywhere, is a favorite saint of men who must toil at manual labor. The statue of St. Joseph overlooking the industrial environs of St. Michael Slovak parish, Munhall, Pa., in the heart of the steel industry of the Pittsburgh area is a constant inspiration to the passerby. Tribute to Karl Pacanovsky, 'a philosopher-craftsma n' at the Hill School in Pottstown, Pa. for more than three decades, is a well deserved one for a Slovak worker who was dedicated to his tasks in his workshop. R. H. Andrews' article on India is an eye-opener for those who know so little about the great work accomplished by Catholic missionaries in the Far East. Furdek's youth panel of scholarship winners (39 young men and 2:5 young women) is a fine representation of Jednota's honor students of the past year. Paul Berish in his Relevant contribution finds fault ... and rightly so . . . with the mishandling of facts about the Slovaks and their history by American journalists, newsreporters, and even socalled editorial writers and historians. SLOVAKIA sodes around the fireside after the evening chores are done, but members of a definite economic class that is an asset to the country and its people. Even the Croatians, by exception, get a boost in this year's Furdek as Father Wuerl recalls the 1,000th anniversary of the feast of St. Blaise, celebrated in the town of Dubrovnik, Croatia, on February 3, 1972. Paul Berish uncovers the 'hidden life of Brother Rudolf' over a span of fifty years as a tailor in the service of the Lord in the tailorshop of a monastic Redemptorist community. Salt in Slovakia has been a rich commodity for Slovakia and neighboring states in central Europe for many centuries. Solivar, near Pre~ov, continues to mine salt to the present day by modern methods and techniques. Michael Kurak of the Holy Trinity Slovak parochial school in Yonkers, N. Y. tells the world he is a Slovak . . . and proud of it! Father Robert Terentieff is presented by Dr. Michael Simko to our readers as an artist, teacher, dramatist, zealous shepherd of souls and preserver of Slovak customs in Connecticut. The pictorial contribution of Paul C. Fallat, Slovak artist, on an important phase in the life of Father Hlinka who was 'a fearless fighter for Slovak freedom' is an atractive re-enactment of the highlights of the Slovak leader's dynamic career that helped win the struggle for the Slovak nation's political freedom before World War II. American and Canadian Translators of Slovak poetry by Dr. J . M. Kirschbaum, Slovak diplomat and writer, not only touches upon translations of Slovak poems but lists a considerable number of 195 translations from Slovak prose. Included in the list of translators with such world known personalities as Bjornson, Seton-Watson and Denis are W. Kirkconnell, J. Vajda, I. Kramoris, M. Sprinc, K. Strmen and Sister M. Tybor, SS.C.M. The Tool Box by Alvin Lehar brings to light an amusing incident in the early life of Stan Sladek, a Slovak professional football player from the Bronx in the 1950's and 1960's. Dorothy Day, the 74-year-old Catholic social worker, speaker, publisher and activist during most of her lifetime, is given tribute by Joseph McLellan who characterizes the remarkable champion of social justice and evangelical poverty as 'a prophet of Catholic social concern.' Dr. Kirschbaum attempts to sift the truth from falsehood in the conflicting accounts involving the creation of the Slovak Republic on March 14, 1939 . . . almost six months before the German invasion of Poland started the war. Australia beckoned several thousand freedom-loving Slovaks to seek their livelihood there after their country was locked up behind the Iron Curtain. Approximately ten thousand Slovaks in exile are found in southern Australia. Father Matthew Jankola (founder of the Religious Order of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Danville, Pa.) has a proper evaluation of his lifework in the biographical sketch of Daniel Tanzone, young Slovak writer. Another promising young Slovak writer, Michael J. Krajsa, rightly gives credit to our early American Slovak leaders for establishing fraternal societies, churches, schools and social-cultural centers that flourished in their time. Krajsa concentrates on the story of the Jednota primarily. 196 SLOVAKIA Interspersed throughout the volume are short poems, designed no doubt for inspiration as well as variety . . . these adequately fulfill their purpose. Rt. Rev. Jerome Koval, 0.S.B SLOVAK PIONEERS IN AMERICA Jozef Pauco, Ph.D. Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike (Slovak Pioneers in America). First Catholic Slovak Union, Cleveland, 0. , 1972. 358 pages. Illustrated. $4.95. Slovak Pioneers in America (Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike), from the pen of Dr. Joseph Pauco, is another publication of the Jednota Press of the First Catholic Slovak Union. The book is dedicated as a living witness to the staunch and lasting accomplishments of those Slovak pioneerspriests, religious and laity-who with their whole being stood in the service of the American Slovaks. Many made outstanding cultural and literary contributions that have become part of the lasting treasury of America's worth. On these factual pages, the author and the First Catholic Slovak Union fulfill an obligation which is due to Slovak nation since it gave to America fully one-third of its people. These immigrants filled all facets of American labor and pulled themselves up from the mines, the iron pits and steel mills to the ranks of Generals, professional men, and business men, but most of all they led their people to be loyal citizens of their new country, the United States of America. It is in this vein that Pauco presents his new book Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike. When the book is translated into English, the third and fourth generations of American Slovaks will be able to fully evaluate all the accomplishments and contributions of their pioneer parents and grandparents-not only what they did for them, but for the over three million American Slovaks and for the whole of America. Pauco's work required serious research and documentation. In an objective manner he credits the life and works of the pioneers and categorizes them in their proper niche in the history of the American Slovaks, in America and the Slovak nation. He presents those leading pioneers who played the greatest role in the cultural field; those who organized fraternal societies, parishes, schools, and religious orders; those who preserved the literary culture with the publication of newspapers and books; and those who were fired with the ideal of liberty that even permeated to Slovakia. It was the American Slovaks who initiated the movement for an independent Slovakia prior to World War I. They were proud of the document known as the "Pittsburgh Pact" which became the platform of the political party in Slovakia seeking autonomy for the Slovak people. This was a unique display of cooperation and a symbolic gesture between the Slovak nation and the emigrated American Slovaks. Father J oseph A. Gajdosik, Supreme Chaplain of the First Catholic Slovak Union and Chairman of its Literary Committee-himself an eloquent and gifted writergave a few thoughts concerning Pauco's new book as he remembered reading the installments in the Jednota. "The stories of the Slovak pioneers are very provocative, enlightening and very stimulating. They reveal the joyous faith that the Slovak pioneers had, which in 197 SLOVAKIA turn motivated them in their endeavors to better their lives, and help assure a better future for their loved ones, and for Slovaks in general. The realism that FAITH has many faces is beautifully depicted in the lives of the many characters who appear in the Priekopnici! "The lives of these pioneers communicate the personal and devoted consecration to the Slovak motto of living for God and People, to such a degree, that undoubtedly young adults of the second, third, etc., Slovak generation, who perhaps have difficulty of choosing a career, will be aided by the publication of this book to select a career, which will fulfill their vocation for life. "The 'Slovak Cause' is no longer a hot issue in the average life of an American of Slovak ancestry, in fact, I find a reversing trend. However, if this book can make one cognizant of his Slovak origin, it may serve to help one gain heights which otherwise would be out of bounds, e.g. Michael Novak, and his noted book The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics. "Pauco's book is one sure way to arousing interest in the Slovak heritage on a personal and individual basis, especially among our younger people. Hopefully, an English translation will be made in the near future, so that devotion to the Slovak ethnicity will be fostered. "The book should bolster Dr. Joseph Pauco's strong thoughts about the termination and death of the Slovak language in the United States. The book is also a warning to our fair-weather-Slovaks, who claim that they received little if anything from their Slovak ancestors, for it teaches that much Slovak affluence and prestige is di- rectly the result of the conduct and work of our pioneers. "It behooves our brethren who are ashamed of their Slovak ethnicity, to study their history, and learn how everything they have was given to them, and that they should give themselves for others as our pioneers did. The ultimate lesson is that we, Americans of Slovak ancestry, should foster and serve the Slovak cause and ideal, at least as much, if not better then our pioneers in early America." Dr. Joseph Pauco came to the United States 22 years ago. He earned his doctorate in Philosophy at the Slovak University in Bratislava. As a historian and journalist, he has dedicated himself fully to the service of the American Slovaks. He has spent all his time in the United States on the editorial staff of Jednota, the Catholic Weekly of the First Catholic Slovak Union. He is also the publisher of the oldest Slovak newspaper in America Slovak v Amerike (American Slovak) and is a contributor to many other periodicals. He is the author of over 20 books, mostly dedicated to the life of the American Slovaks, including the history of the First Catholic Slovak Union and the lives of Fr. Stephen Furdek and Fr. Matthew Jankola. His many hundreds of articles, especially the column "Slovaci a ich zivot" (Slovaks and Their Life ) in Jedno ta, systematically record the accomplishments and efforts of the American Slovaks and their institutions. Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike is in itself a pioneer book. Nothing to date has been published in such documentary detail about American Slovak pioneers. The First Catholic Slovak Union is proud to publish this vital literary work of Dr. Joseph Pauco. Joseph c. Krajsa 198 SLOVAKIA JANKOLA'S CENTENNIAL Jankola centennial Books.-Pamiitnica 100-ho vyrocia narodenia Otca Matusa Jankolu (1872-1972). - Jankola Book. Honoring the Centennial of the Birth of Father Matthew Jankola (1872-1972) Both of these books were prepared and published by the Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius, collaborating at Jankola Library in Danville, Pennsylvania, July-August, 1972, under the chairmanship of Sister M. Martina Tybor. The historian of the future who undertakes a study of the history of the Slovak people will inevitably reach out for the most objective of resource materials available. And it is just such a balanced, such a level and extraordinary objective and tastefully factual contribution that has appeared this year as an enrichment in the specific field of Slovak-American immigrant chronicles. The work consists of two distinct volumes, one in English and one in Slovak (similar but not identical in content), delineating the life and the achievements of Father Matthew Jankola, pioneer SlovakAmerican priest and patriot, who was a leader, educator, writer, and the founder of the American community, Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius. This eminently commendable publication project was endorsed and sponsored by Mother M. Valeria Romanchek, Superior General of the congregation, and it became a reality only by reason of the dedication, diligence, and scholarship of the Sisters who were fittingly associated with Jankola Library in this undertaking. Jankola Library is directed by Sister M. Martina Tybor and under her chairmanship there evolved an editorial committee consisting of Mother M. Emerentia Petra~ek, Sister M. Lilliana Kardo~, Sister M. Consuela Gregorovic, Sister M. Philomena Abbick, Sister M. Tarcisia Gregorovic and Sister Donna Marie Ivanko. By their personal effort and professional talent these Sisters worked to contribute every aspect of the publication: the researching and compiling of data, literary composition, technical composing and preparation of copy, multilith reproduction, collating and binding. Susan Oravec of Peckville, Pa. designed the artistic and becoming cover portrait, and photography was done by Joseph McGlinn of Danville and John Gre~kovic of Olyphant, Pa. The books credit items of information etc. contributed by Sisters M. John Vianney, M. Eileen McCoy, M. Regina, M. Bernardine, M. Raphael, and M. Yolanda. Each volume consists of 134 pages, is fully protected by copyright and is dedicated to the memory of the esteemed Founder of this American community of sisters whose prime apostolates are teaching and caring for the orphaned and the aged. The sisters thus express the gratitude which is justly due to Father Jankola not only by this community but by all the Slovak people both in this country and abroad, especially for his priestly zeal in promoting spirituality and culture, for his selfsacrifice on behalf of his fellowman, his leadership and vision as well as his determination to better the lot of the Slovak immigrant in America. The opening pages of each souvenir book contain commemorative poetry of high quality. The text also includes rich and informative articles such as a biography which cover the fruitful work of Father Jankola's lifetime of less than fifty SLOVAKIA years, a historical survey of the founding of the community and reminiscences of some who knew Father J ankola well. Another important contribution in these books is the descriptive account of Jimkola Library at Danville, Pa., its holdings, areas of service, prospects, etc. Of special interest is a picture of Father J ankola's two surviving sisters, Mrs. Irma J ankola Srbova and Mrs. Luisa J ankola Sopkova of Slovakia, together with a reproduction of the congratulatory lines which they sent to grace the centennial celebration. As a special supplement in each book are the news reports and 199 photographs which record the centennial observance and the Jankola Exhibit of Memorabilia held at Danville on August 13, 1972. The news accounts were prepared by Dr. Joseph Pauco, Slovak journalist and editor, and by Rev. Augustine J. Zan, Chaplain at Maria J oseph Manor. These unique books creditably record the work of Father Jankola and honor him worthily for the legacy which he bequeathed to the Church, to the Slovak nation and to his adopted country, the USA. Although this is a limited edition, copies are still available at J ankola Library, Danville, Pa. 17821. Rev. Augustine J. Za n Annual S L O V A K I A is published by the Slovak League of America, 313 Ridge Ave., Middletown, Pa. 17057. Subscription $3.00. Editor: Joseph Pauto, Ph. D. Editorial Board: Draga 0/vlnska, Louis Kandra, Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D., Joseph A. Miku§, Ph. 0., Fr. Andrew Pier, O.S.B., M.A., Daniel F. Tanzone, M.A., Sister M. Tybor, SS.C.M., M.A. SLOVAKIA 200 Contents The Slovak Word Abroad - Gorazd Zvonicky - 3 Twenty Years of the Slovak Institute in Cleveland - Joseph Paufo,Ph.D. -16 The Inflectional Morphology of Standard Slovak: A Descriptive Analysis John Michael Kochik, Ph:D. - 24 The Ethnical Philosophy of nudovit Stur - Stefan Polakovi~ - 29 Fortieth Anniversary Canadian Slovak League - Edward J. Behuncik -48 Youth in Search of Slovak Identity and Pride - John Llhani, Ph.D. -53 A New Phase in the Socialist Economic Reform - V. J. Hurley - 57 The Renaissance of the Slovak American Literature - P. O'Reilly - 66 Cultural Revival of American and Canadian Slovaks - Jozef Paufo, Ph.D. -72 Dr. J. M. Kirschbaum - F . Vnuk - 82 Select Bibliography of Foreign Language Writings by Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum - 92 Evaluation of Dr. Kirschbaum's Writings by Critics - 101 /Diplomatic and Consular Relations of Slovakia with Neutral States - J. M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D. - 111 Mother M . Emerentia Petrasek - 123 The Declining Democratic Facade: Czecho-Slovakia 1948-1960 - S. J.B. -129 Youth, Our Hope - Pavo! 0 . Hviezdoslav - 140 Ethnicity and Research - Dr. Steven I. Miller - 141 Ethnics Work Hard - Msgr. James T. McHugh - 153 The American Political Question - Edward M. Zelenak - 155 Current Issues - 158 As Others See It - 170 Book Reviews (J. M. Kirschbaum - Books on Slovakia - Galla Golan: The Czechoslovak Reform Movement - Wolfgang Venohr: Aufstand fiir die Tschecho-Slowakei - Slovak Studies, Volume Vlll and IX - Joseph Vravrovic: L'oecumenisme et le panslavisme de l'abbe Jean Palarik - Milan S. f>urica: La Morte di M. R. Stefanik Alla Luce Dei Documenti Militari Italiani Inediti - Michael Novak: The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics - Slavs in Canada, Vol. III - Jaroslaw A. Piekalkiewicz: Public Opinion Polling in Czechoslovakia - Milan S. f>urica (Ed.): II Mondo Slavo, Vol. Ill; New Collections of Slovak ~migre Poetry - Rudolf Dilong: IIladny vetrik - Jan L. Doransky: Od splnu po zatmenie - Rudolf Dilong: Pomikam chlieb so sol'ou - Jan Okal': Cielito Lindo Jan E. Bor: Eugen Vesnin; Books on Jews in Slovakia -reviewed by Dr. Arved Grebert - (Ed.): The Jews of Czechoslovakia Alexander Schreiber: Hebriiische Kodexilberreste in Ungarliindischen Eibandstafeln - Karl Baum: Nazi Anti-Jewish Legislation in the Czech Protectorate - Jednota Annual FURDEK reviewed by Rt. Rev. Jerome Koval, O.S.B. - Jozef Paufo, Ph.D.: Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike (by Joseph C. Krajsa) - Jankola Centennial Books (by Rev. Augustine J. Zan) - 174 Our Contributors Gorazd Zvonicky - poet, professor, Rome, Italy author, historian, Middletown, Pa. Joseph Pauco, Ph.D. - assistant professor of Czech and Russian, University of Nebraska, Lincoln John M. Kochik, Ph.D. - former professor at the Slovak University, Bratislava, Slovakia, now in Argentina Stefan Polakovic, Ph;D. - attorney-at-law, Stratford, Conn. Edward J. Behuncik - professor of Hispanic Linguistics, University of John Lihani, Ph.D. - Kenrtucky Francis Vnuk - historian; professor, Institute of Technology, Adelaide, Australia Joseph M . Kirschbaum, LL.D., Ph-D. - historian, author, Toronto, Ontario Pav ol 0. Hviezdoslav - noted Slovak poet Sr. M . Martina Tybor, SS.C-M. - teacher and author, Danville, Pa. assistant professor, Sociology of Education, Loyola University, Chicago, Ill. Dr. Steven I. MiUer - Msgr. James T. McHugh - diocese of Harrisburg, Pa. Edward M. Zelenak - musician, college student, Detroit, Michigan Dr. Arved Grebert - former Slovak diplomat, now in Switzerland Rt. Rev . Jerome Koval, O.S-B. - Abbot, St. Andrew's Svorad Slovak Abbey, Cleveland, Ohio Joseph C. Krajsa - Editor, Jednota, Middletown, Pa. Rev. Augustine J . Zan - author, Danville, Pa. V . J . Hurley; P. O'ReiUy and S. J. B. - Slovak American students PRI NTI D IN U.S. A. JIDN OTA PlllN TER Y, MID DLli TOW N, PA.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 23 (No. 46) Description An account of the resource includes Current Issues; As Others See It; Book Reviews; Contributors Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/de3e24b2737590f66339f43803fa0a29.pdf 474a49aa5b7f00c90fb8c8693d9692e6 PDF Text Text �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXII • 1972 • NO. 45 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. � �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXII • 1972 • NO. 45 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1972, Vol. 22 Description An account of the resource Vol. 22 (No. 45), 1972. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXII • 1972 • NO. 45 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 22 (No. 45) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/879ef97a8ddef8efe5a17a597364edab.pdf 37ea45531a30003441660b3ff95649be PDF Text Text 40 SLOVAKIA Slovak Bishops Appeal on Behalf of President Tiso (In view of the trial of Msgr. Joseph Tiso, former President of Slovakia, the following letter addressed January 8, 1946 by the Bishops of Slovakia to the Slovak National Council is of particulad interest. ) N.C.W.C. NEWS SERVICE In the course of recent years, the Catholic Bishops of Slovakia have often pleaded with government authorities on behalf of all who suffered, were imprisoned or persecuted. They did so for all, Catholics and non-Catholics. The example of the Divine Samaritan and His positive command inspired us and urged us to raise our protective voice in the interest of people who suffered pernecution for political reasons or even because of their race. We did so at a time when we had to expect nothing but various inconveniences for our intervention. In taking the liberty today of graciously recommending to your good will the fate of the former president Dr. Joseph Tiso, we do so inspired by the most noble example of all history, the command given in the Gospel and which we also have before us at the present hour. We are motivated not only by the fact that the case concerns a priest of the Catholic Church, but also because the disposition of his personal problem is bound to have a deep effect upon the sentiment and conduct of a part of the Slovak nation with regard to reconstituted CzechoSlovakia and her representatives. We are also urged to take this action by the reality, that is generally known and admitted by every objective observer, that Dr. Joseph Tiso has always been a zealous priest of unimpeachable character. In his extensive labors he always endeavored to work for the common good and never enriched himself thereby. The exercise of justice is one of the most difficult tasks of state authority. Experience teaches that this task, difficult enough in itself becomes an even more delicate one when it is concerned with political delicts. History shows �SLOVAKIA 4.1 how many burdensome fateful errors have been made particularly at political trials, since it is a most difficult task to judge impartially the activities of a political opponent. It is, therefore, by no means a rare occurence that after severe sentences were pronounced in political trials, a demand for their revision arose sooner or later. In judging the activities of a statesman, even his intentions must also be taken into consideration. The predominant majority of the Slovak people shares our convictions that Dr. Joseph Tiso in his public activity was animated by the best intentions. No doubt, mistakes were made. At the time, the Catholic Bishops of Slovakia did not hesitate to call them to his attention. However, we must disregard the well-known fact that even the shrewdest politicians can commit very serious errors. Yet the unprejudiced observer, be he a contemporary or historian, can render objective judgment only if he takes into consideration the good and positive (elements) in the activities of a statesman. And this factor will often outweigh the errors committed by politicians as the result of their weakness. It will not be irrelevant to consider from another point of view the errors charged to Dr. Tiso. We graciously point at least to some of their circumstances. Recent declarations by the present governmental representatives make the incidents of zilina of October 1938* appear in a light different from that which party propaganda seeks to spread among the public. Even the press has shown that practically all Slovak political parties participated in these political changes. Attention must also be called to the important document which has been made public in the course of the Nuremberg trial, viz. the letter sent to Berlin by the former Magyar leader of the empire, Horthy, on March 13, 1939.** This important circumstance, too, throws a different light on the decisions made by Tiso and his regime on March 14, 1939. We must think what would have been the fate of the Slovak people if Horthy's plan had been carried through. We also know that after the publication of the antiJewish laws, Dr. Tiso was willing to resign the presidency. That he did not do so happened only because he tried to �42 SLOVAKIA hamper and alleviate the consequen ces of these decrees and also to prevent a greater evil. It is worth considerin g the fact that Tiso was unable to prevent what the government chief of Hungary, a country far larger and more independen t than Slovakia, equally failed to prevent. After considerin g all the circumstan ces it may also be possible to evaluate the other errors charged to Dr. Tiso (for instance, the war in the east, the events of August 29, 1944,***) in a manner different from that employed by a prejudiced propagand a. The entire Slovak public is following the developme nt situation concerning Dr. Tiso with keen interest, the of and the great majority is taking a negative stand to the efforts that would incite hatred against his person. This is bound to increase the unfortunat e division of the nation, which now should be united and exerting all its strength for reconstruc tion. A settlement of the Tiso case in a spirit of understand ing and without any unscrupulo us severity would be an accomplish ment of political vision and will greatly serve the peace of the nation. These higher motives prompt us to graciously ask you to consider our request and act favorably on it. Signatures : Archbishop Karol Kmet'ko of Nitra; Bishop Joseph C<irsky of Kosice; Bishop Andrej skr<ibik, Banska Bystrica; Bishop Joseph Toman6cy, Bishop Karol Jantausch, and Bishop Edward Necsey, Auxiliary of Nitra. * On October 6, 1938, all parties except the Communists and Social Democrats, joined forces at 2ilina to demand emphatically the political autonomy of Slovakia, as it had been repeatedly stipulated in several agreements concluded between Czechs and Slovaks since 1914, v. i.: The Pittsburgh Agreement, etc. ** In the letter Horthy demanded the split-up of Slovakia among Germany, Hungary and Poland. *** The date referred to marks the "partisan" uprising in Slovakia which Dr. Tiso is accused of having failed to support. "The execution of Dr. Joseph Tiso, who loved his people and served them conscientious ly throughout his life, will undoubtedly inspire thousands of his brethren to continue the fight for the inherent and God-given rights of the Slovak nation." - John Sabol, Secretary First Catholic Slovak Union, Cleveland, Ohio, April 30, 1947. � 40 SLOVAKIA Slovak Bishops Appeal on Behalf of President Tiso (In view of the trial of Msgr. Joseph Tiso, former President of Slovakia, the following letter addressed January 8, 1946 by the Bishops of Slovakia to the Slovak National Council is of particulad interest. ) N.C.W.C. NEWS SERVICE In the course of recent years, the Catholic Bishops of Slovakia have often pleaded with government authorities on behalf of all who suffered, were imprisoned or persecuted. They did so for all, Catholics and non-Catholics. The example of the Divine Samaritan and His positive command inspired us and urged us to raise our protective voice in the interest of people who suffered pernecution for political reasons or even because of their race. We did so at a time when we had to expect nothing but various inconveniences for our intervention. In taking the liberty today of graciously recommending to your good will the fate of the former president Dr. Joseph Tiso, we do so inspired by the most noble example of all history, the command given in the Gospel and which we also have before us at the present hour. We are motivated not only by the fact that the case concerns a priest of the Catholic Church, but also because the disposition of his personal problem is bound to have a deep effect upon the sentiment and conduct of a part of the Slovak nation with regard to reconstituted CzechoSlovakia and her representatives. We are also urged to take this action by the reality, that is generally known and admitted by every objective observer, that Dr. Joseph Tiso has always been a zealous priest of unimpeachable character. In his extensive labors he always endeavored to work for the common good and never enriched himself thereby. The exercise of justice is one of the most difficult tasks of state authority. Experience teaches that this task, difficult enough in itself becomes an even more delicate one when it is concerned with political delicts. History shows �SLOVAKIA 4.1 how many burdensome fateful errors have been made particularly at political trials, since it is a most difficult task to judge impartially the activities of a political opponent. It is, therefore, by no means a rare occurence that after severe sentences were pronounced in political trials, a demand for their revision arose sooner or later. In judging the activities of a statesman, even his intentions must also be taken into consideration. The predominant majority of the Slovak people shares our convictions that Dr. Joseph Tiso in his public activity was animated by the best intentions. No doubt, mistakes were made. At the time, the Catholic Bishops of Slovakia did not hesitate to call them to his attention. However, we must disregard the well-known fact that even the shrewdest politicians can commit very serious errors. Yet the unprejudiced observer, be he a contemporary or historian, can render objective judgment only if he takes into consideration the good and positive (elements) in the activities of a statesman. And this factor will often outweigh the errors committed by politicians as the result of their weakness. It will not be irrelevant to consider from another point of view the errors charged to Dr. Tiso. We graciously point at least to some of their circumstances. Recent declarations by the present governmental representatives make the incidents of zilina of October 1938* appear in a light different from that which party propaganda seeks to spread among the public. Even the press has shown that practically all Slovak political parties participated in these political changes. Attention must also be called to the important document which has been made public in the course of the Nuremberg trial, viz. the letter sent to Berlin by the former Magyar leader of the empire, Horthy, on March 13, 1939.** This important circumstance, too, throws a different light on the decisions made by Tiso and his regime on March 14, 1939. We must think what would have been the fate of the Slovak people if Horthy's plan had been carried through. We also know that after the publication of the antiJewish laws, Dr. Tiso was willing to resign the presidency. That he did not do so happened only because he tried to �42 SLOVAKIA hamper and alleviate the consequen ces of these decrees and also to prevent a greater evil. It is worth considerin g the fact that Tiso was unable to prevent what the government chief of Hungary, a country far larger and more independen t than Slovakia, equally failed to prevent. After considerin g all the circumstan ces it may also be possible to evaluate the other errors charged to Dr. Tiso (for instance, the war in the east, the events of August 29, 1944,***) in a manner different from that employed by a prejudiced propagand a. The entire Slovak public is following the developme nt situation concerning Dr. Tiso with keen interest, the of and the great majority is taking a negative stand to the efforts that would incite hatred against his person. This is bound to increase the unfortunat e division of the nation, which now should be united and exerting all its strength for reconstruc tion. A settlement of the Tiso case in a spirit of understand ing and without any unscrupulo us severity would be an accomplish ment of political vision and will greatly serve the peace of the nation. These higher motives prompt us to graciously ask you to consider our request and act favorably on it. Signatures : Archbishop Karol Kmet'ko of Nitra; Bishop Joseph C<irsky of Kosice; Bishop Andrej skr<ibik, Banska Bystrica; Bishop Joseph Toman6cy, Bishop Karol Jantausch, and Bishop Edward Necsey, Auxiliary of Nitra. * On October 6, 1938, all parties except the Communists and Social Democrats, joined forces at 2ilina to demand emphatically the political autonomy of Slovakia, as it had been repeatedly stipulated in several agreements concluded between Czechs and Slovaks since 1914, v. i.: The Pittsburgh Agreement, etc. ** In the letter Horthy demanded the split-up of Slovakia among Germany, Hungary and Poland. *** The date referred to marks the "partisan" uprising in Slovakia which Dr. Tiso is accused of having failed to support. "The execution of Dr. Joseph Tiso, who loved his people and served them conscientious ly throughout his life, will undoubtedly inspire thousands of his brethren to continue the fight for the inherent and God-given rights of the Slovak nation." - John Sabol, Secretary First Catholic Slovak Union, Cleveland, Ohio, April 30, 1947. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1972, Vol. 22 Description An account of the resource Vol. 22 (No. 45), 1972. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 40 SLOVAKIA Slovak Bishops Appeal on Behalf of President Tiso (In view of the trial of Msgr. Joseph Tiso, former President of Slovakia, the following letter addressed January 8, 1946 by the Bishops of Slovakia to the Slovak National Council is of particulad interest. ) N.C.W.C. NEWS SERVICE In the course of recent years, the Catholic Bishops of Slovakia have often pleaded with government authorities on behalf of all who suffered, were imprisoned or persecuted. They did so for all, Catholics and non-Catholics. The example of the Divine Samaritan and His positive command inspired us and urged us to raise our protective voice in the interest of people who suffered pernecution for political reasons or even because of their race. We did so at a time when we had to expect nothing but various inconveniences for our intervention. In taking the liberty today of graciously recommending to your good will the fate of the former president Dr. Joseph Tiso, we do so inspired by the most noble example of all history, the command given in the Gospel and which we also have before us at the present hour. We are motivated not only by the fact that the case concerns a priest of the Catholic Church, but also because the disposition of his personal problem is bound to have a deep effect upon the sentiment and conduct of a part of the Slovak nation with regard to reconstituted CzechoSlovakia and her representatives. We are also urged to take this action by the reality, that is generally known and admitted by every objective observer, that Dr. Joseph Tiso has always been a zealous priest of unimpeachable character. In his extensive labors he always endeavored to work for the common good and never enriched himself thereby. The exercise of justice is one of the most difficult tasks of state authority. Experience teaches that this task, difficult enough in itself becomes an even more delicate one when it is concerned with political delicts. History shows SLOVAKIA 4.1 how many burdensome fateful errors have been made particularly at political trials, since it is a most difficult task to judge impartially the activities of a political opponent. It is, therefore, by no means a rare occurence that after severe sentences were pronounced in political trials, a demand for their revision arose sooner or later. In judging the activities of a statesman, even his intentions must also be taken into consideration. The predominant majority of the Slovak people shares our convictions that Dr. Joseph Tiso in his public activity was animated by the best intentions. No doubt, mistakes were made. At the time, the Catholic Bishops of Slovakia did not hesitate to call them to his attention. However, we must disregard the well-known fact that even the shrewdest politicians can commit very serious errors. Yet the unprejudiced observer, be he a contemporary or historian, can render objective judgment only if he takes into consideration the good and positive (elements) in the activities of a statesman. And this factor will often outweigh the errors committed by politicians as the result of their weakness. It will not be irrelevant to consider from another point of view the errors charged to Dr. Tiso. We graciously point at least to some of their circumstances. Recent declarations by the present governmental representatives make the incidents of zilina of October 1938* appear in a light different from that which party propaganda seeks to spread among the public. Even the press has shown that practically all Slovak political parties participated in these political changes. Attention must also be called to the important document which has been made public in the course of the Nuremberg trial, viz. the letter sent to Berlin by the former Magyar leader of the empire, Horthy, on March 13, 1939.** This important circumstance, too, throws a different light on the decisions made by Tiso and his regime on March 14, 1939. We must think what would have been the fate of the Slovak people if Horthy's plan had been carried through. We also know that after the publication of the antiJewish laws, Dr. Tiso was willing to resign the presidency. That he did not do so happened only because he tried to 42 SLOVAKIA hamper and alleviate the consequen ces of these decrees and also to prevent a greater evil. It is worth considerin g the fact that Tiso was unable to prevent what the government chief of Hungary, a country far larger and more independen t than Slovakia, equally failed to prevent. After considerin g all the circumstan ces it may also be possible to evaluate the other errors charged to Dr. Tiso (for instance, the war in the east, the events of August 29, 1944,***) in a manner different from that employed by a prejudiced propagand a. The entire Slovak public is following the developme nt situation concerning Dr. Tiso with keen interest, the of and the great majority is taking a negative stand to the efforts that would incite hatred against his person. This is bound to increase the unfortunat e division of the nation, which now should be united and exerting all its strength for reconstruc tion. A settlement of the Tiso case in a spirit of understand ing and without any unscrupulo us severity would be an accomplish ment of political vision and will greatly serve the peace of the nation. These higher motives prompt us to graciously ask you to consider our request and act favorably on it. Signatures : Archbishop Karol Kmet'ko of Nitra; Bishop Joseph C<irsky of Kosice; Bishop Andrej skr<ibik, Banska Bystrica; Bishop Joseph Toman6cy, Bishop Karol Jantausch, and Bishop Edward Necsey, Auxiliary of Nitra. * On October 6, 1938, all parties except the Communists and Social Democrats, joined forces at 2ilina to demand emphatically the political autonomy of Slovakia, as it had been repeatedly stipulated in several agreements concluded between Czechs and Slovaks since 1914, v. i.: The Pittsburgh Agreement, etc. ** In the letter Horthy demanded the split-up of Slovakia among Germany, Hungary and Poland. *** The date referred to marks the "partisan" uprising in Slovakia which Dr. Tiso is accused of having failed to support. "The execution of Dr. Joseph Tiso, who loved his people and served them conscientious ly throughout his life, will undoubtedly inspire thousands of his brethren to continue the fight for the inherent and God-given rights of the Slovak nation." - John Sabol, Secretary First Catholic Slovak Union, Cleveland, Ohio, April 30, 1947.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Slovak Bishops Appeal on Behalf of President Tiso Description An account of the resource N.C.W.C. News Service Letter by the Bishops of Slovakia to the Slovak National Council, January 8, 1946 Slovakia, Vol. 22 (No. 45), 1972 pp. 40-42 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/9c5a91b4d81ccee7ea296689cadfafca.pdf a3cf960c15ff0b7080d4617154213bf3 PDF Text Text 48 SLOVAK.IA Priest, Teacher, President and National Hero Dr. Joseph Tiso, war-time president of the Slovak Republic, was born October 13, 1887, in Vel'ka Bytca, Slovakia. After completing his elementary training, he studied in zilina and Nitra, then completed his theological studies in Vienna. He was ordained priest in 1910 and a year later attained the degree of Doctor of Theology. Father Tiso served as chaplain in Oscadnica, Rajec and Banovce. In 1914 he served in the army as field chaplain and in 1915 was named spiritual director of the seminary at Nitra and professor of religion at the college and high school there. In 1918 he was appointed professor of theology. In 1921, he was honored by the Holy Father with the title of Monsignor. Dr. Joseph Tiso was very active as an organizer and writer. He was imprisoned twice by the government for "anti-state" activities, the general term for anything that did not coincide with the political ideology of the government. While incarcerated Dr. Tiso tranlated several apologetic works into Slovak. Father Tiso was truly a man of his people and for his people. He strained every effort to elevate them spiritually and materially. In 1924 Dr. Joseph Tiso became pastor of the church at Banovce and served the spiritual and temporal needs of the people there until he was imprisoned in 1945. As a member of Hlinka's People's Party, he was elected to parliament in 1925 and in 1927 was appointed Minister of Health and Physical Culture by the Masaryk regime. Dr . Tiso visited America only once; that was in 1937 when he came as a member of a delegation of the Society of St. Adalbert, Slovakia's greatest Catholic publishing house. When Slovakia was granted autonomy on October 6, 1938, the Prague government named Dr. Tiso premier of the autonomous Slovak government. The following year, when Czecho-Slovakia collapsed completely, the Slovak �SLOVAKIA 49 parliament declared the independence of Slovakia on March 14. The parliament elected Dr. Joseph Tiso president of the independent Slovak Republic on October 26, 1939. Under Tiso's guidance Slovakia fared quite well even during the war years. He saved whatever he could for his nation. Even his political enemies admit that. When the wild Red armies tore toward Bratislava, Dr. Joseph Tiso and the Slovak government withdrew to Kremsmtinster. Austria, where they formally surrendered to the U.S. Army. At the insistence of the provisional Czecho-Slovak government, the U. S Department of State ordered the U.S. Army authorities in Austria to surrender Dr. Tiso and his group to the Czecho-Slovak War Crimes Commission. In November 1945 Dr. Tiso and members of the Slovak government were delivered to Czecho-Slovak authorities though their status was never investigated by the U. S. authorities. From Prague Dr. Tiso and several of his group were sent to Bratislava to stand trial before the Slovak National Court. The trial began December 2, 1946, and ended March 14, 1947. Sentence was pronounced by the Court on April 15, and Father Tiso, reciting the rosary out loud, was led to the gallows at 5.30 A.M. on April 18, 1947; he was pronounced dead seven minutes later. Slovaks the world over agree with Father Tiso's aged mother: Dr. Tiso died a martyr for the cause of his people and his Church. Bratislav a. It has been noted that representatives of foreign news agencies who "covered" the first days of the trial left Bratislava about ten days ago and r eturned to Prague where they obtained information on the progress of the trial from second-hand sources. In view of these conditions it appears doubtful to observers personally present at the trial whether foreign public opinion is being enabled to gain an authentic and objective view of the defense presented by Dr. Tiso against the 113 charges in the 212-page indictment. - J an Mauthner Special Correspondent, N.C.W.C. News Service, January 1. 1947. "Dr. Tiso died for his Church and his nation. He always did and ever shall belong to us. We bow our heads to his memory and pray for his soul that his martyr's death encourage us to greater sacrifices for genuine freedom according to the Four Freedoms and the Atlantic Charter. " - Msgr. S. J . Krasula, New York City, April 30, 1947. � 48 SLOVAK.IA Priest, Teacher, President and National Hero Dr. Joseph Tiso, war-time president of the Slovak Republic, was born October 13, 1887, in Vel'ka Bytca, Slovakia. After completing his elementary training, he studied in zilina and Nitra, then completed his theological studies in Vienna. He was ordained priest in 1910 and a year later attained the degree of Doctor of Theology. Father Tiso served as chaplain in Oscadnica, Rajec and Banovce. In 1914 he served in the army as field chaplain and in 1915 was named spiritual director of the seminary at Nitra and professor of religion at the college and high school there. In 1918 he was appointed professor of theology. In 1921, he was honored by the Holy Father with the title of Monsignor. Dr. Joseph Tiso was very active as an organizer and writer. He was imprisoned twice by the government for "anti-state" activities, the general term for anything that did not coincide with the political ideology of the government. While incarcerated Dr. Tiso tranlated several apologetic works into Slovak. Father Tiso was truly a man of his people and for his people. He strained every effort to elevate them spiritually and materially. In 1924 Dr. Joseph Tiso became pastor of the church at Banovce and served the spiritual and temporal needs of the people there until he was imprisoned in 1945. As a member of Hlinka's People's Party, he was elected to parliament in 1925 and in 1927 was appointed Minister of Health and Physical Culture by the Masaryk regime. Dr . Tiso visited America only once; that was in 1937 when he came as a member of a delegation of the Society of St. Adalbert, Slovakia's greatest Catholic publishing house. When Slovakia was granted autonomy on October 6, 1938, the Prague government named Dr. Tiso premier of the autonomous Slovak government. The following year, when Czecho-Slovakia collapsed completely, the Slovak �SLOVAKIA 49 parliament declared the independence of Slovakia on March 14. The parliament elected Dr. Joseph Tiso president of the independent Slovak Republic on October 26, 1939. Under Tiso's guidance Slovakia fared quite well even during the war years. He saved whatever he could for his nation. Even his political enemies admit that. When the wild Red armies tore toward Bratislava, Dr. Joseph Tiso and the Slovak government withdrew to Kremsmtinster. Austria, where they formally surrendered to the U.S. Army. At the insistence of the provisional Czecho-Slovak government, the U. S Department of State ordered the U.S. Army authorities in Austria to surrender Dr. Tiso and his group to the Czecho-Slovak War Crimes Commission. In November 1945 Dr. Tiso and members of the Slovak government were delivered to Czecho-Slovak authorities though their status was never investigated by the U. S. authorities. From Prague Dr. Tiso and several of his group were sent to Bratislava to stand trial before the Slovak National Court. The trial began December 2, 1946, and ended March 14, 1947. Sentence was pronounced by the Court on April 15, and Father Tiso, reciting the rosary out loud, was led to the gallows at 5.30 A.M. on April 18, 1947; he was pronounced dead seven minutes later. Slovaks the world over agree with Father Tiso's aged mother: Dr. Tiso died a martyr for the cause of his people and his Church. Bratislav a. It has been noted that representatives of foreign news agencies who "covered" the first days of the trial left Bratislava about ten days ago and r eturned to Prague where they obtained information on the progress of the trial from second-hand sources. In view of these conditions it appears doubtful to observers personally present at the trial whether foreign public opinion is being enabled to gain an authentic and objective view of the defense presented by Dr. Tiso against the 113 charges in the 212-page indictment. - J an Mauthner Special Correspondent, N.C.W.C. News Service, January 1. 1947. "Dr. Tiso died for his Church and his nation. He always did and ever shall belong to us. We bow our heads to his memory and pray for his soul that his martyr's death encourage us to greater sacrifices for genuine freedom according to the Four Freedoms and the Atlantic Charter. " - Msgr. S. J . Krasula, New York City, April 30, 1947. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1972, Vol. 22 Description An account of the resource Vol. 22 (No. 45), 1972. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 48 SLOVAK.IA Priest, Teacher, President and National Hero Dr. Joseph Tiso, war-time president of the Slovak Republic, was born October 13, 1887, in Vel'ka Bytca, Slovakia. After completing his elementary training, he studied in zilina and Nitra, then completed his theological studies in Vienna. He was ordained priest in 1910 and a year later attained the degree of Doctor of Theology. Father Tiso served as chaplain in Oscadnica, Rajec and Banovce. In 1914 he served in the army as field chaplain and in 1915 was named spiritual director of the seminary at Nitra and professor of religion at the college and high school there. In 1918 he was appointed professor of theology. In 1921, he was honored by the Holy Father with the title of Monsignor. Dr. Joseph Tiso was very active as an organizer and writer. He was imprisoned twice by the government for "anti-state" activities, the general term for anything that did not coincide with the political ideology of the government. While incarcerated Dr. Tiso tranlated several apologetic works into Slovak. Father Tiso was truly a man of his people and for his people. He strained every effort to elevate them spiritually and materially. In 1924 Dr. Joseph Tiso became pastor of the church at Banovce and served the spiritual and temporal needs of the people there until he was imprisoned in 1945. As a member of Hlinka's People's Party, he was elected to parliament in 1925 and in 1927 was appointed Minister of Health and Physical Culture by the Masaryk regime. Dr . Tiso visited America only once; that was in 1937 when he came as a member of a delegation of the Society of St. Adalbert, Slovakia's greatest Catholic publishing house. When Slovakia was granted autonomy on October 6, 1938, the Prague government named Dr. Tiso premier of the autonomous Slovak government. The following year, when Czecho-Slovakia collapsed completely, the Slovak SLOVAKIA 49 parliament declared the independence of Slovakia on March 14. The parliament elected Dr. Joseph Tiso president of the independent Slovak Republic on October 26, 1939. Under Tiso's guidance Slovakia fared quite well even during the war years. He saved whatever he could for his nation. Even his political enemies admit that. When the wild Red armies tore toward Bratislava, Dr. Joseph Tiso and the Slovak government withdrew to Kremsmtinster. Austria, where they formally surrendered to the U.S. Army. At the insistence of the provisional Czecho-Slovak government, the U. S Department of State ordered the U.S. Army authorities in Austria to surrender Dr. Tiso and his group to the Czecho-Slovak War Crimes Commission. In November 1945 Dr. Tiso and members of the Slovak government were delivered to Czecho-Slovak authorities though their status was never investigated by the U. S. authorities. From Prague Dr. Tiso and several of his group were sent to Bratislava to stand trial before the Slovak National Court. The trial began December 2, 1946, and ended March 14, 1947. Sentence was pronounced by the Court on April 15, and Father Tiso, reciting the rosary out loud, was led to the gallows at 5.30 A.M. on April 18, 1947; he was pronounced dead seven minutes later. Slovaks the world over agree with Father Tiso's aged mother: Dr. Tiso died a martyr for the cause of his people and his Church. Bratislav a. It has been noted that representatives of foreign news agencies who "covered" the first days of the trial left Bratislava about ten days ago and r eturned to Prague where they obtained information on the progress of the trial from second-hand sources. In view of these conditions it appears doubtful to observers personally present at the trial whether foreign public opinion is being enabled to gain an authentic and objective view of the defense presented by Dr. Tiso against the 113 charges in the 212-page indictment. - J an Mauthner Special Correspondent, N.C.W.C. News Service, January 1. 1947. "Dr. Tiso died for his Church and his nation. He always did and ever shall belong to us. We bow our heads to his memory and pray for his soul that his martyr's death encourage us to greater sacrifices for genuine freedom according to the Four Freedoms and the Atlantic Charter. " - Msgr. S. J . Krasula, New York City, April 30, 1947.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Priest, Teacher, President and National Hero Description An account of the resource Slovakia, Vol. 22 (No. 45), 1972 pp. 48-49 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/43aa8245cab1ba3e7b9609982eb15ad8.pdf 9afe46899f1c9238bd781c7546a5be5c PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 193 CURRENT ISSUES Declaration Adopted by Slovak World Congress Representatives of Slovak organizations throughout the free world as well as individuals of Slovak origin in the United States of America, Canada, Australia, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, France, South Africa, Argentina, Spain and Germany assembled in Toronto in order to promote the creation of a world organization of Slovaks hereby declare that: The struggle for freedom and self-fulfillment has been a continuing process throughout Slovak history. Attainment of this objective in the past has not been without obstacles, or dedicated work and sacrifices of many individuals and groups. Now, when the Slovak nation is unable to determine its own destiny, because it is under a foreign military domination, :s uch efforts, dedication and sacrifices must be increased to help them achieve their freedom once again. Those of Slovak origin now living throughout the free world, are urged to .dedicate themselves to this task. Our obligation will be to present to the free world a true picture of the life under which our brethren are compelled to live, and to seek a change of their plight. The concepts by which we will be guided in this work will be the traditional values promoted throughout Slovak history which have given vitality to the nation in its growth and acceptance among nations of the western world. The Congress will continue to adhere to the democratic principles in the civil and international relations and considers tolerance in ideological, political and religious matters an expression of maturity for democracy and strongly opposes any tyranny whether it comes from the left, or, from the right. It has been obvious during the past two decades that the Slovaks living in Slovakia have been unable to determine their own destiny. A number of recent facts attest to this unfortunate reality namely the following: The basic freedom of Slovaks, as well as of other Captive �194 SLOVAKIA Nations under communism, are still quite limited-travel to Western countries, and press and assembly freedoms have recently been set back to almost the 1948 levels. The federalization of Czecho-Slovakia into two equal sectors-the Czech and the Slovak, introduced by the Constitutional Act of October 1948, has been severely circumscribed in recent past and is slowly being replaced by a new centralism; Religious freedom continues to be restricted to Roman Catholics, Uniates, Lutherans, Jews and to other denominations; and The present Czecho-Slovak Federal Government has taken no initiative nor has it responded to initiatives suggested by the Holy See in the Vatican to establish a Catholic Province in Slovakia, even though such provinces exist in Bohemia as well as in Moravia. We contend that the issue of the continued existence and recognition of a Slovak nation be duly accepted by all nations, including the records of the United Nations. The question of the suppressed freedoms of all nations now living under communism must soon be given full airing and remedies instituted. This has been and should not cease to be an issue of interest to all civilized nations. Slovaks call upon them to help in this cause. We take a positive attitude towards the economic integration in Europe and urge that the Slovak nation be included in this and other unifying processes benefiting their degree of economic and other freedoms. Viewing the future political situation in Eastern Europe with hope and cautious optimism, we look toward to the day when obstacles which presently prevent cultural and educational exchang* between Slovaks at home and abroad will be removed. To support the objectives mentioned above, we have established a permanent organization under the name of: Slovak World Congress, which shall embody the spirit of brotherhood and mutual respect. Religious affiliations or political views, insofar as they are not contrary to the spirit of democracy and the objectives mentioned above, will not bar anyone from membership or active participation in our organization. We consider it essential that our goals and methods as well as our activities follow democratic principles. �SLOVAKIA 195 We shall endeavor to have the Slovak World Congress represent its members at international scientific, cultural, religious or political forums in the interest of the Slovak nation as expressed in the Constitution and the by-laws of the organization. We urge that the Slovak World Congress devote itself to promoting the spirit of unity among its members and to co-ordinate all its efforts through constant contact with member organizations maintained through central secretariats, regional secretariats, committees and information bureaus in various countries around the world. We ask the blessing of Almighty God in this undertaking in the firm hope that with the help and co-operation of all those who wish well for the Slovaks we may successfully fulfill our role. Members of the Committee: Stephen B. Roman, LL.D., President; Rev. Dusan Toth, Secretary General; Dr. J. A. Mikus, Dr. J. Stasko, Dr. J. M . Kirschbaum,· Dr. J. Pauco, and Prof. E. Urban. Toronto, Ont., June 20, 1971. Unity Is Necessary Edward J. Behun c i k (The following are excerpts from the address of Edward J . Behuncik, First Vice President of the Slovak World Congress, President of the Slovak League of America, and President of the American Fund for Slovak Refugees given at the closing banquet of the Slovak World Congress held at the Royal York Hotel, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Saturday, June 19. 1971.) It is a rare and high privilege to appear before such a historic and distinguished gathering of representatives of all walks of Slovak life and to break bread with our fellow Slovaks from all parts of the free world as we share this memorable Congress in spirit, in hope and in love with our brethren in beautiful Slovakia. The honor you do me in asking that I speak in company with the distinguished Chief Executive of the great Province of Ontario, with two colleagues from the great Senate of the United States of America, as well as the spiritual, civic and cultural leaders who grace the head table-this honor cannot but move me. I thank you most sincerely for asking me here. Hopefully 1 will leave at least �196 SLOVAKIA one or two important thoughts with you-important to the permanent success of our fledgeling Slovak World Congress, and that is, our need for unity- and for ''Svornost a laska".In Joel, we read·'Your old men shall dream dreams, Your young men shall see visions."Today, we combine the hopes which both dreams and visions embody. Dreams are generally of things past, visions are of the future. Dreams are truly for older men who have a past, while visions are for the younger looking forward to the future. Experience alone is the look backward, the dream of yesteryear, but it is only useful as it clarifies the vision of tomorrow. Here in Toronto, we put the finishing touches--not upon a new structure - rather upon the permanent foundation . Because in fact, at New York City, the Congress \\'as already perfect in the sense that its objects were fully perceived, its necessary organs present, its powers conferred, and its extent already, if only dimly, seen to be world wide. In addition, its final purpose, which alone can justify its existence, was perfectly clear and that was to become the r epresentative body of Slovaks scattered as they are throughout the free world. Here during the past several days, we have added to the New York beginnings. We've used our year old experience to improve, amend, delete and otherwise add to the permanent basis of a vital organ for disseminating the cause of the Slovak nation. To bring about the final liberation of the Slovak nation and its equality among all nations, the Slovak World Congress presents us with a golden opportunity. If we complete its hopeful aspirations, if we create a permanent edifice on the foundation built here and in New York, we will thereby sooner bring to fruition the age old Slovak vision of liberty and freedom with justice. But unity is necessary - that unity which has so often eluded the efforts of our forebears . Can we come together for the future ? Can we remain together? I think we can; I know we must! ! ! We will and must let bygones be bygones, let past differences as nothing be, and with steady eye on the real issue, let us reinaugu rate the good and old central ideas of a free and independent Slovakia, where our presently subjugated brethren can someday in God's good time freely choose their own destiny. We have our quarrels, as all happy families have. We have di sagreed as all friend s have. But when the great human cause of Slovakia comes before us, in the natural fitness of things, we have looked into our hearts, and hidden away in their innermost recesses, we have discovered a very shy but a very faithful friendship for each other, no matter from what region of Slovakia we originated. That is why we are here this evening. �SLOVAKIA So 1 say-we are united-but more important - we must stay united. We can do it ! ! ! The human heart and human aspirations are with us. God is with us--Our Lady of Sorrows is with us. We shall-we must-succeed. God forbid, if the Congress shall dissipate instead of growing and developing as it should-it will be another eleven hundred years before the vision of a unified, free and independent Slovakia can again be dreamed of. I know none of us wish to have ~he horror of such a c a ta s t r o p h e on our consciences. So, we must not fall-and we won't if we do our duty-but the time has passed when we can remain silent regarding the great fundamentals of free government and permit the enemies of the Slovak social order to occupy the center of the stage. The time has come and that time is now when we must take issue with those, who infatuated with ch a o t i c dreams, are seeking to undermine the Slovak ideals and aspirations, dreams and visions. We now have the modus operandi-the vehicle. We have the Slovak World Congress. We, the participants in and supporters of the Congress, have it in our own hands whether it shall be nothing more than the brilliant after glow of a gorgeous renaissance, or whether it shall be the dawn of a newer and brighter day in the struggle of the Slovaks to fulfill their age old vision of liberty and freedom with justice. Already, as we well know, on several occasions, for several 197 brief moments, behind the far spread iron curtain in Eastern Europe. the rays of the setting sun of materialistic communism have mingled with the rays of the rising sun of democracy. May that sun grow in light and warmth and may it be undimmed by the clouds of our own internal dissension. I am profoundly concerned. I am deeply interested. I build the greatest hopes upon this World Congress. 1 am old enough to have the experience to be able to dream-but, I am young enough to have the vision of a great institution - one from which, for example, some day-God grant-will emerge a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize - or the Literature Prize. And so, in bidding a foud adieu to our fellow Slovaks returning to their havens scattered throughout the free world, I urge them and all of you to hope- to hope as the love of truth and obedience to it shall grow and as with firmer footing thereon, we look afar and think clearly on what we see. We shall see our Slovak World Congress advancing to the high position that awaits every organization and every nation which honors the facts, which looks afar and which thinks clearly and positively. And as we aspire to greater and more illustrious achievements in the glorious history of our beloved Slovakia, we can well ponder the prayer of Sir Francis Drake: "Oh, Lord God, when Thou givest to Thy servants to endeavor any great matter, grant us also, to know, that it is not the beginning, but the continuing of the same, until it is thoroughly finished, which yieldcth the true glory." �198 SLOVAKIA AS OTHERS SEE In these times, when many of us seem to reflect on the place of our origin, it was indeed interesting to see how the Americans, Canadians, and citizens of other free countries, all of Slovak origin, demonstrated their dedication to the cause of peace with freedom in our age. Their dedication was for freedom for their kinfolk in Slovakia, now part of the Communist satellite of Czechoslovakia, who cannot themselves demonstrate their longing for the liberties denied them for 23 years. The Slovaks are a hardy people who have been seeking the ideals we in our own country so freely enjoy-the right to their own self. determination. And like other nations, captives under Communist domination, the Slovaks know that one day they will join ranks with the civilized world with other free nations. Until then the work of the Slovak World Congress is indeed both most worthy and very necessary and I hope I applaud it. - U.S. Senator Robert Taft, Jr. The Slovak World Congress stands for freedom and seeks to preserve the language, culture and national heritage. You are to be commended for your strong antiCommunist stand. - Strom Thurmond., U.S. Senator Please know that your concern for freedom throughout the world and particularly in Slovakia is shared by all of us. No more dire threat exists today than that posed by the Soviet Union and I stand with you against their expansionary policies. Keep up with your good work. - John Tower, U.S. Senator I wish to congratulate the Slovak people of our nation for the out- IT standing fight they have been waging over the years in exposing Communist tyranny which is the most powerful threat to human freedom in the history of the world. If all groups of the free world would have the same spirit of opposition and expose the criminality of Communist enslavement methods and Communist living conditions there would be no doubt that this Communistic threat to the world would collapse in a very short time. - Ray J. Madden, U.S. Member of Congress The struggle for freedom and self-fulfillment has been a continuing process throughout Slovak history. Attainment of this objective in the past has not been without obstacles, or dedicated work and sacrifices of many individuals and groups. Now, when the Slovak nation is unable to determine its own destiny, because it is under a foreign military domination, such efforts, dedication and sacrifices must be increased to help them achieve their freedom once again. Those of Slovak origin now living throughout the free world, are urged to dedicate themselves to this task. Our obligation will be to present to the free world a true picture of the life under which our brethren are compelled to live, and to seek a change of their plight. The concepts by which we will be guided in this work will be the traditional values promoted throughout Slovak history which have given vitality to the nation in its growth and acceptance among nations of the western world. Claiborne Pell, U.S. Senator Even within the Communist world there is an absolute intoler-- �SLOVAKIA ance for those faithful party members who would put a "human face" on the dictatorship in order to make it more palatable. I speak of course, of Alexander Dubcek who sought to purify, and reform, but not replace or destroy, communism in Czechoslovakia. Yes even after the true nature of the dictator reared its ugly head and Dubcek's reforms were sacrificed, we still hear the drone of those who would have us believe that the communist dictator has changed. Let no one be fooled - Communism is the Number One enemy not only of the Western World, but of humanity itself. It is a tribute to all of you who have felt the iron hand of the communist dictator that you have brought to the Western Hemisphere an appreciation and understanding of the dangers of communism which is, unfortunately, shared by too few Americans. - Robert C. Mardian It is a privilege to address men and women who stand for the forefront of civilization's never-ending struggle for freedom. For more than eleven centuries the Slovak people have been developing, extending and seeking to preserve a rich and fertile cultural heritage. More than that, you have sought endlessly to maintain that priceless ingredient of true spiritual fulfillment-the right of the individual citizen to be his own person, to think his own thoughts, to speak his own words, to contribute directly to the formation and performance of his own government and to worship as he chooses. In so doing you have contributed your full share, and perhaps more, to the development of the Slavic peoples as a whole and to the cultural family of peoples around the world. 199 Ontario and all of Canada has been enriched by the spirit and integrity of Slovaks, Ukrainians, Poles, Czechs, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes and all of the others who claim the honor of membership in the world Slavic community which numbers more than 200 million persons. - William C. Davis, Prime Minister of Ontario Vienna, AtLstria - Communist Czecho-Slovakia's closed-door policy against religious literature mailed from abroad has provoked a steady stream of protests within its own borders, according to reports reaching here. Demands for an explanation are being sent to postal authorities by Czecho-Slovak citizens who learn that religious books such as the Bible have been mailed to them from abroad but returned to the sender by government authorities. The regime's reply to that publications contrary to Czecho-Slovakia's laws are refused entry. But no particulars are given to explain how the Bible or devotional books are in opposition to the country's laws. "Foreign reviews and books may be sent into Czecho-Slovakia without limitation of any sort," said a standard explanation from the central office for incoming foreign parcels in Prague. Post Office 120. "However, reviews and books which by their content are contrary to our legislative norms are refused local delivery, according to the prevailing international standards." The letter of explana,tion concluded: "Peace to the world!" It seems that books arriving from certain senders or destined for certain addresses are returned automatically without examination. Recently one man received back from Czecho..Slovakia an unopened �200 SLOVAKIA package he had sent his brother containing a book on photography. Official documents mailed by Vatican offices to various bishops in Czecho-Slovakia have been returned marked "refused." In June, the secretariat for church affairs of the Slovakia region's government notified bishops, pastors and Religious superiors that religious publications from abroad were prohibited where "in conflict with the interest of our socialist state." The of.ficial notice continued: "The provision also concerns the propagation and publication of information and instructions of various kinds from abroad, whether through internal ecclesiastical channels, in official documents or in any form whatsoever." It warned that the distribution of prohibited literature is punishable under Czecho-Slovakia's penal code. Czecho-Slovakia's hard-line communist rulers, brought to power by the Soviet invasion of August 1968, have been steadily tightening the screws on the Catholic Church for the past two years. In January 1970 the Slovakia ministry of culture decreed that every act of official worship, including private Masses, must have state approval. A similar decree was issued by the ministry of culture in the Czech region of Bohemia. In July of that same year the Slovakia government asserted the right to blackball newly chosen superiors of congregations of nuns. In November, 1970 the Bohemia ministry of culture forbade the Church to give courses preparing couples for marriage. In July 1971 the ministry of culture decreed severe limitations upon the teaching of religion. Its Slovakia counterpart did likewise. Decrees approving newly resurrected pro-government associations of peace priests were issued simultaneously in August 1971 by the Bohemian and Slovakian governments. But the regime 's restrictions on Church activity and growth have not been confined to legislation and decrees. Through administrative acts the regime has kept more than half the applicants out of the country's seminaries and has dismissed from convents all Sisters who entered them when the country's liberalized regime of early 1968 reopened the convent to novices. The present, neo-Stalinist regime has attempted to manipulate the Church by installing its own candidates in key positions, such as vicar general of Brno and of Roziiava, and the executive committees of the Bohemian and Slovakian Catholic charitable agencies. Meanwhile, the controlled press has been keeping up a steady fire on religion in general and the churches in particular. Christians in Bohemia are bracing themselves for still heavier assaults upon them and their churches now that the head of the region's religious affairs office, Karel Hruza, has returned from a Moscow meeting with · his counterparts from other Communist states. Czecho-Slovakia's present program of religious repression was launched shortly after his return from a similar meeting in Moscow in October 1969. - NC New s Service Vienna. - The situation of the Church and of human rights and freedoms. in communist-ruled Czecho-Slovakia is growing worse, not better. Experts agree that the situation �SLOVAKIA 201 after the short bright 1968 methods to promote atheist edu "humanizing" period before the cation. Dubcek regime was overthrown by Party officials said repeatedly at Soviet-led invaders - is similar recent meetings that religion "has now to that of the hated Stalinist a negative influence on the for. times. mation of Socialist conscience." The Church has become the The Bratislava communist newstarget of concentrated attacks from paper, Pravda, demanded that relitwo directions - through adminis- gious ceremonies - christenings, trati ve measures and ideological weddings and funerals - be rearguments. placed by Socialist ceremonies, The communist regime is at- because " the Church has misused tempting to strangle religious the most important stages of activities slowly but effectively by human life for its own purposes." administrative action. Karel Hruza, head of the gove rnMore than half of all parishes in ment state office, has described Bohemia lack priests and there is the regime's plans. "After rightists no chance to overcome the short- and counter-revolutionaries are reage. At the moment only 12 stu- moved from the party and governdents study for the priesthood in ment, we must concentrate in the entire Archdiocese of Olomouc. working a platform to cope with As a result of government the reactionary policy of the chicanery, the number of children Church. - Gerd Kriwanek, Reliattending religious instruction in gious News Service, January 28, school is sharply declining. 1972. th At the same time, e regime Ladislav Bezak loaded his wife has endorsed increased ideological and four children in a two-place attacks on the Church. Jozef Le- · light plane December 9 1971 and nart, firs_t secretary of the Slovak left for what he desc;ibed as a Communist Party, charged the "pleasure trip. " Church with having misused the The flight originated in Prague, situation in 1968 " to create a politand his destination was Nuernberg, ical basis for clericalism and West Germany. He did not file Catholicism. " a flight plan. Lenart alleged that religious Bezak is an experienced pilot sentiments were misused to pro- perhaps one of the best in the mote "anti-Sovietism and anti- world. At the first World Aerosocialism." batic Contest in 1960 at Bratislava, The regime has increased its Slovakia, he was a gold medal atheist propaganda. Thus the mag- winner in aerobatic competition. azine for teachers Ucitel'ske American pilots describe him as Noviny - urged the abolition of a quiet engineer who always wore any "liberal attitude towards re- a suit and tie rather than the casual ligion and the Church in our clothes worn by most competitive society." The journal also pledged pilots. increased atheist education of Shortly after he and his famil y young people by the party, the left Prague, a Czech MIG jet mass media, the schools and major fighter began a chase, and although organizations. Bezak waggled his wings and It also suggested that the Acade- waved to convince the fighter pilot my of Science devise the best they were on a pleasure flight , the �202 SLOVAKIA MIG began to fire on the light plane. Aerobatic maneuvers require precise skill. They are difficult enough in a special airplane, with perfect weight and balance distribution under ideal conditions. With six peop'le in a small plane, they would have to be considered impossible category. In addition, being fired on by a military jet could tend to disturb the concentration. The little plane - loaded over gross, and perhaps a third as fast as the fighter - apparently didn't have a chance. But the pilot was Bezak! According to the Aerobatic Club of America, Bezak flew the book at the military pilot. Flying many of the patterns which had earned him world championship 10 years before, he was able to elude the jet and continue on to the border. Before he reached it, the small plane was fired on from the ground. Bezak dived into a cloud bank, and with the children in tears and his wife in prayer, broke out across the border at 300 feet. The escape was a success. Ladislav Bezak, like most good aerobatic pilots, flies for prizes. During this trip he won the biggest prize of them all - freedom for himself and his family. - Lew Inquirer, Philadelphia Hodges, February 6, 1972. Lehigh is searching for a graduate student of Slovak ancestry to prepare a history of Slovak people in Bethlehem. Money for this project was left to the University from an even more unusual source: a Southside Bethlehem bachelor druggist who died in 1968 at age 67 and left Lehigh $67,500 in an unsigned will. The druggist, John Weldy Wasco, worked and apparently lived at 843 E. 4th Street. Relatives contested his will all the way to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, which upheld two lower court decisions in favor of Lehigh. Wasco stipuleted that $10,000 of the $67,500 was to go toward compiling and printing a history of Slovaks in Bethlehem, and that the project must be carried out by a Slovak student. Wasco's wish appeared in local newspapers without the criteria he set for the historian, and a number of Lehigh faculty expressed interest before learning they did not qualify. Wasco also specified that his personal papers be edited, and left $5,000 for the University to arrange that. University officials could not explain what motivated Wasco's generosity. He wrote a will in 1967 making Lehigh his sole beneficiary, and later changed it to add the provision about the Slovak history. - Lehigh University Publication Ondrej Nepela, the skating wonder from Slovakia, won the 11th Winter Olympic Games' gold medal as Russia's Sergei Chetveroukin edged into second place for the silver and Patrick Pera of France won the bronze. Two Americans, Ken Shelley of Downey, Calif., and John Mischa Petkevitch of Great Falls, Montana, moved into fourth and fifth places, passing East Germany's young Jan Hoffman, who had been fourth after the compulsory figures. Nepela, the world champion, fell early in his program while attempting a triple-toe-loop. Fall do not necessarily ruins a skater's marks since he is judged on the difficulty of his routine. Nepela was smooth and graceful but his program was neither as imaginative nor a dynamic as that of some of his rivals, including the two Americans. Despite his fall, the Slovak rated �SLOVAKIA scores no lower than 5.9s in technical merit and he had two 5. 7s with the rest 5.8 in artistic impressions. His total points were 2739.1, well ahead of the rest of the field. In the official ordinal rankings, Nepela had a perfect 9.0, meaning he was rated No. 1 by all nine judges. The Russian had 20.0 in ordinals and Pera 28.0. - Associated Press, February 12, 1972. Dr. Joseph Tiso, wartime president of the Slovak Republic, is no more. Tried and convicted as a "war criminal" by a ~called People's Court, he was executed last week American press dispatches - both secular and religious were concise and negligently brief. No fanfare or publicity. Merely that the priest-president was sentenced and the sentence carried out. Was Dr. Tiso a "war criminal"? The very fact of news silence here betrays a kind of embarrassed admission that things were not just fine in "Glocca Morra." The trials of Draga Mihailovitch and Archbishop Stepinac given due publicity aroused resentment in the United States, an attitude, which, while it accomplished nothing actual for the persons involved, nevertheless illustrated the rightprincipled conscience of the thinking public. But Dr. Tiso's case was denied even the type of consolation, because the facts and circumstances of the Tiso case are quite unknown to the American people. Whose the fault, whose the blame for this? The Hon. Robert Jackson, presiding over the trials in Nuremberg wrote "All experience teaches that there are certain things you cannot do under the guise of judicial trial. You must put no man on trial before anything that is called a court, if you are not prepared to establish his personal 203 guilt . . . If you are determined to execute a man in any case, there is no occasion for a trial. The world yields no respect to courts that are merely organized to convict." Tiso's trial was a travesty of justice. Actually, the issue was a political one primarily. Tried by the "People's Court" Tiso was denied representation by the attorney engaged by his friends. American papers had nothing to say about the fact that Alois Loyek, the attorney, was abused by the security officials, told he could not represent Tiso, and all defense material confiscated. The presiding judge and six political associates was Igor Daxner who himself was once tried by a regular court during Tiso's regime for planning with the Benes government-in-exile to turn Slovakia over to Russia, and sent to jail. Was Dr. Tiso a "war criminal" ? The answer necessitates a thorough perusal of the events which led to his election as Premier of Slovakia before the war started· - under a valid act of the Prague Parliament, events little known here, events in the evolution of democracy in the republic of Czecho-Slovakia without a knowledge of which the case of Tiso cannot be justly viewed. If these facts were made public, perhaps public opinion, such as it is. might be swayed to the right even though a little too late." The Catholic L i ght, Scranton, Pa. 4-25-47. Dr. Tiso's public life was political, though this fact is not to be held in any way against him. In many parts of Europe ecclesiastics find themselves pushed into politics because the cause of their Catholic people needs to be protected, and there are not a sufficient number of laymen educated to the job. Happily, this state of affairs is passing away, for it is not in itself �204 SLOVAKIA very desirable. However excellent the motives of the cleric concerned, he risks his spiritual office being contaminated, at least in public esteem, by the relatively low standards of political life, and the higher he rises in the political world, the harder it may become to distinguish the priest from the politics. Dr. Tiso, so far as we are aware always remained an exemplary priest, but he came to find himself responsible for the fate of his fellow Slovakians in terrible times. Through these times he did his duty to his people as he saw it. In a way not dissimilar from that of an Irish leader in relation to the British, he strove to protect the religion, culture and national autonomy of Slovakia as against the Czechs whose public outlook was dominated by very different rnlues. Such is the path of treason in the eyes of one side and of heroic patriotism in the eyes of the other. And few who tread this hard road can look back on their lives and deny having made mistakes. In the long run history will al- ways vindicate the sincere patriot as against the utilitarian judgment of those who condemn him on a legalistic interpretation of treason. In each case the career of such a man is a challenge to those called UPon to judge him. Are they big enough to look with the eyes of history and to seek reconciliation and understanding by the great gesture? Or are they small men who cannot see beyond the legalisms and their wounded vanity? In the face of this test, Dr. Benes and the rulers of Czecho-Slovakia have dismally failed. They have had to judge a good man, a priest, a great and courageous patriot, and all they have been able to do is to raise a martyr for Slovakia. This small-minded folly is only too typical of the men whom the fortunes of war have favoured . Instead of trying to realize unity on the basis of victory, these little men are as busy as they can be indulging their feelings by carving even deeper the channels which devide man from man and nation from nation. - Catholic Herald . London, 4-25-47. SLOVAKIA is µublishecl annually by the Slovak League of .America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. One of the purpo··es of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciat1on of the Sl<OVak nation and its long struggle foT freedom and i ndependeuce. Subscription to Slovwkia $3.00 pel' year in the L1.S.A. - $4.00 el-sewhere. Send 1mhscription to: SLOV AKI.A 313 Ridge A venue Middletown, Pa. 17057 �SLOVAKIA 205 BOOK REVIEWS BOOKS ON SLOVAK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE Reviewed by J. M. KIRSCH BA UM Bibliografia slovenskej jazykovedy ethymology, terminology, orthoand lexicography which are the preferred fields of Slovak linguists; the survey of published articles, studies and books between 1961-1965 shows that Slovak linguists made great progress in the following disciplines; history of the language, dialectology, morphology, syntax, onomastics, stylistic aspects of language, problems of translation, the structure and acoustics of language and language culture. This development become more than apparent if we compare the present work with the Biblio- 1961-1965 (Bibliography of Slo- graphy, vak Linguistics 1961-1965), by Ladislav Dvonc; Matica slovenska (Martin, 1970), pages 804, multi-lingual, English summary. For Western Slavists the Bibliography of Slovak Linguistics is not wLthout interest. This voluminous publication shows that Slovak linguistics has developed considerably during the latter years of the Stalinist regime. It also indicates that the attempts of some philologists, supported by the policy of the regime in the 1950's, to infiltrate the Slovak language with Czech vocabulary and to bring its structure as close to the Czech language as possible in order to create a "CzechoS'lovak language" back-fired. Slovak linguists, with the exception of one or two philologists trained in Prague ( S. Peciar, especi'ally), repudiated these attempts and began not only to clear the Slovak language from foreign infiltrations but in a number of studies brought Slovak linguistics quantitatively as well as qualitatively to the level of other Slavic nations within the Soviet orbit. With its 2111 entries pertaining to the Slovak language, the Bibliography is, however, not simply a numerical expression of the development of li.nguistic studies on the Slovak language. Of great importance is the number of disciplines studied by Slovak linguists. It is not any more only grammar, graphy of Slovak Linguistics for 1957-1960 by the same author. The new Bibliography contains: 1) all linguistic articles, studies and books published in Slovakia; 2) contributions in non-Slovak periodicals ( one from Canada), studies and articles by non-Slovak authors on the Slovak language or on linguistics published in Slovakia. As a result, the entries in this Bibliography are not only more numerous, but also multi-lingual. The publication shows that many Slovak linguists themselves ,published their studies in foreign languages, mainly in Russian. A strong Russian influence in Slovak linguistics is even more evident in the number of articles, studies and books dealing with the Russian language. Bibliographical data about the Russian language cover more than 100 pages, while other Slavic languages follow in this order: Czech 25 pages, Ukrainian 9 pages, Polish 3 pages, Slovenian �206 SLOVAKIA 3/4 of a page, Byelorussian and Bulgarian ¼ of a page each. For a short time the methods of the Russian linguistic school, or as some linguists say, "the Marxists and Stalinists principles and methods," were also imposed on Slovak philology and linguistics and prevailed in some works (see my essay " Contemporary Tendencies in Slovak Philology," Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. IV, 34, University of Montreal, 1960). Around 1960 Slovak linguists turned, however, against the russification as well as against the Czech infiltration of the Slovak language and Slovak linguistics. Studies, articles and books pertaining to the Slovak language have been published, according to this Bibiiography, predominantly in Slovak, but over 300 entries were published in Western languages, including English, in other Slavic languages and in Hungarian. It was mainly the works of the older generation of Slovak linguists (J . Stanislav, E. Pauliny) which appeared in international symposia in English, French or Russian. The younger generation on the other hand has broadened the field of Slovak linguists to include many disciplines and their studies have maintained a high academic level. They continue to be grouped around the periodicals Slovenska rec (Slovak Language), Jazykovedr ny casopis (Linguistic Journal) and Jazykovedne studie (Linguistic Studies) and have published the Zbornik Filozofickej Fakulty Univ. Komenskeho - Philologica (Sym- posium of the F1aculty of Arts of the Comenius University) and Zbornik Filozofickej Fakulty Univ. P. J. Safcirika (Symposium of the University of P. J . Safarik). Editors gether with V. Blanar, L. Dvonc, G. Horak, J. Horecky and R. Krajcovic wrote the major part of the Slovak linguistic studies contained in the Bibliography. Even though the works of foreign philologists (R. Auty, R. Jakobson) from Western countries are included in this Bibliography it does not contain articles, studies or books published by Slovak intellectuals abroad except for one French essay by this reviewer which appeared in Etudes Slaves et est-europeennes (Montreal, 1963). Valuable studies by H. Bartek who was the founder of the periodical Slovenska rec or books, articles, dictionaries and surveys by S. Bue, F. Hrobak, J . J . Konus, J . Rekem and others were apparently not allowed by the regime to be recorded. The "normalization" which followed the brief period of relative freedom in 1968, has again separated the Slovaks in Slovakia from Slovak intellectuals in the West even in the field of linguistics and the population of Slovakia is not allowed to know about the cultural activities among some two million Slovaks abroad. The usefulness of Dvonc's Bibliography for Slavists cannot be doubted. It is a thoroughly prepared standard work. An index of names and a subject index enhance the practical value of this voluminous book. SLOVENSKA BIBLIOGRAFIA V ZAHRANitf 1945-1965 (Slovak Bibliography Abroad 1945-1965) : Compiled by Prof. M. Lacko S.J .. published by The Slovak Institute (Cleveland-Rome), 1967, 366 pp., multi-lingual, instruction in Slovak and English. The long expected Slovak Biblioof these periodicals have been E. graphy Abroad, which had to reJona , J. Ruzicka, Prof. E . Pauliny, cord the cultural activities of L. f>urovic and S. Dobos who to- Slovak intellectuals in the West, �SLOVAKIA has finally been published and we cannot but welcome it. Slovak Bibliography Abroad 19451965 records the literary production of Slovak authors in Western countries in the fields of history, political science, religion, philology, folklore, literary history and cdticism, music, theology, literature and natural science. A special chapter deals with general works on Slovakia and Slovaks abroad, includtng Slovaks in Canada. In addition, the Bibliography records the works of non-Slovak authors in the above-mentioned fields if they were translated into the Slovak language and deal explicitly with Slovakia or Czecho-Slovakia as a whole. Absent from this Bibliography are works and studies on Slovak subjects., published in the countries of the Soviet block since it was impossible for the compilers to carry out the necessary research. As a result, the publication contains literary and scientific writings of Slovaks living in some 15 Westem countries and published in all major Western languages. Considering the difficulties which wr:ilters, scholars and scientists face in exile, the Bibliography with its 2,438 entries gives an impressive picture of Slovak cultural life abroad after the Second W . W. One can understand this properly only if he is familiar with some basic facts about the Slovak intellectual community in Western countries. At the end of the Second World War, 50me 5,000 educated Slovak5 left their native country; in 1948 they were followed by a new wave of immigrants after the Communist coup d'etat. In the first wave of exiles were some of the be5t Slovak writers, poets and scores of young intellectuals from all fields of cultural endeavor who either completed their studies at univer- 207 sities in Western countries or continued their intellectual work even if they had to take menial jobs in the countdes in which they found refuge. Many of the younger generation attained positions at universities (22 in Canada) or institutions of higher education. Others became editors of newpapers and many poets and writers continued to write valuable works besides their employment in clerical jobs or other professions. Besides the chapter on literature which records writings of .some 25 poets and 15 prose writers, the largest number of entries is in the chapter on history ( 437), philology and literary history ( 224) , and political science (160). However, the natural sciences and economy are also among the best represented with 275 entries. Writings on history and political science, philology and literary history are predominantly in foreign languages. Some authors (Mikus, Kirschbaum, Rekem, Vnuk) published their studies in 3 or 4 Western languages. In literature, the Bibliography lists works by several of the best Slovak poets and novelists who in exile created works considered among the best in contemporary Slovak literature (Hronsky, Dilong, Sprinc, Strmen, Zvonicky, etc.) . The Bibliography also indicates that there are several Slovak cultural centers in the Western countries. From Canada the Bibliography has listed books, studies and articles 'b y some 20 Slovak authors. Ten of them have been active either tn Slavic studies or in philology, sociology, theology and science, the remaining 15 in literature. Actually Canada and the United States seem to have produced the most prolific Slovak authors, not only in literature but also in other fields. Also the major �208 SLOVAKIA centers of Slovak publishing activities have been in the United States, but Italy, Argentina and West Germany have equally active groups in publishing books, periodicals and newspapers. The BibHography further shows that some Slovak scholars and writers published their writings, including poetry, in several languages (English, French, Italian, Spanish) and in certain cases the originals were written in foreign languages and not translated from the Slovak. This is a new feature in Slovak literature and scholarly writing. Because of adverse political circumstances Slovaks had very limited opportunities to study abroad not only before the Second World War, but also after 1945. The exiled writers and scholars made apparently a great effort to fill this lacuna. No doubt the compiler of the Bibliography, Prof. Michael Lacko, accomplished a task which is usually done by many researchers over several years. By his own admission, he does not cover all published studies and articles by Slovaks abroad ; actually in some cases valuable studies were left out either in foreign language or in Slovak. Additions and extensions to the Bibliography have, therefore, been promised by the compiler, as well as by the publishers. However, even in its present form, the Bibliography is a valuable contribution to Slavic studies and a very useful publication, not only for Slovak scholars and researchers , but also for Slavists who read English, the Bibliography being bi-lingual. The value of the Bibliography is also enhanced by listing bibliographies on Slovak matters as well as periodicals and newspapers, annuals, and symposia, published in some 15 countries. Julius Noge : An Outl.ine of Slovakian L i terature (The Tatrapress Agency, Bratislava), 1968, 120 pp. This is the first book in English on Slovak literature which was published in Slovakia since the Communist takeover in 1948. The fact that it was published in 1968 would indicate that Dubcek's liberalization has to be credited for ,t his slender booklet on 200 years of literary activities in the Slovak language. The restoration of Czecho-Slovakia in 1945 cut off Slovakia from the rest of the world, especially from the West, and Slovak literature, art, science and culture in genera-I were to remain unknown to the Western world. Julius Noge, one of the literary critics who followed the directives of the Communist Party and was, therefore, favored by the Communist regime, divided his "succint" outline of Slovak literature into 7 chapters: From Old Church Slavonic learning (sic) to pre-Romanticism; Romanticism ( 1843-1870 ) ; Realism (1870-1905); Slovakian Literary Modernism ; Slovakian Literature between the wars (1918 1945); Contemporary Literature ( 1945-); Conclusion and Completion. Some of these chapters are very short, superficial and the whole publication is unbelievably biased towards writers and poets whose works expressed ideas opposed to Communism as, for instance, the poets and writers of Catholic modernism and all Slovak writers and poets in exile, except for J . C. Hronsky. Faithful to the directives of the Party, Noge considers as the greatest poets and writers such second class poets as Novomesky or Valek, and such mediocre writers as Vamos and Jilemnicky. "The poems by Laco Novomesky - assording to Noge - are most expressive, from the �SLOVAKIA 209 artistic and human point of view that those years were the "dark most mature fruit of modern Slo- age" of Slovak literature. The lie vakfan poetry. His works are fre- has, however, short legs, as a Sloquently the key opening the way vak saying goes. A glance at the to ,t he sense and the problems of Slovak literary production between Slovakian literature between the 1939 and 1945 included in his book, wars and after them." shows that even the leading ComValek, who plays today the role munists published freely: Novoof the Minister of Culture in Slo- mesky published his book in 1939; vakia which after 1945 had been Hecko in 1942; Tafarka in 1942; played by Novomesky is, according Kostra in 1939, 1940, and two books to Noge, even of greater import- in 1942; Ponican in 1940 and 1941 ; ance for Slovak literature. "Valek's Horov in 1940 , l942 and 1944; complex work - writes Noge - . .Zary in 1941 and two books so rich in meaning and expression, in 1942; Ondrejov in 1940, and so inaugurated a new stage in the on. In fact, all Slovak writers and evolution of Slovakian poetry, re- poets created and published during presenting hitherto in some respect th e years of the Slovak Republic its peak." Horibile dictu! The Eng- more th an at any time before, lish reader could not help looking regardless of the fact whether they with contempt on Slovak literature supported the regime or not. Comif these minor poets were its great- munist literary historians should est authors and their poetry re- not underestimate the intelligence presented the peak of Slovak liter- of Wes tern readers. From the readature. ing of Noge's booklet, anyone can find out that, with the exception Noge seems to be objective in of G. Va.mos, who was not in Slohis write-up on individual Slovak vakia and Jilemnicky who was a poets and writers only in his evalu- Czech settled in Slovakia, every ation of the literary works pro- Slovak writer, poet, literary hisduce<l in the 1950's. He admits that torian or critic ,p ublished his works, "authoritarian methods of regle- and the younger ones their debuts mentation in the field of literature during that period. Since it is the first survey of reached ,t heir peak in 1951." He also writes that the literature and Slovak literature in the English poetry of that time was "just the language, we cannot but regret poetic drafting of political and that it is not better either in form journalistic phrases" and that in or content. This publication will prose writing the topics "were hardly convince English, American, treated in the manner of agitating Canadian, or Australian readers propaganda." However, this should that Slovak literature is worthbe understood in the context of while to be studied, taught and the events of 1968 when Noge's read. In addition to its shortbooklet was published. Criticism of comings mentioned above, the pubthe 1950's was not only fashionable lication also suffers from a very in 1968 but also a prerequisite for bad translation and too many printpublishing. ing errors. It would seem that One of the most .biased state- emigre Slovak intellectuals must ments in Noge's book is his asser- publish an English survey of Slotion that during the Slovak Repub- vak literature to present it to the lie some writers and poets "ceased civilized world in an objective light to write belles-lettres," intimating and proper form . �210 SLOVAKIA Letopis Pamatnika Slovenskej Lite- lenced not only Stur but also many ratu:ry 1970. Compiled and Edited of his followers and it was mainly by Juraj Chovan (Matica slovenska, Martin 1970), pp. 250, Russian and German Summary, Index. Slovak literary history receives in this publication some new insights and correct interpretation of the work of three prominent men of letters: Jan Holly, Andrej Radlinsky and Martin Hamuljak. Not only during the inter-war period when Slovak literary history was adjusted to the political aims of "Czechoslovakism", but also since 1945, Catholic writers and their role in Slovak national development was minimized or completely neglected . For a short time after the Second World War, Holly was rediscovered and some valuable publications of his life and work appeared in Slovakia or were prepared for the printers. For the ce11tennary of Holly, literary historians and critics such as Jozef Ambrus, Jozef Felix and others prepared nine volumes of Holly's poetry with comments and evaluation. However, the re.g ime did not allow distribution of Holly's work and it appeared only after 20 years in second-hand bookshops. The reason for such undeserved treatment of Holly's work was apparently the fact that it was published by Spolok sv. Vojtecha. The present publication gives justice to Holly and, at the same time, it presents Radlinsky and Hamuljak and their activities in a true light. Not only in the political history but also in literary history, the period between 1848 and 1918 was interpreted in such a way as if Slovak Catholics had not played any role in Slovak national life. The facts are, of course, quite different. The disillusionment of the year 1848 si- the Catholic intelligentsia who kept the flame of national consciousness alive and were active in cultural and literary life. From Radlinsky through Moyses to Oswald, a score of Slovak Catholics organized cultural and literary activi.ties and fought for the national rights of the Slovak people. Contributions to the present publications by Augustin Mat'ovcik, Zemka Cejkova, Konstantin Palkovie and Juraj Chovan, bring to light some interesting details on this period mainly in connection with Radlinsky's activities. The present Letopis is the fourth publication of this kind by Matica slovenska. All of them have been dealing with research into Slovak literature and contained results of studies by qualified literary historians. The greater part of the present publication is composed of papers presented at two conferences in April 1969. The first confere nce was organized on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the death of J. Holly in Trnava and the second one on the occasion of the 110th anniversary of the death of A. Radlinsky. In addition of these papers, there is an interesting essay on Slovak studies Slovakica - at foreign universities by J . Kuzmik. The essay deals so far with Slovak studies in Slavic countries. But the title of the essay indicates that it will deal with Slova k studies in all foreign universities and institutions. We hope that Kuzmik will treat the subject with scholarly objectivity when he writes on Slovak studies at American and Canadian universities. A short survey published by him sometime ago indicated that he was not free of the usual bias common to all literary and cultural historians in today's Slovakia. He left out im- �SLOVAKIA portant contributions to Slovak studies at Western universities just because of political considerations and inflated the importance of others who professed political ideologies accepted rby the present regime in Czecho-Slovakia. The publication also contains documents and information on various cultural topics, as well as book reviews. Slovaks abroad learned with satisfaction that Matica slovenska in Prievidza organized an exhibition of the literary work of J. C. Hronsky. The exhibition lasted two weeks and met with great interest by the public. The objectivity of this publication is enhanced by including an account on this exhibition in which it has been admitted that Hronsky was "one of the most important, but also systematically under-estimat:ed Slovak writer." Unfortunately, the publication contains only a short Russian and German summary and will, therefore, be useful only for Slavists who can read Slovak. Nevertheless, we welcome this valuable contribution to better and more objective evalu ation of the Slovak literary past. W ith Christ in His Passion. By Rudolph Dilong. '!1ranslated from the original Slovak by Sister M. Martina Tibor, SS.C.M., Villa of the Sacred .Heart, Danville, Pa., 1971, pp. 75, $2.50. The greatest poetic genius of our century, the French poet, Paul Claude!, used to say (in several variations) about the poet and poetry. "The object of poetry is not, as they say very frequently, dreams, illusions or ideas_ It is the holy reality, given once for all times, in the center of which we are situated. It is the universe of in- 211 visible things. It is all that we look at and all that looks back at us. All this is God's work; it renders matter inexhaustible for all the greatest poet says and sings as well as the smallest bird. Since there is a phiiosophia perennis that does not invent ... abstract beings that no one has ever seen except thei r authors, .. . so there is also a poesis perennis that does not invent its themes, but it eternally recaptures those which Creation furnishes to it ... The purpose of poetry is not, as Baudelaire says, 'to plunge into the bottom of the Infinite to find something new,' but to plunge into the bottom of the definite in order to find there the inexhaustible ... Nor is he a poet who invents, but he who, approaching things, assembles and permits us to understand them." Justly we can apply these concepts especially to the religious poetry of Rudolf Dilong, the most prolific and meritorious contemporary Slovak poet living in exile (Pittsburgh, Pa.) So he took a plunge into the sacred reality of the Pascha'l Mystery and with a luminous creative poetic imagry tried the humanly impossible: to capture the uncapturable mystery found in Christ's redemptive mystery of suffering and victory. He listens in these depths and assembles the rays of his poetic vision in powerful and eloquent words. These are his immortal merits. How about the (frequently overlooked) merits of the translator, Sister Martina Tibor? Well, if poetry is art par excellence, so is its translation. To translate poetry well requires above all the perfect mastery of two languages. But this is not enough. The translator must be also a virtual pbet (in potentia), to save in his translation as much �SLOVAKIA 212 of the sublime poetic beauty as it is possible. And this process must be a new creation: a scrupulous penetration into the fine shades of meanings and the recapturing in another language this almost imperceptible shimmering of condensed poetic experience and expression. Even so, something will always be lost from the genuine beauty of the original. AU in all, we gladly say that Sister Martina did a splendid job in translating into English the most difficult, exuberant and most sublime religious poetry of the poet1>riest Rudolf Dilong. It is a valuable cultural service to the poetic Slovak genius. Nichoias Sp r in c, Borromeo Seminary College of Ohio ··DIE SLOWAKEI IN DER NACHDER KRIEGSENTWICKLUNG (The TSCHECHO-SLOWAKEI" Role of Slovakia in the Political Evolution of Czecho--Slovakia After the Second World War); by Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum, Schriftenreihe des Matus Cernak Instituts, Koln, Nr. 3, 1971, pp. 32, Bibi. Prof. J . M. Kirschbaum enriched again our political literature by a consice study about Slovakia after lhe Second World War. The publication is destined predominantly to scholars and historians but it will be welcome by anybody interested in political development in Czecho-Slovakia from 1945 to 1968. This period of Slovak history was presented in the West by fore ign historians as well as by Czech exiles in the most distorted light. Prof J. M. Kirschbaum, on the basis of sources in several languages, gives a clear picture of the role of Slovakia in the upheavals through which Czecho-Slov>akia, restored by the Soviet armies, had to undergo after the Second World War. The publication is an enlarged version of an English contribution to Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. X, 4, 1968, which was dedicated by Canadian Slavists to the events in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968. The English version discusses the events until the invasion of Czecho• Slovakia by the Soviet and other Warsaw Pact troops. In the German version there is also a chapter on the federalization of Czecho-Slovakia , and the footnotes were completed by references to works in German, while in the English text, Prof. Kirschbaum referred mostly to books published on the American Continent and in France. The study is divided into four chapters dealing with the Communist coup d'etat in 1948, the ,period of the "cult of personality" in Slovakia, the process of de--Stalinization and the struggle for liberalization and federalization. In each chapter the author traces the special role which Slovakia played in the crucial years of the transformation of Czecho-Slovakia into the most faithful satellite of the Soviet Union. To avoid being accused of "parti pris," Prof. J .M. Kirschbaum heavily relies on quotations from American and Canadian political scientists dealing with Eastern Europe. Among others he often quotes the work by the former Secretary to President Benes, E. Taborsky, who now teaches at American universities, but the most interesting quotation comes from a Czech professor at the University of British Columbia, Stanley Z. Pech, who wrote the following remarkable statement about Western historians writing on Eastern Europe: "Although Western specialists in Eastern European history have usually regarded it as their task to �SLOVAKIA I 213 make the West familiar with the Since Prof. F . Hrusovsky published entire panorama of the polyglot his concise booklet This is Slovakia. region, they have in practice often I some 20 years ago, we did not been selective in the favors they have in English any publication to bestoved on each nation. They have give either to foreigners or to incorporated in their work, in Slovaks educated at American, Camodified form, the outlook and nadian or Australian universities, the prejudices of the nations which the basic facts of Slovak history they "adopted." To give the most and cultural life. For this reason, conspicuous examples, they viewed the Slovak World Congress deSlovak history through Czech eyes. serves credit for publishing an In so doing, they have in fact up-to-date account on Slovakia. The publication is composed of created a second-class status for certain nations. The history of the two essays by Prof. J . A. Mikus. Slovaks in the West has usually and six essays by Prof. J . M. Kirschbeen presented from the point of baum. Prof. Mikus deals with the view of "Czechoslovakism" and has individuality of Slovakia, namely, appeared as hardly more than a with geographical and demographical facts and with the personality postscript to Czech history. " of the Slovak nation. Both essays We understand that the first are written in a scholarly way but English book by Prof. J. M. Kirsch- understandable to any reader. baum Slovakia - Nati 01i at the Drawing on personal knowledge Crossroads of Central Europe is and long years of studies of Slovak no more avail.able even though it history, Prof. Mikus displayed ahad three printings. It would be gain by his essays that he belongs a service to the Slovak cause if among the best Slovak authors he revised his book and completed abroad in the field of history and it by the present study in order political science. that students of Slovak history, as The essays by Prof. J . M. Kirschwell as politicians and American baum deal with the historical back and Canadian Slovaks of the second ground of Slovakia, the ethnic and third generations, could have origin and language, cultural, poan objective history on Slovakia. litical, religious and economic The Matus cernak Institute de- background. The essays give a serves credit for publishing this complete and unbiased picture of well documented study. The Slovak 1100 years of Slovak history, as World Congress would render a well as of political and cultural service to the Slovak cause if it evolution of the Slovak people and took care of pl.acing this concise of the economic potential of Sloand expertly written account of vakia. Perhaps intentionally short, modern Slovak history into univer- the essays refer to many books sity libraries in Europe as well as either in Slovak or in foreign languages, which will be welcome by on this Continent. who want to enhance their students J . Pau c o knowledge of Slovakia. SLOVAKIA : Historical and Cu lturThe reader will notice that Prof. al Background, by Prof. J. A. J . M. Kirschbaum made great efMikus and Prof. J. M. Kirsch- forts to present the political and baum, Published by Slovak World religious background of Slovaks Congress (Toronto, Canada, June without any bias. This is in accoro 1971) , pp. 63, ill. bibl. ance with the concept of the Slovak I �SLOVAKIA 214 World Congress which published this valuable addition to books on Slovakia. The Congress is guided by national as well as by religious ecumenical spirit. As in his other works on Slovakia, Prof. Kirsch• baum makes a distinction between the history of Slovakia and the history of the Slovak people which is not history of dynasties or expansive wars, but a struggle for survival. Such an approach will probably be most understandable for Slovaks as well as foreigners and may prove to be correct in the last analysis. The publication is enhanced by a map of Europe and several pictures from the history of Slovakia, as well as by a bibliography of English books on Slovakia by Slovak authors. The Editor, Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum added this im· pressive survey of books in English by Slovak authors for Slovaks educated outside Slovakia, and he did the right thing. Published by the Slovak World Congress, this valuable publication was distributed freely to the participants at the meeting in Toronto, and is apparently no more avail• able. It would be a service to the Slovak cause if a second edition be prepared for general use. J. Pa u co ETHNOLOGIA SLAVICA I: Uni· versitas Comeniana Bratislavensis, Facultas Philosophica, Bratislava 1970, p. 226, Multi-Lingual. The liberalization period in Slovakia brought about a favorable change not only in the political climate but also in cultural and scientific activities. Many projects which for years were only debated, materialized in 1968 or 1969. As a result, several symposia from a nllltlber of Conferences dealing with inter-Slavic relations in pre- vious years were published and institutes or chairs of studies were founded and organized. The Institute of Ethnology wa one of them and the present volume ETHNOLOGIA SLAVICA is the first publication of this Institute which has been founded "for the purpose of establishing an institution for ethnological research concerned with the Slavic nations," as the editors say in their multi• lingual introduction. According to the editors, Slovak scholars also planned the establishment of Ethnological Archives and a Society of Slavic Ethnologists but " the well-known events of 1968 (in other words, the Soviet invasion) heavily intefered with the realization of the original program." Only the Institute of Ethnology came into being and this first volume of ETHNOLOGIA SLA VICA is the result of the research of its members and foreign ethnologists. The volume was published on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the Comenius University (1919). The Managing Editor of the publication, Jan Podolak, says in his Preface that the University has been founded "to enable Slovaks to acquire erudition (sic) of university-degree in the national language." However, it is well-known that the students of the Comenius University had to organize demonstrations for the use of the Slovak language as late as 1937-1938 because the mission of the University was to help the assimilation of Slovaks. The situation changed only during the Slovak Republic when education as well as administration, was carried on in the Slovak language which the present day scholars are not allowed to mention. The publication ETHNOLOGIA �SLOVAKIA SLA VICA is a valuable addition to Slavic studies and is a long time overdue, if we take into consideration the fact that one of the main founders of Slavic ethnology, P . J. Safarik, come from Slovakia. The volume contains contributions by Slovak as well as foreign scholars, and the essays have been published in English, French and German, with a Slovak resume in some cases, which will make the book accessible also to ethnologists in the West. Of 12 contributions, 3 have been written by Slovaks. Jan Michalek evaluated P . J. Safarik's contribution to Slavic ethnography; Jan Podolak wrote an interesting essay on the pastoral culture of the Carpathians as a subject of ethnological study, and Anton Habovstiak contributed the study "La colonisation pastorale dans les Karpates et les patois slovaques" (The Pastoral Colonization of the Carpathians and Slovak Dialects). Among foreign contributors are Milovan Gavazzi (from Zagreb), Sergei A. Tokarev (from Moscow), Christo Vakarelski (from Sofia), Zoltan Ujvary (from Debrecen), Oldrich Sirovatka (from Brno), Slobodan 2ecevic (from Beograd) , and two contributions have been written by Lusatian-Serbians, Isolde Gardos and Siegmund Musiat. This mosaic of contributors as well as the variety of subjects treated by them gives the book an intemational and inter-Slavic image. This should be velcome in view of the fact that the results of academic activities by Slovak scholars were rarely published in Western languages. The essays are not of equal value but they are all on the level of similar studies in the Soviet orbit. The volume is oriented particularly to Russian but also to Croatian, Bulgarian and Lusatian-Serbian ethnology, but the editors are 215 promising to deal also with Polish, Ukrainian and Yugoslavian ethnology in the following volumes. As an addendum the publication contains reviews in English and in German of the activities and the writings by Czech, Polish, Soviet, Ukrainian and Bulgarian ethnographers and their institutes or periodicals. Since every book in foreign language dealing with Slovak culture is of great importance for acquainting the world with Slovakia, we sincerely welcome this volume and hope that further volumes will follow as the editors promised and that the present generation of Slovak ethnologists will follow in the footsteps of P . J. Safarik who left a rich legacy to Slovak ethnology. * J. M . K i r s c h b au m * On P . J. Safarik, see Kirschbaum , P . J . Safcirik and His Contribution to Slavic Studies (Slavistica No. 43, Cleveland-Winnipeg, 1962) . DUBCEK'S Blu e Print for Fre edom: His Documentation on Czechoslovakia leading to the Soviet invasion, with a Profile by Hugh Lunghi and Commentary by Paul Ello (William Kimber, London, 1968), pp. 352, Index. Among the scores of books which were published on Dubcek and the events in Czecho--Slovakia in 1968* , this book will remain as one of the most useful for scholars and laymen alike. The editors included in the book the most important documents such as Dubcek's speech on April 1, 1968, at the plenary session of the Central Committee of the Czecho,Slovak Communist Party; the Action Programme of the Party; Dubcek's report to the meeting of. the Central Committee on May 29-June 1, 1968, and the warning given by the Presidium �216 SLOVAKIA of the Central Committee in answer to the letters of five Communist and Workers' Parties. Finally, in the Appendix, the book includes Dubcek's speech of December 1, 1968. These contents are expertly introduced and commented upon by Hugh Lunghi, a former member of the British Embassy in Moscow, and Paul Ello from Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Washington. While Lunghi, who has been one of the best informed analysts on the staff of the British Broadcasting Corporation, gives in his Introduction an analysis of the events which led to the Soviet invasion, Paul Ello wrote a concise but well balanced commentary. The Summary is not signcd, and may be the work of either of the writers. The book will have a lasting value for inte11preting the attempts at changing •Stalinism in one o.f the most advanced, culturally and industrially, satellites of Moscow and at giving socialism a "human face. " Both Lunghi and Ello are factual in their analysis and Lunghi did not fail to point out the role of Slovakia and Slovak Communist leaders in the upheavals which many other authors, writing about the "Prague Spring", failed to do. In accordance with the facts, Lunghi writes that "one of the first of Novotny's fatal errors was his mishandling of the Slovaks," and that it was Dubcek's reaction to Novotny's policy towards Slovakia which began the snowball roUing. During the Central Committee meetings at the end of 1967, according to Lunghi the "three issues at stake were, firstly, the implementation of the economic reforms; secondly, freedom of expression and, finally, effective autonomy for SJovakia." (p. 17) . This conclusion has been accept- ed in the meantime as correct also by other authors who had access to documents, especially by Paul Tigrid in his book: La Chute Irresistible d'Alexander Dubcek, (Calmann-Levy, Paris, 1969) which was likewise reviewed in "Slovakia", Vol. 21, p. 206. Lunghi apparently followed the events in Slovakia very closely and without the usual bias which we can find among some Western specialists in East European problems. This appears not only in his assessment of the role of Husak after the invasion but also in his reference to Peter Colotka, Deputy Premier in Prague's government, who made some courageous declarations which resulted in his removal from his post. Lunghi's analysis of the situation in Slovakia was also correctly grasped in his statement that "the federation of the country, longed for by the Slovaks, had, at last been achieved in the face of the Russians who wanted to keep the two nations divided and at logger-heads. During the invasion the Russians had put about the totally false rumors that some Slovak provinces wanted to become Soviet republics. Symbolically, the legislation creating the federal state was enacted to coincide with the 50th anniversary celebration on October 28th." Unfortunately, the law of the federation was enacted but it became ineffective to a great degree because of Czech reluctance, what Lunghi could not, of course, foresee in 1968. Western analysts mentioned various reasons for the occupation of Czecho-Slovakia by the Warsaw Pact military forces in the books so far published on the invasion. Lunghi brings to light a new possible element which finally pushed the Soviet leadership to invade Czecho-Slovakia. During the spring �SLOVAKIA and summer of 1968 there was a strong reaction against the secret police which apparently was not only organized on the model of the Soviet secret police but also directed and infiltrated by Soviet agents to whom the Prague Ministry of Interior had to submit interrogation material before bringing them to the ministers themselves. According to Lunghi, the announced purge of the secret police apparatus threatened a vital Soviet interest by the revelations published in the newpapers in Bratislava and in Prague. Moscow's objective was, therefore, "to hold these dangerous processes and to restore a leadership in Prague which would control the population through a Soviet style Communist Party using the proper level of power - a persuasive and omnipotent secret police with no nonsense about 'demonstration of the socio-political 217 system'." (page 25). No doubt this could have been one of the serious reasons for the infamous decision to destroy an interesting effort by Slovaks and Czechs to give socialism a "human face." Paul Ello's commentary, short as it is, is clear and factual, and belongs among the best written ones shortly after the invasion, where there was a lot of confusion in Western countries among the specialists in East Europe. The book undoubtedly deserves to be read and preserved on the shelves for further study of a crucial moment in the history of Eastern Europe and probably in the history of Western civilization. J. M. Ki r s c h b au m • On a number of books on this subject, see my book reviews in "Slovakia", Vol. 21, 1971, No. 44, pp. 205-210. Rudolph Petrak, Slovak Tenor Rudolph Petrak, 54, of 32 Halsey, Dr., Old Greenwich, Conn., a leading tenor with the City Opera Company from 1948 to 1956, died March 4, 1972, at Saint Joseph Hospital in Stamford, Conn. He was born in Sucany, Slovakia had sung at major opera houses in Europe and South America, and as a soloist with the New York Philharmonic, the Philadelphia Orchestra and other noted ensembles. He sang under the batons of such famous conductors as Leopold Stokowski, Ormandy, Leinsdorf and Krips. Mr. Petrak began his career with the Bratislava Opera and made his American debut in 1948 at the New York City Center as Rudolfo in "La Boheme." Congressman Albert P. Morano of Greenwich noted in the Congressional Record of the United States. "I have become acquainted with many artists who have immigrated to America, but know of none more possessed of deep love for his adopted country than Rudolph Petrak." "The New York Times" in an obituary on Monday, March 6, 1972 published his picture as he sang Radames in "Aida" about 1949. The New York Times also wrote: "In 1960 when Mr. Petrak sang at the Philadelphia Orchestra's presentation of Carl Orff's "Carmina Burana" in Carnegie Hall, Harold C. Schonberg, The New York Times music critic noted: "Everything sounded effortless and clear, even the high D that Mr. Petrak took in falsetto".-J.C.S. �SLOVAKIA 218 Our Contributor s Karol Kuzmany, Slovak leader in 19th century. Msgr. George A. Galik, J.C.D., author, Hibbing, Minn. Joseph M. Kirschbaum, LL. D., Ph.D., historian, author, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. E . L. Delaney, author, journalist, Glendale, Cal. Fran!;ois d'Orcival, French political writer, Paris. Paul Kotva, pen name of Karol Sidor, former Premier of Slovakia. Sister M. Constance Yakubov, SS.C.M., teacher, St. Cyril Academy, Danville, Pa. Joseph C. Krajsa, Editor of Jednota, lecturer, Middletown, Pa. Joseph A. Mikus, M.C.L., J.D., historian, author, Washington, D. C. Francis Vnuk, M.A., political analyst, professor, Institute of Technology, Adelaide, Australia. Joseph Pauco, Ph.D., journalist, author, Middletown, Pa. K. culen, historian, journalist. Rev. A. V. Pier, O.S.B., journalist, author, Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. Steven I. Miller, assistant professor, Loyola University of Chicago, Ill. Daniel F. Tanzone, B.A., fraternalist, Yonkers, N. Y. Helena T. Gaydos, cultural worker, Philadelphia, Pa. George A. Podhajsky, pen name of a Slovak refugee professor. Rudolph J. Vecoli, professor of history and director of the Center of Immigration Studies at the University of Minnesota. Agnes Bocan, St. Cyril Academy, Danville, Pa. Sister M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M., teacher, author, Danville, Pa. Edward J. Behuncik, attorney-at-law, Stratford, Connecticut. Rev. Nicholas Sprinc, professor, poet, Wickliffe, Ohio. Picture on the front cover: Dr. Joseph Tiso, President of the Slovak Republic. �SLOVAKIA 219 Contents Dr. Tiso's Last Message to the Slovak People - 3 Paean to Integrity - Karol Kuzmany-George A. Galik - 4 Dr. Joseph Tiso-the Prelate-Politician who Died on the Gallows for His People - J.M. Kirschbaum - 5 I Met President Tiso - E. L. Delaney - 21 Msgr. Joseph Tiso - Fran(;ois d'Orcival - 26 Murder in Slovakia - Hon. Alvin E. O'Konsld - 36 Speech of Hon. Ray J. Madden - 37 Slovak Bishops Appeal on Behalf of President Tiso - N.C.W.C. News Service - 40 Who Killed Dr. Tiso? - Paul Kotva - 43 Priest, Teacher, President and National Hero - 48 Dr. Jozef Tiso-His Political Creed - Sister M. Constance Yakubov, SS.C.M. - 50 Dr. Peter P. Hletko Most Elite of American Slovaks - Joseph C. Krajsa - 57 Prof. Stanislav Meciar (1910-1971)-In Memoriam - J.M. Kirschbaum - 60 Michael Novak on White Ethnics - Prof. Joseph A. Mikus, M.C.L. , J .D. - 62 Slovak Martyrs - 64 British Attitude Towards Independent Slovakia in 1939 - F. Vnuk - 65 Th e Slovak Benedictines Review 50 Years in Cleveland, Ohio (1922-1972) - Joseph Pauco, Ph.D. - 92 The Cult of SS. Cyril and Methodius Amongst the Slovaks in U.S.A . and Canada - K. Culen - 98 America's Discovery of Ethnic Values - A. V. Pier, O.S.B. - 114 Historical and Empi rical Methods of Studying Slovak-Americans as A Distinct Ethnic Group - Dr. Steven I. Miller - 116 The Slovak Experience In Contemporary America - Daniel F. Tanzone -125 Slovakia, the Land of B eauty - Helena T. Gaydos - 136 Tourist Trade of Slovakia - George A. Podhajsky - 140 Why Our Melting Pot Cooled Off - Rudolph J. Vecoli - 146 An Introduction to Slovak Costume - Agnes Bocaii - 153 Slovak Scientist Stefan A. Jedlik, O.S.B. - A. V. Pier - 158 Matthew Jankola 1872-1916 - Sister M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. Declaration Adopted by Slovak World Congress - 193 Unity Is Necessary - Edward J . Behuncik - 195 As Others See It - 198 Book Reviews - 205 Rudolph Petrak, Slovak Tenor - J.C.S. - 217 161 ��PRI NTI D IN U.S. A. JIDN OTA PlllN TER Y, MID DLli TOW N, PA. � SLOVAKIA 193 CURRENT ISSUES Declaration Adopted by Slovak World Congress Representatives of Slovak organizations throughout the free world as well as individuals of Slovak origin in the United States of America, Canada, Australia, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, France, South Africa, Argentina, Spain and Germany assembled in Toronto in order to promote the creation of a world organization of Slovaks hereby declare that: The struggle for freedom and self-fulfillment has been a continuing process throughout Slovak history. Attainment of this objective in the past has not been without obstacles, or dedicated work and sacrifices of many individuals and groups. Now, when the Slovak nation is unable to determine its own destiny, because it is under a foreign military domination, :s uch efforts, dedication and sacrifices must be increased to help them achieve their freedom once again. Those of Slovak origin now living throughout the free world, are urged to .dedicate themselves to this task. Our obligation will be to present to the free world a true picture of the life under which our brethren are compelled to live, and to seek a change of their plight. The concepts by which we will be guided in this work will be the traditional values promoted throughout Slovak history which have given vitality to the nation in its growth and acceptance among nations of the western world. The Congress will continue to adhere to the democratic principles in the civil and international relations and considers tolerance in ideological, political and religious matters an expression of maturity for democracy and strongly opposes any tyranny whether it comes from the left, or, from the right. It has been obvious during the past two decades that the Slovaks living in Slovakia have been unable to determine their own destiny. A number of recent facts attest to this unfortunate reality namely the following: The basic freedom of Slovaks, as well as of other Captive �194 SLOVAKIA Nations under communism, are still quite limited-travel to Western countries, and press and assembly freedoms have recently been set back to almost the 1948 levels. The federalization of Czecho-Slovakia into two equal sectors-the Czech and the Slovak, introduced by the Constitutional Act of October 1948, has been severely circumscribed in recent past and is slowly being replaced by a new centralism; Religious freedom continues to be restricted to Roman Catholics, Uniates, Lutherans, Jews and to other denominations; and The present Czecho-Slovak Federal Government has taken no initiative nor has it responded to initiatives suggested by the Holy See in the Vatican to establish a Catholic Province in Slovakia, even though such provinces exist in Bohemia as well as in Moravia. We contend that the issue of the continued existence and recognition of a Slovak nation be duly accepted by all nations, including the records of the United Nations. The question of the suppressed freedoms of all nations now living under communism must soon be given full airing and remedies instituted. This has been and should not cease to be an issue of interest to all civilized nations. Slovaks call upon them to help in this cause. We take a positive attitude towards the economic integration in Europe and urge that the Slovak nation be included in this and other unifying processes benefiting their degree of economic and other freedoms. Viewing the future political situation in Eastern Europe with hope and cautious optimism, we look toward to the day when obstacles which presently prevent cultural and educational exchang* between Slovaks at home and abroad will be removed. To support the objectives mentioned above, we have established a permanent organization under the name of: Slovak World Congress, which shall embody the spirit of brotherhood and mutual respect. Religious affiliations or political views, insofar as they are not contrary to the spirit of democracy and the objectives mentioned above, will not bar anyone from membership or active participation in our organization. We consider it essential that our goals and methods as well as our activities follow democratic principles. �SLOVAKIA 195 We shall endeavor to have the Slovak World Congress represent its members at international scientific, cultural, religious or political forums in the interest of the Slovak nation as expressed in the Constitution and the by-laws of the organization. We urge that the Slovak World Congress devote itself to promoting the spirit of unity among its members and to co-ordinate all its efforts through constant contact with member organizations maintained through central secretariats, regional secretariats, committees and information bureaus in various countries around the world. We ask the blessing of Almighty God in this undertaking in the firm hope that with the help and co-operation of all those who wish well for the Slovaks we may successfully fulfill our role. Members of the Committee: Stephen B. Roman, LL.D., President; Rev. Dusan Toth, Secretary General; Dr. J. A. Mikus, Dr. J. Stasko, Dr. J. M . Kirschbaum,· Dr. J. Pauco, and Prof. E. Urban. Toronto, Ont., June 20, 1971. Unity Is Necessary Edward J. Behun c i k (The following are excerpts from the address of Edward J . Behuncik, First Vice President of the Slovak World Congress, President of the Slovak League of America, and President of the American Fund for Slovak Refugees given at the closing banquet of the Slovak World Congress held at the Royal York Hotel, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Saturday, June 19. 1971.) It is a rare and high privilege to appear before such a historic and distinguished gathering of representatives of all walks of Slovak life and to break bread with our fellow Slovaks from all parts of the free world as we share this memorable Congress in spirit, in hope and in love with our brethren in beautiful Slovakia. The honor you do me in asking that I speak in company with the distinguished Chief Executive of the great Province of Ontario, with two colleagues from the great Senate of the United States of America, as well as the spiritual, civic and cultural leaders who grace the head table-this honor cannot but move me. I thank you most sincerely for asking me here. Hopefully 1 will leave at least �196 SLOVAKIA one or two important thoughts with you-important to the permanent success of our fledgeling Slovak World Congress, and that is, our need for unity- and for ''Svornost a laska".In Joel, we read·'Your old men shall dream dreams, Your young men shall see visions."Today, we combine the hopes which both dreams and visions embody. Dreams are generally of things past, visions are of the future. Dreams are truly for older men who have a past, while visions are for the younger looking forward to the future. Experience alone is the look backward, the dream of yesteryear, but it is only useful as it clarifies the vision of tomorrow. Here in Toronto, we put the finishing touches--not upon a new structure - rather upon the permanent foundation . Because in fact, at New York City, the Congress \\'as already perfect in the sense that its objects were fully perceived, its necessary organs present, its powers conferred, and its extent already, if only dimly, seen to be world wide. In addition, its final purpose, which alone can justify its existence, was perfectly clear and that was to become the r epresentative body of Slovaks scattered as they are throughout the free world. Here during the past several days, we have added to the New York beginnings. We've used our year old experience to improve, amend, delete and otherwise add to the permanent basis of a vital organ for disseminating the cause of the Slovak nation. To bring about the final liberation of the Slovak nation and its equality among all nations, the Slovak World Congress presents us with a golden opportunity. If we complete its hopeful aspirations, if we create a permanent edifice on the foundation built here and in New York, we will thereby sooner bring to fruition the age old Slovak vision of liberty and freedom with justice. But unity is necessary - that unity which has so often eluded the efforts of our forebears . Can we come together for the future ? Can we remain together? I think we can; I know we must! ! ! We will and must let bygones be bygones, let past differences as nothing be, and with steady eye on the real issue, let us reinaugu rate the good and old central ideas of a free and independent Slovakia, where our presently subjugated brethren can someday in God's good time freely choose their own destiny. We have our quarrels, as all happy families have. We have di sagreed as all friend s have. But when the great human cause of Slovakia comes before us, in the natural fitness of things, we have looked into our hearts, and hidden away in their innermost recesses, we have discovered a very shy but a very faithful friendship for each other, no matter from what region of Slovakia we originated. That is why we are here this evening. �SLOVAKIA So 1 say-we are united-but more important - we must stay united. We can do it ! ! ! The human heart and human aspirations are with us. God is with us--Our Lady of Sorrows is with us. We shall-we must-succeed. God forbid, if the Congress shall dissipate instead of growing and developing as it should-it will be another eleven hundred years before the vision of a unified, free and independent Slovakia can again be dreamed of. I know none of us wish to have ~he horror of such a c a ta s t r o p h e on our consciences. So, we must not fall-and we won't if we do our duty-but the time has passed when we can remain silent regarding the great fundamentals of free government and permit the enemies of the Slovak social order to occupy the center of the stage. The time has come and that time is now when we must take issue with those, who infatuated with ch a o t i c dreams, are seeking to undermine the Slovak ideals and aspirations, dreams and visions. We now have the modus operandi-the vehicle. We have the Slovak World Congress. We, the participants in and supporters of the Congress, have it in our own hands whether it shall be nothing more than the brilliant after glow of a gorgeous renaissance, or whether it shall be the dawn of a newer and brighter day in the struggle of the Slovaks to fulfill their age old vision of liberty and freedom with justice. Already, as we well know, on several occasions, for several 197 brief moments, behind the far spread iron curtain in Eastern Europe. the rays of the setting sun of materialistic communism have mingled with the rays of the rising sun of democracy. May that sun grow in light and warmth and may it be undimmed by the clouds of our own internal dissension. I am profoundly concerned. I am deeply interested. I build the greatest hopes upon this World Congress. 1 am old enough to have the experience to be able to dream-but, I am young enough to have the vision of a great institution - one from which, for example, some day-God grant-will emerge a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize - or the Literature Prize. And so, in bidding a foud adieu to our fellow Slovaks returning to their havens scattered throughout the free world, I urge them and all of you to hope- to hope as the love of truth and obedience to it shall grow and as with firmer footing thereon, we look afar and think clearly on what we see. We shall see our Slovak World Congress advancing to the high position that awaits every organization and every nation which honors the facts, which looks afar and which thinks clearly and positively. And as we aspire to greater and more illustrious achievements in the glorious history of our beloved Slovakia, we can well ponder the prayer of Sir Francis Drake: "Oh, Lord God, when Thou givest to Thy servants to endeavor any great matter, grant us also, to know, that it is not the beginning, but the continuing of the same, until it is thoroughly finished, which yieldcth the true glory." �198 SLOVAKIA AS OTHERS SEE In these times, when many of us seem to reflect on the place of our origin, it was indeed interesting to see how the Americans, Canadians, and citizens of other free countries, all of Slovak origin, demonstrated their dedication to the cause of peace with freedom in our age. Their dedication was for freedom for their kinfolk in Slovakia, now part of the Communist satellite of Czechoslovakia, who cannot themselves demonstrate their longing for the liberties denied them for 23 years. The Slovaks are a hardy people who have been seeking the ideals we in our own country so freely enjoy-the right to their own self. determination. And like other nations, captives under Communist domination, the Slovaks know that one day they will join ranks with the civilized world with other free nations. Until then the work of the Slovak World Congress is indeed both most worthy and very necessary and I hope I applaud it. - U.S. Senator Robert Taft, Jr. The Slovak World Congress stands for freedom and seeks to preserve the language, culture and national heritage. You are to be commended for your strong antiCommunist stand. - Strom Thurmond., U.S. Senator Please know that your concern for freedom throughout the world and particularly in Slovakia is shared by all of us. No more dire threat exists today than that posed by the Soviet Union and I stand with you against their expansionary policies. Keep up with your good work. - John Tower, U.S. Senator I wish to congratulate the Slovak people of our nation for the out- IT standing fight they have been waging over the years in exposing Communist tyranny which is the most powerful threat to human freedom in the history of the world. If all groups of the free world would have the same spirit of opposition and expose the criminality of Communist enslavement methods and Communist living conditions there would be no doubt that this Communistic threat to the world would collapse in a very short time. - Ray J. Madden, U.S. Member of Congress The struggle for freedom and self-fulfillment has been a continuing process throughout Slovak history. Attainment of this objective in the past has not been without obstacles, or dedicated work and sacrifices of many individuals and groups. Now, when the Slovak nation is unable to determine its own destiny, because it is under a foreign military domination, such efforts, dedication and sacrifices must be increased to help them achieve their freedom once again. Those of Slovak origin now living throughout the free world, are urged to dedicate themselves to this task. Our obligation will be to present to the free world a true picture of the life under which our brethren are compelled to live, and to seek a change of their plight. The concepts by which we will be guided in this work will be the traditional values promoted throughout Slovak history which have given vitality to the nation in its growth and acceptance among nations of the western world. Claiborne Pell, U.S. Senator Even within the Communist world there is an absolute intoler-- �SLOVAKIA ance for those faithful party members who would put a "human face" on the dictatorship in order to make it more palatable. I speak of course, of Alexander Dubcek who sought to purify, and reform, but not replace or destroy, communism in Czechoslovakia. Yes even after the true nature of the dictator reared its ugly head and Dubcek's reforms were sacrificed, we still hear the drone of those who would have us believe that the communist dictator has changed. Let no one be fooled - Communism is the Number One enemy not only of the Western World, but of humanity itself. It is a tribute to all of you who have felt the iron hand of the communist dictator that you have brought to the Western Hemisphere an appreciation and understanding of the dangers of communism which is, unfortunately, shared by too few Americans. - Robert C. Mardian It is a privilege to address men and women who stand for the forefront of civilization's never-ending struggle for freedom. For more than eleven centuries the Slovak people have been developing, extending and seeking to preserve a rich and fertile cultural heritage. More than that, you have sought endlessly to maintain that priceless ingredient of true spiritual fulfillment-the right of the individual citizen to be his own person, to think his own thoughts, to speak his own words, to contribute directly to the formation and performance of his own government and to worship as he chooses. In so doing you have contributed your full share, and perhaps more, to the development of the Slavic peoples as a whole and to the cultural family of peoples around the world. 199 Ontario and all of Canada has been enriched by the spirit and integrity of Slovaks, Ukrainians, Poles, Czechs, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes and all of the others who claim the honor of membership in the world Slavic community which numbers more than 200 million persons. - William C. Davis, Prime Minister of Ontario Vienna, AtLstria - Communist Czecho-Slovakia's closed-door policy against religious literature mailed from abroad has provoked a steady stream of protests within its own borders, according to reports reaching here. Demands for an explanation are being sent to postal authorities by Czecho-Slovak citizens who learn that religious books such as the Bible have been mailed to them from abroad but returned to the sender by government authorities. The regime's reply to that publications contrary to Czecho-Slovakia's laws are refused entry. But no particulars are given to explain how the Bible or devotional books are in opposition to the country's laws. "Foreign reviews and books may be sent into Czecho-Slovakia without limitation of any sort," said a standard explanation from the central office for incoming foreign parcels in Prague. Post Office 120. "However, reviews and books which by their content are contrary to our legislative norms are refused local delivery, according to the prevailing international standards." The letter of explana,tion concluded: "Peace to the world!" It seems that books arriving from certain senders or destined for certain addresses are returned automatically without examination. Recently one man received back from Czecho..Slovakia an unopened �200 SLOVAKIA package he had sent his brother containing a book on photography. Official documents mailed by Vatican offices to various bishops in Czecho-Slovakia have been returned marked "refused." In June, the secretariat for church affairs of the Slovakia region's government notified bishops, pastors and Religious superiors that religious publications from abroad were prohibited where "in conflict with the interest of our socialist state." The of.ficial notice continued: "The provision also concerns the propagation and publication of information and instructions of various kinds from abroad, whether through internal ecclesiastical channels, in official documents or in any form whatsoever." It warned that the distribution of prohibited literature is punishable under Czecho-Slovakia's penal code. Czecho-Slovakia's hard-line communist rulers, brought to power by the Soviet invasion of August 1968, have been steadily tightening the screws on the Catholic Church for the past two years. In January 1970 the Slovakia ministry of culture decreed that every act of official worship, including private Masses, must have state approval. A similar decree was issued by the ministry of culture in the Czech region of Bohemia. In July of that same year the Slovakia government asserted the right to blackball newly chosen superiors of congregations of nuns. In November, 1970 the Bohemia ministry of culture forbade the Church to give courses preparing couples for marriage. In July 1971 the ministry of culture decreed severe limitations upon the teaching of religion. Its Slovakia counterpart did likewise. Decrees approving newly resurrected pro-government associations of peace priests were issued simultaneously in August 1971 by the Bohemian and Slovakian governments. But the regime 's restrictions on Church activity and growth have not been confined to legislation and decrees. Through administrative acts the regime has kept more than half the applicants out of the country's seminaries and has dismissed from convents all Sisters who entered them when the country's liberalized regime of early 1968 reopened the convent to novices. The present, neo-Stalinist regime has attempted to manipulate the Church by installing its own candidates in key positions, such as vicar general of Brno and of Roziiava, and the executive committees of the Bohemian and Slovakian Catholic charitable agencies. Meanwhile, the controlled press has been keeping up a steady fire on religion in general and the churches in particular. Christians in Bohemia are bracing themselves for still heavier assaults upon them and their churches now that the head of the region's religious affairs office, Karel Hruza, has returned from a Moscow meeting with · his counterparts from other Communist states. Czecho-Slovakia's present program of religious repression was launched shortly after his return from a similar meeting in Moscow in October 1969. - NC New s Service Vienna. - The situation of the Church and of human rights and freedoms. in communist-ruled Czecho-Slovakia is growing worse, not better. Experts agree that the situation �SLOVAKIA 201 after the short bright 1968 methods to promote atheist edu "humanizing" period before the cation. Dubcek regime was overthrown by Party officials said repeatedly at Soviet-led invaders - is similar recent meetings that religion "has now to that of the hated Stalinist a negative influence on the for. times. mation of Socialist conscience." The Church has become the The Bratislava communist newstarget of concentrated attacks from paper, Pravda, demanded that relitwo directions - through adminis- gious ceremonies - christenings, trati ve measures and ideological weddings and funerals - be rearguments. placed by Socialist ceremonies, The communist regime is at- because " the Church has misused tempting to strangle religious the most important stages of activities slowly but effectively by human life for its own purposes." administrative action. Karel Hruza, head of the gove rnMore than half of all parishes in ment state office, has described Bohemia lack priests and there is the regime's plans. "After rightists no chance to overcome the short- and counter-revolutionaries are reage. At the moment only 12 stu- moved from the party and governdents study for the priesthood in ment, we must concentrate in the entire Archdiocese of Olomouc. working a platform to cope with As a result of government the reactionary policy of the chicanery, the number of children Church. - Gerd Kriwanek, Reliattending religious instruction in gious News Service, January 28, school is sharply declining. 1972. th At the same time, e regime Ladislav Bezak loaded his wife has endorsed increased ideological and four children in a two-place attacks on the Church. Jozef Le- · light plane December 9 1971 and nart, firs_t secretary of the Slovak left for what he desc;ibed as a Communist Party, charged the "pleasure trip. " Church with having misused the The flight originated in Prague, situation in 1968 " to create a politand his destination was Nuernberg, ical basis for clericalism and West Germany. He did not file Catholicism. " a flight plan. Lenart alleged that religious Bezak is an experienced pilot sentiments were misused to pro- perhaps one of the best in the mote "anti-Sovietism and anti- world. At the first World Aerosocialism." batic Contest in 1960 at Bratislava, The regime has increased its Slovakia, he was a gold medal atheist propaganda. Thus the mag- winner in aerobatic competition. azine for teachers Ucitel'ske American pilots describe him as Noviny - urged the abolition of a quiet engineer who always wore any "liberal attitude towards re- a suit and tie rather than the casual ligion and the Church in our clothes worn by most competitive society." The journal also pledged pilots. increased atheist education of Shortly after he and his famil y young people by the party, the left Prague, a Czech MIG jet mass media, the schools and major fighter began a chase, and although organizations. Bezak waggled his wings and It also suggested that the Acade- waved to convince the fighter pilot my of Science devise the best they were on a pleasure flight , the �202 SLOVAKIA MIG began to fire on the light plane. Aerobatic maneuvers require precise skill. They are difficult enough in a special airplane, with perfect weight and balance distribution under ideal conditions. With six peop'le in a small plane, they would have to be considered impossible category. In addition, being fired on by a military jet could tend to disturb the concentration. The little plane - loaded over gross, and perhaps a third as fast as the fighter - apparently didn't have a chance. But the pilot was Bezak! According to the Aerobatic Club of America, Bezak flew the book at the military pilot. Flying many of the patterns which had earned him world championship 10 years before, he was able to elude the jet and continue on to the border. Before he reached it, the small plane was fired on from the ground. Bezak dived into a cloud bank, and with the children in tears and his wife in prayer, broke out across the border at 300 feet. The escape was a success. Ladislav Bezak, like most good aerobatic pilots, flies for prizes. During this trip he won the biggest prize of them all - freedom for himself and his family. - Lew Inquirer, Philadelphia Hodges, February 6, 1972. Lehigh is searching for a graduate student of Slovak ancestry to prepare a history of Slovak people in Bethlehem. Money for this project was left to the University from an even more unusual source: a Southside Bethlehem bachelor druggist who died in 1968 at age 67 and left Lehigh $67,500 in an unsigned will. The druggist, John Weldy Wasco, worked and apparently lived at 843 E. 4th Street. Relatives contested his will all the way to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, which upheld two lower court decisions in favor of Lehigh. Wasco stipuleted that $10,000 of the $67,500 was to go toward compiling and printing a history of Slovaks in Bethlehem, and that the project must be carried out by a Slovak student. Wasco's wish appeared in local newspapers without the criteria he set for the historian, and a number of Lehigh faculty expressed interest before learning they did not qualify. Wasco also specified that his personal papers be edited, and left $5,000 for the University to arrange that. University officials could not explain what motivated Wasco's generosity. He wrote a will in 1967 making Lehigh his sole beneficiary, and later changed it to add the provision about the Slovak history. - Lehigh University Publication Ondrej Nepela, the skating wonder from Slovakia, won the 11th Winter Olympic Games' gold medal as Russia's Sergei Chetveroukin edged into second place for the silver and Patrick Pera of France won the bronze. Two Americans, Ken Shelley of Downey, Calif., and John Mischa Petkevitch of Great Falls, Montana, moved into fourth and fifth places, passing East Germany's young Jan Hoffman, who had been fourth after the compulsory figures. Nepela, the world champion, fell early in his program while attempting a triple-toe-loop. Fall do not necessarily ruins a skater's marks since he is judged on the difficulty of his routine. Nepela was smooth and graceful but his program was neither as imaginative nor a dynamic as that of some of his rivals, including the two Americans. Despite his fall, the Slovak rated �SLOVAKIA scores no lower than 5.9s in technical merit and he had two 5. 7s with the rest 5.8 in artistic impressions. His total points were 2739.1, well ahead of the rest of the field. In the official ordinal rankings, Nepela had a perfect 9.0, meaning he was rated No. 1 by all nine judges. The Russian had 20.0 in ordinals and Pera 28.0. - Associated Press, February 12, 1972. Dr. Joseph Tiso, wartime president of the Slovak Republic, is no more. Tried and convicted as a "war criminal" by a ~called People's Court, he was executed last week American press dispatches - both secular and religious were concise and negligently brief. No fanfare or publicity. Merely that the priest-president was sentenced and the sentence carried out. Was Dr. Tiso a "war criminal"? The very fact of news silence here betrays a kind of embarrassed admission that things were not just fine in "Glocca Morra." The trials of Draga Mihailovitch and Archbishop Stepinac given due publicity aroused resentment in the United States, an attitude, which, while it accomplished nothing actual for the persons involved, nevertheless illustrated the rightprincipled conscience of the thinking public. But Dr. Tiso's case was denied even the type of consolation, because the facts and circumstances of the Tiso case are quite unknown to the American people. Whose the fault, whose the blame for this? The Hon. Robert Jackson, presiding over the trials in Nuremberg wrote "All experience teaches that there are certain things you cannot do under the guise of judicial trial. You must put no man on trial before anything that is called a court, if you are not prepared to establish his personal 203 guilt . . . If you are determined to execute a man in any case, there is no occasion for a trial. The world yields no respect to courts that are merely organized to convict." Tiso's trial was a travesty of justice. Actually, the issue was a political one primarily. Tried by the "People's Court" Tiso was denied representation by the attorney engaged by his friends. American papers had nothing to say about the fact that Alois Loyek, the attorney, was abused by the security officials, told he could not represent Tiso, and all defense material confiscated. The presiding judge and six political associates was Igor Daxner who himself was once tried by a regular court during Tiso's regime for planning with the Benes government-in-exile to turn Slovakia over to Russia, and sent to jail. Was Dr. Tiso a "war criminal" ? The answer necessitates a thorough perusal of the events which led to his election as Premier of Slovakia before the war started· - under a valid act of the Prague Parliament, events little known here, events in the evolution of democracy in the republic of Czecho-Slovakia without a knowledge of which the case of Tiso cannot be justly viewed. If these facts were made public, perhaps public opinion, such as it is. might be swayed to the right even though a little too late." The Catholic L i ght, Scranton, Pa. 4-25-47. Dr. Tiso's public life was political, though this fact is not to be held in any way against him. In many parts of Europe ecclesiastics find themselves pushed into politics because the cause of their Catholic people needs to be protected, and there are not a sufficient number of laymen educated to the job. Happily, this state of affairs is passing away, for it is not in itself �204 SLOVAKIA very desirable. However excellent the motives of the cleric concerned, he risks his spiritual office being contaminated, at least in public esteem, by the relatively low standards of political life, and the higher he rises in the political world, the harder it may become to distinguish the priest from the politics. Dr. Tiso, so far as we are aware always remained an exemplary priest, but he came to find himself responsible for the fate of his fellow Slovakians in terrible times. Through these times he did his duty to his people as he saw it. In a way not dissimilar from that of an Irish leader in relation to the British, he strove to protect the religion, culture and national autonomy of Slovakia as against the Czechs whose public outlook was dominated by very different rnlues. Such is the path of treason in the eyes of one side and of heroic patriotism in the eyes of the other. And few who tread this hard road can look back on their lives and deny having made mistakes. In the long run history will al- ways vindicate the sincere patriot as against the utilitarian judgment of those who condemn him on a legalistic interpretation of treason. In each case the career of such a man is a challenge to those called UPon to judge him. Are they big enough to look with the eyes of history and to seek reconciliation and understanding by the great gesture? Or are they small men who cannot see beyond the legalisms and their wounded vanity? In the face of this test, Dr. Benes and the rulers of Czecho-Slovakia have dismally failed. They have had to judge a good man, a priest, a great and courageous patriot, and all they have been able to do is to raise a martyr for Slovakia. This small-minded folly is only too typical of the men whom the fortunes of war have favoured . Instead of trying to realize unity on the basis of victory, these little men are as busy as they can be indulging their feelings by carving even deeper the channels which devide man from man and nation from nation. - Catholic Herald . London, 4-25-47. SLOVAKIA is µublishecl annually by the Slovak League of .America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. One of the purpo··es of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciat1on of the Sl<OVak nation and its long struggle foT freedom and i ndependeuce. Subscription to Slovwkia $3.00 pel' year in the L1.S.A. - $4.00 el-sewhere. Send 1mhscription to: SLOV AKI.A 313 Ridge A venue Middletown, Pa. 17057 �SLOVAKIA 205 BOOK REVIEWS BOOKS ON SLOVAK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE Reviewed by J. M. KIRSCH BA UM Bibliografia slovenskej jazykovedy ethymology, terminology, orthoand lexicography which are the preferred fields of Slovak linguists; the survey of published articles, studies and books between 1961-1965 shows that Slovak linguists made great progress in the following disciplines; history of the language, dialectology, morphology, syntax, onomastics, stylistic aspects of language, problems of translation, the structure and acoustics of language and language culture. This development become more than apparent if we compare the present work with the Biblio- 1961-1965 (Bibliography of Slo- graphy, vak Linguistics 1961-1965), by Ladislav Dvonc; Matica slovenska (Martin, 1970), pages 804, multi-lingual, English summary. For Western Slavists the Bibliography of Slovak Linguistics is not wLthout interest. This voluminous publication shows that Slovak linguistics has developed considerably during the latter years of the Stalinist regime. It also indicates that the attempts of some philologists, supported by the policy of the regime in the 1950's, to infiltrate the Slovak language with Czech vocabulary and to bring its structure as close to the Czech language as possible in order to create a "CzechoS'lovak language" back-fired. Slovak linguists, with the exception of one or two philologists trained in Prague ( S. Peciar, especi'ally), repudiated these attempts and began not only to clear the Slovak language from foreign infiltrations but in a number of studies brought Slovak linguistics quantitatively as well as qualitatively to the level of other Slavic nations within the Soviet orbit. With its 2111 entries pertaining to the Slovak language, the Bibliography is, however, not simply a numerical expression of the development of li.nguistic studies on the Slovak language. Of great importance is the number of disciplines studied by Slovak linguists. It is not any more only grammar, graphy of Slovak Linguistics for 1957-1960 by the same author. The new Bibliography contains: 1) all linguistic articles, studies and books published in Slovakia; 2) contributions in non-Slovak periodicals ( one from Canada), studies and articles by non-Slovak authors on the Slovak language or on linguistics published in Slovakia. As a result, the entries in this Bibliography are not only more numerous, but also multi-lingual. The publication shows that many Slovak linguists themselves ,published their studies in foreign languages, mainly in Russian. A strong Russian influence in Slovak linguistics is even more evident in the number of articles, studies and books dealing with the Russian language. Bibliographical data about the Russian language cover more than 100 pages, while other Slavic languages follow in this order: Czech 25 pages, Ukrainian 9 pages, Polish 3 pages, Slovenian �206 SLOVAKIA 3/4 of a page, Byelorussian and Bulgarian ¼ of a page each. For a short time the methods of the Russian linguistic school, or as some linguists say, "the Marxists and Stalinists principles and methods," were also imposed on Slovak philology and linguistics and prevailed in some works (see my essay " Contemporary Tendencies in Slovak Philology," Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. IV, 34, University of Montreal, 1960). Around 1960 Slovak linguists turned, however, against the russification as well as against the Czech infiltration of the Slovak language and Slovak linguistics. Studies, articles and books pertaining to the Slovak language have been published, according to this Bibiiography, predominantly in Slovak, but over 300 entries were published in Western languages, including English, in other Slavic languages and in Hungarian. It was mainly the works of the older generation of Slovak linguists (J . Stanislav, E. Pauliny) which appeared in international symposia in English, French or Russian. The younger generation on the other hand has broadened the field of Slovak linguists to include many disciplines and their studies have maintained a high academic level. They continue to be grouped around the periodicals Slovenska rec (Slovak Language), Jazykovedr ny casopis (Linguistic Journal) and Jazykovedne studie (Linguistic Studies) and have published the Zbornik Filozofickej Fakulty Univ. Komenskeho - Philologica (Sym- posium of the F1aculty of Arts of the Comenius University) and Zbornik Filozofickej Fakulty Univ. P. J. Safcirika (Symposium of the University of P. J . Safarik). Editors gether with V. Blanar, L. Dvonc, G. Horak, J. Horecky and R. Krajcovic wrote the major part of the Slovak linguistic studies contained in the Bibliography. Even though the works of foreign philologists (R. Auty, R. Jakobson) from Western countries are included in this Bibliography it does not contain articles, studies or books published by Slovak intellectuals abroad except for one French essay by this reviewer which appeared in Etudes Slaves et est-europeennes (Montreal, 1963). Valuable studies by H. Bartek who was the founder of the periodical Slovenska rec or books, articles, dictionaries and surveys by S. Bue, F. Hrobak, J . J . Konus, J . Rekem and others were apparently not allowed by the regime to be recorded. The "normalization" which followed the brief period of relative freedom in 1968, has again separated the Slovaks in Slovakia from Slovak intellectuals in the West even in the field of linguistics and the population of Slovakia is not allowed to know about the cultural activities among some two million Slovaks abroad. The usefulness of Dvonc's Bibliography for Slavists cannot be doubted. It is a thoroughly prepared standard work. An index of names and a subject index enhance the practical value of this voluminous book. SLOVENSKA BIBLIOGRAFIA V ZAHRANitf 1945-1965 (Slovak Bibliography Abroad 1945-1965) : Compiled by Prof. M. Lacko S.J .. published by The Slovak Institute (Cleveland-Rome), 1967, 366 pp., multi-lingual, instruction in Slovak and English. The long expected Slovak Biblioof these periodicals have been E. graphy Abroad, which had to reJona , J. Ruzicka, Prof. E . Pauliny, cord the cultural activities of L. f>urovic and S. Dobos who to- Slovak intellectuals in the West, �SLOVAKIA has finally been published and we cannot but welcome it. Slovak Bibliography Abroad 19451965 records the literary production of Slovak authors in Western countries in the fields of history, political science, religion, philology, folklore, literary history and cdticism, music, theology, literature and natural science. A special chapter deals with general works on Slovakia and Slovaks abroad, includtng Slovaks in Canada. In addition, the Bibliography records the works of non-Slovak authors in the above-mentioned fields if they were translated into the Slovak language and deal explicitly with Slovakia or Czecho-Slovakia as a whole. Absent from this Bibliography are works and studies on Slovak subjects., published in the countries of the Soviet block since it was impossible for the compilers to carry out the necessary research. As a result, the publication contains literary and scientific writings of Slovaks living in some 15 Westem countries and published in all major Western languages. Considering the difficulties which wr:ilters, scholars and scientists face in exile, the Bibliography with its 2,438 entries gives an impressive picture of Slovak cultural life abroad after the Second W . W. One can understand this properly only if he is familiar with some basic facts about the Slovak intellectual community in Western countries. At the end of the Second World War, 50me 5,000 educated Slovak5 left their native country; in 1948 they were followed by a new wave of immigrants after the Communist coup d'etat. In the first wave of exiles were some of the be5t Slovak writers, poets and scores of young intellectuals from all fields of cultural endeavor who either completed their studies at univer- 207 sities in Western countries or continued their intellectual work even if they had to take menial jobs in the countdes in which they found refuge. Many of the younger generation attained positions at universities (22 in Canada) or institutions of higher education. Others became editors of newpapers and many poets and writers continued to write valuable works besides their employment in clerical jobs or other professions. Besides the chapter on literature which records writings of .some 25 poets and 15 prose writers, the largest number of entries is in the chapter on history ( 437), philology and literary history ( 224) , and political science (160). However, the natural sciences and economy are also among the best represented with 275 entries. Writings on history and political science, philology and literary history are predominantly in foreign languages. Some authors (Mikus, Kirschbaum, Rekem, Vnuk) published their studies in 3 or 4 Western languages. In literature, the Bibliography lists works by several of the best Slovak poets and novelists who in exile created works considered among the best in contemporary Slovak literature (Hronsky, Dilong, Sprinc, Strmen, Zvonicky, etc.) . The Bibliography also indicates that there are several Slovak cultural centers in the Western countries. From Canada the Bibliography has listed books, studies and articles 'b y some 20 Slovak authors. Ten of them have been active either tn Slavic studies or in philology, sociology, theology and science, the remaining 15 in literature. Actually Canada and the United States seem to have produced the most prolific Slovak authors, not only in literature but also in other fields. Also the major �208 SLOVAKIA centers of Slovak publishing activities have been in the United States, but Italy, Argentina and West Germany have equally active groups in publishing books, periodicals and newspapers. The BibHography further shows that some Slovak scholars and writers published their writings, including poetry, in several languages (English, French, Italian, Spanish) and in certain cases the originals were written in foreign languages and not translated from the Slovak. This is a new feature in Slovak literature and scholarly writing. Because of adverse political circumstances Slovaks had very limited opportunities to study abroad not only before the Second World War, but also after 1945. The exiled writers and scholars made apparently a great effort to fill this lacuna. No doubt the compiler of the Bibliography, Prof. Michael Lacko, accomplished a task which is usually done by many researchers over several years. By his own admission, he does not cover all published studies and articles by Slovaks abroad ; actually in some cases valuable studies were left out either in foreign language or in Slovak. Additions and extensions to the Bibliography have, therefore, been promised by the compiler, as well as by the publishers. However, even in its present form, the Bibliography is a valuable contribution to Slavic studies and a very useful publication, not only for Slovak scholars and researchers , but also for Slavists who read English, the Bibliography being bi-lingual. The value of the Bibliography is also enhanced by listing bibliographies on Slovak matters as well as periodicals and newspapers, annuals, and symposia, published in some 15 countries. Julius Noge : An Outl.ine of Slovakian L i terature (The Tatrapress Agency, Bratislava), 1968, 120 pp. This is the first book in English on Slovak literature which was published in Slovakia since the Communist takeover in 1948. The fact that it was published in 1968 would indicate that Dubcek's liberalization has to be credited for ,t his slender booklet on 200 years of literary activities in the Slovak language. The restoration of Czecho-Slovakia in 1945 cut off Slovakia from the rest of the world, especially from the West, and Slovak literature, art, science and culture in genera-I were to remain unknown to the Western world. Julius Noge, one of the literary critics who followed the directives of the Communist Party and was, therefore, favored by the Communist regime, divided his "succint" outline of Slovak literature into 7 chapters: From Old Church Slavonic learning (sic) to pre-Romanticism; Romanticism ( 1843-1870 ) ; Realism (1870-1905); Slovakian Literary Modernism ; Slovakian Literature between the wars (1918 1945); Contemporary Literature ( 1945-); Conclusion and Completion. Some of these chapters are very short, superficial and the whole publication is unbelievably biased towards writers and poets whose works expressed ideas opposed to Communism as, for instance, the poets and writers of Catholic modernism and all Slovak writers and poets in exile, except for J . C. Hronsky. Faithful to the directives of the Party, Noge considers as the greatest poets and writers such second class poets as Novomesky or Valek, and such mediocre writers as Vamos and Jilemnicky. "The poems by Laco Novomesky - assording to Noge - are most expressive, from the �SLOVAKIA 209 artistic and human point of view that those years were the "dark most mature fruit of modern Slo- age" of Slovak literature. The lie vakfan poetry. His works are fre- has, however, short legs, as a Sloquently the key opening the way vak saying goes. A glance at the to ,t he sense and the problems of Slovak literary production between Slovakian literature between the 1939 and 1945 included in his book, wars and after them." shows that even the leading ComValek, who plays today the role munists published freely: Novoof the Minister of Culture in Slo- mesky published his book in 1939; vakia which after 1945 had been Hecko in 1942; Tafarka in 1942; played by Novomesky is, according Kostra in 1939, 1940, and two books to Noge, even of greater import- in 1942; Ponican in 1940 and 1941 ; ance for Slovak literature. "Valek's Horov in 1940 , l942 and 1944; complex work - writes Noge - . .Zary in 1941 and two books so rich in meaning and expression, in 1942; Ondrejov in 1940, and so inaugurated a new stage in the on. In fact, all Slovak writers and evolution of Slovakian poetry, re- poets created and published during presenting hitherto in some respect th e years of the Slovak Republic its peak." Horibile dictu! The Eng- more th an at any time before, lish reader could not help looking regardless of the fact whether they with contempt on Slovak literature supported the regime or not. Comif these minor poets were its great- munist literary historians should est authors and their poetry re- not underestimate the intelligence presented the peak of Slovak liter- of Wes tern readers. From the readature. ing of Noge's booklet, anyone can find out that, with the exception Noge seems to be objective in of G. Va.mos, who was not in Slohis write-up on individual Slovak vakia and Jilemnicky who was a poets and writers only in his evalu- Czech settled in Slovakia, every ation of the literary works pro- Slovak writer, poet, literary hisduce<l in the 1950's. He admits that torian or critic ,p ublished his works, "authoritarian methods of regle- and the younger ones their debuts mentation in the field of literature during that period. Since it is the first survey of reached ,t heir peak in 1951." He also writes that the literature and Slovak literature in the English poetry of that time was "just the language, we cannot but regret poetic drafting of political and that it is not better either in form journalistic phrases" and that in or content. This publication will prose writing the topics "were hardly convince English, American, treated in the manner of agitating Canadian, or Australian readers propaganda." However, this should that Slovak literature is worthbe understood in the context of while to be studied, taught and the events of 1968 when Noge's read. In addition to its shortbooklet was published. Criticism of comings mentioned above, the pubthe 1950's was not only fashionable lication also suffers from a very in 1968 but also a prerequisite for bad translation and too many printpublishing. ing errors. It would seem that One of the most .biased state- emigre Slovak intellectuals must ments in Noge's book is his asser- publish an English survey of Slotion that during the Slovak Repub- vak literature to present it to the lie some writers and poets "ceased civilized world in an objective light to write belles-lettres," intimating and proper form . �210 SLOVAKIA Letopis Pamatnika Slovenskej Lite- lenced not only Stur but also many ratu:ry 1970. Compiled and Edited of his followers and it was mainly by Juraj Chovan (Matica slovenska, Martin 1970), pp. 250, Russian and German Summary, Index. Slovak literary history receives in this publication some new insights and correct interpretation of the work of three prominent men of letters: Jan Holly, Andrej Radlinsky and Martin Hamuljak. Not only during the inter-war period when Slovak literary history was adjusted to the political aims of "Czechoslovakism", but also since 1945, Catholic writers and their role in Slovak national development was minimized or completely neglected . For a short time after the Second World War, Holly was rediscovered and some valuable publications of his life and work appeared in Slovakia or were prepared for the printers. For the ce11tennary of Holly, literary historians and critics such as Jozef Ambrus, Jozef Felix and others prepared nine volumes of Holly's poetry with comments and evaluation. However, the re.g ime did not allow distribution of Holly's work and it appeared only after 20 years in second-hand bookshops. The reason for such undeserved treatment of Holly's work was apparently the fact that it was published by Spolok sv. Vojtecha. The present publication gives justice to Holly and, at the same time, it presents Radlinsky and Hamuljak and their activities in a true light. Not only in the political history but also in literary history, the period between 1848 and 1918 was interpreted in such a way as if Slovak Catholics had not played any role in Slovak national life. The facts are, of course, quite different. The disillusionment of the year 1848 si- the Catholic intelligentsia who kept the flame of national consciousness alive and were active in cultural and literary life. From Radlinsky through Moyses to Oswald, a score of Slovak Catholics organized cultural and literary activi.ties and fought for the national rights of the Slovak people. Contributions to the present publications by Augustin Mat'ovcik, Zemka Cejkova, Konstantin Palkovie and Juraj Chovan, bring to light some interesting details on this period mainly in connection with Radlinsky's activities. The present Letopis is the fourth publication of this kind by Matica slovenska. All of them have been dealing with research into Slovak literature and contained results of studies by qualified literary historians. The greater part of the present publication is composed of papers presented at two conferences in April 1969. The first confere nce was organized on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the death of J. Holly in Trnava and the second one on the occasion of the 110th anniversary of the death of A. Radlinsky. In addition of these papers, there is an interesting essay on Slovak studies Slovakica - at foreign universities by J . Kuzmik. The essay deals so far with Slovak studies in Slavic countries. But the title of the essay indicates that it will deal with Slova k studies in all foreign universities and institutions. We hope that Kuzmik will treat the subject with scholarly objectivity when he writes on Slovak studies at American and Canadian universities. A short survey published by him sometime ago indicated that he was not free of the usual bias common to all literary and cultural historians in today's Slovakia. He left out im- �SLOVAKIA portant contributions to Slovak studies at Western universities just because of political considerations and inflated the importance of others who professed political ideologies accepted rby the present regime in Czecho-Slovakia. The publication also contains documents and information on various cultural topics, as well as book reviews. Slovaks abroad learned with satisfaction that Matica slovenska in Prievidza organized an exhibition of the literary work of J. C. Hronsky. The exhibition lasted two weeks and met with great interest by the public. The objectivity of this publication is enhanced by including an account on this exhibition in which it has been admitted that Hronsky was "one of the most important, but also systematically under-estimat:ed Slovak writer." Unfortunately, the publication contains only a short Russian and German summary and will, therefore, be useful only for Slavists who can read Slovak. Nevertheless, we welcome this valuable contribution to better and more objective evalu ation of the Slovak literary past. W ith Christ in His Passion. By Rudolph Dilong. '!1ranslated from the original Slovak by Sister M. Martina Tibor, SS.C.M., Villa of the Sacred .Heart, Danville, Pa., 1971, pp. 75, $2.50. The greatest poetic genius of our century, the French poet, Paul Claude!, used to say (in several variations) about the poet and poetry. "The object of poetry is not, as they say very frequently, dreams, illusions or ideas_ It is the holy reality, given once for all times, in the center of which we are situated. It is the universe of in- 211 visible things. It is all that we look at and all that looks back at us. All this is God's work; it renders matter inexhaustible for all the greatest poet says and sings as well as the smallest bird. Since there is a phiiosophia perennis that does not invent ... abstract beings that no one has ever seen except thei r authors, .. . so there is also a poesis perennis that does not invent its themes, but it eternally recaptures those which Creation furnishes to it ... The purpose of poetry is not, as Baudelaire says, 'to plunge into the bottom of the Infinite to find something new,' but to plunge into the bottom of the definite in order to find there the inexhaustible ... Nor is he a poet who invents, but he who, approaching things, assembles and permits us to understand them." Justly we can apply these concepts especially to the religious poetry of Rudolf Dilong, the most prolific and meritorious contemporary Slovak poet living in exile (Pittsburgh, Pa.) So he took a plunge into the sacred reality of the Pascha'l Mystery and with a luminous creative poetic imagry tried the humanly impossible: to capture the uncapturable mystery found in Christ's redemptive mystery of suffering and victory. He listens in these depths and assembles the rays of his poetic vision in powerful and eloquent words. These are his immortal merits. How about the (frequently overlooked) merits of the translator, Sister Martina Tibor? Well, if poetry is art par excellence, so is its translation. To translate poetry well requires above all the perfect mastery of two languages. But this is not enough. The translator must be also a virtual pbet (in potentia), to save in his translation as much �SLOVAKIA 212 of the sublime poetic beauty as it is possible. And this process must be a new creation: a scrupulous penetration into the fine shades of meanings and the recapturing in another language this almost imperceptible shimmering of condensed poetic experience and expression. Even so, something will always be lost from the genuine beauty of the original. AU in all, we gladly say that Sister Martina did a splendid job in translating into English the most difficult, exuberant and most sublime religious poetry of the poet1>riest Rudolf Dilong. It is a valuable cultural service to the poetic Slovak genius. Nichoias Sp r in c, Borromeo Seminary College of Ohio ··DIE SLOWAKEI IN DER NACHDER KRIEGSENTWICKLUNG (The TSCHECHO-SLOWAKEI" Role of Slovakia in the Political Evolution of Czecho--Slovakia After the Second World War); by Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum, Schriftenreihe des Matus Cernak Instituts, Koln, Nr. 3, 1971, pp. 32, Bibi. Prof. J . M. Kirschbaum enriched again our political literature by a consice study about Slovakia after lhe Second World War. The publication is destined predominantly to scholars and historians but it will be welcome by anybody interested in political development in Czecho-Slovakia from 1945 to 1968. This period of Slovak history was presented in the West by fore ign historians as well as by Czech exiles in the most distorted light. Prof J. M. Kirschbaum, on the basis of sources in several languages, gives a clear picture of the role of Slovakia in the upheavals through which Czecho-Slov>akia, restored by the Soviet armies, had to undergo after the Second World War. The publication is an enlarged version of an English contribution to Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. X, 4, 1968, which was dedicated by Canadian Slavists to the events in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968. The English version discusses the events until the invasion of Czecho• Slovakia by the Soviet and other Warsaw Pact troops. In the German version there is also a chapter on the federalization of Czecho-Slovakia , and the footnotes were completed by references to works in German, while in the English text, Prof. Kirschbaum referred mostly to books published on the American Continent and in France. The study is divided into four chapters dealing with the Communist coup d'etat in 1948, the ,period of the "cult of personality" in Slovakia, the process of de--Stalinization and the struggle for liberalization and federalization. In each chapter the author traces the special role which Slovakia played in the crucial years of the transformation of Czecho-Slovakia into the most faithful satellite of the Soviet Union. To avoid being accused of "parti pris," Prof. J .M. Kirschbaum heavily relies on quotations from American and Canadian political scientists dealing with Eastern Europe. Among others he often quotes the work by the former Secretary to President Benes, E. Taborsky, who now teaches at American universities, but the most interesting quotation comes from a Czech professor at the University of British Columbia, Stanley Z. Pech, who wrote the following remarkable statement about Western historians writing on Eastern Europe: "Although Western specialists in Eastern European history have usually regarded it as their task to �SLOVAKIA I 213 make the West familiar with the Since Prof. F . Hrusovsky published entire panorama of the polyglot his concise booklet This is Slovakia. region, they have in practice often I some 20 years ago, we did not been selective in the favors they have in English any publication to bestoved on each nation. They have give either to foreigners or to incorporated in their work, in Slovaks educated at American, Camodified form, the outlook and nadian or Australian universities, the prejudices of the nations which the basic facts of Slovak history they "adopted." To give the most and cultural life. For this reason, conspicuous examples, they viewed the Slovak World Congress deSlovak history through Czech eyes. serves credit for publishing an In so doing, they have in fact up-to-date account on Slovakia. The publication is composed of created a second-class status for certain nations. The history of the two essays by Prof. J . A. Mikus. Slovaks in the West has usually and six essays by Prof. J . M. Kirschbeen presented from the point of baum. Prof. Mikus deals with the view of "Czechoslovakism" and has individuality of Slovakia, namely, appeared as hardly more than a with geographical and demographical facts and with the personality postscript to Czech history. " of the Slovak nation. Both essays We understand that the first are written in a scholarly way but English book by Prof. J. M. Kirsch- understandable to any reader. baum Slovakia - Nati 01i at the Drawing on personal knowledge Crossroads of Central Europe is and long years of studies of Slovak no more avail.able even though it history, Prof. Mikus displayed ahad three printings. It would be gain by his essays that he belongs a service to the Slovak cause if among the best Slovak authors he revised his book and completed abroad in the field of history and it by the present study in order political science. that students of Slovak history, as The essays by Prof. J . M. Kirschwell as politicians and American baum deal with the historical back and Canadian Slovaks of the second ground of Slovakia, the ethnic and third generations, could have origin and language, cultural, poan objective history on Slovakia. litical, religious and economic The Matus cernak Institute de- background. The essays give a serves credit for publishing this complete and unbiased picture of well documented study. The Slovak 1100 years of Slovak history, as World Congress would render a well as of political and cultural service to the Slovak cause if it evolution of the Slovak people and took care of pl.acing this concise of the economic potential of Sloand expertly written account of vakia. Perhaps intentionally short, modern Slovak history into univer- the essays refer to many books sity libraries in Europe as well as either in Slovak or in foreign languages, which will be welcome by on this Continent. who want to enhance their students J . Pau c o knowledge of Slovakia. SLOVAKIA : Historical and Cu lturThe reader will notice that Prof. al Background, by Prof. J. A. J . M. Kirschbaum made great efMikus and Prof. J. M. Kirsch- forts to present the political and baum, Published by Slovak World religious background of Slovaks Congress (Toronto, Canada, June without any bias. This is in accoro 1971) , pp. 63, ill. bibl. ance with the concept of the Slovak I �SLOVAKIA 214 World Congress which published this valuable addition to books on Slovakia. The Congress is guided by national as well as by religious ecumenical spirit. As in his other works on Slovakia, Prof. Kirsch• baum makes a distinction between the history of Slovakia and the history of the Slovak people which is not history of dynasties or expansive wars, but a struggle for survival. Such an approach will probably be most understandable for Slovaks as well as foreigners and may prove to be correct in the last analysis. The publication is enhanced by a map of Europe and several pictures from the history of Slovakia, as well as by a bibliography of English books on Slovakia by Slovak authors. The Editor, Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum added this im· pressive survey of books in English by Slovak authors for Slovaks educated outside Slovakia, and he did the right thing. Published by the Slovak World Congress, this valuable publication was distributed freely to the participants at the meeting in Toronto, and is apparently no more avail• able. It would be a service to the Slovak cause if a second edition be prepared for general use. J. Pa u co ETHNOLOGIA SLAVICA I: Uni· versitas Comeniana Bratislavensis, Facultas Philosophica, Bratislava 1970, p. 226, Multi-Lingual. The liberalization period in Slovakia brought about a favorable change not only in the political climate but also in cultural and scientific activities. Many projects which for years were only debated, materialized in 1968 or 1969. As a result, several symposia from a nllltlber of Conferences dealing with inter-Slavic relations in pre- vious years were published and institutes or chairs of studies were founded and organized. The Institute of Ethnology wa one of them and the present volume ETHNOLOGIA SLAVICA is the first publication of this Institute which has been founded "for the purpose of establishing an institution for ethnological research concerned with the Slavic nations," as the editors say in their multi• lingual introduction. According to the editors, Slovak scholars also planned the establishment of Ethnological Archives and a Society of Slavic Ethnologists but " the well-known events of 1968 (in other words, the Soviet invasion) heavily intefered with the realization of the original program." Only the Institute of Ethnology came into being and this first volume of ETHNOLOGIA SLA VICA is the result of the research of its members and foreign ethnologists. The volume was published on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the Comenius University (1919). The Managing Editor of the publication, Jan Podolak, says in his Preface that the University has been founded "to enable Slovaks to acquire erudition (sic) of university-degree in the national language." However, it is well-known that the students of the Comenius University had to organize demonstrations for the use of the Slovak language as late as 1937-1938 because the mission of the University was to help the assimilation of Slovaks. The situation changed only during the Slovak Republic when education as well as administration, was carried on in the Slovak language which the present day scholars are not allowed to mention. The publication ETHNOLOGIA �SLOVAKIA SLA VICA is a valuable addition to Slavic studies and is a long time overdue, if we take into consideration the fact that one of the main founders of Slavic ethnology, P . J. Safarik, come from Slovakia. The volume contains contributions by Slovak as well as foreign scholars, and the essays have been published in English, French and German, with a Slovak resume in some cases, which will make the book accessible also to ethnologists in the West. Of 12 contributions, 3 have been written by Slovaks. Jan Michalek evaluated P . J. Safarik's contribution to Slavic ethnography; Jan Podolak wrote an interesting essay on the pastoral culture of the Carpathians as a subject of ethnological study, and Anton Habovstiak contributed the study "La colonisation pastorale dans les Karpates et les patois slovaques" (The Pastoral Colonization of the Carpathians and Slovak Dialects). Among foreign contributors are Milovan Gavazzi (from Zagreb), Sergei A. Tokarev (from Moscow), Christo Vakarelski (from Sofia), Zoltan Ujvary (from Debrecen), Oldrich Sirovatka (from Brno), Slobodan 2ecevic (from Beograd) , and two contributions have been written by Lusatian-Serbians, Isolde Gardos and Siegmund Musiat. This mosaic of contributors as well as the variety of subjects treated by them gives the book an intemational and inter-Slavic image. This should be velcome in view of the fact that the results of academic activities by Slovak scholars were rarely published in Western languages. The essays are not of equal value but they are all on the level of similar studies in the Soviet orbit. The volume is oriented particularly to Russian but also to Croatian, Bulgarian and Lusatian-Serbian ethnology, but the editors are 215 promising to deal also with Polish, Ukrainian and Yugoslavian ethnology in the following volumes. As an addendum the publication contains reviews in English and in German of the activities and the writings by Czech, Polish, Soviet, Ukrainian and Bulgarian ethnographers and their institutes or periodicals. Since every book in foreign language dealing with Slovak culture is of great importance for acquainting the world with Slovakia, we sincerely welcome this volume and hope that further volumes will follow as the editors promised and that the present generation of Slovak ethnologists will follow in the footsteps of P . J. Safarik who left a rich legacy to Slovak ethnology. * J. M . K i r s c h b au m * On P . J. Safarik, see Kirschbaum , P . J . Safcirik and His Contribution to Slavic Studies (Slavistica No. 43, Cleveland-Winnipeg, 1962) . DUBCEK'S Blu e Print for Fre edom: His Documentation on Czechoslovakia leading to the Soviet invasion, with a Profile by Hugh Lunghi and Commentary by Paul Ello (William Kimber, London, 1968), pp. 352, Index. Among the scores of books which were published on Dubcek and the events in Czecho--Slovakia in 1968* , this book will remain as one of the most useful for scholars and laymen alike. The editors included in the book the most important documents such as Dubcek's speech on April 1, 1968, at the plenary session of the Central Committee of the Czecho,Slovak Communist Party; the Action Programme of the Party; Dubcek's report to the meeting of. the Central Committee on May 29-June 1, 1968, and the warning given by the Presidium �216 SLOVAKIA of the Central Committee in answer to the letters of five Communist and Workers' Parties. Finally, in the Appendix, the book includes Dubcek's speech of December 1, 1968. These contents are expertly introduced and commented upon by Hugh Lunghi, a former member of the British Embassy in Moscow, and Paul Ello from Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Washington. While Lunghi, who has been one of the best informed analysts on the staff of the British Broadcasting Corporation, gives in his Introduction an analysis of the events which led to the Soviet invasion, Paul Ello wrote a concise but well balanced commentary. The Summary is not signcd, and may be the work of either of the writers. The book will have a lasting value for inte11preting the attempts at changing •Stalinism in one o.f the most advanced, culturally and industrially, satellites of Moscow and at giving socialism a "human face. " Both Lunghi and Ello are factual in their analysis and Lunghi did not fail to point out the role of Slovakia and Slovak Communist leaders in the upheavals which many other authors, writing about the "Prague Spring", failed to do. In accordance with the facts, Lunghi writes that "one of the first of Novotny's fatal errors was his mishandling of the Slovaks," and that it was Dubcek's reaction to Novotny's policy towards Slovakia which began the snowball roUing. During the Central Committee meetings at the end of 1967, according to Lunghi the "three issues at stake were, firstly, the implementation of the economic reforms; secondly, freedom of expression and, finally, effective autonomy for SJovakia." (p. 17) . This conclusion has been accept- ed in the meantime as correct also by other authors who had access to documents, especially by Paul Tigrid in his book: La Chute Irresistible d'Alexander Dubcek, (Calmann-Levy, Paris, 1969) which was likewise reviewed in "Slovakia", Vol. 21, p. 206. Lunghi apparently followed the events in Slovakia very closely and without the usual bias which we can find among some Western specialists in East European problems. This appears not only in his assessment of the role of Husak after the invasion but also in his reference to Peter Colotka, Deputy Premier in Prague's government, who made some courageous declarations which resulted in his removal from his post. Lunghi's analysis of the situation in Slovakia was also correctly grasped in his statement that "the federation of the country, longed for by the Slovaks, had, at last been achieved in the face of the Russians who wanted to keep the two nations divided and at logger-heads. During the invasion the Russians had put about the totally false rumors that some Slovak provinces wanted to become Soviet republics. Symbolically, the legislation creating the federal state was enacted to coincide with the 50th anniversary celebration on October 28th." Unfortunately, the law of the federation was enacted but it became ineffective to a great degree because of Czech reluctance, what Lunghi could not, of course, foresee in 1968. Western analysts mentioned various reasons for the occupation of Czecho-Slovakia by the Warsaw Pact military forces in the books so far published on the invasion. Lunghi brings to light a new possible element which finally pushed the Soviet leadership to invade Czecho-Slovakia. During the spring �SLOVAKIA and summer of 1968 there was a strong reaction against the secret police which apparently was not only organized on the model of the Soviet secret police but also directed and infiltrated by Soviet agents to whom the Prague Ministry of Interior had to submit interrogation material before bringing them to the ministers themselves. According to Lunghi, the announced purge of the secret police apparatus threatened a vital Soviet interest by the revelations published in the newpapers in Bratislava and in Prague. Moscow's objective was, therefore, "to hold these dangerous processes and to restore a leadership in Prague which would control the population through a Soviet style Communist Party using the proper level of power - a persuasive and omnipotent secret police with no nonsense about 'demonstration of the socio-political 217 system'." (page 25). No doubt this could have been one of the serious reasons for the infamous decision to destroy an interesting effort by Slovaks and Czechs to give socialism a "human face." Paul Ello's commentary, short as it is, is clear and factual, and belongs among the best written ones shortly after the invasion, where there was a lot of confusion in Western countries among the specialists in East Europe. The book undoubtedly deserves to be read and preserved on the shelves for further study of a crucial moment in the history of Eastern Europe and probably in the history of Western civilization. J. M. Ki r s c h b au m • On a number of books on this subject, see my book reviews in "Slovakia", Vol. 21, 1971, No. 44, pp. 205-210. Rudolph Petrak, Slovak Tenor Rudolph Petrak, 54, of 32 Halsey, Dr., Old Greenwich, Conn., a leading tenor with the City Opera Company from 1948 to 1956, died March 4, 1972, at Saint Joseph Hospital in Stamford, Conn. He was born in Sucany, Slovakia had sung at major opera houses in Europe and South America, and as a soloist with the New York Philharmonic, the Philadelphia Orchestra and other noted ensembles. He sang under the batons of such famous conductors as Leopold Stokowski, Ormandy, Leinsdorf and Krips. Mr. Petrak began his career with the Bratislava Opera and made his American debut in 1948 at the New York City Center as Rudolfo in "La Boheme." Congressman Albert P. Morano of Greenwich noted in the Congressional Record of the United States. "I have become acquainted with many artists who have immigrated to America, but know of none more possessed of deep love for his adopted country than Rudolph Petrak." "The New York Times" in an obituary on Monday, March 6, 1972 published his picture as he sang Radames in "Aida" about 1949. The New York Times also wrote: "In 1960 when Mr. Petrak sang at the Philadelphia Orchestra's presentation of Carl Orff's "Carmina Burana" in Carnegie Hall, Harold C. Schonberg, The New York Times music critic noted: "Everything sounded effortless and clear, even the high D that Mr. Petrak took in falsetto".-J.C.S. �SLOVAKIA 218 Our Contributor s Karol Kuzmany, Slovak leader in 19th century. Msgr. George A. Galik, J.C.D., author, Hibbing, Minn. Joseph M. Kirschbaum, LL. D., Ph.D., historian, author, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. E . L. Delaney, author, journalist, Glendale, Cal. Fran!;ois d'Orcival, French political writer, Paris. Paul Kotva, pen name of Karol Sidor, former Premier of Slovakia. Sister M. Constance Yakubov, SS.C.M., teacher, St. Cyril Academy, Danville, Pa. Joseph C. Krajsa, Editor of Jednota, lecturer, Middletown, Pa. Joseph A. Mikus, M.C.L., J.D., historian, author, Washington, D. C. Francis Vnuk, M.A., political analyst, professor, Institute of Technology, Adelaide, Australia. Joseph Pauco, Ph.D., journalist, author, Middletown, Pa. K. culen, historian, journalist. Rev. A. V. Pier, O.S.B., journalist, author, Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. Steven I. Miller, assistant professor, Loyola University of Chicago, Ill. Daniel F. Tanzone, B.A., fraternalist, Yonkers, N. Y. Helena T. Gaydos, cultural worker, Philadelphia, Pa. George A. Podhajsky, pen name of a Slovak refugee professor. Rudolph J. Vecoli, professor of history and director of the Center of Immigration Studies at the University of Minnesota. Agnes Bocan, St. Cyril Academy, Danville, Pa. Sister M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M., teacher, author, Danville, Pa. Edward J. Behuncik, attorney-at-law, Stratford, Connecticut. Rev. Nicholas Sprinc, professor, poet, Wickliffe, Ohio. Picture on the front cover: Dr. Joseph Tiso, President of the Slovak Republic. �SLOVAKIA 219 Contents Dr. Tiso's Last Message to the Slovak People - 3 Paean to Integrity - Karol Kuzmany-George A. Galik - 4 Dr. Joseph Tiso-the Prelate-Politician who Died on the Gallows for His People - J.M. Kirschbaum - 5 I Met President Tiso - E. L. Delaney - 21 Msgr. Joseph Tiso - Fran(;ois d'Orcival - 26 Murder in Slovakia - Hon. Alvin E. O'Konsld - 36 Speech of Hon. Ray J. Madden - 37 Slovak Bishops Appeal on Behalf of President Tiso - N.C.W.C. News Service - 40 Who Killed Dr. Tiso? - Paul Kotva - 43 Priest, Teacher, President and National Hero - 48 Dr. Jozef Tiso-His Political Creed - Sister M. Constance Yakubov, SS.C.M. - 50 Dr. Peter P. Hletko Most Elite of American Slovaks - Joseph C. Krajsa - 57 Prof. Stanislav Meciar (1910-1971)-In Memoriam - J.M. Kirschbaum - 60 Michael Novak on White Ethnics - Prof. Joseph A. Mikus, M.C.L. , J .D. - 62 Slovak Martyrs - 64 British Attitude Towards Independent Slovakia in 1939 - F. Vnuk - 65 Th e Slovak Benedictines Review 50 Years in Cleveland, Ohio (1922-1972) - Joseph Pauco, Ph.D. - 92 The Cult of SS. Cyril and Methodius Amongst the Slovaks in U.S.A . and Canada - K. Culen - 98 America's Discovery of Ethnic Values - A. V. Pier, O.S.B. - 114 Historical and Empi rical Methods of Studying Slovak-Americans as A Distinct Ethnic Group - Dr. Steven I. Miller - 116 The Slovak Experience In Contemporary America - Daniel F. Tanzone -125 Slovakia, the Land of B eauty - Helena T. Gaydos - 136 Tourist Trade of Slovakia - George A. Podhajsky - 140 Why Our Melting Pot Cooled Off - Rudolph J. Vecoli - 146 An Introduction to Slovak Costume - Agnes Bocaii - 153 Slovak Scientist Stefan A. Jedlik, O.S.B. - A. V. Pier - 158 Matthew Jankola 1872-1916 - Sister M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. Declaration Adopted by Slovak World Congress - 193 Unity Is Necessary - Edward J . Behuncik - 195 As Others See It - 198 Book Reviews - 205 Rudolph Petrak, Slovak Tenor - J.C.S. - 217 161 ��PRI NTI D IN U.S. A. JIDN OTA PlllN TER Y, MID DLli TOW N, PA. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1972, Vol. 22 Description An account of the resource Vol. 22 (No. 45), 1972. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 193 CURRENT ISSUES Declaration Adopted by Slovak World Congress Representatives of Slovak organizations throughout the free world as well as individuals of Slovak origin in the United States of America, Canada, Australia, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, France, South Africa, Argentina, Spain and Germany assembled in Toronto in order to promote the creation of a world organization of Slovaks hereby declare that: The struggle for freedom and self-fulfillment has been a continuing process throughout Slovak history. Attainment of this objective in the past has not been without obstacles, or dedicated work and sacrifices of many individuals and groups. Now, when the Slovak nation is unable to determine its own destiny, because it is under a foreign military domination, :s uch efforts, dedication and sacrifices must be increased to help them achieve their freedom once again. Those of Slovak origin now living throughout the free world, are urged to .dedicate themselves to this task. Our obligation will be to present to the free world a true picture of the life under which our brethren are compelled to live, and to seek a change of their plight. The concepts by which we will be guided in this work will be the traditional values promoted throughout Slovak history which have given vitality to the nation in its growth and acceptance among nations of the western world. The Congress will continue to adhere to the democratic principles in the civil and international relations and considers tolerance in ideological, political and religious matters an expression of maturity for democracy and strongly opposes any tyranny whether it comes from the left, or, from the right. It has been obvious during the past two decades that the Slovaks living in Slovakia have been unable to determine their own destiny. A number of recent facts attest to this unfortunate reality namely the following: The basic freedom of Slovaks, as well as of other Captive 194 SLOVAKIA Nations under communism, are still quite limited-travel to Western countries, and press and assembly freedoms have recently been set back to almost the 1948 levels. The federalization of Czecho-Slovakia into two equal sectors-the Czech and the Slovak, introduced by the Constitutional Act of October 1948, has been severely circumscribed in recent past and is slowly being replaced by a new centralism; Religious freedom continues to be restricted to Roman Catholics, Uniates, Lutherans, Jews and to other denominations; and The present Czecho-Slovak Federal Government has taken no initiative nor has it responded to initiatives suggested by the Holy See in the Vatican to establish a Catholic Province in Slovakia, even though such provinces exist in Bohemia as well as in Moravia. We contend that the issue of the continued existence and recognition of a Slovak nation be duly accepted by all nations, including the records of the United Nations. The question of the suppressed freedoms of all nations now living under communism must soon be given full airing and remedies instituted. This has been and should not cease to be an issue of interest to all civilized nations. Slovaks call upon them to help in this cause. We take a positive attitude towards the economic integration in Europe and urge that the Slovak nation be included in this and other unifying processes benefiting their degree of economic and other freedoms. Viewing the future political situation in Eastern Europe with hope and cautious optimism, we look toward to the day when obstacles which presently prevent cultural and educational exchang* between Slovaks at home and abroad will be removed. To support the objectives mentioned above, we have established a permanent organization under the name of: Slovak World Congress, which shall embody the spirit of brotherhood and mutual respect. Religious affiliations or political views, insofar as they are not contrary to the spirit of democracy and the objectives mentioned above, will not bar anyone from membership or active participation in our organization. We consider it essential that our goals and methods as well as our activities follow democratic principles. SLOVAKIA 195 We shall endeavor to have the Slovak World Congress represent its members at international scientific, cultural, religious or political forums in the interest of the Slovak nation as expressed in the Constitution and the by-laws of the organization. We urge that the Slovak World Congress devote itself to promoting the spirit of unity among its members and to co-ordinate all its efforts through constant contact with member organizations maintained through central secretariats, regional secretariats, committees and information bureaus in various countries around the world. We ask the blessing of Almighty God in this undertaking in the firm hope that with the help and co-operation of all those who wish well for the Slovaks we may successfully fulfill our role. Members of the Committee: Stephen B. Roman, LL.D., President; Rev. Dusan Toth, Secretary General; Dr. J. A. Mikus, Dr. J. Stasko, Dr. J. M . Kirschbaum,· Dr. J. Pauco, and Prof. E. Urban. Toronto, Ont., June 20, 1971. Unity Is Necessary Edward J. Behun c i k (The following are excerpts from the address of Edward J . Behuncik, First Vice President of the Slovak World Congress, President of the Slovak League of America, and President of the American Fund for Slovak Refugees given at the closing banquet of the Slovak World Congress held at the Royal York Hotel, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Saturday, June 19. 1971.) It is a rare and high privilege to appear before such a historic and distinguished gathering of representatives of all walks of Slovak life and to break bread with our fellow Slovaks from all parts of the free world as we share this memorable Congress in spirit, in hope and in love with our brethren in beautiful Slovakia. The honor you do me in asking that I speak in company with the distinguished Chief Executive of the great Province of Ontario, with two colleagues from the great Senate of the United States of America, as well as the spiritual, civic and cultural leaders who grace the head table-this honor cannot but move me. I thank you most sincerely for asking me here. Hopefully 1 will leave at least 196 SLOVAKIA one or two important thoughts with you-important to the permanent success of our fledgeling Slovak World Congress, and that is, our need for unity- and for ''Svornost a laska".In Joel, we read·'Your old men shall dream dreams, Your young men shall see visions."Today, we combine the hopes which both dreams and visions embody. Dreams are generally of things past, visions are of the future. Dreams are truly for older men who have a past, while visions are for the younger looking forward to the future. Experience alone is the look backward, the dream of yesteryear, but it is only useful as it clarifies the vision of tomorrow. Here in Toronto, we put the finishing touches--not upon a new structure - rather upon the permanent foundation . Because in fact, at New York City, the Congress \\'as already perfect in the sense that its objects were fully perceived, its necessary organs present, its powers conferred, and its extent already, if only dimly, seen to be world wide. In addition, its final purpose, which alone can justify its existence, was perfectly clear and that was to become the r epresentative body of Slovaks scattered as they are throughout the free world. Here during the past several days, we have added to the New York beginnings. We've used our year old experience to improve, amend, delete and otherwise add to the permanent basis of a vital organ for disseminating the cause of the Slovak nation. To bring about the final liberation of the Slovak nation and its equality among all nations, the Slovak World Congress presents us with a golden opportunity. If we complete its hopeful aspirations, if we create a permanent edifice on the foundation built here and in New York, we will thereby sooner bring to fruition the age old Slovak vision of liberty and freedom with justice. But unity is necessary - that unity which has so often eluded the efforts of our forebears . Can we come together for the future ? Can we remain together? I think we can; I know we must! ! ! We will and must let bygones be bygones, let past differences as nothing be, and with steady eye on the real issue, let us reinaugu rate the good and old central ideas of a free and independent Slovakia, where our presently subjugated brethren can someday in God's good time freely choose their own destiny. We have our quarrels, as all happy families have. We have di sagreed as all friend s have. But when the great human cause of Slovakia comes before us, in the natural fitness of things, we have looked into our hearts, and hidden away in their innermost recesses, we have discovered a very shy but a very faithful friendship for each other, no matter from what region of Slovakia we originated. That is why we are here this evening. SLOVAKIA So 1 say-we are united-but more important - we must stay united. We can do it ! ! ! The human heart and human aspirations are with us. God is with us--Our Lady of Sorrows is with us. We shall-we must-succeed. God forbid, if the Congress shall dissipate instead of growing and developing as it should-it will be another eleven hundred years before the vision of a unified, free and independent Slovakia can again be dreamed of. I know none of us wish to have ~he horror of such a c a ta s t r o p h e on our consciences. So, we must not fall-and we won't if we do our duty-but the time has passed when we can remain silent regarding the great fundamentals of free government and permit the enemies of the Slovak social order to occupy the center of the stage. The time has come and that time is now when we must take issue with those, who infatuated with ch a o t i c dreams, are seeking to undermine the Slovak ideals and aspirations, dreams and visions. We now have the modus operandi-the vehicle. We have the Slovak World Congress. We, the participants in and supporters of the Congress, have it in our own hands whether it shall be nothing more than the brilliant after glow of a gorgeous renaissance, or whether it shall be the dawn of a newer and brighter day in the struggle of the Slovaks to fulfill their age old vision of liberty and freedom with justice. Already, as we well know, on several occasions, for several 197 brief moments, behind the far spread iron curtain in Eastern Europe. the rays of the setting sun of materialistic communism have mingled with the rays of the rising sun of democracy. May that sun grow in light and warmth and may it be undimmed by the clouds of our own internal dissension. I am profoundly concerned. I am deeply interested. I build the greatest hopes upon this World Congress. 1 am old enough to have the experience to be able to dream-but, I am young enough to have the vision of a great institution - one from which, for example, some day-God grant-will emerge a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize - or the Literature Prize. And so, in bidding a foud adieu to our fellow Slovaks returning to their havens scattered throughout the free world, I urge them and all of you to hope- to hope as the love of truth and obedience to it shall grow and as with firmer footing thereon, we look afar and think clearly on what we see. We shall see our Slovak World Congress advancing to the high position that awaits every organization and every nation which honors the facts, which looks afar and which thinks clearly and positively. And as we aspire to greater and more illustrious achievements in the glorious history of our beloved Slovakia, we can well ponder the prayer of Sir Francis Drake: "Oh, Lord God, when Thou givest to Thy servants to endeavor any great matter, grant us also, to know, that it is not the beginning, but the continuing of the same, until it is thoroughly finished, which yieldcth the true glory." 198 SLOVAKIA AS OTHERS SEE In these times, when many of us seem to reflect on the place of our origin, it was indeed interesting to see how the Americans, Canadians, and citizens of other free countries, all of Slovak origin, demonstrated their dedication to the cause of peace with freedom in our age. Their dedication was for freedom for their kinfolk in Slovakia, now part of the Communist satellite of Czechoslovakia, who cannot themselves demonstrate their longing for the liberties denied them for 23 years. The Slovaks are a hardy people who have been seeking the ideals we in our own country so freely enjoy-the right to their own self. determination. And like other nations, captives under Communist domination, the Slovaks know that one day they will join ranks with the civilized world with other free nations. Until then the work of the Slovak World Congress is indeed both most worthy and very necessary and I hope I applaud it. - U.S. Senator Robert Taft, Jr. The Slovak World Congress stands for freedom and seeks to preserve the language, culture and national heritage. You are to be commended for your strong antiCommunist stand. - Strom Thurmond., U.S. Senator Please know that your concern for freedom throughout the world and particularly in Slovakia is shared by all of us. No more dire threat exists today than that posed by the Soviet Union and I stand with you against their expansionary policies. Keep up with your good work. - John Tower, U.S. Senator I wish to congratulate the Slovak people of our nation for the out- IT standing fight they have been waging over the years in exposing Communist tyranny which is the most powerful threat to human freedom in the history of the world. If all groups of the free world would have the same spirit of opposition and expose the criminality of Communist enslavement methods and Communist living conditions there would be no doubt that this Communistic threat to the world would collapse in a very short time. - Ray J. Madden, U.S. Member of Congress The struggle for freedom and self-fulfillment has been a continuing process throughout Slovak history. Attainment of this objective in the past has not been without obstacles, or dedicated work and sacrifices of many individuals and groups. Now, when the Slovak nation is unable to determine its own destiny, because it is under a foreign military domination, such efforts, dedication and sacrifices must be increased to help them achieve their freedom once again. Those of Slovak origin now living throughout the free world, are urged to dedicate themselves to this task. Our obligation will be to present to the free world a true picture of the life under which our brethren are compelled to live, and to seek a change of their plight. The concepts by which we will be guided in this work will be the traditional values promoted throughout Slovak history which have given vitality to the nation in its growth and acceptance among nations of the western world. Claiborne Pell, U.S. Senator Even within the Communist world there is an absolute intoler-- SLOVAKIA ance for those faithful party members who would put a "human face" on the dictatorship in order to make it more palatable. I speak of course, of Alexander Dubcek who sought to purify, and reform, but not replace or destroy, communism in Czechoslovakia. Yes even after the true nature of the dictator reared its ugly head and Dubcek's reforms were sacrificed, we still hear the drone of those who would have us believe that the communist dictator has changed. Let no one be fooled - Communism is the Number One enemy not only of the Western World, but of humanity itself. It is a tribute to all of you who have felt the iron hand of the communist dictator that you have brought to the Western Hemisphere an appreciation and understanding of the dangers of communism which is, unfortunately, shared by too few Americans. - Robert C. Mardian It is a privilege to address men and women who stand for the forefront of civilization's never-ending struggle for freedom. For more than eleven centuries the Slovak people have been developing, extending and seeking to preserve a rich and fertile cultural heritage. More than that, you have sought endlessly to maintain that priceless ingredient of true spiritual fulfillment-the right of the individual citizen to be his own person, to think his own thoughts, to speak his own words, to contribute directly to the formation and performance of his own government and to worship as he chooses. In so doing you have contributed your full share, and perhaps more, to the development of the Slavic peoples as a whole and to the cultural family of peoples around the world. 199 Ontario and all of Canada has been enriched by the spirit and integrity of Slovaks, Ukrainians, Poles, Czechs, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes and all of the others who claim the honor of membership in the world Slavic community which numbers more than 200 million persons. - William C. Davis, Prime Minister of Ontario Vienna, AtLstria - Communist Czecho-Slovakia's closed-door policy against religious literature mailed from abroad has provoked a steady stream of protests within its own borders, according to reports reaching here. Demands for an explanation are being sent to postal authorities by Czecho-Slovak citizens who learn that religious books such as the Bible have been mailed to them from abroad but returned to the sender by government authorities. The regime's reply to that publications contrary to Czecho-Slovakia's laws are refused entry. But no particulars are given to explain how the Bible or devotional books are in opposition to the country's laws. "Foreign reviews and books may be sent into Czecho-Slovakia without limitation of any sort," said a standard explanation from the central office for incoming foreign parcels in Prague. Post Office 120. "However, reviews and books which by their content are contrary to our legislative norms are refused local delivery, according to the prevailing international standards." The letter of explana,tion concluded: "Peace to the world!" It seems that books arriving from certain senders or destined for certain addresses are returned automatically without examination. Recently one man received back from Czecho..Slovakia an unopened 200 SLOVAKIA package he had sent his brother containing a book on photography. Official documents mailed by Vatican offices to various bishops in Czecho-Slovakia have been returned marked "refused." In June, the secretariat for church affairs of the Slovakia region's government notified bishops, pastors and Religious superiors that religious publications from abroad were prohibited where "in conflict with the interest of our socialist state." The of.ficial notice continued: "The provision also concerns the propagation and publication of information and instructions of various kinds from abroad, whether through internal ecclesiastical channels, in official documents or in any form whatsoever." It warned that the distribution of prohibited literature is punishable under Czecho-Slovakia's penal code. Czecho-Slovakia's hard-line communist rulers, brought to power by the Soviet invasion of August 1968, have been steadily tightening the screws on the Catholic Church for the past two years. In January 1970 the Slovakia ministry of culture decreed that every act of official worship, including private Masses, must have state approval. A similar decree was issued by the ministry of culture in the Czech region of Bohemia. In July of that same year the Slovakia government asserted the right to blackball newly chosen superiors of congregations of nuns. In November, 1970 the Bohemia ministry of culture forbade the Church to give courses preparing couples for marriage. In July 1971 the ministry of culture decreed severe limitations upon the teaching of religion. Its Slovakia counterpart did likewise. Decrees approving newly resurrected pro-government associations of peace priests were issued simultaneously in August 1971 by the Bohemian and Slovakian governments. But the regime 's restrictions on Church activity and growth have not been confined to legislation and decrees. Through administrative acts the regime has kept more than half the applicants out of the country's seminaries and has dismissed from convents all Sisters who entered them when the country's liberalized regime of early 1968 reopened the convent to novices. The present, neo-Stalinist regime has attempted to manipulate the Church by installing its own candidates in key positions, such as vicar general of Brno and of Roziiava, and the executive committees of the Bohemian and Slovakian Catholic charitable agencies. Meanwhile, the controlled press has been keeping up a steady fire on religion in general and the churches in particular. Christians in Bohemia are bracing themselves for still heavier assaults upon them and their churches now that the head of the region's religious affairs office, Karel Hruza, has returned from a Moscow meeting with · his counterparts from other Communist states. Czecho-Slovakia's present program of religious repression was launched shortly after his return from a similar meeting in Moscow in October 1969. - NC New s Service Vienna. - The situation of the Church and of human rights and freedoms. in communist-ruled Czecho-Slovakia is growing worse, not better. Experts agree that the situation SLOVAKIA 201 after the short bright 1968 methods to promote atheist edu "humanizing" period before the cation. Dubcek regime was overthrown by Party officials said repeatedly at Soviet-led invaders - is similar recent meetings that religion "has now to that of the hated Stalinist a negative influence on the for. times. mation of Socialist conscience." The Church has become the The Bratislava communist newstarget of concentrated attacks from paper, Pravda, demanded that relitwo directions - through adminis- gious ceremonies - christenings, trati ve measures and ideological weddings and funerals - be rearguments. placed by Socialist ceremonies, The communist regime is at- because " the Church has misused tempting to strangle religious the most important stages of activities slowly but effectively by human life for its own purposes." administrative action. Karel Hruza, head of the gove rnMore than half of all parishes in ment state office, has described Bohemia lack priests and there is the regime's plans. "After rightists no chance to overcome the short- and counter-revolutionaries are reage. At the moment only 12 stu- moved from the party and governdents study for the priesthood in ment, we must concentrate in the entire Archdiocese of Olomouc. working a platform to cope with As a result of government the reactionary policy of the chicanery, the number of children Church. - Gerd Kriwanek, Reliattending religious instruction in gious News Service, January 28, school is sharply declining. 1972. th At the same time, e regime Ladislav Bezak loaded his wife has endorsed increased ideological and four children in a two-place attacks on the Church. Jozef Le- · light plane December 9 1971 and nart, firs_t secretary of the Slovak left for what he desc;ibed as a Communist Party, charged the "pleasure trip. " Church with having misused the The flight originated in Prague, situation in 1968 " to create a politand his destination was Nuernberg, ical basis for clericalism and West Germany. He did not file Catholicism. " a flight plan. Lenart alleged that religious Bezak is an experienced pilot sentiments were misused to pro- perhaps one of the best in the mote "anti-Sovietism and anti- world. At the first World Aerosocialism." batic Contest in 1960 at Bratislava, The regime has increased its Slovakia, he was a gold medal atheist propaganda. Thus the mag- winner in aerobatic competition. azine for teachers Ucitel'ske American pilots describe him as Noviny - urged the abolition of a quiet engineer who always wore any "liberal attitude towards re- a suit and tie rather than the casual ligion and the Church in our clothes worn by most competitive society." The journal also pledged pilots. increased atheist education of Shortly after he and his famil y young people by the party, the left Prague, a Czech MIG jet mass media, the schools and major fighter began a chase, and although organizations. Bezak waggled his wings and It also suggested that the Acade- waved to convince the fighter pilot my of Science devise the best they were on a pleasure flight , the 202 SLOVAKIA MIG began to fire on the light plane. Aerobatic maneuvers require precise skill. They are difficult enough in a special airplane, with perfect weight and balance distribution under ideal conditions. With six peop'le in a small plane, they would have to be considered impossible category. In addition, being fired on by a military jet could tend to disturb the concentration. The little plane - loaded over gross, and perhaps a third as fast as the fighter - apparently didn't have a chance. But the pilot was Bezak! According to the Aerobatic Club of America, Bezak flew the book at the military pilot. Flying many of the patterns which had earned him world championship 10 years before, he was able to elude the jet and continue on to the border. Before he reached it, the small plane was fired on from the ground. Bezak dived into a cloud bank, and with the children in tears and his wife in prayer, broke out across the border at 300 feet. The escape was a success. Ladislav Bezak, like most good aerobatic pilots, flies for prizes. During this trip he won the biggest prize of them all - freedom for himself and his family. - Lew Inquirer, Philadelphia Hodges, February 6, 1972. Lehigh is searching for a graduate student of Slovak ancestry to prepare a history of Slovak people in Bethlehem. Money for this project was left to the University from an even more unusual source: a Southside Bethlehem bachelor druggist who died in 1968 at age 67 and left Lehigh $67,500 in an unsigned will. The druggist, John Weldy Wasco, worked and apparently lived at 843 E. 4th Street. Relatives contested his will all the way to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, which upheld two lower court decisions in favor of Lehigh. Wasco stipuleted that $10,000 of the $67,500 was to go toward compiling and printing a history of Slovaks in Bethlehem, and that the project must be carried out by a Slovak student. Wasco's wish appeared in local newspapers without the criteria he set for the historian, and a number of Lehigh faculty expressed interest before learning they did not qualify. Wasco also specified that his personal papers be edited, and left $5,000 for the University to arrange that. University officials could not explain what motivated Wasco's generosity. He wrote a will in 1967 making Lehigh his sole beneficiary, and later changed it to add the provision about the Slovak history. - Lehigh University Publication Ondrej Nepela, the skating wonder from Slovakia, won the 11th Winter Olympic Games' gold medal as Russia's Sergei Chetveroukin edged into second place for the silver and Patrick Pera of France won the bronze. Two Americans, Ken Shelley of Downey, Calif., and John Mischa Petkevitch of Great Falls, Montana, moved into fourth and fifth places, passing East Germany's young Jan Hoffman, who had been fourth after the compulsory figures. Nepela, the world champion, fell early in his program while attempting a triple-toe-loop. Fall do not necessarily ruins a skater's marks since he is judged on the difficulty of his routine. Nepela was smooth and graceful but his program was neither as imaginative nor a dynamic as that of some of his rivals, including the two Americans. Despite his fall, the Slovak rated SLOVAKIA scores no lower than 5.9s in technical merit and he had two 5. 7s with the rest 5.8 in artistic impressions. His total points were 2739.1, well ahead of the rest of the field. In the official ordinal rankings, Nepela had a perfect 9.0, meaning he was rated No. 1 by all nine judges. The Russian had 20.0 in ordinals and Pera 28.0. - Associated Press, February 12, 1972. Dr. Joseph Tiso, wartime president of the Slovak Republic, is no more. Tried and convicted as a "war criminal" by a ~called People's Court, he was executed last week American press dispatches - both secular and religious were concise and negligently brief. No fanfare or publicity. Merely that the priest-president was sentenced and the sentence carried out. Was Dr. Tiso a "war criminal"? The very fact of news silence here betrays a kind of embarrassed admission that things were not just fine in "Glocca Morra." The trials of Draga Mihailovitch and Archbishop Stepinac given due publicity aroused resentment in the United States, an attitude, which, while it accomplished nothing actual for the persons involved, nevertheless illustrated the rightprincipled conscience of the thinking public. But Dr. Tiso's case was denied even the type of consolation, because the facts and circumstances of the Tiso case are quite unknown to the American people. Whose the fault, whose the blame for this? The Hon. Robert Jackson, presiding over the trials in Nuremberg wrote "All experience teaches that there are certain things you cannot do under the guise of judicial trial. You must put no man on trial before anything that is called a court, if you are not prepared to establish his personal 203 guilt . . . If you are determined to execute a man in any case, there is no occasion for a trial. The world yields no respect to courts that are merely organized to convict." Tiso's trial was a travesty of justice. Actually, the issue was a political one primarily. Tried by the "People's Court" Tiso was denied representation by the attorney engaged by his friends. American papers had nothing to say about the fact that Alois Loyek, the attorney, was abused by the security officials, told he could not represent Tiso, and all defense material confiscated. The presiding judge and six political associates was Igor Daxner who himself was once tried by a regular court during Tiso's regime for planning with the Benes government-in-exile to turn Slovakia over to Russia, and sent to jail. Was Dr. Tiso a "war criminal" ? The answer necessitates a thorough perusal of the events which led to his election as Premier of Slovakia before the war started· - under a valid act of the Prague Parliament, events little known here, events in the evolution of democracy in the republic of Czecho-Slovakia without a knowledge of which the case of Tiso cannot be justly viewed. If these facts were made public, perhaps public opinion, such as it is. might be swayed to the right even though a little too late." The Catholic L i ght, Scranton, Pa. 4-25-47. Dr. Tiso's public life was political, though this fact is not to be held in any way against him. In many parts of Europe ecclesiastics find themselves pushed into politics because the cause of their Catholic people needs to be protected, and there are not a sufficient number of laymen educated to the job. Happily, this state of affairs is passing away, for it is not in itself 204 SLOVAKIA very desirable. However excellent the motives of the cleric concerned, he risks his spiritual office being contaminated, at least in public esteem, by the relatively low standards of political life, and the higher he rises in the political world, the harder it may become to distinguish the priest from the politics. Dr. Tiso, so far as we are aware always remained an exemplary priest, but he came to find himself responsible for the fate of his fellow Slovakians in terrible times. Through these times he did his duty to his people as he saw it. In a way not dissimilar from that of an Irish leader in relation to the British, he strove to protect the religion, culture and national autonomy of Slovakia as against the Czechs whose public outlook was dominated by very different rnlues. Such is the path of treason in the eyes of one side and of heroic patriotism in the eyes of the other. And few who tread this hard road can look back on their lives and deny having made mistakes. In the long run history will al- ways vindicate the sincere patriot as against the utilitarian judgment of those who condemn him on a legalistic interpretation of treason. In each case the career of such a man is a challenge to those called UPon to judge him. Are they big enough to look with the eyes of history and to seek reconciliation and understanding by the great gesture? Or are they small men who cannot see beyond the legalisms and their wounded vanity? In the face of this test, Dr. Benes and the rulers of Czecho-Slovakia have dismally failed. They have had to judge a good man, a priest, a great and courageous patriot, and all they have been able to do is to raise a martyr for Slovakia. This small-minded folly is only too typical of the men whom the fortunes of war have favoured . Instead of trying to realize unity on the basis of victory, these little men are as busy as they can be indulging their feelings by carving even deeper the channels which devide man from man and nation from nation. - Catholic Herald . London, 4-25-47. SLOVAKIA is µublishecl annually by the Slovak League of .America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. One of the purpo··es of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciat1on of the Sl<OVak nation and its long struggle foT freedom and i ndependeuce. Subscription to Slovwkia $3.00 pel' year in the L1.S.A. - $4.00 el-sewhere. Send 1mhscription to: SLOV AKI.A 313 Ridge A venue Middletown, Pa. 17057 SLOVAKIA 205 BOOK REVIEWS BOOKS ON SLOVAK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE Reviewed by J. M. KIRSCH BA UM Bibliografia slovenskej jazykovedy ethymology, terminology, orthoand lexicography which are the preferred fields of Slovak linguists; the survey of published articles, studies and books between 1961-1965 shows that Slovak linguists made great progress in the following disciplines; history of the language, dialectology, morphology, syntax, onomastics, stylistic aspects of language, problems of translation, the structure and acoustics of language and language culture. This development become more than apparent if we compare the present work with the Biblio- 1961-1965 (Bibliography of Slo- graphy, vak Linguistics 1961-1965), by Ladislav Dvonc; Matica slovenska (Martin, 1970), pages 804, multi-lingual, English summary. For Western Slavists the Bibliography of Slovak Linguistics is not wLthout interest. This voluminous publication shows that Slovak linguistics has developed considerably during the latter years of the Stalinist regime. It also indicates that the attempts of some philologists, supported by the policy of the regime in the 1950's, to infiltrate the Slovak language with Czech vocabulary and to bring its structure as close to the Czech language as possible in order to create a "CzechoS'lovak language" back-fired. Slovak linguists, with the exception of one or two philologists trained in Prague ( S. Peciar, especi'ally), repudiated these attempts and began not only to clear the Slovak language from foreign infiltrations but in a number of studies brought Slovak linguistics quantitatively as well as qualitatively to the level of other Slavic nations within the Soviet orbit. With its 2111 entries pertaining to the Slovak language, the Bibliography is, however, not simply a numerical expression of the development of li.nguistic studies on the Slovak language. Of great importance is the number of disciplines studied by Slovak linguists. It is not any more only grammar, graphy of Slovak Linguistics for 1957-1960 by the same author. The new Bibliography contains: 1) all linguistic articles, studies and books published in Slovakia; 2) contributions in non-Slovak periodicals ( one from Canada), studies and articles by non-Slovak authors on the Slovak language or on linguistics published in Slovakia. As a result, the entries in this Bibliography are not only more numerous, but also multi-lingual. The publication shows that many Slovak linguists themselves ,published their studies in foreign languages, mainly in Russian. A strong Russian influence in Slovak linguistics is even more evident in the number of articles, studies and books dealing with the Russian language. Bibliographical data about the Russian language cover more than 100 pages, while other Slavic languages follow in this order: Czech 25 pages, Ukrainian 9 pages, Polish 3 pages, Slovenian 206 SLOVAKIA 3/4 of a page, Byelorussian and Bulgarian ¼ of a page each. For a short time the methods of the Russian linguistic school, or as some linguists say, "the Marxists and Stalinists principles and methods," were also imposed on Slovak philology and linguistics and prevailed in some works (see my essay " Contemporary Tendencies in Slovak Philology," Slavic and East European Studies, Vol. IV, 34, University of Montreal, 1960). Around 1960 Slovak linguists turned, however, against the russification as well as against the Czech infiltration of the Slovak language and Slovak linguistics. Studies, articles and books pertaining to the Slovak language have been published, according to this Bibiiography, predominantly in Slovak, but over 300 entries were published in Western languages, including English, in other Slavic languages and in Hungarian. It was mainly the works of the older generation of Slovak linguists (J . Stanislav, E. Pauliny) which appeared in international symposia in English, French or Russian. The younger generation on the other hand has broadened the field of Slovak linguists to include many disciplines and their studies have maintained a high academic level. They continue to be grouped around the periodicals Slovenska rec (Slovak Language), Jazykovedr ny casopis (Linguistic Journal) and Jazykovedne studie (Linguistic Studies) and have published the Zbornik Filozofickej Fakulty Univ. Komenskeho - Philologica (Sym- posium of the F1aculty of Arts of the Comenius University) and Zbornik Filozofickej Fakulty Univ. P. J. Safcirika (Symposium of the University of P. J . Safarik). Editors gether with V. Blanar, L. Dvonc, G. Horak, J. Horecky and R. Krajcovic wrote the major part of the Slovak linguistic studies contained in the Bibliography. Even though the works of foreign philologists (R. Auty, R. Jakobson) from Western countries are included in this Bibliography it does not contain articles, studies or books published by Slovak intellectuals abroad except for one French essay by this reviewer which appeared in Etudes Slaves et est-europeennes (Montreal, 1963). Valuable studies by H. Bartek who was the founder of the periodical Slovenska rec or books, articles, dictionaries and surveys by S. Bue, F. Hrobak, J . J . Konus, J . Rekem and others were apparently not allowed by the regime to be recorded. The "normalization" which followed the brief period of relative freedom in 1968, has again separated the Slovaks in Slovakia from Slovak intellectuals in the West even in the field of linguistics and the population of Slovakia is not allowed to know about the cultural activities among some two million Slovaks abroad. The usefulness of Dvonc's Bibliography for Slavists cannot be doubted. It is a thoroughly prepared standard work. An index of names and a subject index enhance the practical value of this voluminous book. SLOVENSKA BIBLIOGRAFIA V ZAHRANitf 1945-1965 (Slovak Bibliography Abroad 1945-1965) : Compiled by Prof. M. Lacko S.J .. published by The Slovak Institute (Cleveland-Rome), 1967, 366 pp., multi-lingual, instruction in Slovak and English. The long expected Slovak Biblioof these periodicals have been E. graphy Abroad, which had to reJona , J. Ruzicka, Prof. E . Pauliny, cord the cultural activities of L. f>urovic and S. Dobos who to- Slovak intellectuals in the West, SLOVAKIA has finally been published and we cannot but welcome it. Slovak Bibliography Abroad 19451965 records the literary production of Slovak authors in Western countries in the fields of history, political science, religion, philology, folklore, literary history and cdticism, music, theology, literature and natural science. A special chapter deals with general works on Slovakia and Slovaks abroad, includtng Slovaks in Canada. In addition, the Bibliography records the works of non-Slovak authors in the above-mentioned fields if they were translated into the Slovak language and deal explicitly with Slovakia or Czecho-Slovakia as a whole. Absent from this Bibliography are works and studies on Slovak subjects., published in the countries of the Soviet block since it was impossible for the compilers to carry out the necessary research. As a result, the publication contains literary and scientific writings of Slovaks living in some 15 Westem countries and published in all major Western languages. Considering the difficulties which wr:ilters, scholars and scientists face in exile, the Bibliography with its 2,438 entries gives an impressive picture of Slovak cultural life abroad after the Second W . W. One can understand this properly only if he is familiar with some basic facts about the Slovak intellectual community in Western countries. At the end of the Second World War, 50me 5,000 educated Slovak5 left their native country; in 1948 they were followed by a new wave of immigrants after the Communist coup d'etat. In the first wave of exiles were some of the be5t Slovak writers, poets and scores of young intellectuals from all fields of cultural endeavor who either completed their studies at univer- 207 sities in Western countries or continued their intellectual work even if they had to take menial jobs in the countdes in which they found refuge. Many of the younger generation attained positions at universities (22 in Canada) or institutions of higher education. Others became editors of newpapers and many poets and writers continued to write valuable works besides their employment in clerical jobs or other professions. Besides the chapter on literature which records writings of .some 25 poets and 15 prose writers, the largest number of entries is in the chapter on history ( 437), philology and literary history ( 224) , and political science (160). However, the natural sciences and economy are also among the best represented with 275 entries. Writings on history and political science, philology and literary history are predominantly in foreign languages. Some authors (Mikus, Kirschbaum, Rekem, Vnuk) published their studies in 3 or 4 Western languages. In literature, the Bibliography lists works by several of the best Slovak poets and novelists who in exile created works considered among the best in contemporary Slovak literature (Hronsky, Dilong, Sprinc, Strmen, Zvonicky, etc.) . The Bibliography also indicates that there are several Slovak cultural centers in the Western countries. From Canada the Bibliography has listed books, studies and articles 'b y some 20 Slovak authors. Ten of them have been active either tn Slavic studies or in philology, sociology, theology and science, the remaining 15 in literature. Actually Canada and the United States seem to have produced the most prolific Slovak authors, not only in literature but also in other fields. Also the major 208 SLOVAKIA centers of Slovak publishing activities have been in the United States, but Italy, Argentina and West Germany have equally active groups in publishing books, periodicals and newspapers. The BibHography further shows that some Slovak scholars and writers published their writings, including poetry, in several languages (English, French, Italian, Spanish) and in certain cases the originals were written in foreign languages and not translated from the Slovak. This is a new feature in Slovak literature and scholarly writing. Because of adverse political circumstances Slovaks had very limited opportunities to study abroad not only before the Second World War, but also after 1945. The exiled writers and scholars made apparently a great effort to fill this lacuna. No doubt the compiler of the Bibliography, Prof. Michael Lacko, accomplished a task which is usually done by many researchers over several years. By his own admission, he does not cover all published studies and articles by Slovaks abroad ; actually in some cases valuable studies were left out either in foreign language or in Slovak. Additions and extensions to the Bibliography have, therefore, been promised by the compiler, as well as by the publishers. However, even in its present form, the Bibliography is a valuable contribution to Slavic studies and a very useful publication, not only for Slovak scholars and researchers , but also for Slavists who read English, the Bibliography being bi-lingual. The value of the Bibliography is also enhanced by listing bibliographies on Slovak matters as well as periodicals and newspapers, annuals, and symposia, published in some 15 countries. Julius Noge : An Outl.ine of Slovakian L i terature (The Tatrapress Agency, Bratislava), 1968, 120 pp. This is the first book in English on Slovak literature which was published in Slovakia since the Communist takeover in 1948. The fact that it was published in 1968 would indicate that Dubcek's liberalization has to be credited for ,t his slender booklet on 200 years of literary activities in the Slovak language. The restoration of Czecho-Slovakia in 1945 cut off Slovakia from the rest of the world, especially from the West, and Slovak literature, art, science and culture in genera-I were to remain unknown to the Western world. Julius Noge, one of the literary critics who followed the directives of the Communist Party and was, therefore, favored by the Communist regime, divided his "succint" outline of Slovak literature into 7 chapters: From Old Church Slavonic learning (sic) to pre-Romanticism; Romanticism ( 1843-1870 ) ; Realism (1870-1905); Slovakian Literary Modernism ; Slovakian Literature between the wars (1918 1945); Contemporary Literature ( 1945-); Conclusion and Completion. Some of these chapters are very short, superficial and the whole publication is unbelievably biased towards writers and poets whose works expressed ideas opposed to Communism as, for instance, the poets and writers of Catholic modernism and all Slovak writers and poets in exile, except for J . C. Hronsky. Faithful to the directives of the Party, Noge considers as the greatest poets and writers such second class poets as Novomesky or Valek, and such mediocre writers as Vamos and Jilemnicky. "The poems by Laco Novomesky - assording to Noge - are most expressive, from the SLOVAKIA 209 artistic and human point of view that those years were the "dark most mature fruit of modern Slo- age" of Slovak literature. The lie vakfan poetry. His works are fre- has, however, short legs, as a Sloquently the key opening the way vak saying goes. A glance at the to ,t he sense and the problems of Slovak literary production between Slovakian literature between the 1939 and 1945 included in his book, wars and after them." shows that even the leading ComValek, who plays today the role munists published freely: Novoof the Minister of Culture in Slo- mesky published his book in 1939; vakia which after 1945 had been Hecko in 1942; Tafarka in 1942; played by Novomesky is, according Kostra in 1939, 1940, and two books to Noge, even of greater import- in 1942; Ponican in 1940 and 1941 ; ance for Slovak literature. "Valek's Horov in 1940 , l942 and 1944; complex work - writes Noge - . .Zary in 1941 and two books so rich in meaning and expression, in 1942; Ondrejov in 1940, and so inaugurated a new stage in the on. In fact, all Slovak writers and evolution of Slovakian poetry, re- poets created and published during presenting hitherto in some respect th e years of the Slovak Republic its peak." Horibile dictu! The Eng- more th an at any time before, lish reader could not help looking regardless of the fact whether they with contempt on Slovak literature supported the regime or not. Comif these minor poets were its great- munist literary historians should est authors and their poetry re- not underestimate the intelligence presented the peak of Slovak liter- of Wes tern readers. From the readature. ing of Noge's booklet, anyone can find out that, with the exception Noge seems to be objective in of G. Va.mos, who was not in Slohis write-up on individual Slovak vakia and Jilemnicky who was a poets and writers only in his evalu- Czech settled in Slovakia, every ation of the literary works pro- Slovak writer, poet, literary hisduce<l in the 1950's. He admits that torian or critic ,p ublished his works, "authoritarian methods of regle- and the younger ones their debuts mentation in the field of literature during that period. Since it is the first survey of reached ,t heir peak in 1951." He also writes that the literature and Slovak literature in the English poetry of that time was "just the language, we cannot but regret poetic drafting of political and that it is not better either in form journalistic phrases" and that in or content. This publication will prose writing the topics "were hardly convince English, American, treated in the manner of agitating Canadian, or Australian readers propaganda." However, this should that Slovak literature is worthbe understood in the context of while to be studied, taught and the events of 1968 when Noge's read. In addition to its shortbooklet was published. Criticism of comings mentioned above, the pubthe 1950's was not only fashionable lication also suffers from a very in 1968 but also a prerequisite for bad translation and too many printpublishing. ing errors. It would seem that One of the most .biased state- emigre Slovak intellectuals must ments in Noge's book is his asser- publish an English survey of Slotion that during the Slovak Repub- vak literature to present it to the lie some writers and poets "ceased civilized world in an objective light to write belles-lettres," intimating and proper form . 210 SLOVAKIA Letopis Pamatnika Slovenskej Lite- lenced not only Stur but also many ratu:ry 1970. Compiled and Edited of his followers and it was mainly by Juraj Chovan (Matica slovenska, Martin 1970), pp. 250, Russian and German Summary, Index. Slovak literary history receives in this publication some new insights and correct interpretation of the work of three prominent men of letters: Jan Holly, Andrej Radlinsky and Martin Hamuljak. Not only during the inter-war period when Slovak literary history was adjusted to the political aims of "Czechoslovakism", but also since 1945, Catholic writers and their role in Slovak national development was minimized or completely neglected . For a short time after the Second World War, Holly was rediscovered and some valuable publications of his life and work appeared in Slovakia or were prepared for the printers. For the ce11tennary of Holly, literary historians and critics such as Jozef Ambrus, Jozef Felix and others prepared nine volumes of Holly's poetry with comments and evaluation. However, the re.g ime did not allow distribution of Holly's work and it appeared only after 20 years in second-hand bookshops. The reason for such undeserved treatment of Holly's work was apparently the fact that it was published by Spolok sv. Vojtecha. The present publication gives justice to Holly and, at the same time, it presents Radlinsky and Hamuljak and their activities in a true light. Not only in the political history but also in literary history, the period between 1848 and 1918 was interpreted in such a way as if Slovak Catholics had not played any role in Slovak national life. The facts are, of course, quite different. The disillusionment of the year 1848 si- the Catholic intelligentsia who kept the flame of national consciousness alive and were active in cultural and literary life. From Radlinsky through Moyses to Oswald, a score of Slovak Catholics organized cultural and literary activi.ties and fought for the national rights of the Slovak people. Contributions to the present publications by Augustin Mat'ovcik, Zemka Cejkova, Konstantin Palkovie and Juraj Chovan, bring to light some interesting details on this period mainly in connection with Radlinsky's activities. The present Letopis is the fourth publication of this kind by Matica slovenska. All of them have been dealing with research into Slovak literature and contained results of studies by qualified literary historians. The greater part of the present publication is composed of papers presented at two conferences in April 1969. The first confere nce was organized on the occasion of the 120th anniversary of the death of J. Holly in Trnava and the second one on the occasion of the 110th anniversary of the death of A. Radlinsky. In addition of these papers, there is an interesting essay on Slovak studies Slovakica - at foreign universities by J . Kuzmik. The essay deals so far with Slovak studies in Slavic countries. But the title of the essay indicates that it will deal with Slova k studies in all foreign universities and institutions. We hope that Kuzmik will treat the subject with scholarly objectivity when he writes on Slovak studies at American and Canadian universities. A short survey published by him sometime ago indicated that he was not free of the usual bias common to all literary and cultural historians in today's Slovakia. He left out im- SLOVAKIA portant contributions to Slovak studies at Western universities just because of political considerations and inflated the importance of others who professed political ideologies accepted rby the present regime in Czecho-Slovakia. The publication also contains documents and information on various cultural topics, as well as book reviews. Slovaks abroad learned with satisfaction that Matica slovenska in Prievidza organized an exhibition of the literary work of J. C. Hronsky. The exhibition lasted two weeks and met with great interest by the public. The objectivity of this publication is enhanced by including an account on this exhibition in which it has been admitted that Hronsky was "one of the most important, but also systematically under-estimat:ed Slovak writer." Unfortunately, the publication contains only a short Russian and German summary and will, therefore, be useful only for Slavists who can read Slovak. Nevertheless, we welcome this valuable contribution to better and more objective evalu ation of the Slovak literary past. W ith Christ in His Passion. By Rudolph Dilong. '!1ranslated from the original Slovak by Sister M. Martina Tibor, SS.C.M., Villa of the Sacred .Heart, Danville, Pa., 1971, pp. 75, $2.50. The greatest poetic genius of our century, the French poet, Paul Claude!, used to say (in several variations) about the poet and poetry. "The object of poetry is not, as they say very frequently, dreams, illusions or ideas_ It is the holy reality, given once for all times, in the center of which we are situated. It is the universe of in- 211 visible things. It is all that we look at and all that looks back at us. All this is God's work; it renders matter inexhaustible for all the greatest poet says and sings as well as the smallest bird. Since there is a phiiosophia perennis that does not invent ... abstract beings that no one has ever seen except thei r authors, .. . so there is also a poesis perennis that does not invent its themes, but it eternally recaptures those which Creation furnishes to it ... The purpose of poetry is not, as Baudelaire says, 'to plunge into the bottom of the Infinite to find something new,' but to plunge into the bottom of the definite in order to find there the inexhaustible ... Nor is he a poet who invents, but he who, approaching things, assembles and permits us to understand them." Justly we can apply these concepts especially to the religious poetry of Rudolf Dilong, the most prolific and meritorious contemporary Slovak poet living in exile (Pittsburgh, Pa.) So he took a plunge into the sacred reality of the Pascha'l Mystery and with a luminous creative poetic imagry tried the humanly impossible: to capture the uncapturable mystery found in Christ's redemptive mystery of suffering and victory. He listens in these depths and assembles the rays of his poetic vision in powerful and eloquent words. These are his immortal merits. How about the (frequently overlooked) merits of the translator, Sister Martina Tibor? Well, if poetry is art par excellence, so is its translation. To translate poetry well requires above all the perfect mastery of two languages. But this is not enough. The translator must be also a virtual pbet (in potentia), to save in his translation as much SLOVAKIA 212 of the sublime poetic beauty as it is possible. And this process must be a new creation: a scrupulous penetration into the fine shades of meanings and the recapturing in another language this almost imperceptible shimmering of condensed poetic experience and expression. Even so, something will always be lost from the genuine beauty of the original. AU in all, we gladly say that Sister Martina did a splendid job in translating into English the most difficult, exuberant and most sublime religious poetry of the poet1>riest Rudolf Dilong. It is a valuable cultural service to the poetic Slovak genius. Nichoias Sp r in c, Borromeo Seminary College of Ohio ··DIE SLOWAKEI IN DER NACHDER KRIEGSENTWICKLUNG (The TSCHECHO-SLOWAKEI" Role of Slovakia in the Political Evolution of Czecho--Slovakia After the Second World War); by Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum, Schriftenreihe des Matus Cernak Instituts, Koln, Nr. 3, 1971, pp. 32, Bibi. Prof. J . M. Kirschbaum enriched again our political literature by a consice study about Slovakia after lhe Second World War. The publication is destined predominantly to scholars and historians but it will be welcome by anybody interested in political development in Czecho-Slovakia from 1945 to 1968. This period of Slovak history was presented in the West by fore ign historians as well as by Czech exiles in the most distorted light. Prof J. M. Kirschbaum, on the basis of sources in several languages, gives a clear picture of the role of Slovakia in the upheavals through which Czecho-Slov>akia, restored by the Soviet armies, had to undergo after the Second World War. The publication is an enlarged version of an English contribution to Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. X, 4, 1968, which was dedicated by Canadian Slavists to the events in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968. The English version discusses the events until the invasion of Czecho• Slovakia by the Soviet and other Warsaw Pact troops. In the German version there is also a chapter on the federalization of Czecho-Slovakia , and the footnotes were completed by references to works in German, while in the English text, Prof. Kirschbaum referred mostly to books published on the American Continent and in France. The study is divided into four chapters dealing with the Communist coup d'etat in 1948, the ,period of the "cult of personality" in Slovakia, the process of de--Stalinization and the struggle for liberalization and federalization. In each chapter the author traces the special role which Slovakia played in the crucial years of the transformation of Czecho-Slovakia into the most faithful satellite of the Soviet Union. To avoid being accused of "parti pris," Prof. J .M. Kirschbaum heavily relies on quotations from American and Canadian political scientists dealing with Eastern Europe. Among others he often quotes the work by the former Secretary to President Benes, E. Taborsky, who now teaches at American universities, but the most interesting quotation comes from a Czech professor at the University of British Columbia, Stanley Z. Pech, who wrote the following remarkable statement about Western historians writing on Eastern Europe: "Although Western specialists in Eastern European history have usually regarded it as their task to SLOVAKIA I 213 make the West familiar with the Since Prof. F . Hrusovsky published entire panorama of the polyglot his concise booklet This is Slovakia. region, they have in practice often I some 20 years ago, we did not been selective in the favors they have in English any publication to bestoved on each nation. They have give either to foreigners or to incorporated in their work, in Slovaks educated at American, Camodified form, the outlook and nadian or Australian universities, the prejudices of the nations which the basic facts of Slovak history they "adopted." To give the most and cultural life. For this reason, conspicuous examples, they viewed the Slovak World Congress deSlovak history through Czech eyes. serves credit for publishing an In so doing, they have in fact up-to-date account on Slovakia. The publication is composed of created a second-class status for certain nations. The history of the two essays by Prof. J . A. Mikus. Slovaks in the West has usually and six essays by Prof. J . M. Kirschbeen presented from the point of baum. Prof. Mikus deals with the view of "Czechoslovakism" and has individuality of Slovakia, namely, appeared as hardly more than a with geographical and demographical facts and with the personality postscript to Czech history. " of the Slovak nation. Both essays We understand that the first are written in a scholarly way but English book by Prof. J. M. Kirsch- understandable to any reader. baum Slovakia - Nati 01i at the Drawing on personal knowledge Crossroads of Central Europe is and long years of studies of Slovak no more avail.able even though it history, Prof. Mikus displayed ahad three printings. It would be gain by his essays that he belongs a service to the Slovak cause if among the best Slovak authors he revised his book and completed abroad in the field of history and it by the present study in order political science. that students of Slovak history, as The essays by Prof. J . M. Kirschwell as politicians and American baum deal with the historical back and Canadian Slovaks of the second ground of Slovakia, the ethnic and third generations, could have origin and language, cultural, poan objective history on Slovakia. litical, religious and economic The Matus cernak Institute de- background. The essays give a serves credit for publishing this complete and unbiased picture of well documented study. The Slovak 1100 years of Slovak history, as World Congress would render a well as of political and cultural service to the Slovak cause if it evolution of the Slovak people and took care of pl.acing this concise of the economic potential of Sloand expertly written account of vakia. Perhaps intentionally short, modern Slovak history into univer- the essays refer to many books sity libraries in Europe as well as either in Slovak or in foreign languages, which will be welcome by on this Continent. who want to enhance their students J . Pau c o knowledge of Slovakia. SLOVAKIA : Historical and Cu lturThe reader will notice that Prof. al Background, by Prof. J. A. J . M. Kirschbaum made great efMikus and Prof. J. M. Kirsch- forts to present the political and baum, Published by Slovak World religious background of Slovaks Congress (Toronto, Canada, June without any bias. This is in accoro 1971) , pp. 63, ill. bibl. ance with the concept of the Slovak I SLOVAKIA 214 World Congress which published this valuable addition to books on Slovakia. The Congress is guided by national as well as by religious ecumenical spirit. As in his other works on Slovakia, Prof. Kirsch• baum makes a distinction between the history of Slovakia and the history of the Slovak people which is not history of dynasties or expansive wars, but a struggle for survival. Such an approach will probably be most understandable for Slovaks as well as foreigners and may prove to be correct in the last analysis. The publication is enhanced by a map of Europe and several pictures from the history of Slovakia, as well as by a bibliography of English books on Slovakia by Slovak authors. The Editor, Prof. J. M. Kirschbaum added this im· pressive survey of books in English by Slovak authors for Slovaks educated outside Slovakia, and he did the right thing. Published by the Slovak World Congress, this valuable publication was distributed freely to the participants at the meeting in Toronto, and is apparently no more avail• able. It would be a service to the Slovak cause if a second edition be prepared for general use. J. Pa u co ETHNOLOGIA SLAVICA I: Uni· versitas Comeniana Bratislavensis, Facultas Philosophica, Bratislava 1970, p. 226, Multi-Lingual. The liberalization period in Slovakia brought about a favorable change not only in the political climate but also in cultural and scientific activities. Many projects which for years were only debated, materialized in 1968 or 1969. As a result, several symposia from a nllltlber of Conferences dealing with inter-Slavic relations in pre- vious years were published and institutes or chairs of studies were founded and organized. The Institute of Ethnology wa one of them and the present volume ETHNOLOGIA SLAVICA is the first publication of this Institute which has been founded "for the purpose of establishing an institution for ethnological research concerned with the Slavic nations," as the editors say in their multi• lingual introduction. According to the editors, Slovak scholars also planned the establishment of Ethnological Archives and a Society of Slavic Ethnologists but " the well-known events of 1968 (in other words, the Soviet invasion) heavily intefered with the realization of the original program." Only the Institute of Ethnology came into being and this first volume of ETHNOLOGIA SLA VICA is the result of the research of its members and foreign ethnologists. The volume was published on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the Comenius University (1919). The Managing Editor of the publication, Jan Podolak, says in his Preface that the University has been founded "to enable Slovaks to acquire erudition (sic) of university-degree in the national language." However, it is well-known that the students of the Comenius University had to organize demonstrations for the use of the Slovak language as late as 1937-1938 because the mission of the University was to help the assimilation of Slovaks. The situation changed only during the Slovak Republic when education as well as administration, was carried on in the Slovak language which the present day scholars are not allowed to mention. The publication ETHNOLOGIA SLOVAKIA SLA VICA is a valuable addition to Slavic studies and is a long time overdue, if we take into consideration the fact that one of the main founders of Slavic ethnology, P . J. Safarik, come from Slovakia. The volume contains contributions by Slovak as well as foreign scholars, and the essays have been published in English, French and German, with a Slovak resume in some cases, which will make the book accessible also to ethnologists in the West. Of 12 contributions, 3 have been written by Slovaks. Jan Michalek evaluated P . J. Safarik's contribution to Slavic ethnography; Jan Podolak wrote an interesting essay on the pastoral culture of the Carpathians as a subject of ethnological study, and Anton Habovstiak contributed the study "La colonisation pastorale dans les Karpates et les patois slovaques" (The Pastoral Colonization of the Carpathians and Slovak Dialects). Among foreign contributors are Milovan Gavazzi (from Zagreb), Sergei A. Tokarev (from Moscow), Christo Vakarelski (from Sofia), Zoltan Ujvary (from Debrecen), Oldrich Sirovatka (from Brno), Slobodan 2ecevic (from Beograd) , and two contributions have been written by Lusatian-Serbians, Isolde Gardos and Siegmund Musiat. This mosaic of contributors as well as the variety of subjects treated by them gives the book an intemational and inter-Slavic image. This should be velcome in view of the fact that the results of academic activities by Slovak scholars were rarely published in Western languages. The essays are not of equal value but they are all on the level of similar studies in the Soviet orbit. The volume is oriented particularly to Russian but also to Croatian, Bulgarian and Lusatian-Serbian ethnology, but the editors are 215 promising to deal also with Polish, Ukrainian and Yugoslavian ethnology in the following volumes. As an addendum the publication contains reviews in English and in German of the activities and the writings by Czech, Polish, Soviet, Ukrainian and Bulgarian ethnographers and their institutes or periodicals. Since every book in foreign language dealing with Slovak culture is of great importance for acquainting the world with Slovakia, we sincerely welcome this volume and hope that further volumes will follow as the editors promised and that the present generation of Slovak ethnologists will follow in the footsteps of P . J. Safarik who left a rich legacy to Slovak ethnology. * J. M . K i r s c h b au m * On P . J. Safarik, see Kirschbaum , P . J . Safcirik and His Contribution to Slavic Studies (Slavistica No. 43, Cleveland-Winnipeg, 1962) . DUBCEK'S Blu e Print for Fre edom: His Documentation on Czechoslovakia leading to the Soviet invasion, with a Profile by Hugh Lunghi and Commentary by Paul Ello (William Kimber, London, 1968), pp. 352, Index. Among the scores of books which were published on Dubcek and the events in Czecho--Slovakia in 1968* , this book will remain as one of the most useful for scholars and laymen alike. The editors included in the book the most important documents such as Dubcek's speech on April 1, 1968, at the plenary session of the Central Committee of the Czecho,Slovak Communist Party; the Action Programme of the Party; Dubcek's report to the meeting of. the Central Committee on May 29-June 1, 1968, and the warning given by the Presidium 216 SLOVAKIA of the Central Committee in answer to the letters of five Communist and Workers' Parties. Finally, in the Appendix, the book includes Dubcek's speech of December 1, 1968. These contents are expertly introduced and commented upon by Hugh Lunghi, a former member of the British Embassy in Moscow, and Paul Ello from Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Washington. While Lunghi, who has been one of the best informed analysts on the staff of the British Broadcasting Corporation, gives in his Introduction an analysis of the events which led to the Soviet invasion, Paul Ello wrote a concise but well balanced commentary. The Summary is not signcd, and may be the work of either of the writers. The book will have a lasting value for inte11preting the attempts at changing •Stalinism in one o.f the most advanced, culturally and industrially, satellites of Moscow and at giving socialism a "human face. " Both Lunghi and Ello are factual in their analysis and Lunghi did not fail to point out the role of Slovakia and Slovak Communist leaders in the upheavals which many other authors, writing about the "Prague Spring", failed to do. In accordance with the facts, Lunghi writes that "one of the first of Novotny's fatal errors was his mishandling of the Slovaks," and that it was Dubcek's reaction to Novotny's policy towards Slovakia which began the snowball roUing. During the Central Committee meetings at the end of 1967, according to Lunghi the "three issues at stake were, firstly, the implementation of the economic reforms; secondly, freedom of expression and, finally, effective autonomy for SJovakia." (p. 17) . This conclusion has been accept- ed in the meantime as correct also by other authors who had access to documents, especially by Paul Tigrid in his book: La Chute Irresistible d'Alexander Dubcek, (Calmann-Levy, Paris, 1969) which was likewise reviewed in "Slovakia", Vol. 21, p. 206. Lunghi apparently followed the events in Slovakia very closely and without the usual bias which we can find among some Western specialists in East European problems. This appears not only in his assessment of the role of Husak after the invasion but also in his reference to Peter Colotka, Deputy Premier in Prague's government, who made some courageous declarations which resulted in his removal from his post. Lunghi's analysis of the situation in Slovakia was also correctly grasped in his statement that "the federation of the country, longed for by the Slovaks, had, at last been achieved in the face of the Russians who wanted to keep the two nations divided and at logger-heads. During the invasion the Russians had put about the totally false rumors that some Slovak provinces wanted to become Soviet republics. Symbolically, the legislation creating the federal state was enacted to coincide with the 50th anniversary celebration on October 28th." Unfortunately, the law of the federation was enacted but it became ineffective to a great degree because of Czech reluctance, what Lunghi could not, of course, foresee in 1968. Western analysts mentioned various reasons for the occupation of Czecho-Slovakia by the Warsaw Pact military forces in the books so far published on the invasion. Lunghi brings to light a new possible element which finally pushed the Soviet leadership to invade Czecho-Slovakia. During the spring SLOVAKIA and summer of 1968 there was a strong reaction against the secret police which apparently was not only organized on the model of the Soviet secret police but also directed and infiltrated by Soviet agents to whom the Prague Ministry of Interior had to submit interrogation material before bringing them to the ministers themselves. According to Lunghi, the announced purge of the secret police apparatus threatened a vital Soviet interest by the revelations published in the newpapers in Bratislava and in Prague. Moscow's objective was, therefore, "to hold these dangerous processes and to restore a leadership in Prague which would control the population through a Soviet style Communist Party using the proper level of power - a persuasive and omnipotent secret police with no nonsense about 'demonstration of the socio-political 217 system'." (page 25). No doubt this could have been one of the serious reasons for the infamous decision to destroy an interesting effort by Slovaks and Czechs to give socialism a "human face." Paul Ello's commentary, short as it is, is clear and factual, and belongs among the best written ones shortly after the invasion, where there was a lot of confusion in Western countries among the specialists in East Europe. The book undoubtedly deserves to be read and preserved on the shelves for further study of a crucial moment in the history of Eastern Europe and probably in the history of Western civilization. J. M. Ki r s c h b au m • On a number of books on this subject, see my book reviews in "Slovakia", Vol. 21, 1971, No. 44, pp. 205-210. Rudolph Petrak, Slovak Tenor Rudolph Petrak, 54, of 32 Halsey, Dr., Old Greenwich, Conn., a leading tenor with the City Opera Company from 1948 to 1956, died March 4, 1972, at Saint Joseph Hospital in Stamford, Conn. He was born in Sucany, Slovakia had sung at major opera houses in Europe and South America, and as a soloist with the New York Philharmonic, the Philadelphia Orchestra and other noted ensembles. He sang under the batons of such famous conductors as Leopold Stokowski, Ormandy, Leinsdorf and Krips. Mr. Petrak began his career with the Bratislava Opera and made his American debut in 1948 at the New York City Center as Rudolfo in "La Boheme." Congressman Albert P. Morano of Greenwich noted in the Congressional Record of the United States. "I have become acquainted with many artists who have immigrated to America, but know of none more possessed of deep love for his adopted country than Rudolph Petrak." "The New York Times" in an obituary on Monday, March 6, 1972 published his picture as he sang Radames in "Aida" about 1949. The New York Times also wrote: "In 1960 when Mr. Petrak sang at the Philadelphia Orchestra's presentation of Carl Orff's "Carmina Burana" in Carnegie Hall, Harold C. Schonberg, The New York Times music critic noted: "Everything sounded effortless and clear, even the high D that Mr. Petrak took in falsetto".-J.C.S. SLOVAKIA 218 Our Contributor s Karol Kuzmany, Slovak leader in 19th century. Msgr. George A. Galik, J.C.D., author, Hibbing, Minn. Joseph M. Kirschbaum, LL. D., Ph.D., historian, author, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. E . L. Delaney, author, journalist, Glendale, Cal. Fran!;ois d'Orcival, French political writer, Paris. Paul Kotva, pen name of Karol Sidor, former Premier of Slovakia. Sister M. Constance Yakubov, SS.C.M., teacher, St. Cyril Academy, Danville, Pa. Joseph C. Krajsa, Editor of Jednota, lecturer, Middletown, Pa. Joseph A. Mikus, M.C.L., J.D., historian, author, Washington, D. C. Francis Vnuk, M.A., political analyst, professor, Institute of Technology, Adelaide, Australia. Joseph Pauco, Ph.D., journalist, author, Middletown, Pa. K. culen, historian, journalist. Rev. A. V. Pier, O.S.B., journalist, author, Cleveland, Ohio. Dr. Steven I. Miller, assistant professor, Loyola University of Chicago, Ill. Daniel F. Tanzone, B.A., fraternalist, Yonkers, N. Y. Helena T. Gaydos, cultural worker, Philadelphia, Pa. George A. Podhajsky, pen name of a Slovak refugee professor. Rudolph J. Vecoli, professor of history and director of the Center of Immigration Studies at the University of Minnesota. Agnes Bocan, St. Cyril Academy, Danville, Pa. Sister M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M., teacher, author, Danville, Pa. Edward J. Behuncik, attorney-at-law, Stratford, Connecticut. Rev. Nicholas Sprinc, professor, poet, Wickliffe, Ohio. Picture on the front cover: Dr. Joseph Tiso, President of the Slovak Republic. SLOVAKIA 219 Contents Dr. Tiso's Last Message to the Slovak People - 3 Paean to Integrity - Karol Kuzmany-George A. Galik - 4 Dr. Joseph Tiso-the Prelate-Politician who Died on the Gallows for His People - J.M. Kirschbaum - 5 I Met President Tiso - E. L. Delaney - 21 Msgr. Joseph Tiso - Fran(;ois d'Orcival - 26 Murder in Slovakia - Hon. Alvin E. O'Konsld - 36 Speech of Hon. Ray J. Madden - 37 Slovak Bishops Appeal on Behalf of President Tiso - N.C.W.C. News Service - 40 Who Killed Dr. Tiso? - Paul Kotva - 43 Priest, Teacher, President and National Hero - 48 Dr. Jozef Tiso-His Political Creed - Sister M. Constance Yakubov, SS.C.M. - 50 Dr. Peter P. Hletko Most Elite of American Slovaks - Joseph C. Krajsa - 57 Prof. Stanislav Meciar (1910-1971)-In Memoriam - J.M. Kirschbaum - 60 Michael Novak on White Ethnics - Prof. Joseph A. Mikus, M.C.L. , J .D. - 62 Slovak Martyrs - 64 British Attitude Towards Independent Slovakia in 1939 - F. Vnuk - 65 Th e Slovak Benedictines Review 50 Years in Cleveland, Ohio (1922-1972) - Joseph Pauco, Ph.D. - 92 The Cult of SS. Cyril and Methodius Amongst the Slovaks in U.S.A . and Canada - K. Culen - 98 America's Discovery of Ethnic Values - A. V. Pier, O.S.B. - 114 Historical and Empi rical Methods of Studying Slovak-Americans as A Distinct Ethnic Group - Dr. Steven I. Miller - 116 The Slovak Experience In Contemporary America - Daniel F. Tanzone -125 Slovakia, the Land of B eauty - Helena T. Gaydos - 136 Tourist Trade of Slovakia - George A. Podhajsky - 140 Why Our Melting Pot Cooled Off - Rudolph J. Vecoli - 146 An Introduction to Slovak Costume - Agnes Bocaii - 153 Slovak Scientist Stefan A. Jedlik, O.S.B. - A. V. Pier - 158 Matthew Jankola 1872-1916 - Sister M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. Declaration Adopted by Slovak World Congress - 193 Unity Is Necessary - Edward J . Behuncik - 195 As Others See It - 198 Book Reviews - 205 Rudolph Petrak, Slovak Tenor - J.C.S. - 217 161 PRI NTI D IN U.S. A. JIDN OTA PlllN TER Y, MID DLli TOW N, PA.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 22 (No. 45) Description An account of the resource includes Current Issues; As Others See It; Book Reviews; Obituary; Contributors Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/568490385330d47fb80d9209df65be2c.pdf d59a318ed00651d7d7febfea970b382e PDF Text Text �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXI • 1971 • NO. 44 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA JIJ Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. � �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXI • 1971 • NO. 44 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA JIJ Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1971, Vol. 21 Description An account of the resource Vol. 21 (No. 44), 1971. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXI • 1971 • NO. 44 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA JIJ Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 21 (No. 44) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/723bfaf4aefbd5e911707c6f38422bad.pdf 9f95f2cb98ee85afce41ac6d0fff4940 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 189 CURRENT ISSUES Proclamation of the 42nd Congress of the Slovak League of America At Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Solemnly convened in Congress, the officers and delegates of the Slovak League of America formally decla·r e that: 1. We rededica,te ourselves and our membership to the preserva,l!ion of the basic moral principles set forth in the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights of the United Staites o·f America and the United Naitions organization. 2. In light of the above, we request our member organizations and the memberships to solicit their lo<:al, state and federal officials for assistance needed to reestablish Slovakia as a democratic state in a free Central Europe. 3. Fwrther we ask all our fellow citizens to likewise rededicate themselves to the great challenge and opportunities confronting all decent God fearing people in this period of violence, hatred and abuse of lawful authority; for, without a concerted effort by the silent majority, we could easily lose the God given rights and freedoms which we here enjoy, and which are presently non-existent in Slovakia and other nations with age old Christian cultures and traditions, and to insure tile continued safeguarding of these precious rights and gifts, as loyal citizens, we put our trust in and support the dedicated efforts of our President, Richard M. Nix·on, to end the Indochina War, to establish an honorable peace and to restore domestic tranquility. In witness whereof, we have caused these sentiments to be published this 24th day of May, 1970. Edward J. Behuncik, President Joseph Pauco, Secretary �190 SLOVAKIA Slovak World Congress (Mr. TAFT asked and was given permission-June 30, 1970-to address the House of Representatives for 1 minute and to revise and extend his remarks and include extraneous matter.) Mr. TAFT. Mr. Speaker, last week the American Slovak fraternal and religious organizations were participating in the First Slovak World Congress which was held in New York City at the Americana Hotel. I had both the honor and the pleasure to be one of their guests at the banquet, Sunday, June 21, together with my colleagues from the Congress-Ray J. Madden, Paul Findley, Michael A. Feighan, William E. Minshall, and John M. Murphy. Congressman Joseph M. Gaydos, himself of Slovak origin, was unfortunately in hospital at the time and missed this worthy event. Ambassador Nguyen Huu Chi, permanent observer to the United Nations, was also present. Representatives of other American nationalities were also present. Senator John G. Tower, an outstanding American and an eloquent speaker, gave the keynote address. It was a fine speech and the assembled were unanimous in their praise of Senator Tower's presentation and knowledge of history. Among the many delegates from the free world, including from Australia, Latin America, Europe, and Canada, who attended the sessions were also three bishops, Andrew G. Grutka of Gary, Ind., the honorary chairman of the congress; Michael Rusnak of Toronto, and Paul Hnilica of Rome, Italy. Stephen B. Roman, the internationally known industrialist from Canada, chaired the proceedings of the congress with Bishop Grutka. Mr. Roman was elected the chairman of the Slovak World Congress for 1970-71. The major organizations from the United States participating in the congress included the National Slovak Society, presided by John Pankuch, the Slovak Catholic Union, presided by John A. Sabol, the Catholic Sokol, presided by Paul Fallat, Slovak League of America, by Edward Behuncik. �SLOVAKIA 191 Feeling certain that many other heritage groups in our great country will find gems of hope for their own ideals, I include Senator Tower's introduction and speech in the Record at this point: Introduction of Key Speaker (By Joseph Krajsa, editor of the largest fraternal American Slovak newspaper) When you think of Texas you immediately think of something big. And President Nixon has sent someone Big to extend official greetings to the Slovak World Congress. The distinguished United States Senator from Texas, Senator Tower, known as a Progressive-Conservative, is a close advisor to President Nixon and serves on three major committees-Armed Services, Banking and Currency, and the Joint Committee on Defense Production. He has spent more time with our commanders and troops in Southwest Asia than any other member of the Senate. The Senator is an internationally known leader and has been distinguished as a gentleman of dedicated zeal. All of you present here today have displayed a zeal for an ideal. We are fortunate that our distinguished American, Senator Tower, shares our zeal. His presence here during his busy congressional session proves his interest in the Slovak cause, a cause so common to all separate ethnic cultures. His massage will be rewarding to all nationality groups, but especially to the Slovak delegates here assembled from all over the free world. And yes, Senator, to the thousands of Slovak Americans living in Texas, too. It has been said that one day the world will be reformed, but not by reformers, but as a result of a zeal for an ideal that is burning in the hearts of dedicated men. Ladies, and gentlemen, it is my pleasure to present to you an inter• nationally known gentleman, our guest to honor, a public servant of dedicated zeal, our distinguished United States Senator from the State of Texas, the Honorable John G. Tower. Thank you for that very fine introduction. Mr. President, Your Excellencies, Reverend clergy, Mr. Ambassador, my distinguished colleagues in the Congress, ladies and gentlemen. �192 SLOVAKIA It certainly is a great pleasure to be here today. It's extremely difficult for me to undertake to address you as the final speaker on the program. I have listened with great interest to all that has been said, but have not understood it all, since I don't speak Slovak. And so I am reasonably sure that Steve Roman has probably made my speech. But I'll find out afterwards. I think that this is a great and significant moment that you meet here in your first World Congress. I think it is always inspiring when like-minded people get together for a noble common cause. You are Slovaks and I am an Anglo-Saxon. But we are all childred of God. And as such, we are enjoined to stand fast in the liberty with Christ who set us free. We are all of one family. And we are our brothers in the common cause to try to achieve in this world, and in that which God intends, freedom for all mankind. There are those in this world today who I think are ready to give up in the struggle against totalitarianism. I am so happy to note that you people are not among them. There are many in our country who have never felt the lash of communist imperialism. Because Karl Marx stated things in lofty terms, in terms of thinking what he considered to be human objectives, they think perhaps that system is not so bad after all. I wish every American could have shared the experiences many of you had, who have lived under communist totalitarianism to understand what it is all about. I have never lived in a totalitarian system, but I've been in places in this world where I've seen the stultifying and inhuman effects of the communist drive for world aggrandizement. As it has been noted, I have been in Vietnam several times. I returned from there, most recently, several weeks ago. Two weeks ago, today, I was sludging around on the battlefield in Cambodia. Today I'm glad to report to you that we are achieving our objectives in Vietnam. We can measure our achievement in several ways. We have reduced the capacity of the enemy to wage massive forces against us. We have improved the fighting qualities of the army of South Vietnam. And I can tell you that Army, and indeed all the Armed Forces of South Vietnam performed �SLOVAKIA 193 in a most professional, courageous and effective manner in the recent and current operations in Cambodia. And, I am given to understand by the military commanders, that this will hasten the day when we can bring our boys back home. But I think the most important reason, and underlying everything, is the fact that now most of the Vietnamese people have had some experience with Communism. They may not understand democracy, as you and I understand it. They may not understand all of the responsibilities of self-government, as you and I understand it. Those who have lived under the Viet Cong, and under the heel of North Vietnamese military have made a decision, that they would rather be with us. I think that the only way we can fail to accomplish our objectives, in trying to combat communist aggression in Southeast Asia, is for the people here at home to throw in the towel. I do not think we can lose the war in Southeast Asia if we can maintain our presence there. I know I didn't have to convince you about our responsibilities in the world. You know what Communism has done to Eastern Europe and what America must do to maintain her own security. You know the reason why. It's the same reason that we fight today in South Vietnam because Communist aggressor powers seek to expand their realm by force. There are so many naive people, unfortunately, too many of them on the college faculties of this country, who hold that there is no danger from Communist aggression. I imagine that the people in Czecho-Slovakia can say a word or two on that score. And I wish that they who have fled from the Russian tanks and tbe Russian machine guns could be on the college faculties so that our youth can get a better impression of what Communism is really like. How can we believe that there is no danger? There are those who try to impose a sense of guilt on the people of the United States for the arms race. We didn't start the arms race! It was not the U.S. which continued to maintain its poverful military force immediately following World War II. We demobilized. It was not the U.S. that swallowed-up the Eastern European countries with the use of military force. It was not the U.S. who sealed off Berlin. It-was not the U.S. who invaded �194 SLOVAKIA South Korea. And, in the past few years, from the point of strategic technology, the Russians have been developing their military potential at a much greater rate than we have. I submit to you that there is a clear and present danger which you well know. And I am not speaking so much to you, as I am through you, to a lot of people who are not in this room. But who should understand that this nation must maintain a posture of military superiority, not inferiority. Not parity, but superiority! Because if we fail to maintain it, my friends, there will be no hope for the Slovaks, nor for the millions of others to ever aspire to freedom and selfdetermination and have any reasonable hope of realizing it. Does anyone believe that if the Soviets achieve strategic military superiority they will not use it to blackmail the rest of the world into going along their way. And you know what their way is. My friends, we are going to be in grave trouble by the end of this decade, or perhaps even before, if we don't recognize this fact. I don't believe that we, Americans, can retreat to "fortress America" and hope to survive as a great nation ourselves. Even if we made our country impregnable; if we withdrew from the world, other nations would have to make their own accommodations with the Soviets. Then we will find ourselves in grave economic difficulties in a few years hence, because we are not a self-sufficient nation. We depend on sources and resources from other parts of the world. So, our capacity to progress as free people in the free enterprise system is involved here. But beyond that the mantle of world leadership has fallen on our shoulde11s whether we like it or not. We certainly are our brothers keepers! If we, as a Judeo-Christian society don't believe that then we have lost sight of the basic tenet. We are our brothers keepers, and have a responsibility to try and maintain a secure world in which Slovaks and all others, can aspire to freedom and hope ultimately to achieve it. I'm pleased to bring you greetings from the White House. I'm also pleased to observe that you are willing to make common cause with all others, to combat the great Communist menace. There can be no freedom where Russian tanks, Russian soldiers occupy soil. There is no �SLOVAKIA 195 freedom in such territory anyplace. Ultimately, I think that all societies in this world can aspire to the kind of progress we in the U.S. and Canada have enjoyed through the free enterprise system. In the final analysis, when man becomes totally dependent upon the State, he losses his freedom. The right of man to own and do with his property what he considers best to him and his environment is a ba:sic right and the major factor which prevents his being reduced to meek dependency on the State. I commend you for what you are doing. I wish you well. Know that you are not alone, that there will be those of us who although are not Slovak, will be at your side. God speed! COMMENTS SIXTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE POET JAN DORANSKY Among Slovak poets and writers in exile whom we considered in 1945 as the "young generation," there are several who are approaching their venerable age of 60 years. In 1971, we should not bypass in silence the 60th birthday of one of them-Jan Doransky, born on May 28, 1911, in Trstena. Coming from a part of Slovakia which gave to Slovak literature and public life many outstanding poets and novelists, Jan Doransky inherited a love for literature and began to write in his early youth, first for student's periodicals, later for literary and cultural monthlies. Afte·r finishing his secondary education, he studied law at the University of Bratislava and practiced as a notary in various parts of Slovakia. The outbreak of the Second World War interrupted his civilian life. Being, however, known at that time as a poet and writer, he was retained in the Department for cultural affairs at the Ministry of National Defense. When the Russian armies overran Slovakia, Doransky with thousands of other Slovak intellectuals left with his family for the West. After spending two years in Austria and two years in Rome, he landed in Canada �196 SLOVAKIA in 1949 and has lived in Montreal for the past eighteen years. Doransky is a poet of considerable versatility, and besides many lyrical verses and patriotic poems, he wrote in Canada a drama called Stard mat', neopust'aj nds (Grandmother do not leave us alone), successfully played by Slovak groups across Canada. The play was originally published in Kanadsky Slovak and later in 1953 in book form. Before coming to Canada, Doransky had published in 1939 a play called Novou cestou (On a new path) and in 1943 a collection of satirical verses Slepi pasazieri (Blind passengers). In Slovakia as well as in Canada, his poetry was published in various anthologies : Pred ohnivym drakom (1939), Vo vyhnanstve (1947), Zdravica sv. Cyrilovi a Metodovi (1963); in literary periodicals (Kultura, Most) and in almanacs. In recent years his epigrams published either in the quarterly Most or in newspapers and almanacs became preferred reading among Slovak intelligentsia in the free world. Besides poetry, Doransky wrote a number of short novels and other prose contributions for periodicals (Oral Tatransky, Svojet', Kultura) under the pen-name Hamernik and for the Slovak almanacs and newspapers in Canada and the United States under the name J. D. Oravec. Doransky's literary production is extensive and only the difficulties which a poet or a writer has to overcome in exile, prevented him from publishing his writings in book form. At his 60th birthday, two or three collections of lyrical verses, one collection of short novels and three collections_ of epigrams and satire are among his manuscripts awaiting more favorable circumstances for publication. All who like his poetry and his excellent epigrams called by him "Jedorasty", cannot but wish him that he may live to see not only his manuscripts published but also go back to a free and independent Slovakia for which he fought and to which he dedicated his life and his talent. Ad multos annos! J. M . Ki rs c h b au m �SLOVAKIA 197 GREAT DISTINCTION FOR SLOVAK POET KAROL STRMEN Slovak emigre poetry has given to Slovak literature not only its share of excellent original works which echo the great poets of Western nations, but also a new dimension in masterful translations from several world literatures. Recently Slovak literature achieved recognition in this field from the excellent work in scholarship and poetry of one of the most gifted Slovak poets, Prof. Karol Strmen. On October 28, 1970, during the meeting of the Association of American Teachers of French, held in New Orleans, the cultural attache of the French Embassy in Washington presented Prof. Strmen, on behalf of the Government of France, with the Medal of the Knight of Academic Palms. No doubt it has been a deserved distinction, and Slovak literary community abroad is rightly proud of it. Karol Strmen (born in 1921), by vocation university professor of Romance literature, enriched Slovak poetry by translations from several World literatures as well as by his own poetic works. Belonging to the "Catholic Moderna" but following his own literary path, Strmen impressed literary critics and readers almost unanimously as a gifted and mature poet from the time he published his first verses in the prestigous literary monthly Slovenske Pohl'ady, and his first two collections of verses Vyzinok zivota (Harvest of Life) (1940), and Testament (1945) . Attracted by French, Spanish, German and Italian poets, whose works he was masterfully translating during the past two decades, Strmen deviated from the main stream of Slovak emigre poetry as indicate his two collections of verses Striebornd Legenda (The Silver Legend) (1950), and Cakaju nivy jar (Meadows are Expecting Spring) (1963), and his contributions to literary journals and newspapers. His poetry is rather for the cultivated than for the average readers and the traditional and national values are less visible in his poetry than in the poetry of other Slovak emigre poets. Among Strmen's early translations is an anthology �198 SLOVAKIA from the poetry of Michael Eminescu, R. M. Rilke, the wellknown poem by Edgar Allan Poe "Raven" and several poems by Dante. His translating activity increased during the years of his exile to a degree unequalled by any other Slovak poet or writer. He continued to translate from practically all Romance languages as well as from German and English. Among the main translations are Robert Browning's Portuguese Sonnets (1947), Paul Claudel's Via Crucis (1954) and Dante's Inferno (1963 ) . In manuscript form he has Shakespeare's dramas. Slovak literary journals like Most, Literdrny Almanach Slovdka v Amerike, and other Slovak annuals have published regularly his translations from many literatures. His master work in translated poems is, according to literary critics, Dante's Inferno, published in a highly elaborate volume also from the printing point of view. It was, however, Paul Claude!, whose work he liked best and on whom he wrote his doctoral dissertation. Strmen who originally intended to study theology, translated also the New Testament and other religious books, hymns and psalms. Together with sprinc he deserves credit for many cultural activities which developed among Slovaks in exile since the end of the Second World War. Like Sprinc he left home for the United States and in 1949 settled in Cleveland. He is a member of several learned societies, of the Slovak Institute, Slovak Association of Writers and Artists, etc. Even though many of his poems reflect his strong patriotic feelings and aversion to communism before which he fled in 1945, Strmen was among the few emigre poets and writers whose verses pierced the Iron Curtain and were published in 1968 thaw in Slovakia. Slovak emigre writers and poets congratulate their distinguished colleague. J. M. Kirschbaum . . . The Polish monthly Kultura, which is published in Paris by the intellectuals who either did not return to Poland after the Second World War, or escaped the Communist tyranny, dedicated a special issue to the upheavals �SLOVAKIA 199 in Czecho-Slovakia. Unfortunately the presentation of the events which led to the liberalization and de-Stalinization movement seems to be strongly influenced by Czech propaganda or insufficient knowledge of the situation in Slovakia, as well as of the role which Slovaks played in changing the Stalinist system and giving "a human face to socialism." Prof. J.M. Kirschbaum who has many friends among Polish intellectuals and has been known for his positive attitude towards Poland since the time of his studies in Warsaw and Cracow, wrote to the editor of Kultura a let.t er but he never received an answer to his friendly remarks. As a result, we decided to publish the letter as a document to record that we were not silent when the presentation of historical events, in which the Slovaks played an important role, has been distorted. Mr. Jerzy Giedroyc, Editor: Kultura, 91 Avenue de Poissy, Paris, France. Dear Sir: I have read with great interest your special issue dedicated to Czecho-Slovakia. As a representative of that group of Slovak political exiles who always stood for a close friendship with Poland, I feel obliged to write a few comments on that issue, especially with regard to the view that the movement for liberalization and democratization stemmed from the Hussite traditions. There is a number of good studies in the West by AngloSaxon and French political writers who analyzed the policy of Czecho-Slovakia during the period of the so-called de-Stalinization and none of them came to a similar conclusion. Only a few journalists stationed in Prague during the summer of 1968 accepted, for reasons which I will mention later, the Czech view that the liberalization movement was due to their national traditions. Books and studies by Western experts in Eastern Europe, like Prof. Skilling, Ph. E. Mosley, W. E. Griffith, Kertesz and even Duchacek, indicate that the Czech part �200 SLOVAKIA of the population of Czecho-Slovakia were lethargic and did not come until 1968 with any noteworthy opposition to the Stalinist regime of Antonin Novotny. Two Czech writers in Griffith's symposium even accuse their compatriots of fully supporting that regime after the upheavals in Hungary and Poland or later when the Slovak intellectuals began to attack the Stalinist dictatorship. (See Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. X, 4, 1968.) I think it can be objectively established that the movement for liberalization and democratization not only started in Slovakia, but also was carried on mainly by the Slovak intellectuals. One of the contributors to your special issue on Czecho-Slovakia, P. Carnogursky, pointed to this fact, but did not develop his thesis by giving names and data. In all serious studies in the West it has been accepted that the beginning of the de-Stalinization was a Congress of Slovak writers in May 1963 and a following Congress of Slovak journalists. Actually, Slovak writers attacked the Novotny regime and its Stalinist form and tactics in 1956 and the crimes and methods of that regime were described in a book by Ladislav Mnacko : "Belated Reportages." The Slovak review "Kulturny zivot," then systematically attacked and criticized the regime, asking for a change towards more freedom and more human methods. After 1963, the Slovak intellectuals, among them also several intellectuals of Jewish origin (G. Husak, L. Novomesky, M. Hysko, V. Mihalik, L. Kalisky, E. Lobl, E. Goldstticker, Spitzer ), began an organized struggle for more freedom, justice and democracy. They created a sort of brain trust, behind Alexander Dubcek, who became the embodiment and leader of this movement. The reasons behind the fact that the movement started in Slovakia, can be found in the harsh treatment of Slovakia by the Prague Government under Gottwald and mainly under Novotny. In the purges organized by Prague was eliminated not only Dr. Vlado Clementis, the ideological leader of communism in Slovakia, who died on the gallows, but soon after him all the influential and educated communist leaders branded as bourgeois nationalists. Slovakia �SLOVAKIA 201 was submerged in terror, persecution, de-nationalization and an economic crisis, which was created intentionally by the Government of Prague. President Novotny also hurt the pride and feelings of the Slovak population and, therefore, in the 1960's the outrage was general in Slovakia. When the "bourgeois nationalists" were freed from prisons and rehabilitated, they began to speak about the horrors of their investigations and imprisonment and this gave the impulse to the writers and to the intellectuals, who previously sided with Novotny for an attack on Novotny's regime, because in the purges of the 1950's, mainly Slovaks and Jews became the victims of the furor of the Prague Government. In the Czech part of the country the intellectuals did not feel the terror with such intensity and, therefore, they joined only slowly and individually the movement for democratization and de-Stalinization. As a result, the movement was headed not only by Dubcek but also by Goldsti.icker, Lobl, and many others, all from Slovakia. Should your Revue be interested in a more detailed analysis of this period and should more arguments be required to support my statement that not the Hussite traditions or Czech attachment to democracy were the moving force in the upheavals of 1968 in Czecho-Slovakia, but the Slovak nationalism and striving of Slovaks and some good Czechs for freedom and a more human life, I would be only too glad to send to you a documented study on this subject. Yours very truly, Prof. J. M . Ki rs c h b au m " . THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA represents an overwhelming majority of organized Americans of Slovak descent; actively affiliated with it are the large3t Slovak fraternals, religious organizations, Slovak Clubs and Slovak civic organizations in the United States . . . . THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA is an AMERICAN INSTITUTION; it was organized May 26, 1907, at Cleveland, 0., by the Rev. Stephen Furdek. �202 SLOVAKIA BOOK REVIEWS NEW COLLECTION OF SLOVAK EMIGRE POETRY Jan Okal', Voda a vino (Water and Wine, United States 1970) , pp. 70. Eugen Vesnin, Aj v etrurskych zahradach (Also in the Gardens of Etruria, Buenos Aires, 1970). Rome, as the first free refuge of many Slovak intellectuals, inspired several Slovak ,poets and writers who created during the past quarter of a century literary works of high standards. Among them was not only J. C. Hronsky, R. Dilong, M. Sprinc, and K. Strmen, but also Jan Okal' and Eugen Vesnin. All of them reacted to the beauty of the Eternal city in prose or verse and enriched Slovak emigre literature by several volumes. The above volumes by Jan Okal' and Eugen Vesnin attest to the creative inspiration of Rome and Italy. Jan Okal' (born in 1915) published his first verses in Slovakia during the War in two collections Nehnem sa (I do not move, 1942) and L!ubost' (Love, 1944). He also profusely contributed to Slovak periodicals, wrote short stories for children and translated from Ukrainian literature. It was, however, in exile that his talent developed. Even though he spent most of his time as editor of a S1ovak newspaper in the United States, and for several years also as the editor of Literarny Almanach Slovaka v Amerike, he did not cease to publish poetry or prose of refined taste and literary ma• turity. He also published in English a well-written sketch on the Slovak Robin Hood-George Janosik: A Carpathian Saga ( 1953) and a chronicle in 13 poems called Kro- nika siovakov (The Chronicle of Slovaks, 1954), as well as a satirical novel Blizenci (Gemini, 1962) and translations from I Fioretti di San Francesco . After a few years of silence, he surprised now readers and critics by the above mentioned collection of his poetry, in addition to many verses published in the literary journal Most or in almanacs and calendars. His collection Voda a vino (Water and Wine) is a masterfully illustrated volume of lyrical sketches in verse which reflect Okal"s years spent in Rome and Italy. All his poems, usually not longer than one or two verses, are sensitive and well-written images of beautiful monuments and places of Rome and of •o ther countries which he visited during his exile. The volume under review proves that Okal' is a refined and gifted poet as well as an alert commentator on literary and cultural matters. Personal reminiscences and memories give to his book, as well as to his scattered poems in literary journals, a certain gentleness and tenderness. All his published works were artistically illustrated by the well-known Slovak artist, Joseph G. Cincik, and belong to the finest readings in Slovak emigre literature. * The ancient beauty of Rome and the cultural heritage of the Mediterranean area marked even more the lyrical verses of Eugen Vesnin (Dr. Ignac Zelenka, born in 1913) . After publishing a score of verses in Slovakia before the war, Vesnin spent in silence nearly three dee- �203 SLOVAKIA ades before his three collections of mature lyrical poetry were published in Slovak, and an anthology in Italian. For the past 25 years a librarian in the Vatican library, Vesnin--as the Osservatore Romano wrote when his Italian collection was published- is a "poet of peace, love, patriotism and the beauty of nature, but also well-known as a scholar." Osservatore Romano mentions in this connection Vesnin's works on the Vatican, on the Holy See, as well as 1111 essay on Juraj Knzanic, the -p recursor of Pan-Slavism, and on the liturgical editions which can be found in the Vatican library. Among Vesnin's published poetical works should be mentioned the following collections: Zo zcitisia ntim6z (1965) which appeared also in Italian translation by Prof. Leo Magnino under the title L'Oasi delle mimose (Rome 1967); Jani e som potomok i latokopov (I am not a descendant of gold-diggers) and S temena mojich hor (From the top of my mountains, Buenos Aires 1966) . These collections were followed by lyrical verses Aj v etrurskych zcihradach (Also in the Gardens of Etruria, Buenos Aires, 1970), which seems to be the best selection of Vesnin's peotry. In spite of the fact that Vesnin spent nearly his whole life in Rome where he originally studied theology, his poetry is deeply patriotic and one of his verses "Salute to my Country" can be considered even in its Italian translation as one of the best patriotic poems of the Slovak emigre literature. The literary critic Jan E. Bor considers Vesnin as one of the highly gifted lyrical poets of his generation. The readers, including this reviewer, will agree that his poetry is an enjoyable and cultivated reading. J. M . Kirschbaum TWO FOREIGN LANGUAGE COLLECTIONS OF SLOVAK POETRY Mikulas Sprinc: DRIFTWOOI) Poems translated from the Slovak by the author, Larz Pearson and Jaroslav Vajda. Engravings by Dr. Joseph G. Cincik. Published by the Slovak Institute in Cleveland, Ohio, 1969. Printed by the Benedictine Press at St. Andrew's Abbey, Cleveland, 0. Gorazd Zvonicky: SOLTANTO ROVINE - Italian translation by Milan S. !>urica and Ernesto Simonetto. Published by Associazione di cultura ceca e slovaca "Arturo Cronia," Padua, 1968. Slovak culture was enriched recently by two excellent collections of translations of poems by two of our outstanding poets in exile. The first collection is published in English and presents a selection of recent verses from the lyrical works of the cultivated and sensitive poet, Mikulas Sprinc. The selection, as well as the translations, are very successful and the English reader will go through this carefully published and artistically illustrated volume with delight. Whoever likes intimate lyrics written by a poet who seems to combine the art of Paul Verlaine and the spirit of St. Francis of Assissi will enjoy every verse of this excellent collection. Some verses were translated by the author himself, others by the well-known translator of Slovak poetry into English, Rev. J. Vajda, and some by one of the students of the poet, Larz Pearson. As usual, �204 SLOVAKIA the translations do not reflect exactly the Slovak text and its musical and rhythmical quality but, on the whole, all translations attest to the talent of both the auther and the translators. Those who appreciate poetry which is rooted in the strong belief in the Creator without sounding too religious, and those who like the beauty of life iu the songs of birds, the color of flowers, the sound of the wind, and blue skies or the colors of the rainbow, will find delight in reading Mikulas Sprinc's poetry. The volume also contains several fine poems with patriotic overtones expressing the poet's love for his lost and oppressed native Slovakia. The author and the publishers deserve credit for enriching Slovak culture by this valuable volume. there is a refined poet following in the footsteps of Slovak fighters for the nation's freedom, who used the most efficient weapon against tyranny and the sufferings of the Slovak people--the deeply felt and masterfully written poetic protest. As in the case of the volume by Mikulas Sprinc, Slovak intellectuals in the free world as well as at home will appreciate Zvonicky's publication. -jmkDr. Heinrich Kuhn: Bibliographisches Handbuch der Tschechoslowakei. Publications of the Collegium Carolinum, Verlag Robert Lerche, Munich 1969. Dr. Kuhn has added to his very useful previous work Handbuch this new pubThe collection "Soltanto Rovine" der Tschechoslowakei the biowith deals which lication by Gorazd Zvonicky in the tranlapoliticians, Party oftion of Prof. Milan S. !>urica and graphies of and other persons in the Ernesto Simonetto, is another valu- ficials the present Czechoable contribution. Masterfully il- public life of Slovakia. lustrated , the volume gives both As in his previous work, Dr. the Slovak text as well as the Italian translation. Gorazd Zvoni- Kuhn shows a detailed knowledge cky is one of the best contemporary of the subject and prepared it with Slovak poets, highly cultivated and his usual "ptinktlichkeit" and segifted. His poetry is of the same riousness of a scholar. Therefore, genre as that of Mikula!; Sprinc- specialists in Eastern Europe will lyrical, intimate, musical and well welcome this new publication ewritten. It wa~, therefore, not easy specially after the Soviet occupato make an adequate translation. tion placed Czecho-Slovakia again The translators used free verse and into the focus of international indid not look for rhyme. Neverthe- terest. Kuhn's work has been published less, the volume transfers to the readers the feeling of a Slovak in loose sheets in two volumes patriot and poet towards the brutal which will be welcomed by reoccupation of his native country searchers as a very practical way by Soviet troops and the martyr- of dealing with the political figures dom of the Slovak population. The in occupied Czecho-Slovakia. All verses express, however, not only biographies are carefully prepared, intimate and personal sorrows, but containing the most important data. also indignation of all Slovak pa- In some biographies the author triots and of the whole Slovak left out the place of birth of some politician or Party official, but he nation. Once more in Slovak poetry I gives detailed information on all �SLOVAKIA the main leaders either in the government or in the Party. In some cases, like that of the present First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czecho-Slovakia, Dr. G. Husak, it would have been useful to mention the ten years he spent in jail under Novotny's regime, as well as his writings in periodicals about his experience in Novotny's dungeons. Dr. Kuhn mentions only three publications by Husak and in the first one there 205 is a slight mistake in the title. It should read "Zapas o zajtrajfok." Since the leading figures of Slovak and Czech political life were often presented in the West with journalistic superficia!lity, confusing Slovaks for Czechs, we we1lcome this book because it will enable everybody interested in the problems of Czecho.Slovakia to receive correct information. J . M . Kirschbaum BOOKS ON DUBCEK AND SLOVAKIA Among some 50 books in the English and French languages which dealt with the events in Czecho-Sl-ovakia in 1968 and after, there was none, as mentioned last year in my review of books on Slovakia, which paid attention to the situation in Slovakia. The authors of these books overlooked the fact that the liberalization movement had started in Slovakia and that it was also headed by a Slovak-Alexander Dubcek. Prof. Gordon Skilling, who is one of the foremost Canadian specialists on post-war Czecho-Slovakia, drew attention to this lack of interest or intentional neglect in the works of Western specialists in Eastern Europe.1 The role of Slovaks was analyzed and evaluated only in the Canadian siavonic Papers (Vol. X, 4, 1968) by this writer. In 1970 we have, however, several books or studies which do not treat the events in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968 exclusively as "Prague Spring" but are concerned with the whole country and point out to the specific Slovak problems and the role the Slovaks played in the deStalinization period. The best among these studies in English so far is the book by William Shawcross DUBCEK (London, 1970) which would deserve a much more extensive review than space allow us. Another work also deserves our attention is "Dubcek's Biue Print for Freedom" by Lunghi and Ello (Kimber, London, 1968) c1s are two essays by the members of the staff of the Czeclio-Slovak Section of the B.B.C., Michael Montgomery and Deryck Viney. The latter wrote an interesting essay in "Studies of Comparative Communism" (University of Southern California, July-August 1969). The book by Shawcross does not give any biography except to say that "he left Oxford in June 1968 and is now writing on Eastern European affairs for the ' Sunday Times.' He is 24 and this is his first book." In view of this, the book is quite an achievement. From the references, as well as from the contents, it is clear that Shawcross carried out extensive research, interviews, and travelled around .Slovakia, including the birth place of ~lexander Dubcek. As a result, we have in hand a thorough and well documented study. The book is, of course, not without mistakes and shortcomings which, in the intricate situation and confused reporing on events, is to be expected. �206 SLOVAKIA While other Western authors ascribed the liberalization movement to the Czechs, Shawcross's main thesis is that Dubcek's rise to power and the subsequent liberalization of Czecho-Slovakia were due to the fact that the Slovak question had been the motive force behind these events. He traces Dubcek's career within the apparatus of the Communist Barty of Slovakia as a more or less obsequious Party member until he decided to spearhead the Slovak movement within the Communist Party of Czecho-Slovakia for greater justice for all the Slovaks. Carried to the ht)ad of this movement that had much deeper roots than most Western observers have cared to point out, Dubcek then demonstrated strategic and tactical talents in forestalling Novotny's counterattacks and eventually in leading the struggle to rid the country of its Stalinist President and Communist Party First Secretary. Although Dubcek did not expect it, he saw himself placed at the head of Czecho-Slovakia, the first Slovak to achieve this position. Up to this point, Shawcross's presentation, despite some mistakes on the meaning and on some details of the 1944 revolt, is very good. The author shows good knowledge of the political situation in Slovakia and an understanding of the problem which Slovakia poses within Czecho-Slovakia. Husak's rise to power is dismissed as a personal repetition of Dubcek's ascension. No doubt Husak's emergence as the head of •t he Communist Party of Czecho-Slovakia was in many ways a personal success, but the fact that a second Slovak rose to the highest position when many Czech Stalinists were waiting in the wings, indicates that the Communist Party of Slovakia, if not other institutions or groups, must also have played some role. With the federalization of CzecboSlovakia, the Slovak element could not be further ignored as it had been during the Novotny years. It is to be regretted that Sbawcross did not pursue the developments in Slovakia and if be was unab'1e to find out more of what happened there after August 1968, he could present at least some hypotheses. As far as Husak is concerned, he also made an error when stating that he graduated at Prague University. Despite these shortcomings, Shawcross's work must be considered not only as a good piece of research, but in view of his age, is an act of courage, as he did not hesitate to bring forward a problem that Western historiography has been ignoring for more than half a century. Among the books on Czecho-Slovakia in the French language, it is the one by Pavel Tigrid which deals with Dubcek and with the It is after the time of the in- situation leading to the dismissal vasion by the Soviet Union and of Novotny, as well as with the her satellites that Shawcross's nar- events of 1968, and the aftermath rative shows some of its flaws, of the invasion. Tigrid's book is much of this is due to the fact entitled La chute irresistible d'Athat he follows Tigrid's book too iexander Dubcek, (Calmann-Levy, closely. The author is carried away Paris, 1969) . The book was written on the by his admiration for Dubcek and paints his opponents too black. basis of many unpublished docuJ<'urthermore, the Slovak problem ments and minutes of the meetings is completely lost in this part. 1 of the Central Committee of the �SLOVAKIA Communist Party, or of the government. Tigrid has recognized that the Slovak problem played an important role in the attempts to oust Novotny from his position and he depicts Dubcek in this first phase ot the struggle within the Central Committee of the Communist Party as a fighting, courageous man. However, the role of Dubcek after he took over the office of First Secretary is painted with a certain tendency tJo diminish his importance or to present him as a timid, indecisive man, lacking in intellectual abilities and preparation to cope with the problem of liberalization. One chapter is entitled "Alexander Dubcek, heros malgre lui" which by itself indicates a sort of depreciation and shows an attempt on the part of Tigrid to ascribe the liberalization movement to the Czechs, even though the truth is ,that the behavior of the Czech masses as well as of some of their politicians greatly contributed to the decision of the Soviets to invade the country and to destroy the liberalization movement. Tigrid's book is written in a journalistic rather than in a scholarly style, but by using original sources and confidential information, it fills a certain gap in the literature about the events in Czecho.JSlovakia in 1967 and 1968. We also find in Tigrid',s book a sympathetic mention of Vasil Bil'ak who strongly opposed Novotny in December 1967 and courageously fought for Slovak interests, but apparently became later one of those sided with Moscow. More objectively than in Tigrid's book, Slovakia and Dubcek are presented in the book by Francois Fetji:i Histoire des democracies populaires apres Staline (Editions du Seuil, Paris, 1969) . In Fetji:i's 207 book, Dubcek is not presented as a timid, indecisive and implicitly naive and politically unprepared leader. On the contrary, he is portrayed as a man who believed strongly in his "Communism with human face," and in Lenin's thesis on the independence and the territorial integrity of socialist states. Throughout his book, Fetjo deals with the situation in Czecho-Slovakia with rare objectivity and compares -the events with either Hungary or Poland. As one chapter, entitled "La Tragedie Tchechoslovaque et ses ,p rolongements," indicates, he considers the invasion of Czecho-Slovakia as a tragedy and as a brutal and unnecessary action on the cpart of Moscow. A one-time Communist and author of several books on Eastern Europe and communism, Fetji:i presents in his book conclusions which are logical and displays solid knowledge of the problems of the countries under Soviet rule. He writes about Slovakia and the Communist leaders of Slovak origin or born in Slovakia without any bias, which many authors of books on Eastern Europe u~ually are unable or unwilling to do. Michel Tatu also published a series of articles and a book on the events in Czecho-Slovakia, and two books by Ladislav Mnacko have been translated into the French language. For the events of 1968, only one of Mnacko's books La septieme nuit is of importance. Books in German dealing with the events in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968 are comperatively few when compared to the number of books published in English. With regard to Slovakia, we can mention the German translation of Mnacko's book Die Siebente Nacht (Vienna, 1968) which was reviewed last yeaT �208 SLOVAKIA in Slovakia. Another author from knowledge of the situation in Slovakia, Dr. Eugen Lobl published Czecho-Slovakia and refers to many his experiences in jail in German, sources in the Slovak and Czech Die Revolution rehabilitiert ihre language which would indicate Kinder, (Vienna: Europa, 1968), as that he might be one of the Sudewell as a political essay published ten Germans who now live in West together with Leopold Grunwald, Germany. His approach to the SloDie intellektuelle Revolution, Hi~ vak problem is unbiased. Dubcek tergriinde und Auswirkungen des and other Slovak communist lead"Prager Friihlings," (Diisseldorf: ers played, according to him, an important role during the crisis Econ, 1969) . While in the first book Dr. Lobl of the Communist Party in 1967, speaks about the persecution and and he portrays Dubcek as First Communists Secretary of the Communist Party of rehabilitation purged during the Stalinist period without the caustic remarks or and later in the Novotny era, his disdain which can be found in contribution in the second book Tigrid 's book, for instance. Even though Reitzner's book is presents his views on the possibility of reforming communist systems rather the work of an experienced and of giving them a human face. journalist who made detailed reAccording to Prof. Skilling "As search, it reflects quite objectively a severe critique of the Soviet the changing situation in Czechobrand of socialism, this book ranks Slov-akia in those two fateful years. with Djilas' The New Class, but In addition, by quoting from Slorepresents also an original and vak and Czech periodicals, newsimaginative, even if passionate and papers and speeches of communist one-sided, interpretation of the leaders, Reitzner's book preserves proposed Czechoslovak model. For m·eful materials for further reLobl, the events of 1968 constituted search. Speaking probably much a new phase in the 'socialist re- better Czech than Slovak, he was volution,' continuing the work led to misspel the name of some begun by the October revolution Slovak newspapers like "Smena" and later interrupted by Stalinism. or "Smer" which he writes in It was also a renewed effort by Czech orthography. The reader is left with the imCzechs and Slovaks to follow a that the author had a pression atan own, s pecial path of their tempt which had been made in the sincere intention to give a realistic 1940s and then had been rudely and objective account of th ~ Mmblocked by Soviet coercion as ex- plex situation in both Slovakia and emplified by the trials of the the Czech lands. 1950s." (International Journal, Vol. l) See H. Gordon Skilling: "Thaw XXV, No. 1, p. 197) . and Freeze-Up: Prague 1968." International Journal Vol. XXV, There is also, however, a German No. 1, pp. 192-201. author, Almar Reitzner, wh o published a book entitled D ubcek F . Kennan: From Prague (Miinchen, 1970) but actually deals George Diplomatic Papers Munich, after with all the aspects of the crisis 1938-1940, Princeton University in Czecho-Slovakia in 1967 and Press, 1968, 226 Pages. with the short period of liberalizaThe well-known diplomat-historition and the Soviet invasion of 1968. Reitzner displays a detailed an George F . Kennan contributes �SLOVAKIA in this volume to the history of the crucial years 1938-1940 by many valuable documents, diplomatic despat.ches and personal observations. As he admits himself in his preface : "All were written either for private purposes or for the confidential information of the United States government." With all academic honesty, he also admits : "This material was unavoidably in many respects unbalanced and inadequate. In reflected serious lapses in my own historical background as well as in the range of my contacts in the Czechoslovak society of the time. The selection of the subject matter was inevitably affected by the limitations on opportunities for reading, for travel, and for personal acquaintance." .Such a confession does not diminish the value for historians or students of the political tragedy which started with Munich. Nevertheless, the reader and even more the student of history has to keep in mind the author's remarks, especially with regard to Slovakia, where his contacts were not only limited but his information came mostly from people who were not free to bias against the Slovak aspirations for an equal footing with the Czech half of the country. Kennan himself admits in his despatches that Slovakia was not treated by Prague governments without discrimination and prejudice; yet he accepted in many instances the Czech views on the motives and goals of the ffiinka's Slovak Populist Party, on the autonomist movement and on the contacts of its leaders with Berlin. The Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945, published in 1957 by Her Majesty's Stationery Office i11 co-operation with the United States Department of State, dis- 209 prove many of the adverse allegations about the Slovak autonomist movement; even the history books published by communist historians in the short period of liberalization in Slovakia seem to put the events of 1938-1939 and the leading personalities in a more objective historical perspective than some documents contained in this volume. It would, however, be unjust to blame Kennan because his information was gathered from people either in Prague or in Slovakia who viewed the situation from their partisan position and with the result that his report reflected their biased opinions. This valuable volume of documents and excellently written observations also suffers from another shortcoming. The author writes that the documents are source material "above all to those students of the political process who wish to examine the anatomy of an attempt by a military powerful country to dominate and control, under modern conditions, the life of a small and helpless but highly developed neighbor for whose national feelings, and claim to independence, it has only contempt." This is certainly a highly motivated purpose and no doubt the documents will be helpful in this respect. rt is, however, hard to understand why the epilogue to this book was written by Frederick G. Heymann, who left Prague in 1939, was hardly acquainted with Slovakia and her internal problems and who admits that his own immediate information at the time on which Kennan reported same from representatives of the replaced Bene§ Government and other Czech friends. In addition, Heymann admits that he stayed in Czecho-Slovakia only from 1932 to 1939 and "looked at the political �210 SLOVAKIA and socieconomic development there from the viewpoint of a newspaperman of originally German background." With all respect to Mr. Heymann, no student of Eastern European history can take this as his credentials to write an epilogue, let alone an objective epilogue to this volume. Especially acute is his biased attitude towards Slovakia which he severely condemns--not the regime exclusively which certainly deserve condemnation for some acts; furthermore, he does not even indicate that he ever liv~d in Slovakia or studied the Slovak problem. J.M. Kirschbaum David L. Hoggan: Der Erzwungene Krieg , Die Ursachen und Urheber des z. Weltkriegs, Verlag der Deutschen HochschullehrerZeitung Tubingen, 1963, bibliography, maps, photographs, pages 898. The book Der Erzurnngene Krieg (The Imposed War) by the American historian, Prof. David L. Hoggan, represents an effort to reverse the blame for the Second World War. According to his research, it was not Germany which imposed the war on other countries, but the war was imposed by other countries on Germany. The main culprit in Prof. Hoggan's opinion seems to be Poland, but other great powers share, according to him, some of the responsibility as well. The voluminous work has been written in English but only its German translation has been so far published. If we believe the assertions of Dr. Herbert Grabert, several outstanding historians and colleagues of Prof. Hoggan in the United States read the manuscript and helped the author with advice or agreed with his conclusions. He names especially Michael Karpovltch, Sidney B. Fay, William L. Langer, Rudolf Holsti, Harry Rudin, Raymond Sontag, Charles Tansill, M. K. Dziewanowski, Ralph Lutz, Henry Adams, James Martin and Richavd Jones. Each of them " contributed a lot to the work; other renowned American learned men who came with worthwhile suggestions should not be quoted by their names but their help should be gratefully acknowledged," says Dr. Grabert. The book is undoubtedly one of the most controversial works on the Second World War and it is the duty of the historians of the Second World War to come to grips with the conclusions of Prof. Hoggan. In view of his extended research and references to many works, his narrative seems to be in accordance with the facts. However unbelievable some of these conclusions may seem, Prof. Hoggan shows that he knows all the main sources and documents in English, German, French, Polish and Russian, and pays attention even to books by Czech, Rumanian and Slovak authors. This mass of documentation and references stresses the impression that the book is a scholarly serious undertaking and were it not for the many books published in the West, as well as by the Communist historians who defend quite opposite conclusions, the reader could draw the definite conclusion that the Second World War was really imposed upon the Third Reich. The author, as well as the publishers, were aware of the controversial nature of the book and mentioned that some learned societies or historians in Germany itself express views which are in complete contradiction of Prof. �SLOVAKIA Hoggan's story on the reasons which led to the Second World War. Due to lack of space, we cannot unfortunately write an extensive review or to point out areas where the book differs from the accepted opinions expressed by either American, English, German, French or Russian historians and wish simply to register the publication of this book and its controversial contents. It is also worthwhile to mention that the origins and birth of the Slovak Republic are presented in Prof. Hoggan's book in a different light than we are accustomed to in the books published in the West or in the Communist countries. Prof. Hoggan made the effort to get acquainted with books and documents published by Slovak scholars and historians abroad and did not accept the Czech version, greatly unfavorable to the Slovak people, but uncritically accepted by many renowned historians in the West and East alike. Despite the fact that this book will be opposed by many historians who are unable or unwilling to correct their views no matter how erroneous they may be, Slovaks should be pleased that the truth about Slovakia begins to penetrate Western historiography. Unfortunately, insignificant as the Slovak problem seems to be to the Great Powers, foreign historians will not deal with small problems and by opposing the main conclusions of Prof. Hoggan's book, they will indirectly oppose also his truthful presentation in minor events including the origins and existence of the Slovak Republic. A a result, we must face reality and believe that it will take a long time and many efforts on the part of Slovak scholars who live in the Western world before Slovakia is treated 211 in Western historiography without bias and is free of anti-Slovak tendencies sustained and propagated mainly by the books of Czech historians and politicians and by Communist propaganda literature. J.M. Kirschbaum TOW ARD A NEW CENTRAL EUROPE : A Symposmm on the Prob- lems of the Danubian Nations, Edited by: Francis S. Wagner, Danubian Press, Inc. Astor Park, Florida, 1970. Not only specialists but anyone interested in Eastern Europe will welcome this well documented and carefully edited symposium which reflects the view of some 30 authors on the problems of Central Europe. The book is divided into five parts and the contributors belong practically to all the peoples of the Danubian and Carpathian part of East Central Europe. Part I deals with the international relations of individual Central European peoples with the Western Powers. It also contains some basic principles for the possibility of the co-existence of nations in the Danubian and Carpathian basins. The contributions by C. A. Macartney, T. Eckhardt, and the late Wenzel Jaksch seem to be the most relevant in this part. Part II deals with federalism in Central Europe and contains views and analysis of the federalist efforts in Central Europe by some 15 authors. We can find among them not only the late Prime Minister of Czecho-Slovakia, Milan Hodza, but also the well-known supporter of Danubian Federation, F. 0. Miksche, as well as a contribution entitled : "Slovakia and the Integration Plans of Central Europe" by J . M. Kirschbaum, and a historical �212 SLOVAKIA survey of federalist movement a- Conference reads as follows: "It mong Slovaks and Czechs by Jo- is the intention of the Czecho-Sloseph Ostrovsky entitled "Czech and vak Government to create the orSlovak Statesmen in Favor of a ganization of the State by accepting as a basis of natural rights the Central European Federation." Part III deals with the national- principles applied in the constituity questions which were the main tion of the Swiss Republic, that is, problem in that part of Europe to make the Czecho-Slovak Repubfor the past 200 years. The authors, lic a sort of Switzerland," and not Alexander Gallus and Francis S. as quoted by Ostrovsky. The author Wagner, who edited this symposi- also omitted other- Slovaks who um, figure among the main con- during or after the Second World tributors to this part. As far as War advocated federalist plans in Slovakia is concerned, it is especial- Central Europe: Karol Sidor in ly the contribution by Francis S. " Gazette de Lausanne," Dr. F. Wagner "The Nationality Problem :i'.lurcansky in "Revue de droit inin Czecho-Slovakia after World tC"rnational" (Geneve, 1944), this War II" which is of interest for writer in several foreign language Slovaks. Part IV deals with econom- articles and books, etc. In 1968 ic problems, and Part V contains Czecho-Slovakia was proclaimed a federation of two Republics on maps and statistical data. October 27th in the Assembly and Even though it is impossible to following day in Bratislava, the agree with some of the views exbut with the provision that the. to belonging authors by pressed Law No. 143 will take effect on several nations, the book is a seriJanuary 1st, 1969, and not as Osous attempt to find ways for the trnvsky writes. Certain of these r.ations in Central Europe, who are omissions were unnecessary, bezone influence Soviet a now in cause he could have found a detail( except for the Austrians) to live ed survey of Slovak federalist tentheir pooling by again together dencies in my book: "Slovakiaeconomies and by assuring better Nation at the Crossroads of Central economic standards and freedom Europe" (R. Speller, Publishers, for nearly one hundred million New York, 1960). enslaved people. The academic The contributors amassed a rich value of the contributions differs from author to author but, gener- sources of bibliographical informaally, all contributions are on a high tion in several languages which level and the maps and statistical also can help to acquire a much data will be especially appreciated better and more objective view of by those who research the problems the problems in the past and the possibilities of co-operation of the of Central Eastern Europe. living between the Soviet peoples view, of point Slovak From the in J. Ostrovsky's article one can Union and Germany in the future. unfortunately, find sor:ie errors' The Magyar intellectuals who deinaccuracies and omissions. Dr. Mi~ serve recognition for publishing Ian Hodfa died in the United states this symposium came undoubtedly and not in London. The number with a good initiative to discuss cf Magyars was never one million on a broad basis the problems and in Slovakia and the exact promise ways which would lead toward a of a federal structure of Czecho- 1new Central Europe. J. M. Ki rs c h b au m Slovakia by Dr. Bene~ at the Peace �SLOVAKIA 213 Beitrage zum Deutsch-Tschechi- cide." The Czech population was schen Verhiiltnis im 19. und 20 . encouraged before Dr. Benes reJahrhundert. (Veroffentlichungen turned to Prague by his Ministers des Collegium Oarolinum) Verlag in exile: " to beat them ; kill them ; Robert Lerche (Miinchen, 1967), leave none alive," and many were pp. 178. massacred, mistreated, raped and burned alive. Hundreds of thouThis collection of lectures on the sands died on the "death march" problem of German-Czech relations or in concentration camps, accordis an attempt at presenting the ing to the published documents. problem without passion on a scholarly basis. The lectures were In spite of this, the volume under read at a conference which took r eview refrained from general acplace in Nurenberg and Salzburg cusations of the whole Czech popuin 1964, but the book was publish- lation and gives quite a sober ed only in 1967. survey of the German-Czech r elations. Also the two Czech conAmong the contributors there is tributors avoid mentioning the a Czech historian, Bohdan Chudo- massacres and plead for a sort of ba, and the former Czech diplomat, co-operation in Central Europe and Karel Lisicky. From the German reconciliation. side seven contributors deal with the problem and all seem to master Among the contributions by the Czech language which would German scholars, Dr. Kuhn's artiindicate that they were either born cle on the attitude of the Commuor studied in Czecho-Slovakia. nist Party of Czecho-Slovakia to Whoever read the documents on the Sudeten German question is the expulsion of the Sudeten Ger- one which is the most timely since mans or the book by Prof. Kurt it is the Communist government Glaser (Czecho-Slovakia-A Criti- and Moscow which can bring any cal History ) must admire the quiet change in the relations between tone and restraint with which the Germans and Czechs, and give a German authors present the Ger- new solution to the Sudeten German"Czech relations through the man problem. For specialists in centuries up to the expulsion of Eastern Europe will be, however, more than three million Sudeten of great interest also the contribuGermans from their centuries old tions by Ferdinand Seibt about the settlements in Bohemia. When Dr. social structure of the first CzechoBenes was seeking the Allied sup- Sl ovakia and Frederich Prinz's port for his plan to expel the ar ticle on Benes and the Sudeten Sudeten Germans, he emphasized Germans. E. Zajicek gives in his repeatedly that the transfers would essay some insight into the politics be carried out decently and human- of the Sudeten Germans who coly. However, when he returned operated with Prague. behind the Red Army to Slovakia All the contributions were writand Bohemia, he apparently forgot ten on the basis of good knowledge about his promises of a human solution of the Sudeten German of the literature either in the qu estion. Basing his philosophy on Czech, German or English lanthe so-called " collective guilt," Dr. guage, which enhances the value Bmes allowed the use of methods of the book. which Prof. Glaser calls "geno- I J. M . K i r s c h b a um �214 SLOVAKIA AS OTHERS SEE I commend the Slovak leaders who are sponsoring and perfecting an organization of American Slovak patriots to continue the fight to restore freedom and self-govern• ment to the Slovak Nation. I also commend those Slovak leaders who are endeavoring to unite various Slovak organizations and groups t hroughout the country and combine their efforts in a unified force for the purpose of concentrating public opinion not only in America Lut throughout the world on enslaved nations who must break the shackles of despotism as rapidly as possible and give millions an opportunity to live and enjoy the life of freedom and self-determination. The Slovak Nation historically maintains the highest spirit of friendshi·p for all humanity and at no time in history has ever encroached upon the rights and freedoms of its neighbor nations, and has always given tangible proof of its generosity and spirit of cooperation with humanity in t he hope that world peace can be a reality for all people on the globe. The Slovak World Congress could inaugurate a great educational program to apprise youth i America and throughout the world of the true facts regarding world communism from the days of Lenin down to the present year 1970. IT their people by the sword, guns, slave-labor camps, and mass murders. Education and presentation of fact on Communist enslavement to the world's uninformed are the greatest weapons democracy possesses against the destruction of the Communist menace. The free world must continue this fight. Someday this victory will be won and the Communist enslavers will become extinct. Slovakia and other captive nations will regain free and independent government. I know that the SLOVAK WORLD CONGRESS will continue its outstanding contribution to the free world's fight to exterminate international communist conspiracy and restore freedom to millions throughout the world by the reestablishment of former governments which will give freedom and liberty to their people. - Ray J . Madden, M. C. Mr. ESHLEMAN. Mr. Speaker, neither the Slovak League of A· merica nor the Congress of the United States has forgotten the brutal occupation of Slovakia by the Soviet Army in 1968. We appeal to the conscience of America, to the American people, and to the United Nations-most of all-for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Slovak soil and for guaranteed free democratic elections under United N'cltions' control. One of my valued constituents, Mr. Joseph Pauco, is secretary of the Slovak League of America. That organization is entirely correct when they, in the proper manner, demand the right of freedom for Slovakia. - Edwin D. Eshle- The free nations have the ability, the education, the defense machinery, and the assets to curtail the further spread of the Communist menace and we must continue our fight. History has revealed over the centuries that dictators cannot stay in power long when they must rule man, M.C. �SLOVAKIA 215 The leading example of an unem- of the party presidium last month, ployed party official is, of course, Mr. Husak was in the minority of Alexander Dubcek, the party's a 7-4 vote over an analysis of the leader during the reforms. After events leading up to the Soviet dismissal earlier this year as Am- invasion. The following morning bassador to Turkey and expulsion Mr. Husak left for Moscow to refrom the party, Mr. Dubcek retired ceive Kremlin assurances of conto his Bratislava home to await tinued confidence. employment. Mr. Husak received limited SoHe turned down a fund-handling viet support earlier this fall when post with the Slovak social-security a major campaign to remove him agency for fear that it might be was disclosed through the accidentu~ed to implicate him in possible al death of one of the conspirators. misappropriation charges. He re- Jaroslav Trojan, a member of the quested instead, employment as a presidium of the Federal Assembly, forester .. . was killed as he drove his car after The makers and chief propo- a drinking session with a Soviet nents of Czecho-Slovakia's lost companion. A routine search of his liberalization take their principal desk disclosed copies of dozens of consolation from the fact that there letters by right-wing party officials have been no political trials and addressed to various Soviet leaders few Czechs or Slovaks are in jail and calling for the ouster of Mr. on political charges. But most see Husak. 110 reason to consider this state The party leader was authorized necessarily permanent. to dismiss a few of his principal It is generally believed that while opponents, notably the Czech Inthe party's First Secretary, there terior Minister, Josef Groesser, and will be no political trials because the military man in charge of Mr. Husak was himself a victim of liaison with the Soviet occupation such a trial in Stalin's day. But if tr oops, Gen. Otakar Rytar. But the Soviet Union wants trials, ac- after the general's dismissal, Moscording to this belief, it will re- cow was reported to have sent place Mr. Husak just as it ousted word that he was to be the last Mr. Dubcek last year and replaced "internationalist" ousted. him with Mr. Husak. "Internationalist" is the term for Mr. Husak, while evidently still those who accept the doctrine that the man Moscow considers best the Soviet Union has the right to able to run Czecho-Slovakia, has intervene in a socialist country for some time been under open whenever it says socialism is attack by party leaders even more threatened, such as in Czecho-SloprO-.Soviet than himself. It is as- vakia in 1968. sumed here that these leaders are Opponents of Mr. Husak are conalso operating with Soviet approval, ducting a campaign to present him presumably to keep Mr. Husak as insufficiently internationalist. At from the illusion of independent a Central Committee meeting this power. month, Vasil Bilak, a strongly proThe most determined of Mr. Hu- Soviet leader, surprisingly disclosed sak's opponents are Antonin Ka- that he had a long-missing docupek, secretary of the Prague organ- ment that would identify the ization and Alois Indra, Cetral genuine internationalists and from Committee secretary. At a meeting I which Mr. Husak's name is absent. �216 SLOVAKIA The document is the alleged 1968 letter from Czecho-Slovak leaders to the Soviet Union inviting the Warsaw Pact intervention. The letter was mentioned by Moscow immediately after the invasion but has never been produced nor all its signers disclosed. Mr. Bilak listed about 40 signers, including himself, Mr. Kapek and Mr. Indra. - The New York Times, December 22, 1970. George Blanda, the 43-year-old grey-beard sub quarterback and kicking specialist of the Oakland Raiders football team whose lastgasp heroics gave new hope to the middle-aged, has been named Male Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press. The ageless marvel of the gridiron, who excelled in a tough contact sport competing against athletes half his age, beat out a glittering array of stars in assorted sports in the year-end poll of sports writers and broadcasters. Blanda received 332 votes compared with 246 for Bobby Orr, defenseman of the Boston Bruins hockey team who was runner-up, and 224 for Johnny Bench, slugging catcher of the Cincinnati Reds' baseball team who was a close third . - Associated Press. (Blanda i:; of Slovak ancestry.) I could not condemn the Hungarians or the Czechs and Slovaks, for example, if they were able to launch an effort in this country to turn our eyes toward the danger of the new isolationism. - Frank Morris. The Wanderer, St. Paul, Minn. , September 24, 1970. Those who have known nothing but freedom seldom are capable of appreciating the single majesty of that which they have: the privilege nf aff!'rfing their own destiny. But ask any Czech or Slovak, who has had liberty and then lost it, what it means to be free. Such men know, and in them the dream never dies. - Smith Hempstone. The Phil.adeiphia Inquirer, November 1, 1970. Slovak police recently made a series of raids on government stores and found that one-third were overcharging by as much as 50 per cent on scarce goods. Forty thousand dollars worth of goods were found hidden for customers with extra money. - Donald R. Shanor. Chicago Daily News. December 26, 1970. .Slovak youth stubbornly clings to its anti-Soviet feelings and looks upon the presence of Soviet troops in Czecho-Slovakia as the greatest injustice and offense. This is the conclusion of Ondrej Pavlik, a member of the Slovak Academy of Science. Pavlik gave an account-in the official organ of the Ministry of Education-of an investigation carried out among students in secondary sohools in all parts of Slovakia. In the course of the research more than 2000 questionnaires were collected from students and 400 from teachers. The replies were anonymous. Pertinent portions of Pavlik's report follow : "The entry of Soviet troops in our country and their stationing here still occupy a dominant position in the minds of our students. "The ..Soviet presence in our country is considered by students as a grave act of injustice and a sufficient reason to feel angry at the Soviet Union. "Another source of anti-Sovietism among our youth is our trade relation with the Soviet Union and other Communist countries. The �SLOVAKIA arguments of ota Sik, economic expert during the Dubcek era are still accepted as valid by our you•th. 'There is much confusion in the minds of our students about modern capitalism. The students' arguments are seldom political but chiefly of economic nature. "The survey revealed a strikingly high degree of religious beliefs, especially among girls in all secondary schools of Slovakia. In most cases the influence of the school in political-ideological questions is weak, very weak indeed. "Too many teachers concentrate on their particular subject, or pretend they do and do not concern themselves with ideological education; they regard ideological educational work with disdain. "The investigation revealed that students seldom ask their teachers ideological questions for fears of embarrassing the teachers. There is a kind of tacit agreement between students and teachers: 'you say what you want and we think what we want.'" "A considerate proportion of the youth questioned have expressed confidence in the person of Gustav Husak, present leader of the Czecho-Slovak Communist Party, even though such students remain highly critical of the Soviets. "The reduced emphasis put on atheistic education is chiefly responsible for the growing influence of the Church among Slovak yeuth." - Theodore Andrica. Cleveland Press Vienna Bureau. I went behind the Iron Curtain. For so many years I have read a lot of reports concerning communism and many times I often wondered how much of the horror that I have read about is true. So many times I wondered, as I think most Americans have, is commu- 217 nism as bad as my government has told me? Although my trip to Slovakia was short, I can tell you that communism is horrible. I flew from Zurich, Switzerland to Vienna, Austria. In Austria, part of our free world, I rented a car and drove to Slovakia. The entry point was Bratislava. Trying desperately to find my way through the chopped up, beaten, narrow streets of the city, I stopped at a little store to try to get directions to the institute. A woman about 60 years old attending this store, which had nothing but barren shelves and some old clothing, was very secretly hanging a Christmas tree ball in the far end of the store. What she was trying to do was add some Christmas to her store which was something she enjoyed as a young woman. Any display, religious or nationalistic, is absolutely forbidden. A prison sentence is imposed. As I drove through Bratislava, there were uniformed soldiers and police with machine guns. Their purpose was to contain the Slovak people so they could not revolt or could not escape the country. Obviously, the people knew that I was American by the way I was dressed and also the license plates on the automobile were that of the fre e world. A Slovak friend told me how communism begins to infect people and countries. He told me that if you read the Communist doctrine, it sounds glorious but impossible to work. He told me that communism in Russia itself is a complete failure and certainly was a failure in Czecho-Slovakia. So much so that it is necessary in Russia and in Czecho-Slovakia to contain the people by machine guns. He talked of America's greatness, and said that one of the great �218 SLOVAKIA things about America was our free enterprise system. People are individualistic, people want to progress in their life. If a man does more, he is entitled to more. If a man has greater ability, he is entitled to advance. Under the Communist system no such thing exists. There is no individual compensation for doing more or knowing more. He urged me to make known what I saw so that people here would know the true horrors of communism. The lack of sufficient food and clothing. The government regulating their lives. You can't buy a pair of shoes unless the government authorizes you to purchase them. You can't buy a suit unless the government approves the purchase of a suit. There is something that resembles TV with one channel. This goes on about 7 o'clock at night and it is turned off aproximately at 9. Half of the time is devoted to government propaganda. When the Russians came into Czecho-Slovakia, they did so because Czech and Slovak peoples were desirous of developing a free enterprise system so that people could work and get paid fairly for their day's labor, so that they could trade and associate more closely with the free world. The Russians invaded CzechoSlovakia. As Communists do they raped the nation, they pulled out all of the machinery in their factories, they even tore out street lights and took them into Russia. The Slovak people told me that the Russian soldiers did not have a watch on their wrist and in order to get a watch they pulled it off the arm of the Slovak people. They also touched on the intrusion of their homes and the raping of their wives and daughters, which is again a typical Communist and Nazi type of thing. He begged me to tell people how truly horrible communism is. It is very difficult for me to tell you how bad I really think it is. The Communists are told that soon America will convert to communism. This man told me this is difficult to believe. He said why would anybody want communism when you have such a wonderful system. I told him that the propaganda he was hearing was untrue, that there are some people, who believe communism is good, but unfortunately they have not seen what I have seen. He warned me to beware of what I say. Under Communism we don't know who will report us. If you say something to offend the system you could very easily be thrown in prison, in fact, they are looking just for that. - American Tourist. The Evening News , Harrisburg, Pa., December 26, 1970. The Christmas holiday for Czecho-Slovakia ended abruptly in a working Sunday. Factories, stores and shops were open, and traffic appeared about as heavy as on a weekday. Officially it was a week dayThursday, to be exact. The government decreed that it took the place of last Thursday, Christmas Eve, on the economic schedule, with all normal Thursday services supposed to be operating. Thursday had been designated a Saturday, meaning half-day shopping and offices closed. The calender confusion continues with Monday designated a Wednesday for work and organizational purposes. Tuesday is Tuesday but you're wrong if you think it will be followed by Wednesday. Wednesday, Dec. 30, has been designated a Friday, meaning extra �SLOVAKIA long business hours, because the real Friday, Jan. 1, is a holiday. Next Saturday, Jan. 2. has been designated a Sunday and Sunday, Jan. 3, a Monday. Finally, on Monday, January 4, normality of sorts returns-if two Mondays in one week can be conAssociated sidered normal. Press. The federal status of Czechia, Moravia and Slovakia has been replaced by strict Prague centralism, much to the embarrassment of Gustav Husak, the Communist Party's first secretary. As a Slovak nationalist, Husak spent years in jail during the Novotny regime. Theodore Andrica, cievel,and Press Vienna Bureau. Shortly after President Richard ~ixon's inaguaration in 1968 it was reported from Washington that Dr. Walter R. Tkach, an American of Slovak descent, and a long-time friend, serving as a colonel with the U.S. Air Force Medical Corps, wa!:' recalled from Vietnam to be chief medical advisor to the President. 219 ing called to serve as the White House physician. It is not generally known, but the White House is equipped with an ultra modern medical clinic which is at the service of Mr. Nixon, his family, and the White House staff. More complete facilities are available at nearby Bethesda Naval Hospital, Walter Reed Army Hospital and AFB with attending specialists. The White House clinic is staffed by seven people, three of whom are doctors. Whenever the president leaves the White House, even though it might be only a few feet away, he is always accompanied by a doctor. Dr. Tkach first became aquainted with Mr. Nixon 17 years ago when hi:! served as our country's vicepresident. Dr. Tkach at the time waE an assistant on President Eisenhower's medical staff in the White House. He accompanied the vice-president as his medical advisor during his historic trip to Russia, and on other travels had an opportunity to meet with fa. mous world personages like Nehru of India and Hirohito of Japan . . . The President's regimen under the close watch of Dr. Tkach seems to be working for him. Just recently Mr. Nixon remarked that he could not recall ever having had headache, the physical kind of ! course Dr. Tkach was graduated from Dr. Tkach is a strong advocate Penn State College where he attained a Bachelor of Science in of military service. He feels that Chemistry, and embarked on an military service affords young phyAir Force career after graduation sicians unlimited opportunities, and from medical school in 1945. He recommends that they consider served in Japan 1946-1948. Since military careers, particularly in the that time he had tours of duty at Air Force. - ,Dr. S. J . metko, various military medical schools, National Slovak Society Almanac, clinics and institutions, before be• Pittsburgh, Pa. About a year later Dr. Tkach, a 52-year old native of Monongahela, Pa., a suburb of Pittsburgh (his wife Helen, also hails from the same town), was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. �220 SLOVAKLA The last remammg clause of Alexander Dubcek's short lived "action program" is crumbling. That clause is the one that instituted a Czecho-,Slovak "federation" - a move that gave Slovakia, for the first time, more or less equal status with the more educated, industrialized, prosperous and powerful Czech lands. state bank, fuel and power engineering, transport and communications have all been recentralized in Prague. New national ministers have been appointed and the Czech and Slovak ministries closed. Even the secret police are to be controlled from the center again. Husak, in a speech last month, pledged that the federation itself Dubcek, a Slovak, included the would last, but said certain minor federation in the action program shortcomings had to be solved. The he introduced on April 9, 1968, at new laws were the result. a time when his now discredited To add insult to injury, both the liberalization was at its height. The Czech and Slovak governments had action program also provided a to apprnve emasculation of their range of civil rights-freedoms of own powers. speech, assembly and the press, A constitutional court was to secret elections, freedom to travel have been set up arbitrate disputes -that disappeared within a year between the two halves of Czechoof the Soviet led invasion. Slovakia and the national governBut Dubcek's successor Commu- ment. As far as is known the court nist Party First Secretary Gustav does not exist. Instead, the Prague Husak, also a Slovak, and there go'llernment has been authorized to were hopes that he would keep the handle such disputes-making it federation plan which was enor- both prosecutor and judge. mously popular in Slovakia. F'rom the Slovaks' point of view, It's likely to remain, at least on possibly the worst development paper, for some time. But a series was the new power of the central of measures taken over the Christgovernment to allocate investments mas holidays have reduced it to in Slovakia or Czech lands. For an empty shell. decades under communism and Through government decrees and before communism- Prague shortparliamentary moves, the regime changed the Slovaks in investment has all but eliminated Slovakia's and industry, keeping the area autonomy in economics and put permanently depressed. The record its economy back under central of the prewar Benes-Masaryk govcontrol from Prague - a Czech ernment was no better than the city. postwar Communist regime. Under federation, separate Czech After the action program, Slovaks and Slovak passports were issued. hoped the age old imbalance would The new law erases this and re- end. That hope now is dying. introduces Czecho-Slovak citizen- Richard C. Longworth of United ship. Press International, February 25, Foreign currency control, the 1971. �SLOVAKIA 221 Our Contributors Edw ard J. Behuncik, Attorney-at-Law, Stratford, Conn. J. M . Kirschbaum , LL.D ., Ph;D ., professor, historian, author, Toronto, Ontario Sister M. Delphina, SS.C.M ., teacher, Danville, Pa. Edw ard A . Tuleya , M . A ., Associate Professor, History Department, Millersville State College, Millersville, Pa. Joseph J. Krajsa, B.A., Bethany College, W. Va. Joseph Hradnansky, Ph.-D ., Associate Professor, Indiana University of · Pennsylvania; Instructor, University of Pittsburgh. Francis Vnuk, M.A ., Professor, Institute of Technology; historian, Ade: laide, Australia_ �222 SLOVAKIA Contents Slovak World Congress - Edward J. Behuncik - Stephen B. Roman-Slovak Tycoon Political Views of nudovit Stur - 3 J. M. Kirschbaum - Sister M. Delphina Opet - 7 20 The Assimilation Process of American Slovaks-J. M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D -79 The Slovak National Awakening - Edward A. Tuleya - The Emergence of the Slovak State - 85 Daniel F . Tanzone - 109 General Mil.an Rastislav Stefanik and the Movement for Czecho-Slovak Independence - Mary Ann Kadera - 124 Sviitopluk: Political Opportunist or National Hero? - - Mary Susan Sabol 134 Slovaks - Joseph John Krajsa - 145 Bratislava: Ancient Slovak Cultural Center - Dr. Joseph Hradnansky -164 The 15th Anniversary of the Untimely Death of Prof. Francis Hrusovsky - J . M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D. - Karol Sidor - F. Vnuk - 175 180 Current Issues (Proclamation of the 42nd Congress of the Slovak League of America. - Slovak World Congress.) - 189 Comments (Sixtieth Anniversary of the Poet Jan Doransky. - Great Distinction for Slovak Poet Karol Strmen. - A Letter of Prof J. M. Kirschbaum to the Polish Monthly Kultura.) - 195 Book Reviews (J. M. Kirschbaum: New Collection of Slovak Emigre Poetry. - Two Foreign Language Collections of Slovak Poetry. Dr. Heinrich Kuhn : Bibliographishes Handbuch der Tschechoslowakei. - Books on Dubcek and Slovakia. - David L. Hoggan: Der Erzwungene Krieg. - Toward a New Central Europe. - Beitrage zum Deutsch-Tschechischen Verhaltnis im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert.) - 202 As Others See It - 214 �SLOVAKIA 223 SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA - supports freedom and independence of Slovakia; - promotes a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation, its history, culture, traditions, and desires ; - makes America better known to Slovakia and Slovakia better known to America in the interest of world peace, freedom and security; - has a scholarship program for college and university students; - promotes cooperation among all American-Slovak organizations and publications for the promulgations of Slovak ethnic heritage. - is a charter member of the Slovak World Congress. Life membership: $100.00 For further information, write to: Slovak League of America 313 Ridge Avenue Middletown, Pa. 17057 ��PRI NTI D IN U.S. A. JIDN OTA PlllN TER Y, MID DLli TOW N, PA. � SLOVAKIA 189 CURRENT ISSUES Proclamation of the 42nd Congress of the Slovak League of America At Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Solemnly convened in Congress, the officers and delegates of the Slovak League of America formally decla·r e that: 1. We rededica,te ourselves and our membership to the preserva,l!ion of the basic moral principles set forth in the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights of the United Staites o·f America and the United Naitions organization. 2. In light of the above, we request our member organizations and the memberships to solicit their lo<:al, state and federal officials for assistance needed to reestablish Slovakia as a democratic state in a free Central Europe. 3. Fwrther we ask all our fellow citizens to likewise rededicate themselves to the great challenge and opportunities confronting all decent God fearing people in this period of violence, hatred and abuse of lawful authority; for, without a concerted effort by the silent majority, we could easily lose the God given rights and freedoms which we here enjoy, and which are presently non-existent in Slovakia and other nations with age old Christian cultures and traditions, and to insure tile continued safeguarding of these precious rights and gifts, as loyal citizens, we put our trust in and support the dedicated efforts of our President, Richard M. Nix·on, to end the Indochina War, to establish an honorable peace and to restore domestic tranquility. In witness whereof, we have caused these sentiments to be published this 24th day of May, 1970. Edward J. Behuncik, President Joseph Pauco, Secretary �190 SLOVAKIA Slovak World Congress (Mr. TAFT asked and was given permission-June 30, 1970-to address the House of Representatives for 1 minute and to revise and extend his remarks and include extraneous matter.) Mr. TAFT. Mr. Speaker, last week the American Slovak fraternal and religious organizations were participating in the First Slovak World Congress which was held in New York City at the Americana Hotel. I had both the honor and the pleasure to be one of their guests at the banquet, Sunday, June 21, together with my colleagues from the Congress-Ray J. Madden, Paul Findley, Michael A. Feighan, William E. Minshall, and John M. Murphy. Congressman Joseph M. Gaydos, himself of Slovak origin, was unfortunately in hospital at the time and missed this worthy event. Ambassador Nguyen Huu Chi, permanent observer to the United Nations, was also present. Representatives of other American nationalities were also present. Senator John G. Tower, an outstanding American and an eloquent speaker, gave the keynote address. It was a fine speech and the assembled were unanimous in their praise of Senator Tower's presentation and knowledge of history. Among the many delegates from the free world, including from Australia, Latin America, Europe, and Canada, who attended the sessions were also three bishops, Andrew G. Grutka of Gary, Ind., the honorary chairman of the congress; Michael Rusnak of Toronto, and Paul Hnilica of Rome, Italy. Stephen B. Roman, the internationally known industrialist from Canada, chaired the proceedings of the congress with Bishop Grutka. Mr. Roman was elected the chairman of the Slovak World Congress for 1970-71. The major organizations from the United States participating in the congress included the National Slovak Society, presided by John Pankuch, the Slovak Catholic Union, presided by John A. Sabol, the Catholic Sokol, presided by Paul Fallat, Slovak League of America, by Edward Behuncik. �SLOVAKIA 191 Feeling certain that many other heritage groups in our great country will find gems of hope for their own ideals, I include Senator Tower's introduction and speech in the Record at this point: Introduction of Key Speaker (By Joseph Krajsa, editor of the largest fraternal American Slovak newspaper) When you think of Texas you immediately think of something big. And President Nixon has sent someone Big to extend official greetings to the Slovak World Congress. The distinguished United States Senator from Texas, Senator Tower, known as a Progressive-Conservative, is a close advisor to President Nixon and serves on three major committees-Armed Services, Banking and Currency, and the Joint Committee on Defense Production. He has spent more time with our commanders and troops in Southwest Asia than any other member of the Senate. The Senator is an internationally known leader and has been distinguished as a gentleman of dedicated zeal. All of you present here today have displayed a zeal for an ideal. We are fortunate that our distinguished American, Senator Tower, shares our zeal. His presence here during his busy congressional session proves his interest in the Slovak cause, a cause so common to all separate ethnic cultures. His massage will be rewarding to all nationality groups, but especially to the Slovak delegates here assembled from all over the free world. And yes, Senator, to the thousands of Slovak Americans living in Texas, too. It has been said that one day the world will be reformed, but not by reformers, but as a result of a zeal for an ideal that is burning in the hearts of dedicated men. Ladies, and gentlemen, it is my pleasure to present to you an inter• nationally known gentleman, our guest to honor, a public servant of dedicated zeal, our distinguished United States Senator from the State of Texas, the Honorable John G. Tower. Thank you for that very fine introduction. Mr. President, Your Excellencies, Reverend clergy, Mr. Ambassador, my distinguished colleagues in the Congress, ladies and gentlemen. �192 SLOVAKIA It certainly is a great pleasure to be here today. It's extremely difficult for me to undertake to address you as the final speaker on the program. I have listened with great interest to all that has been said, but have not understood it all, since I don't speak Slovak. And so I am reasonably sure that Steve Roman has probably made my speech. But I'll find out afterwards. I think that this is a great and significant moment that you meet here in your first World Congress. I think it is always inspiring when like-minded people get together for a noble common cause. You are Slovaks and I am an Anglo-Saxon. But we are all childred of God. And as such, we are enjoined to stand fast in the liberty with Christ who set us free. We are all of one family. And we are our brothers in the common cause to try to achieve in this world, and in that which God intends, freedom for all mankind. There are those in this world today who I think are ready to give up in the struggle against totalitarianism. I am so happy to note that you people are not among them. There are many in our country who have never felt the lash of communist imperialism. Because Karl Marx stated things in lofty terms, in terms of thinking what he considered to be human objectives, they think perhaps that system is not so bad after all. I wish every American could have shared the experiences many of you had, who have lived under communist totalitarianism to understand what it is all about. I have never lived in a totalitarian system, but I've been in places in this world where I've seen the stultifying and inhuman effects of the communist drive for world aggrandizement. As it has been noted, I have been in Vietnam several times. I returned from there, most recently, several weeks ago. Two weeks ago, today, I was sludging around on the battlefield in Cambodia. Today I'm glad to report to you that we are achieving our objectives in Vietnam. We can measure our achievement in several ways. We have reduced the capacity of the enemy to wage massive forces against us. We have improved the fighting qualities of the army of South Vietnam. And I can tell you that Army, and indeed all the Armed Forces of South Vietnam performed �SLOVAKIA 193 in a most professional, courageous and effective manner in the recent and current operations in Cambodia. And, I am given to understand by the military commanders, that this will hasten the day when we can bring our boys back home. But I think the most important reason, and underlying everything, is the fact that now most of the Vietnamese people have had some experience with Communism. They may not understand democracy, as you and I understand it. They may not understand all of the responsibilities of self-government, as you and I understand it. Those who have lived under the Viet Cong, and under the heel of North Vietnamese military have made a decision, that they would rather be with us. I think that the only way we can fail to accomplish our objectives, in trying to combat communist aggression in Southeast Asia, is for the people here at home to throw in the towel. I do not think we can lose the war in Southeast Asia if we can maintain our presence there. I know I didn't have to convince you about our responsibilities in the world. You know what Communism has done to Eastern Europe and what America must do to maintain her own security. You know the reason why. It's the same reason that we fight today in South Vietnam because Communist aggressor powers seek to expand their realm by force. There are so many naive people, unfortunately, too many of them on the college faculties of this country, who hold that there is no danger from Communist aggression. I imagine that the people in Czecho-Slovakia can say a word or two on that score. And I wish that they who have fled from the Russian tanks and tbe Russian machine guns could be on the college faculties so that our youth can get a better impression of what Communism is really like. How can we believe that there is no danger? There are those who try to impose a sense of guilt on the people of the United States for the arms race. We didn't start the arms race! It was not the U.S. which continued to maintain its poverful military force immediately following World War II. We demobilized. It was not the U.S. that swallowed-up the Eastern European countries with the use of military force. It was not the U.S. who sealed off Berlin. It-was not the U.S. who invaded �194 SLOVAKIA South Korea. And, in the past few years, from the point of strategic technology, the Russians have been developing their military potential at a much greater rate than we have. I submit to you that there is a clear and present danger which you well know. And I am not speaking so much to you, as I am through you, to a lot of people who are not in this room. But who should understand that this nation must maintain a posture of military superiority, not inferiority. Not parity, but superiority! Because if we fail to maintain it, my friends, there will be no hope for the Slovaks, nor for the millions of others to ever aspire to freedom and selfdetermination and have any reasonable hope of realizing it. Does anyone believe that if the Soviets achieve strategic military superiority they will not use it to blackmail the rest of the world into going along their way. And you know what their way is. My friends, we are going to be in grave trouble by the end of this decade, or perhaps even before, if we don't recognize this fact. I don't believe that we, Americans, can retreat to "fortress America" and hope to survive as a great nation ourselves. Even if we made our country impregnable; if we withdrew from the world, other nations would have to make their own accommodations with the Soviets. Then we will find ourselves in grave economic difficulties in a few years hence, because we are not a self-sufficient nation. We depend on sources and resources from other parts of the world. So, our capacity to progress as free people in the free enterprise system is involved here. But beyond that the mantle of world leadership has fallen on our shoulde11s whether we like it or not. We certainly are our brothers keepers! If we, as a Judeo-Christian society don't believe that then we have lost sight of the basic tenet. We are our brothers keepers, and have a responsibility to try and maintain a secure world in which Slovaks and all others, can aspire to freedom and hope ultimately to achieve it. I'm pleased to bring you greetings from the White House. I'm also pleased to observe that you are willing to make common cause with all others, to combat the great Communist menace. There can be no freedom where Russian tanks, Russian soldiers occupy soil. There is no �SLOVAKIA 195 freedom in such territory anyplace. Ultimately, I think that all societies in this world can aspire to the kind of progress we in the U.S. and Canada have enjoyed through the free enterprise system. In the final analysis, when man becomes totally dependent upon the State, he losses his freedom. The right of man to own and do with his property what he considers best to him and his environment is a ba:sic right and the major factor which prevents his being reduced to meek dependency on the State. I commend you for what you are doing. I wish you well. Know that you are not alone, that there will be those of us who although are not Slovak, will be at your side. God speed! COMMENTS SIXTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE POET JAN DORANSKY Among Slovak poets and writers in exile whom we considered in 1945 as the "young generation," there are several who are approaching their venerable age of 60 years. In 1971, we should not bypass in silence the 60th birthday of one of them-Jan Doransky, born on May 28, 1911, in Trstena. Coming from a part of Slovakia which gave to Slovak literature and public life many outstanding poets and novelists, Jan Doransky inherited a love for literature and began to write in his early youth, first for student's periodicals, later for literary and cultural monthlies. Afte·r finishing his secondary education, he studied law at the University of Bratislava and practiced as a notary in various parts of Slovakia. The outbreak of the Second World War interrupted his civilian life. Being, however, known at that time as a poet and writer, he was retained in the Department for cultural affairs at the Ministry of National Defense. When the Russian armies overran Slovakia, Doransky with thousands of other Slovak intellectuals left with his family for the West. After spending two years in Austria and two years in Rome, he landed in Canada �196 SLOVAKIA in 1949 and has lived in Montreal for the past eighteen years. Doransky is a poet of considerable versatility, and besides many lyrical verses and patriotic poems, he wrote in Canada a drama called Stard mat', neopust'aj nds (Grandmother do not leave us alone), successfully played by Slovak groups across Canada. The play was originally published in Kanadsky Slovak and later in 1953 in book form. Before coming to Canada, Doransky had published in 1939 a play called Novou cestou (On a new path) and in 1943 a collection of satirical verses Slepi pasazieri (Blind passengers). In Slovakia as well as in Canada, his poetry was published in various anthologies : Pred ohnivym drakom (1939), Vo vyhnanstve (1947), Zdravica sv. Cyrilovi a Metodovi (1963); in literary periodicals (Kultura, Most) and in almanacs. In recent years his epigrams published either in the quarterly Most or in newspapers and almanacs became preferred reading among Slovak intelligentsia in the free world. Besides poetry, Doransky wrote a number of short novels and other prose contributions for periodicals (Oral Tatransky, Svojet', Kultura) under the pen-name Hamernik and for the Slovak almanacs and newspapers in Canada and the United States under the name J. D. Oravec. Doransky's literary production is extensive and only the difficulties which a poet or a writer has to overcome in exile, prevented him from publishing his writings in book form. At his 60th birthday, two or three collections of lyrical verses, one collection of short novels and three collections_ of epigrams and satire are among his manuscripts awaiting more favorable circumstances for publication. All who like his poetry and his excellent epigrams called by him "Jedorasty", cannot but wish him that he may live to see not only his manuscripts published but also go back to a free and independent Slovakia for which he fought and to which he dedicated his life and his talent. Ad multos annos! J. M . Ki rs c h b au m �SLOVAKIA 197 GREAT DISTINCTION FOR SLOVAK POET KAROL STRMEN Slovak emigre poetry has given to Slovak literature not only its share of excellent original works which echo the great poets of Western nations, but also a new dimension in masterful translations from several world literatures. Recently Slovak literature achieved recognition in this field from the excellent work in scholarship and poetry of one of the most gifted Slovak poets, Prof. Karol Strmen. On October 28, 1970, during the meeting of the Association of American Teachers of French, held in New Orleans, the cultural attache of the French Embassy in Washington presented Prof. Strmen, on behalf of the Government of France, with the Medal of the Knight of Academic Palms. No doubt it has been a deserved distinction, and Slovak literary community abroad is rightly proud of it. Karol Strmen (born in 1921), by vocation university professor of Romance literature, enriched Slovak poetry by translations from several World literatures as well as by his own poetic works. Belonging to the "Catholic Moderna" but following his own literary path, Strmen impressed literary critics and readers almost unanimously as a gifted and mature poet from the time he published his first verses in the prestigous literary monthly Slovenske Pohl'ady, and his first two collections of verses Vyzinok zivota (Harvest of Life) (1940), and Testament (1945) . Attracted by French, Spanish, German and Italian poets, whose works he was masterfully translating during the past two decades, Strmen deviated from the main stream of Slovak emigre poetry as indicate his two collections of verses Striebornd Legenda (The Silver Legend) (1950), and Cakaju nivy jar (Meadows are Expecting Spring) (1963), and his contributions to literary journals and newspapers. His poetry is rather for the cultivated than for the average readers and the traditional and national values are less visible in his poetry than in the poetry of other Slovak emigre poets. Among Strmen's early translations is an anthology �198 SLOVAKIA from the poetry of Michael Eminescu, R. M. Rilke, the wellknown poem by Edgar Allan Poe "Raven" and several poems by Dante. His translating activity increased during the years of his exile to a degree unequalled by any other Slovak poet or writer. He continued to translate from practically all Romance languages as well as from German and English. Among the main translations are Robert Browning's Portuguese Sonnets (1947), Paul Claudel's Via Crucis (1954) and Dante's Inferno (1963 ) . In manuscript form he has Shakespeare's dramas. Slovak literary journals like Most, Literdrny Almanach Slovdka v Amerike, and other Slovak annuals have published regularly his translations from many literatures. His master work in translated poems is, according to literary critics, Dante's Inferno, published in a highly elaborate volume also from the printing point of view. It was, however, Paul Claude!, whose work he liked best and on whom he wrote his doctoral dissertation. Strmen who originally intended to study theology, translated also the New Testament and other religious books, hymns and psalms. Together with sprinc he deserves credit for many cultural activities which developed among Slovaks in exile since the end of the Second World War. Like Sprinc he left home for the United States and in 1949 settled in Cleveland. He is a member of several learned societies, of the Slovak Institute, Slovak Association of Writers and Artists, etc. Even though many of his poems reflect his strong patriotic feelings and aversion to communism before which he fled in 1945, Strmen was among the few emigre poets and writers whose verses pierced the Iron Curtain and were published in 1968 thaw in Slovakia. Slovak emigre writers and poets congratulate their distinguished colleague. J. M. Kirschbaum . . . The Polish monthly Kultura, which is published in Paris by the intellectuals who either did not return to Poland after the Second World War, or escaped the Communist tyranny, dedicated a special issue to the upheavals �SLOVAKIA 199 in Czecho-Slovakia. Unfortunately the presentation of the events which led to the liberalization and de-Stalinization movement seems to be strongly influenced by Czech propaganda or insufficient knowledge of the situation in Slovakia, as well as of the role which Slovaks played in changing the Stalinist system and giving "a human face to socialism." Prof. J.M. Kirschbaum who has many friends among Polish intellectuals and has been known for his positive attitude towards Poland since the time of his studies in Warsaw and Cracow, wrote to the editor of Kultura a let.t er but he never received an answer to his friendly remarks. As a result, we decided to publish the letter as a document to record that we were not silent when the presentation of historical events, in which the Slovaks played an important role, has been distorted. Mr. Jerzy Giedroyc, Editor: Kultura, 91 Avenue de Poissy, Paris, France. Dear Sir: I have read with great interest your special issue dedicated to Czecho-Slovakia. As a representative of that group of Slovak political exiles who always stood for a close friendship with Poland, I feel obliged to write a few comments on that issue, especially with regard to the view that the movement for liberalization and democratization stemmed from the Hussite traditions. There is a number of good studies in the West by AngloSaxon and French political writers who analyzed the policy of Czecho-Slovakia during the period of the so-called de-Stalinization and none of them came to a similar conclusion. Only a few journalists stationed in Prague during the summer of 1968 accepted, for reasons which I will mention later, the Czech view that the liberalization movement was due to their national traditions. Books and studies by Western experts in Eastern Europe, like Prof. Skilling, Ph. E. Mosley, W. E. Griffith, Kertesz and even Duchacek, indicate that the Czech part �200 SLOVAKIA of the population of Czecho-Slovakia were lethargic and did not come until 1968 with any noteworthy opposition to the Stalinist regime of Antonin Novotny. Two Czech writers in Griffith's symposium even accuse their compatriots of fully supporting that regime after the upheavals in Hungary and Poland or later when the Slovak intellectuals began to attack the Stalinist dictatorship. (See Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. X, 4, 1968.) I think it can be objectively established that the movement for liberalization and democratization not only started in Slovakia, but also was carried on mainly by the Slovak intellectuals. One of the contributors to your special issue on Czecho-Slovakia, P. Carnogursky, pointed to this fact, but did not develop his thesis by giving names and data. In all serious studies in the West it has been accepted that the beginning of the de-Stalinization was a Congress of Slovak writers in May 1963 and a following Congress of Slovak journalists. Actually, Slovak writers attacked the Novotny regime and its Stalinist form and tactics in 1956 and the crimes and methods of that regime were described in a book by Ladislav Mnacko : "Belated Reportages." The Slovak review "Kulturny zivot," then systematically attacked and criticized the regime, asking for a change towards more freedom and more human methods. After 1963, the Slovak intellectuals, among them also several intellectuals of Jewish origin (G. Husak, L. Novomesky, M. Hysko, V. Mihalik, L. Kalisky, E. Lobl, E. Goldstticker, Spitzer ), began an organized struggle for more freedom, justice and democracy. They created a sort of brain trust, behind Alexander Dubcek, who became the embodiment and leader of this movement. The reasons behind the fact that the movement started in Slovakia, can be found in the harsh treatment of Slovakia by the Prague Government under Gottwald and mainly under Novotny. In the purges organized by Prague was eliminated not only Dr. Vlado Clementis, the ideological leader of communism in Slovakia, who died on the gallows, but soon after him all the influential and educated communist leaders branded as bourgeois nationalists. Slovakia �SLOVAKIA 201 was submerged in terror, persecution, de-nationalization and an economic crisis, which was created intentionally by the Government of Prague. President Novotny also hurt the pride and feelings of the Slovak population and, therefore, in the 1960's the outrage was general in Slovakia. When the "bourgeois nationalists" were freed from prisons and rehabilitated, they began to speak about the horrors of their investigations and imprisonment and this gave the impulse to the writers and to the intellectuals, who previously sided with Novotny for an attack on Novotny's regime, because in the purges of the 1950's, mainly Slovaks and Jews became the victims of the furor of the Prague Government. In the Czech part of the country the intellectuals did not feel the terror with such intensity and, therefore, they joined only slowly and individually the movement for democratization and de-Stalinization. As a result, the movement was headed not only by Dubcek but also by Goldsti.icker, Lobl, and many others, all from Slovakia. Should your Revue be interested in a more detailed analysis of this period and should more arguments be required to support my statement that not the Hussite traditions or Czech attachment to democracy were the moving force in the upheavals of 1968 in Czecho-Slovakia, but the Slovak nationalism and striving of Slovaks and some good Czechs for freedom and a more human life, I would be only too glad to send to you a documented study on this subject. Yours very truly, Prof. J. M . Ki rs c h b au m " . THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA represents an overwhelming majority of organized Americans of Slovak descent; actively affiliated with it are the large3t Slovak fraternals, religious organizations, Slovak Clubs and Slovak civic organizations in the United States . . . . THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA is an AMERICAN INSTITUTION; it was organized May 26, 1907, at Cleveland, 0., by the Rev. Stephen Furdek. �202 SLOVAKIA BOOK REVIEWS NEW COLLECTION OF SLOVAK EMIGRE POETRY Jan Okal', Voda a vino (Water and Wine, United States 1970) , pp. 70. Eugen Vesnin, Aj v etrurskych zahradach (Also in the Gardens of Etruria, Buenos Aires, 1970). Rome, as the first free refuge of many Slovak intellectuals, inspired several Slovak ,poets and writers who created during the past quarter of a century literary works of high standards. Among them was not only J. C. Hronsky, R. Dilong, M. Sprinc, and K. Strmen, but also Jan Okal' and Eugen Vesnin. All of them reacted to the beauty of the Eternal city in prose or verse and enriched Slovak emigre literature by several volumes. The above volumes by Jan Okal' and Eugen Vesnin attest to the creative inspiration of Rome and Italy. Jan Okal' (born in 1915) published his first verses in Slovakia during the War in two collections Nehnem sa (I do not move, 1942) and L!ubost' (Love, 1944). He also profusely contributed to Slovak periodicals, wrote short stories for children and translated from Ukrainian literature. It was, however, in exile that his talent developed. Even though he spent most of his time as editor of a S1ovak newspaper in the United States, and for several years also as the editor of Literarny Almanach Slovaka v Amerike, he did not cease to publish poetry or prose of refined taste and literary ma• turity. He also published in English a well-written sketch on the Slovak Robin Hood-George Janosik: A Carpathian Saga ( 1953) and a chronicle in 13 poems called Kro- nika siovakov (The Chronicle of Slovaks, 1954), as well as a satirical novel Blizenci (Gemini, 1962) and translations from I Fioretti di San Francesco . After a few years of silence, he surprised now readers and critics by the above mentioned collection of his poetry, in addition to many verses published in the literary journal Most or in almanacs and calendars. His collection Voda a vino (Water and Wine) is a masterfully illustrated volume of lyrical sketches in verse which reflect Okal"s years spent in Rome and Italy. All his poems, usually not longer than one or two verses, are sensitive and well-written images of beautiful monuments and places of Rome and of •o ther countries which he visited during his exile. The volume under review proves that Okal' is a refined and gifted poet as well as an alert commentator on literary and cultural matters. Personal reminiscences and memories give to his book, as well as to his scattered poems in literary journals, a certain gentleness and tenderness. All his published works were artistically illustrated by the well-known Slovak artist, Joseph G. Cincik, and belong to the finest readings in Slovak emigre literature. * The ancient beauty of Rome and the cultural heritage of the Mediterranean area marked even more the lyrical verses of Eugen Vesnin (Dr. Ignac Zelenka, born in 1913) . After publishing a score of verses in Slovakia before the war, Vesnin spent in silence nearly three dee- �203 SLOVAKIA ades before his three collections of mature lyrical poetry were published in Slovak, and an anthology in Italian. For the past 25 years a librarian in the Vatican library, Vesnin--as the Osservatore Romano wrote when his Italian collection was published- is a "poet of peace, love, patriotism and the beauty of nature, but also well-known as a scholar." Osservatore Romano mentions in this connection Vesnin's works on the Vatican, on the Holy See, as well as 1111 essay on Juraj Knzanic, the -p recursor of Pan-Slavism, and on the liturgical editions which can be found in the Vatican library. Among Vesnin's published poetical works should be mentioned the following collections: Zo zcitisia ntim6z (1965) which appeared also in Italian translation by Prof. Leo Magnino under the title L'Oasi delle mimose (Rome 1967); Jani e som potomok i latokopov (I am not a descendant of gold-diggers) and S temena mojich hor (From the top of my mountains, Buenos Aires 1966) . These collections were followed by lyrical verses Aj v etrurskych zcihradach (Also in the Gardens of Etruria, Buenos Aires, 1970), which seems to be the best selection of Vesnin's peotry. In spite of the fact that Vesnin spent nearly his whole life in Rome where he originally studied theology, his poetry is deeply patriotic and one of his verses "Salute to my Country" can be considered even in its Italian translation as one of the best patriotic poems of the Slovak emigre literature. The literary critic Jan E. Bor considers Vesnin as one of the highly gifted lyrical poets of his generation. The readers, including this reviewer, will agree that his poetry is an enjoyable and cultivated reading. J. M . Kirschbaum TWO FOREIGN LANGUAGE COLLECTIONS OF SLOVAK POETRY Mikulas Sprinc: DRIFTWOOI) Poems translated from the Slovak by the author, Larz Pearson and Jaroslav Vajda. Engravings by Dr. Joseph G. Cincik. Published by the Slovak Institute in Cleveland, Ohio, 1969. Printed by the Benedictine Press at St. Andrew's Abbey, Cleveland, 0. Gorazd Zvonicky: SOLTANTO ROVINE - Italian translation by Milan S. !>urica and Ernesto Simonetto. Published by Associazione di cultura ceca e slovaca "Arturo Cronia," Padua, 1968. Slovak culture was enriched recently by two excellent collections of translations of poems by two of our outstanding poets in exile. The first collection is published in English and presents a selection of recent verses from the lyrical works of the cultivated and sensitive poet, Mikulas Sprinc. The selection, as well as the translations, are very successful and the English reader will go through this carefully published and artistically illustrated volume with delight. Whoever likes intimate lyrics written by a poet who seems to combine the art of Paul Verlaine and the spirit of St. Francis of Assissi will enjoy every verse of this excellent collection. Some verses were translated by the author himself, others by the well-known translator of Slovak poetry into English, Rev. J. Vajda, and some by one of the students of the poet, Larz Pearson. As usual, �204 SLOVAKIA the translations do not reflect exactly the Slovak text and its musical and rhythmical quality but, on the whole, all translations attest to the talent of both the auther and the translators. Those who appreciate poetry which is rooted in the strong belief in the Creator without sounding too religious, and those who like the beauty of life iu the songs of birds, the color of flowers, the sound of the wind, and blue skies or the colors of the rainbow, will find delight in reading Mikulas Sprinc's poetry. The volume also contains several fine poems with patriotic overtones expressing the poet's love for his lost and oppressed native Slovakia. The author and the publishers deserve credit for enriching Slovak culture by this valuable volume. there is a refined poet following in the footsteps of Slovak fighters for the nation's freedom, who used the most efficient weapon against tyranny and the sufferings of the Slovak people--the deeply felt and masterfully written poetic protest. As in the case of the volume by Mikulas Sprinc, Slovak intellectuals in the free world as well as at home will appreciate Zvonicky's publication. -jmkDr. Heinrich Kuhn: Bibliographisches Handbuch der Tschechoslowakei. Publications of the Collegium Carolinum, Verlag Robert Lerche, Munich 1969. Dr. Kuhn has added to his very useful previous work Handbuch this new pubThe collection "Soltanto Rovine" der Tschechoslowakei the biowith deals which lication by Gorazd Zvonicky in the tranlapoliticians, Party oftion of Prof. Milan S. !>urica and graphies of and other persons in the Ernesto Simonetto, is another valu- ficials the present Czechoable contribution. Masterfully il- public life of Slovakia. lustrated , the volume gives both As in his previous work, Dr. the Slovak text as well as the Italian translation. Gorazd Zvoni- Kuhn shows a detailed knowledge cky is one of the best contemporary of the subject and prepared it with Slovak poets, highly cultivated and his usual "ptinktlichkeit" and segifted. His poetry is of the same riousness of a scholar. Therefore, genre as that of Mikula!; Sprinc- specialists in Eastern Europe will lyrical, intimate, musical and well welcome this new publication ewritten. It wa~, therefore, not easy specially after the Soviet occupato make an adequate translation. tion placed Czecho-Slovakia again The translators used free verse and into the focus of international indid not look for rhyme. Neverthe- terest. Kuhn's work has been published less, the volume transfers to the readers the feeling of a Slovak in loose sheets in two volumes patriot and poet towards the brutal which will be welcomed by reoccupation of his native country searchers as a very practical way by Soviet troops and the martyr- of dealing with the political figures dom of the Slovak population. The in occupied Czecho-Slovakia. All verses express, however, not only biographies are carefully prepared, intimate and personal sorrows, but containing the most important data. also indignation of all Slovak pa- In some biographies the author triots and of the whole Slovak left out the place of birth of some politician or Party official, but he nation. Once more in Slovak poetry I gives detailed information on all �SLOVAKIA the main leaders either in the government or in the Party. In some cases, like that of the present First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czecho-Slovakia, Dr. G. Husak, it would have been useful to mention the ten years he spent in jail under Novotny's regime, as well as his writings in periodicals about his experience in Novotny's dungeons. Dr. Kuhn mentions only three publications by Husak and in the first one there 205 is a slight mistake in the title. It should read "Zapas o zajtrajfok." Since the leading figures of Slovak and Czech political life were often presented in the West with journalistic superficia!lity, confusing Slovaks for Czechs, we we1lcome this book because it will enable everybody interested in the problems of Czecho.Slovakia to receive correct information. J . M . Kirschbaum BOOKS ON DUBCEK AND SLOVAKIA Among some 50 books in the English and French languages which dealt with the events in Czecho-Sl-ovakia in 1968 and after, there was none, as mentioned last year in my review of books on Slovakia, which paid attention to the situation in Slovakia. The authors of these books overlooked the fact that the liberalization movement had started in Slovakia and that it was also headed by a Slovak-Alexander Dubcek. Prof. Gordon Skilling, who is one of the foremost Canadian specialists on post-war Czecho-Slovakia, drew attention to this lack of interest or intentional neglect in the works of Western specialists in Eastern Europe.1 The role of Slovaks was analyzed and evaluated only in the Canadian siavonic Papers (Vol. X, 4, 1968) by this writer. In 1970 we have, however, several books or studies which do not treat the events in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968 exclusively as "Prague Spring" but are concerned with the whole country and point out to the specific Slovak problems and the role the Slovaks played in the deStalinization period. The best among these studies in English so far is the book by William Shawcross DUBCEK (London, 1970) which would deserve a much more extensive review than space allow us. Another work also deserves our attention is "Dubcek's Biue Print for Freedom" by Lunghi and Ello (Kimber, London, 1968) c1s are two essays by the members of the staff of the Czeclio-Slovak Section of the B.B.C., Michael Montgomery and Deryck Viney. The latter wrote an interesting essay in "Studies of Comparative Communism" (University of Southern California, July-August 1969). The book by Shawcross does not give any biography except to say that "he left Oxford in June 1968 and is now writing on Eastern European affairs for the ' Sunday Times.' He is 24 and this is his first book." In view of this, the book is quite an achievement. From the references, as well as from the contents, it is clear that Shawcross carried out extensive research, interviews, and travelled around .Slovakia, including the birth place of ~lexander Dubcek. As a result, we have in hand a thorough and well documented study. The book is, of course, not without mistakes and shortcomings which, in the intricate situation and confused reporing on events, is to be expected. �206 SLOVAKIA While other Western authors ascribed the liberalization movement to the Czechs, Shawcross's main thesis is that Dubcek's rise to power and the subsequent liberalization of Czecho-Slovakia were due to the fact that the Slovak question had been the motive force behind these events. He traces Dubcek's career within the apparatus of the Communist Barty of Slovakia as a more or less obsequious Party member until he decided to spearhead the Slovak movement within the Communist Party of Czecho-Slovakia for greater justice for all the Slovaks. Carried to the ht)ad of this movement that had much deeper roots than most Western observers have cared to point out, Dubcek then demonstrated strategic and tactical talents in forestalling Novotny's counterattacks and eventually in leading the struggle to rid the country of its Stalinist President and Communist Party First Secretary. Although Dubcek did not expect it, he saw himself placed at the head of Czecho-Slovakia, the first Slovak to achieve this position. Up to this point, Shawcross's presentation, despite some mistakes on the meaning and on some details of the 1944 revolt, is very good. The author shows good knowledge of the political situation in Slovakia and an understanding of the problem which Slovakia poses within Czecho-Slovakia. Husak's rise to power is dismissed as a personal repetition of Dubcek's ascension. No doubt Husak's emergence as the head of •t he Communist Party of Czecho-Slovakia was in many ways a personal success, but the fact that a second Slovak rose to the highest position when many Czech Stalinists were waiting in the wings, indicates that the Communist Party of Slovakia, if not other institutions or groups, must also have played some role. With the federalization of CzecboSlovakia, the Slovak element could not be further ignored as it had been during the Novotny years. It is to be regretted that Sbawcross did not pursue the developments in Slovakia and if be was unab'1e to find out more of what happened there after August 1968, he could present at least some hypotheses. As far as Husak is concerned, he also made an error when stating that he graduated at Prague University. Despite these shortcomings, Shawcross's work must be considered not only as a good piece of research, but in view of his age, is an act of courage, as he did not hesitate to bring forward a problem that Western historiography has been ignoring for more than half a century. Among the books on Czecho-Slovakia in the French language, it is the one by Pavel Tigrid which deals with Dubcek and with the It is after the time of the in- situation leading to the dismissal vasion by the Soviet Union and of Novotny, as well as with the her satellites that Shawcross's nar- events of 1968, and the aftermath rative shows some of its flaws, of the invasion. Tigrid's book is much of this is due to the fact entitled La chute irresistible d'Athat he follows Tigrid's book too iexander Dubcek, (Calmann-Levy, closely. The author is carried away Paris, 1969) . The book was written on the by his admiration for Dubcek and paints his opponents too black. basis of many unpublished docuJ<'urthermore, the Slovak problem ments and minutes of the meetings is completely lost in this part. 1 of the Central Committee of the �SLOVAKIA Communist Party, or of the government. Tigrid has recognized that the Slovak problem played an important role in the attempts to oust Novotny from his position and he depicts Dubcek in this first phase ot the struggle within the Central Committee of the Communist Party as a fighting, courageous man. However, the role of Dubcek after he took over the office of First Secretary is painted with a certain tendency tJo diminish his importance or to present him as a timid, indecisive man, lacking in intellectual abilities and preparation to cope with the problem of liberalization. One chapter is entitled "Alexander Dubcek, heros malgre lui" which by itself indicates a sort of depreciation and shows an attempt on the part of Tigrid to ascribe the liberalization movement to the Czechs, even though the truth is ,that the behavior of the Czech masses as well as of some of their politicians greatly contributed to the decision of the Soviets to invade the country and to destroy the liberalization movement. Tigrid's book is written in a journalistic rather than in a scholarly style, but by using original sources and confidential information, it fills a certain gap in the literature about the events in Czecho.JSlovakia in 1967 and 1968. We also find in Tigrid',s book a sympathetic mention of Vasil Bil'ak who strongly opposed Novotny in December 1967 and courageously fought for Slovak interests, but apparently became later one of those sided with Moscow. More objectively than in Tigrid's book, Slovakia and Dubcek are presented in the book by Francois Fetji:i Histoire des democracies populaires apres Staline (Editions du Seuil, Paris, 1969) . In Fetji:i's 207 book, Dubcek is not presented as a timid, indecisive and implicitly naive and politically unprepared leader. On the contrary, he is portrayed as a man who believed strongly in his "Communism with human face," and in Lenin's thesis on the independence and the territorial integrity of socialist states. Throughout his book, Fetjo deals with the situation in Czecho-Slovakia with rare objectivity and compares -the events with either Hungary or Poland. As one chapter, entitled "La Tragedie Tchechoslovaque et ses ,p rolongements," indicates, he considers the invasion of Czecho-Slovakia as a tragedy and as a brutal and unnecessary action on the cpart of Moscow. A one-time Communist and author of several books on Eastern Europe and communism, Fetji:i presents in his book conclusions which are logical and displays solid knowledge of the problems of the countries under Soviet rule. He writes about Slovakia and the Communist leaders of Slovak origin or born in Slovakia without any bias, which many authors of books on Eastern Europe u~ually are unable or unwilling to do. Michel Tatu also published a series of articles and a book on the events in Czecho-Slovakia, and two books by Ladislav Mnacko have been translated into the French language. For the events of 1968, only one of Mnacko's books La septieme nuit is of importance. Books in German dealing with the events in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968 are comperatively few when compared to the number of books published in English. With regard to Slovakia, we can mention the German translation of Mnacko's book Die Siebente Nacht (Vienna, 1968) which was reviewed last yeaT �208 SLOVAKIA in Slovakia. Another author from knowledge of the situation in Slovakia, Dr. Eugen Lobl published Czecho-Slovakia and refers to many his experiences in jail in German, sources in the Slovak and Czech Die Revolution rehabilitiert ihre language which would indicate Kinder, (Vienna: Europa, 1968), as that he might be one of the Sudewell as a political essay published ten Germans who now live in West together with Leopold Grunwald, Germany. His approach to the SloDie intellektuelle Revolution, Hi~ vak problem is unbiased. Dubcek tergriinde und Auswirkungen des and other Slovak communist lead"Prager Friihlings," (Diisseldorf: ers played, according to him, an important role during the crisis Econ, 1969) . While in the first book Dr. Lobl of the Communist Party in 1967, speaks about the persecution and and he portrays Dubcek as First Communists Secretary of the Communist Party of rehabilitation purged during the Stalinist period without the caustic remarks or and later in the Novotny era, his disdain which can be found in contribution in the second book Tigrid 's book, for instance. Even though Reitzner's book is presents his views on the possibility of reforming communist systems rather the work of an experienced and of giving them a human face. journalist who made detailed reAccording to Prof. Skilling "As search, it reflects quite objectively a severe critique of the Soviet the changing situation in Czechobrand of socialism, this book ranks Slov-akia in those two fateful years. with Djilas' The New Class, but In addition, by quoting from Slorepresents also an original and vak and Czech periodicals, newsimaginative, even if passionate and papers and speeches of communist one-sided, interpretation of the leaders, Reitzner's book preserves proposed Czechoslovak model. For m·eful materials for further reLobl, the events of 1968 constituted search. Speaking probably much a new phase in the 'socialist re- better Czech than Slovak, he was volution,' continuing the work led to misspel the name of some begun by the October revolution Slovak newspapers like "Smena" and later interrupted by Stalinism. or "Smer" which he writes in It was also a renewed effort by Czech orthography. The reader is left with the imCzechs and Slovaks to follow a that the author had a pression atan own, s pecial path of their tempt which had been made in the sincere intention to give a realistic 1940s and then had been rudely and objective account of th ~ Mmblocked by Soviet coercion as ex- plex situation in both Slovakia and emplified by the trials of the the Czech lands. 1950s." (International Journal, Vol. l) See H. Gordon Skilling: "Thaw XXV, No. 1, p. 197) . and Freeze-Up: Prague 1968." International Journal Vol. XXV, There is also, however, a German No. 1, pp. 192-201. author, Almar Reitzner, wh o published a book entitled D ubcek F . Kennan: From Prague (Miinchen, 1970) but actually deals George Diplomatic Papers Munich, after with all the aspects of the crisis 1938-1940, Princeton University in Czecho-Slovakia in 1967 and Press, 1968, 226 Pages. with the short period of liberalizaThe well-known diplomat-historition and the Soviet invasion of 1968. Reitzner displays a detailed an George F . Kennan contributes �SLOVAKIA in this volume to the history of the crucial years 1938-1940 by many valuable documents, diplomatic despat.ches and personal observations. As he admits himself in his preface : "All were written either for private purposes or for the confidential information of the United States government." With all academic honesty, he also admits : "This material was unavoidably in many respects unbalanced and inadequate. In reflected serious lapses in my own historical background as well as in the range of my contacts in the Czechoslovak society of the time. The selection of the subject matter was inevitably affected by the limitations on opportunities for reading, for travel, and for personal acquaintance." .Such a confession does not diminish the value for historians or students of the political tragedy which started with Munich. Nevertheless, the reader and even more the student of history has to keep in mind the author's remarks, especially with regard to Slovakia, where his contacts were not only limited but his information came mostly from people who were not free to bias against the Slovak aspirations for an equal footing with the Czech half of the country. Kennan himself admits in his despatches that Slovakia was not treated by Prague governments without discrimination and prejudice; yet he accepted in many instances the Czech views on the motives and goals of the ffiinka's Slovak Populist Party, on the autonomist movement and on the contacts of its leaders with Berlin. The Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945, published in 1957 by Her Majesty's Stationery Office i11 co-operation with the United States Department of State, dis- 209 prove many of the adverse allegations about the Slovak autonomist movement; even the history books published by communist historians in the short period of liberalization in Slovakia seem to put the events of 1938-1939 and the leading personalities in a more objective historical perspective than some documents contained in this volume. It would, however, be unjust to blame Kennan because his information was gathered from people either in Prague or in Slovakia who viewed the situation from their partisan position and with the result that his report reflected their biased opinions. This valuable volume of documents and excellently written observations also suffers from another shortcoming. The author writes that the documents are source material "above all to those students of the political process who wish to examine the anatomy of an attempt by a military powerful country to dominate and control, under modern conditions, the life of a small and helpless but highly developed neighbor for whose national feelings, and claim to independence, it has only contempt." This is certainly a highly motivated purpose and no doubt the documents will be helpful in this respect. rt is, however, hard to understand why the epilogue to this book was written by Frederick G. Heymann, who left Prague in 1939, was hardly acquainted with Slovakia and her internal problems and who admits that his own immediate information at the time on which Kennan reported same from representatives of the replaced Bene§ Government and other Czech friends. In addition, Heymann admits that he stayed in Czecho-Slovakia only from 1932 to 1939 and "looked at the political �210 SLOVAKIA and socieconomic development there from the viewpoint of a newspaperman of originally German background." With all respect to Mr. Heymann, no student of Eastern European history can take this as his credentials to write an epilogue, let alone an objective epilogue to this volume. Especially acute is his biased attitude towards Slovakia which he severely condemns--not the regime exclusively which certainly deserve condemnation for some acts; furthermore, he does not even indicate that he ever liv~d in Slovakia or studied the Slovak problem. J.M. Kirschbaum David L. Hoggan: Der Erzwungene Krieg , Die Ursachen und Urheber des z. Weltkriegs, Verlag der Deutschen HochschullehrerZeitung Tubingen, 1963, bibliography, maps, photographs, pages 898. The book Der Erzurnngene Krieg (The Imposed War) by the American historian, Prof. David L. Hoggan, represents an effort to reverse the blame for the Second World War. According to his research, it was not Germany which imposed the war on other countries, but the war was imposed by other countries on Germany. The main culprit in Prof. Hoggan's opinion seems to be Poland, but other great powers share, according to him, some of the responsibility as well. The voluminous work has been written in English but only its German translation has been so far published. If we believe the assertions of Dr. Herbert Grabert, several outstanding historians and colleagues of Prof. Hoggan in the United States read the manuscript and helped the author with advice or agreed with his conclusions. He names especially Michael Karpovltch, Sidney B. Fay, William L. Langer, Rudolf Holsti, Harry Rudin, Raymond Sontag, Charles Tansill, M. K. Dziewanowski, Ralph Lutz, Henry Adams, James Martin and Richavd Jones. Each of them " contributed a lot to the work; other renowned American learned men who came with worthwhile suggestions should not be quoted by their names but their help should be gratefully acknowledged," says Dr. Grabert. The book is undoubtedly one of the most controversial works on the Second World War and it is the duty of the historians of the Second World War to come to grips with the conclusions of Prof. Hoggan. In view of his extended research and references to many works, his narrative seems to be in accordance with the facts. However unbelievable some of these conclusions may seem, Prof. Hoggan shows that he knows all the main sources and documents in English, German, French, Polish and Russian, and pays attention even to books by Czech, Rumanian and Slovak authors. This mass of documentation and references stresses the impression that the book is a scholarly serious undertaking and were it not for the many books published in the West, as well as by the Communist historians who defend quite opposite conclusions, the reader could draw the definite conclusion that the Second World War was really imposed upon the Third Reich. The author, as well as the publishers, were aware of the controversial nature of the book and mentioned that some learned societies or historians in Germany itself express views which are in complete contradiction of Prof. �SLOVAKIA Hoggan's story on the reasons which led to the Second World War. Due to lack of space, we cannot unfortunately write an extensive review or to point out areas where the book differs from the accepted opinions expressed by either American, English, German, French or Russian historians and wish simply to register the publication of this book and its controversial contents. It is also worthwhile to mention that the origins and birth of the Slovak Republic are presented in Prof. Hoggan's book in a different light than we are accustomed to in the books published in the West or in the Communist countries. Prof. Hoggan made the effort to get acquainted with books and documents published by Slovak scholars and historians abroad and did not accept the Czech version, greatly unfavorable to the Slovak people, but uncritically accepted by many renowned historians in the West and East alike. Despite the fact that this book will be opposed by many historians who are unable or unwilling to correct their views no matter how erroneous they may be, Slovaks should be pleased that the truth about Slovakia begins to penetrate Western historiography. Unfortunately, insignificant as the Slovak problem seems to be to the Great Powers, foreign historians will not deal with small problems and by opposing the main conclusions of Prof. Hoggan's book, they will indirectly oppose also his truthful presentation in minor events including the origins and existence of the Slovak Republic. A a result, we must face reality and believe that it will take a long time and many efforts on the part of Slovak scholars who live in the Western world before Slovakia is treated 211 in Western historiography without bias and is free of anti-Slovak tendencies sustained and propagated mainly by the books of Czech historians and politicians and by Communist propaganda literature. J.M. Kirschbaum TOW ARD A NEW CENTRAL EUROPE : A Symposmm on the Prob- lems of the Danubian Nations, Edited by: Francis S. Wagner, Danubian Press, Inc. Astor Park, Florida, 1970. Not only specialists but anyone interested in Eastern Europe will welcome this well documented and carefully edited symposium which reflects the view of some 30 authors on the problems of Central Europe. The book is divided into five parts and the contributors belong practically to all the peoples of the Danubian and Carpathian part of East Central Europe. Part I deals with the international relations of individual Central European peoples with the Western Powers. It also contains some basic principles for the possibility of the co-existence of nations in the Danubian and Carpathian basins. The contributions by C. A. Macartney, T. Eckhardt, and the late Wenzel Jaksch seem to be the most relevant in this part. Part II deals with federalism in Central Europe and contains views and analysis of the federalist efforts in Central Europe by some 15 authors. We can find among them not only the late Prime Minister of Czecho-Slovakia, Milan Hodza, but also the well-known supporter of Danubian Federation, F. 0. Miksche, as well as a contribution entitled : "Slovakia and the Integration Plans of Central Europe" by J . M. Kirschbaum, and a historical �212 SLOVAKIA survey of federalist movement a- Conference reads as follows: "It mong Slovaks and Czechs by Jo- is the intention of the Czecho-Sloseph Ostrovsky entitled "Czech and vak Government to create the orSlovak Statesmen in Favor of a ganization of the State by accepting as a basis of natural rights the Central European Federation." Part III deals with the national- principles applied in the constituity questions which were the main tion of the Swiss Republic, that is, problem in that part of Europe to make the Czecho-Slovak Repubfor the past 200 years. The authors, lic a sort of Switzerland," and not Alexander Gallus and Francis S. as quoted by Ostrovsky. The author Wagner, who edited this symposi- also omitted other- Slovaks who um, figure among the main con- during or after the Second World tributors to this part. As far as War advocated federalist plans in Slovakia is concerned, it is especial- Central Europe: Karol Sidor in ly the contribution by Francis S. " Gazette de Lausanne," Dr. F. Wagner "The Nationality Problem :i'.lurcansky in "Revue de droit inin Czecho-Slovakia after World tC"rnational" (Geneve, 1944), this War II" which is of interest for writer in several foreign language Slovaks. Part IV deals with econom- articles and books, etc. In 1968 ic problems, and Part V contains Czecho-Slovakia was proclaimed a federation of two Republics on maps and statistical data. October 27th in the Assembly and Even though it is impossible to following day in Bratislava, the agree with some of the views exbut with the provision that the. to belonging authors by pressed Law No. 143 will take effect on several nations, the book is a seriJanuary 1st, 1969, and not as Osous attempt to find ways for the trnvsky writes. Certain of these r.ations in Central Europe, who are omissions were unnecessary, bezone influence Soviet a now in cause he could have found a detail( except for the Austrians) to live ed survey of Slovak federalist tentheir pooling by again together dencies in my book: "Slovakiaeconomies and by assuring better Nation at the Crossroads of Central economic standards and freedom Europe" (R. Speller, Publishers, for nearly one hundred million New York, 1960). enslaved people. The academic The contributors amassed a rich value of the contributions differs from author to author but, gener- sources of bibliographical informaally, all contributions are on a high tion in several languages which level and the maps and statistical also can help to acquire a much data will be especially appreciated better and more objective view of by those who research the problems the problems in the past and the possibilities of co-operation of the of Central Eastern Europe. living between the Soviet peoples view, of point Slovak From the in J. Ostrovsky's article one can Union and Germany in the future. unfortunately, find sor:ie errors' The Magyar intellectuals who deinaccuracies and omissions. Dr. Mi~ serve recognition for publishing Ian Hodfa died in the United states this symposium came undoubtedly and not in London. The number with a good initiative to discuss cf Magyars was never one million on a broad basis the problems and in Slovakia and the exact promise ways which would lead toward a of a federal structure of Czecho- 1new Central Europe. J. M. Ki rs c h b au m Slovakia by Dr. Bene~ at the Peace �SLOVAKIA 213 Beitrage zum Deutsch-Tschechi- cide." The Czech population was schen Verhiiltnis im 19. und 20 . encouraged before Dr. Benes reJahrhundert. (Veroffentlichungen turned to Prague by his Ministers des Collegium Oarolinum) Verlag in exile: " to beat them ; kill them ; Robert Lerche (Miinchen, 1967), leave none alive," and many were pp. 178. massacred, mistreated, raped and burned alive. Hundreds of thouThis collection of lectures on the sands died on the "death march" problem of German-Czech relations or in concentration camps, accordis an attempt at presenting the ing to the published documents. problem without passion on a scholarly basis. The lectures were In spite of this, the volume under read at a conference which took r eview refrained from general acplace in Nurenberg and Salzburg cusations of the whole Czech popuin 1964, but the book was publish- lation and gives quite a sober ed only in 1967. survey of the German-Czech r elations. Also the two Czech conAmong the contributors there is tributors avoid mentioning the a Czech historian, Bohdan Chudo- massacres and plead for a sort of ba, and the former Czech diplomat, co-operation in Central Europe and Karel Lisicky. From the German reconciliation. side seven contributors deal with the problem and all seem to master Among the contributions by the Czech language which would German scholars, Dr. Kuhn's artiindicate that they were either born cle on the attitude of the Commuor studied in Czecho-Slovakia. nist Party of Czecho-Slovakia to Whoever read the documents on the Sudeten German question is the expulsion of the Sudeten Ger- one which is the most timely since mans or the book by Prof. Kurt it is the Communist government Glaser (Czecho-Slovakia-A Criti- and Moscow which can bring any cal History ) must admire the quiet change in the relations between tone and restraint with which the Germans and Czechs, and give a German authors present the Ger- new solution to the Sudeten German"Czech relations through the man problem. For specialists in centuries up to the expulsion of Eastern Europe will be, however, more than three million Sudeten of great interest also the contribuGermans from their centuries old tions by Ferdinand Seibt about the settlements in Bohemia. When Dr. social structure of the first CzechoBenes was seeking the Allied sup- Sl ovakia and Frederich Prinz's port for his plan to expel the ar ticle on Benes and the Sudeten Sudeten Germans, he emphasized Germans. E. Zajicek gives in his repeatedly that the transfers would essay some insight into the politics be carried out decently and human- of the Sudeten Germans who coly. However, when he returned operated with Prague. behind the Red Army to Slovakia All the contributions were writand Bohemia, he apparently forgot ten on the basis of good knowledge about his promises of a human solution of the Sudeten German of the literature either in the qu estion. Basing his philosophy on Czech, German or English lanthe so-called " collective guilt," Dr. guage, which enhances the value Bmes allowed the use of methods of the book. which Prof. Glaser calls "geno- I J. M . K i r s c h b a um �214 SLOVAKIA AS OTHERS SEE I commend the Slovak leaders who are sponsoring and perfecting an organization of American Slovak patriots to continue the fight to restore freedom and self-govern• ment to the Slovak Nation. I also commend those Slovak leaders who are endeavoring to unite various Slovak organizations and groups t hroughout the country and combine their efforts in a unified force for the purpose of concentrating public opinion not only in America Lut throughout the world on enslaved nations who must break the shackles of despotism as rapidly as possible and give millions an opportunity to live and enjoy the life of freedom and self-determination. The Slovak Nation historically maintains the highest spirit of friendshi·p for all humanity and at no time in history has ever encroached upon the rights and freedoms of its neighbor nations, and has always given tangible proof of its generosity and spirit of cooperation with humanity in t he hope that world peace can be a reality for all people on the globe. The Slovak World Congress could inaugurate a great educational program to apprise youth i America and throughout the world of the true facts regarding world communism from the days of Lenin down to the present year 1970. IT their people by the sword, guns, slave-labor camps, and mass murders. Education and presentation of fact on Communist enslavement to the world's uninformed are the greatest weapons democracy possesses against the destruction of the Communist menace. The free world must continue this fight. Someday this victory will be won and the Communist enslavers will become extinct. Slovakia and other captive nations will regain free and independent government. I know that the SLOVAK WORLD CONGRESS will continue its outstanding contribution to the free world's fight to exterminate international communist conspiracy and restore freedom to millions throughout the world by the reestablishment of former governments which will give freedom and liberty to their people. - Ray J . Madden, M. C. Mr. ESHLEMAN. Mr. Speaker, neither the Slovak League of A· merica nor the Congress of the United States has forgotten the brutal occupation of Slovakia by the Soviet Army in 1968. We appeal to the conscience of America, to the American people, and to the United Nations-most of all-for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Slovak soil and for guaranteed free democratic elections under United N'cltions' control. One of my valued constituents, Mr. Joseph Pauco, is secretary of the Slovak League of America. That organization is entirely correct when they, in the proper manner, demand the right of freedom for Slovakia. - Edwin D. Eshle- The free nations have the ability, the education, the defense machinery, and the assets to curtail the further spread of the Communist menace and we must continue our fight. History has revealed over the centuries that dictators cannot stay in power long when they must rule man, M.C. �SLOVAKIA 215 The leading example of an unem- of the party presidium last month, ployed party official is, of course, Mr. Husak was in the minority of Alexander Dubcek, the party's a 7-4 vote over an analysis of the leader during the reforms. After events leading up to the Soviet dismissal earlier this year as Am- invasion. The following morning bassador to Turkey and expulsion Mr. Husak left for Moscow to refrom the party, Mr. Dubcek retired ceive Kremlin assurances of conto his Bratislava home to await tinued confidence. employment. Mr. Husak received limited SoHe turned down a fund-handling viet support earlier this fall when post with the Slovak social-security a major campaign to remove him agency for fear that it might be was disclosed through the accidentu~ed to implicate him in possible al death of one of the conspirators. misappropriation charges. He re- Jaroslav Trojan, a member of the quested instead, employment as a presidium of the Federal Assembly, forester .. . was killed as he drove his car after The makers and chief propo- a drinking session with a Soviet nents of Czecho-Slovakia's lost companion. A routine search of his liberalization take their principal desk disclosed copies of dozens of consolation from the fact that there letters by right-wing party officials have been no political trials and addressed to various Soviet leaders few Czechs or Slovaks are in jail and calling for the ouster of Mr. on political charges. But most see Husak. 110 reason to consider this state The party leader was authorized necessarily permanent. to dismiss a few of his principal It is generally believed that while opponents, notably the Czech Inthe party's First Secretary, there terior Minister, Josef Groesser, and will be no political trials because the military man in charge of Mr. Husak was himself a victim of liaison with the Soviet occupation such a trial in Stalin's day. But if tr oops, Gen. Otakar Rytar. But the Soviet Union wants trials, ac- after the general's dismissal, Moscording to this belief, it will re- cow was reported to have sent place Mr. Husak just as it ousted word that he was to be the last Mr. Dubcek last year and replaced "internationalist" ousted. him with Mr. Husak. "Internationalist" is the term for Mr. Husak, while evidently still those who accept the doctrine that the man Moscow considers best the Soviet Union has the right to able to run Czecho-Slovakia, has intervene in a socialist country for some time been under open whenever it says socialism is attack by party leaders even more threatened, such as in Czecho-SloprO-.Soviet than himself. It is as- vakia in 1968. sumed here that these leaders are Opponents of Mr. Husak are conalso operating with Soviet approval, ducting a campaign to present him presumably to keep Mr. Husak as insufficiently internationalist. At from the illusion of independent a Central Committee meeting this power. month, Vasil Bilak, a strongly proThe most determined of Mr. Hu- Soviet leader, surprisingly disclosed sak's opponents are Antonin Ka- that he had a long-missing docupek, secretary of the Prague organ- ment that would identify the ization and Alois Indra, Cetral genuine internationalists and from Committee secretary. At a meeting I which Mr. Husak's name is absent. �216 SLOVAKIA The document is the alleged 1968 letter from Czecho-Slovak leaders to the Soviet Union inviting the Warsaw Pact intervention. The letter was mentioned by Moscow immediately after the invasion but has never been produced nor all its signers disclosed. Mr. Bilak listed about 40 signers, including himself, Mr. Kapek and Mr. Indra. - The New York Times, December 22, 1970. George Blanda, the 43-year-old grey-beard sub quarterback and kicking specialist of the Oakland Raiders football team whose lastgasp heroics gave new hope to the middle-aged, has been named Male Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press. The ageless marvel of the gridiron, who excelled in a tough contact sport competing against athletes half his age, beat out a glittering array of stars in assorted sports in the year-end poll of sports writers and broadcasters. Blanda received 332 votes compared with 246 for Bobby Orr, defenseman of the Boston Bruins hockey team who was runner-up, and 224 for Johnny Bench, slugging catcher of the Cincinnati Reds' baseball team who was a close third . - Associated Press. (Blanda i:; of Slovak ancestry.) I could not condemn the Hungarians or the Czechs and Slovaks, for example, if they were able to launch an effort in this country to turn our eyes toward the danger of the new isolationism. - Frank Morris. The Wanderer, St. Paul, Minn. , September 24, 1970. Those who have known nothing but freedom seldom are capable of appreciating the single majesty of that which they have: the privilege nf aff!'rfing their own destiny. But ask any Czech or Slovak, who has had liberty and then lost it, what it means to be free. Such men know, and in them the dream never dies. - Smith Hempstone. The Phil.adeiphia Inquirer, November 1, 1970. Slovak police recently made a series of raids on government stores and found that one-third were overcharging by as much as 50 per cent on scarce goods. Forty thousand dollars worth of goods were found hidden for customers with extra money. - Donald R. Shanor. Chicago Daily News. December 26, 1970. .Slovak youth stubbornly clings to its anti-Soviet feelings and looks upon the presence of Soviet troops in Czecho-Slovakia as the greatest injustice and offense. This is the conclusion of Ondrej Pavlik, a member of the Slovak Academy of Science. Pavlik gave an account-in the official organ of the Ministry of Education-of an investigation carried out among students in secondary sohools in all parts of Slovakia. In the course of the research more than 2000 questionnaires were collected from students and 400 from teachers. The replies were anonymous. Pertinent portions of Pavlik's report follow : "The entry of Soviet troops in our country and their stationing here still occupy a dominant position in the minds of our students. "The ..Soviet presence in our country is considered by students as a grave act of injustice and a sufficient reason to feel angry at the Soviet Union. "Another source of anti-Sovietism among our youth is our trade relation with the Soviet Union and other Communist countries. The �SLOVAKIA arguments of ota Sik, economic expert during the Dubcek era are still accepted as valid by our you•th. 'There is much confusion in the minds of our students about modern capitalism. The students' arguments are seldom political but chiefly of economic nature. "The survey revealed a strikingly high degree of religious beliefs, especially among girls in all secondary schools of Slovakia. In most cases the influence of the school in political-ideological questions is weak, very weak indeed. "Too many teachers concentrate on their particular subject, or pretend they do and do not concern themselves with ideological education; they regard ideological educational work with disdain. "The investigation revealed that students seldom ask their teachers ideological questions for fears of embarrassing the teachers. There is a kind of tacit agreement between students and teachers: 'you say what you want and we think what we want.'" "A considerate proportion of the youth questioned have expressed confidence in the person of Gustav Husak, present leader of the Czecho-Slovak Communist Party, even though such students remain highly critical of the Soviets. "The reduced emphasis put on atheistic education is chiefly responsible for the growing influence of the Church among Slovak yeuth." - Theodore Andrica. Cleveland Press Vienna Bureau. I went behind the Iron Curtain. For so many years I have read a lot of reports concerning communism and many times I often wondered how much of the horror that I have read about is true. So many times I wondered, as I think most Americans have, is commu- 217 nism as bad as my government has told me? Although my trip to Slovakia was short, I can tell you that communism is horrible. I flew from Zurich, Switzerland to Vienna, Austria. In Austria, part of our free world, I rented a car and drove to Slovakia. The entry point was Bratislava. Trying desperately to find my way through the chopped up, beaten, narrow streets of the city, I stopped at a little store to try to get directions to the institute. A woman about 60 years old attending this store, which had nothing but barren shelves and some old clothing, was very secretly hanging a Christmas tree ball in the far end of the store. What she was trying to do was add some Christmas to her store which was something she enjoyed as a young woman. Any display, religious or nationalistic, is absolutely forbidden. A prison sentence is imposed. As I drove through Bratislava, there were uniformed soldiers and police with machine guns. Their purpose was to contain the Slovak people so they could not revolt or could not escape the country. Obviously, the people knew that I was American by the way I was dressed and also the license plates on the automobile were that of the fre e world. A Slovak friend told me how communism begins to infect people and countries. He told me that if you read the Communist doctrine, it sounds glorious but impossible to work. He told me that communism in Russia itself is a complete failure and certainly was a failure in Czecho-Slovakia. So much so that it is necessary in Russia and in Czecho-Slovakia to contain the people by machine guns. He talked of America's greatness, and said that one of the great �218 SLOVAKIA things about America was our free enterprise system. People are individualistic, people want to progress in their life. If a man does more, he is entitled to more. If a man has greater ability, he is entitled to advance. Under the Communist system no such thing exists. There is no individual compensation for doing more or knowing more. He urged me to make known what I saw so that people here would know the true horrors of communism. The lack of sufficient food and clothing. The government regulating their lives. You can't buy a pair of shoes unless the government authorizes you to purchase them. You can't buy a suit unless the government approves the purchase of a suit. There is something that resembles TV with one channel. This goes on about 7 o'clock at night and it is turned off aproximately at 9. Half of the time is devoted to government propaganda. When the Russians came into Czecho-Slovakia, they did so because Czech and Slovak peoples were desirous of developing a free enterprise system so that people could work and get paid fairly for their day's labor, so that they could trade and associate more closely with the free world. The Russians invaded CzechoSlovakia. As Communists do they raped the nation, they pulled out all of the machinery in their factories, they even tore out street lights and took them into Russia. The Slovak people told me that the Russian soldiers did not have a watch on their wrist and in order to get a watch they pulled it off the arm of the Slovak people. They also touched on the intrusion of their homes and the raping of their wives and daughters, which is again a typical Communist and Nazi type of thing. He begged me to tell people how truly horrible communism is. It is very difficult for me to tell you how bad I really think it is. The Communists are told that soon America will convert to communism. This man told me this is difficult to believe. He said why would anybody want communism when you have such a wonderful system. I told him that the propaganda he was hearing was untrue, that there are some people, who believe communism is good, but unfortunately they have not seen what I have seen. He warned me to beware of what I say. Under Communism we don't know who will report us. If you say something to offend the system you could very easily be thrown in prison, in fact, they are looking just for that. - American Tourist. The Evening News , Harrisburg, Pa., December 26, 1970. The Christmas holiday for Czecho-Slovakia ended abruptly in a working Sunday. Factories, stores and shops were open, and traffic appeared about as heavy as on a weekday. Officially it was a week dayThursday, to be exact. The government decreed that it took the place of last Thursday, Christmas Eve, on the economic schedule, with all normal Thursday services supposed to be operating. Thursday had been designated a Saturday, meaning half-day shopping and offices closed. The calender confusion continues with Monday designated a Wednesday for work and organizational purposes. Tuesday is Tuesday but you're wrong if you think it will be followed by Wednesday. Wednesday, Dec. 30, has been designated a Friday, meaning extra �SLOVAKIA long business hours, because the real Friday, Jan. 1, is a holiday. Next Saturday, Jan. 2. has been designated a Sunday and Sunday, Jan. 3, a Monday. Finally, on Monday, January 4, normality of sorts returns-if two Mondays in one week can be conAssociated sidered normal. Press. The federal status of Czechia, Moravia and Slovakia has been replaced by strict Prague centralism, much to the embarrassment of Gustav Husak, the Communist Party's first secretary. As a Slovak nationalist, Husak spent years in jail during the Novotny regime. Theodore Andrica, cievel,and Press Vienna Bureau. Shortly after President Richard ~ixon's inaguaration in 1968 it was reported from Washington that Dr. Walter R. Tkach, an American of Slovak descent, and a long-time friend, serving as a colonel with the U.S. Air Force Medical Corps, wa!:' recalled from Vietnam to be chief medical advisor to the President. 219 ing called to serve as the White House physician. It is not generally known, but the White House is equipped with an ultra modern medical clinic which is at the service of Mr. Nixon, his family, and the White House staff. More complete facilities are available at nearby Bethesda Naval Hospital, Walter Reed Army Hospital and AFB with attending specialists. The White House clinic is staffed by seven people, three of whom are doctors. Whenever the president leaves the White House, even though it might be only a few feet away, he is always accompanied by a doctor. Dr. Tkach first became aquainted with Mr. Nixon 17 years ago when hi:! served as our country's vicepresident. Dr. Tkach at the time waE an assistant on President Eisenhower's medical staff in the White House. He accompanied the vice-president as his medical advisor during his historic trip to Russia, and on other travels had an opportunity to meet with fa. mous world personages like Nehru of India and Hirohito of Japan . . . The President's regimen under the close watch of Dr. Tkach seems to be working for him. Just recently Mr. Nixon remarked that he could not recall ever having had headache, the physical kind of ! course Dr. Tkach was graduated from Dr. Tkach is a strong advocate Penn State College where he attained a Bachelor of Science in of military service. He feels that Chemistry, and embarked on an military service affords young phyAir Force career after graduation sicians unlimited opportunities, and from medical school in 1945. He recommends that they consider served in Japan 1946-1948. Since military careers, particularly in the that time he had tours of duty at Air Force. - ,Dr. S. J . metko, various military medical schools, National Slovak Society Almanac, clinics and institutions, before be• Pittsburgh, Pa. About a year later Dr. Tkach, a 52-year old native of Monongahela, Pa., a suburb of Pittsburgh (his wife Helen, also hails from the same town), was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. �220 SLOVAKLA The last remammg clause of Alexander Dubcek's short lived "action program" is crumbling. That clause is the one that instituted a Czecho-,Slovak "federation" - a move that gave Slovakia, for the first time, more or less equal status with the more educated, industrialized, prosperous and powerful Czech lands. state bank, fuel and power engineering, transport and communications have all been recentralized in Prague. New national ministers have been appointed and the Czech and Slovak ministries closed. Even the secret police are to be controlled from the center again. Husak, in a speech last month, pledged that the federation itself Dubcek, a Slovak, included the would last, but said certain minor federation in the action program shortcomings had to be solved. The he introduced on April 9, 1968, at new laws were the result. a time when his now discredited To add insult to injury, both the liberalization was at its height. The Czech and Slovak governments had action program also provided a to apprnve emasculation of their range of civil rights-freedoms of own powers. speech, assembly and the press, A constitutional court was to secret elections, freedom to travel have been set up arbitrate disputes -that disappeared within a year between the two halves of Czechoof the Soviet led invasion. Slovakia and the national governBut Dubcek's successor Commu- ment. As far as is known the court nist Party First Secretary Gustav does not exist. Instead, the Prague Husak, also a Slovak, and there go'llernment has been authorized to were hopes that he would keep the handle such disputes-making it federation plan which was enor- both prosecutor and judge. mously popular in Slovakia. F'rom the Slovaks' point of view, It's likely to remain, at least on possibly the worst development paper, for some time. But a series was the new power of the central of measures taken over the Christgovernment to allocate investments mas holidays have reduced it to in Slovakia or Czech lands. For an empty shell. decades under communism and Through government decrees and before communism- Prague shortparliamentary moves, the regime changed the Slovaks in investment has all but eliminated Slovakia's and industry, keeping the area autonomy in economics and put permanently depressed. The record its economy back under central of the prewar Benes-Masaryk govcontrol from Prague - a Czech ernment was no better than the city. postwar Communist regime. Under federation, separate Czech After the action program, Slovaks and Slovak passports were issued. hoped the age old imbalance would The new law erases this and re- end. That hope now is dying. introduces Czecho-Slovak citizen- Richard C. Longworth of United ship. Press International, February 25, Foreign currency control, the 1971. �SLOVAKIA 221 Our Contributors Edw ard J. Behuncik, Attorney-at-Law, Stratford, Conn. J. M . Kirschbaum , LL.D ., Ph;D ., professor, historian, author, Toronto, Ontario Sister M. Delphina, SS.C.M ., teacher, Danville, Pa. Edw ard A . Tuleya , M . A ., Associate Professor, History Department, Millersville State College, Millersville, Pa. Joseph J. Krajsa, B.A., Bethany College, W. Va. Joseph Hradnansky, Ph.-D ., Associate Professor, Indiana University of · Pennsylvania; Instructor, University of Pittsburgh. Francis Vnuk, M.A ., Professor, Institute of Technology; historian, Ade: laide, Australia_ �222 SLOVAKIA Contents Slovak World Congress - Edward J. Behuncik - Stephen B. Roman-Slovak Tycoon Political Views of nudovit Stur - 3 J. M. Kirschbaum - Sister M. Delphina Opet - 7 20 The Assimilation Process of American Slovaks-J. M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D -79 The Slovak National Awakening - Edward A. Tuleya - The Emergence of the Slovak State - 85 Daniel F . Tanzone - 109 General Mil.an Rastislav Stefanik and the Movement for Czecho-Slovak Independence - Mary Ann Kadera - 124 Sviitopluk: Political Opportunist or National Hero? - - Mary Susan Sabol 134 Slovaks - Joseph John Krajsa - 145 Bratislava: Ancient Slovak Cultural Center - Dr. Joseph Hradnansky -164 The 15th Anniversary of the Untimely Death of Prof. Francis Hrusovsky - J . M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D. - Karol Sidor - F. Vnuk - 175 180 Current Issues (Proclamation of the 42nd Congress of the Slovak League of America. - Slovak World Congress.) - 189 Comments (Sixtieth Anniversary of the Poet Jan Doransky. - Great Distinction for Slovak Poet Karol Strmen. - A Letter of Prof J. M. Kirschbaum to the Polish Monthly Kultura.) - 195 Book Reviews (J. M. Kirschbaum: New Collection of Slovak Emigre Poetry. - Two Foreign Language Collections of Slovak Poetry. Dr. Heinrich Kuhn : Bibliographishes Handbuch der Tschechoslowakei. - Books on Dubcek and Slovakia. - David L. Hoggan: Der Erzwungene Krieg. - Toward a New Central Europe. - Beitrage zum Deutsch-Tschechischen Verhaltnis im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert.) - 202 As Others See It - 214 �SLOVAKIA 223 SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA - supports freedom and independence of Slovakia; - promotes a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation, its history, culture, traditions, and desires ; - makes America better known to Slovakia and Slovakia better known to America in the interest of world peace, freedom and security; - has a scholarship program for college and university students; - promotes cooperation among all American-Slovak organizations and publications for the promulgations of Slovak ethnic heritage. - is a charter member of the Slovak World Congress. Life membership: $100.00 For further information, write to: Slovak League of America 313 Ridge Avenue Middletown, Pa. 17057 ��PRI NTI D IN U.S. A. JIDN OTA PlllN TER Y, MID DLli TOW N, PA. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1971, Vol. 21 Description An account of the resource Vol. 21 (No. 44), 1971. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 189 CURRENT ISSUES Proclamation of the 42nd Congress of the Slovak League of America At Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Solemnly convened in Congress, the officers and delegates of the Slovak League of America formally decla·r e that: 1. We rededica,te ourselves and our membership to the preserva,l!ion of the basic moral principles set forth in the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights of the United Staites o·f America and the United Naitions organization. 2. In light of the above, we request our member organizations and the memberships to solicit their lo<:al, state and federal officials for assistance needed to reestablish Slovakia as a democratic state in a free Central Europe. 3. Fwrther we ask all our fellow citizens to likewise rededicate themselves to the great challenge and opportunities confronting all decent God fearing people in this period of violence, hatred and abuse of lawful authority; for, without a concerted effort by the silent majority, we could easily lose the God given rights and freedoms which we here enjoy, and which are presently non-existent in Slovakia and other nations with age old Christian cultures and traditions, and to insure tile continued safeguarding of these precious rights and gifts, as loyal citizens, we put our trust in and support the dedicated efforts of our President, Richard M. Nix·on, to end the Indochina War, to establish an honorable peace and to restore domestic tranquility. In witness whereof, we have caused these sentiments to be published this 24th day of May, 1970. Edward J. Behuncik, President Joseph Pauco, Secretary 190 SLOVAKIA Slovak World Congress (Mr. TAFT asked and was given permission-June 30, 1970-to address the House of Representatives for 1 minute and to revise and extend his remarks and include extraneous matter.) Mr. TAFT. Mr. Speaker, last week the American Slovak fraternal and religious organizations were participating in the First Slovak World Congress which was held in New York City at the Americana Hotel. I had both the honor and the pleasure to be one of their guests at the banquet, Sunday, June 21, together with my colleagues from the Congress-Ray J. Madden, Paul Findley, Michael A. Feighan, William E. Minshall, and John M. Murphy. Congressman Joseph M. Gaydos, himself of Slovak origin, was unfortunately in hospital at the time and missed this worthy event. Ambassador Nguyen Huu Chi, permanent observer to the United Nations, was also present. Representatives of other American nationalities were also present. Senator John G. Tower, an outstanding American and an eloquent speaker, gave the keynote address. It was a fine speech and the assembled were unanimous in their praise of Senator Tower's presentation and knowledge of history. Among the many delegates from the free world, including from Australia, Latin America, Europe, and Canada, who attended the sessions were also three bishops, Andrew G. Grutka of Gary, Ind., the honorary chairman of the congress; Michael Rusnak of Toronto, and Paul Hnilica of Rome, Italy. Stephen B. Roman, the internationally known industrialist from Canada, chaired the proceedings of the congress with Bishop Grutka. Mr. Roman was elected the chairman of the Slovak World Congress for 1970-71. The major organizations from the United States participating in the congress included the National Slovak Society, presided by John Pankuch, the Slovak Catholic Union, presided by John A. Sabol, the Catholic Sokol, presided by Paul Fallat, Slovak League of America, by Edward Behuncik. SLOVAKIA 191 Feeling certain that many other heritage groups in our great country will find gems of hope for their own ideals, I include Senator Tower's introduction and speech in the Record at this point: Introduction of Key Speaker (By Joseph Krajsa, editor of the largest fraternal American Slovak newspaper) When you think of Texas you immediately think of something big. And President Nixon has sent someone Big to extend official greetings to the Slovak World Congress. The distinguished United States Senator from Texas, Senator Tower, known as a Progressive-Conservative, is a close advisor to President Nixon and serves on three major committees-Armed Services, Banking and Currency, and the Joint Committee on Defense Production. He has spent more time with our commanders and troops in Southwest Asia than any other member of the Senate. The Senator is an internationally known leader and has been distinguished as a gentleman of dedicated zeal. All of you present here today have displayed a zeal for an ideal. We are fortunate that our distinguished American, Senator Tower, shares our zeal. His presence here during his busy congressional session proves his interest in the Slovak cause, a cause so common to all separate ethnic cultures. His massage will be rewarding to all nationality groups, but especially to the Slovak delegates here assembled from all over the free world. And yes, Senator, to the thousands of Slovak Americans living in Texas, too. It has been said that one day the world will be reformed, but not by reformers, but as a result of a zeal for an ideal that is burning in the hearts of dedicated men. Ladies, and gentlemen, it is my pleasure to present to you an inter• nationally known gentleman, our guest to honor, a public servant of dedicated zeal, our distinguished United States Senator from the State of Texas, the Honorable John G. Tower. Thank you for that very fine introduction. Mr. President, Your Excellencies, Reverend clergy, Mr. Ambassador, my distinguished colleagues in the Congress, ladies and gentlemen. 192 SLOVAKIA It certainly is a great pleasure to be here today. It's extremely difficult for me to undertake to address you as the final speaker on the program. I have listened with great interest to all that has been said, but have not understood it all, since I don't speak Slovak. And so I am reasonably sure that Steve Roman has probably made my speech. But I'll find out afterwards. I think that this is a great and significant moment that you meet here in your first World Congress. I think it is always inspiring when like-minded people get together for a noble common cause. You are Slovaks and I am an Anglo-Saxon. But we are all childred of God. And as such, we are enjoined to stand fast in the liberty with Christ who set us free. We are all of one family. And we are our brothers in the common cause to try to achieve in this world, and in that which God intends, freedom for all mankind. There are those in this world today who I think are ready to give up in the struggle against totalitarianism. I am so happy to note that you people are not among them. There are many in our country who have never felt the lash of communist imperialism. Because Karl Marx stated things in lofty terms, in terms of thinking what he considered to be human objectives, they think perhaps that system is not so bad after all. I wish every American could have shared the experiences many of you had, who have lived under communist totalitarianism to understand what it is all about. I have never lived in a totalitarian system, but I've been in places in this world where I've seen the stultifying and inhuman effects of the communist drive for world aggrandizement. As it has been noted, I have been in Vietnam several times. I returned from there, most recently, several weeks ago. Two weeks ago, today, I was sludging around on the battlefield in Cambodia. Today I'm glad to report to you that we are achieving our objectives in Vietnam. We can measure our achievement in several ways. We have reduced the capacity of the enemy to wage massive forces against us. We have improved the fighting qualities of the army of South Vietnam. And I can tell you that Army, and indeed all the Armed Forces of South Vietnam performed SLOVAKIA 193 in a most professional, courageous and effective manner in the recent and current operations in Cambodia. And, I am given to understand by the military commanders, that this will hasten the day when we can bring our boys back home. But I think the most important reason, and underlying everything, is the fact that now most of the Vietnamese people have had some experience with Communism. They may not understand democracy, as you and I understand it. They may not understand all of the responsibilities of self-government, as you and I understand it. Those who have lived under the Viet Cong, and under the heel of North Vietnamese military have made a decision, that they would rather be with us. I think that the only way we can fail to accomplish our objectives, in trying to combat communist aggression in Southeast Asia, is for the people here at home to throw in the towel. I do not think we can lose the war in Southeast Asia if we can maintain our presence there. I know I didn't have to convince you about our responsibilities in the world. You know what Communism has done to Eastern Europe and what America must do to maintain her own security. You know the reason why. It's the same reason that we fight today in South Vietnam because Communist aggressor powers seek to expand their realm by force. There are so many naive people, unfortunately, too many of them on the college faculties of this country, who hold that there is no danger from Communist aggression. I imagine that the people in Czecho-Slovakia can say a word or two on that score. And I wish that they who have fled from the Russian tanks and tbe Russian machine guns could be on the college faculties so that our youth can get a better impression of what Communism is really like. How can we believe that there is no danger? There are those who try to impose a sense of guilt on the people of the United States for the arms race. We didn't start the arms race! It was not the U.S. which continued to maintain its poverful military force immediately following World War II. We demobilized. It was not the U.S. that swallowed-up the Eastern European countries with the use of military force. It was not the U.S. who sealed off Berlin. It-was not the U.S. who invaded 194 SLOVAKIA South Korea. And, in the past few years, from the point of strategic technology, the Russians have been developing their military potential at a much greater rate than we have. I submit to you that there is a clear and present danger which you well know. And I am not speaking so much to you, as I am through you, to a lot of people who are not in this room. But who should understand that this nation must maintain a posture of military superiority, not inferiority. Not parity, but superiority! Because if we fail to maintain it, my friends, there will be no hope for the Slovaks, nor for the millions of others to ever aspire to freedom and selfdetermination and have any reasonable hope of realizing it. Does anyone believe that if the Soviets achieve strategic military superiority they will not use it to blackmail the rest of the world into going along their way. And you know what their way is. My friends, we are going to be in grave trouble by the end of this decade, or perhaps even before, if we don't recognize this fact. I don't believe that we, Americans, can retreat to "fortress America" and hope to survive as a great nation ourselves. Even if we made our country impregnable; if we withdrew from the world, other nations would have to make their own accommodations with the Soviets. Then we will find ourselves in grave economic difficulties in a few years hence, because we are not a self-sufficient nation. We depend on sources and resources from other parts of the world. So, our capacity to progress as free people in the free enterprise system is involved here. But beyond that the mantle of world leadership has fallen on our shoulde11s whether we like it or not. We certainly are our brothers keepers! If we, as a Judeo-Christian society don't believe that then we have lost sight of the basic tenet. We are our brothers keepers, and have a responsibility to try and maintain a secure world in which Slovaks and all others, can aspire to freedom and hope ultimately to achieve it. I'm pleased to bring you greetings from the White House. I'm also pleased to observe that you are willing to make common cause with all others, to combat the great Communist menace. There can be no freedom where Russian tanks, Russian soldiers occupy soil. There is no SLOVAKIA 195 freedom in such territory anyplace. Ultimately, I think that all societies in this world can aspire to the kind of progress we in the U.S. and Canada have enjoyed through the free enterprise system. In the final analysis, when man becomes totally dependent upon the State, he losses his freedom. The right of man to own and do with his property what he considers best to him and his environment is a ba:sic right and the major factor which prevents his being reduced to meek dependency on the State. I commend you for what you are doing. I wish you well. Know that you are not alone, that there will be those of us who although are not Slovak, will be at your side. God speed! COMMENTS SIXTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE POET JAN DORANSKY Among Slovak poets and writers in exile whom we considered in 1945 as the "young generation," there are several who are approaching their venerable age of 60 years. In 1971, we should not bypass in silence the 60th birthday of one of them-Jan Doransky, born on May 28, 1911, in Trstena. Coming from a part of Slovakia which gave to Slovak literature and public life many outstanding poets and novelists, Jan Doransky inherited a love for literature and began to write in his early youth, first for student's periodicals, later for literary and cultural monthlies. Afte·r finishing his secondary education, he studied law at the University of Bratislava and practiced as a notary in various parts of Slovakia. The outbreak of the Second World War interrupted his civilian life. Being, however, known at that time as a poet and writer, he was retained in the Department for cultural affairs at the Ministry of National Defense. When the Russian armies overran Slovakia, Doransky with thousands of other Slovak intellectuals left with his family for the West. After spending two years in Austria and two years in Rome, he landed in Canada 196 SLOVAKIA in 1949 and has lived in Montreal for the past eighteen years. Doransky is a poet of considerable versatility, and besides many lyrical verses and patriotic poems, he wrote in Canada a drama called Stard mat', neopust'aj nds (Grandmother do not leave us alone), successfully played by Slovak groups across Canada. The play was originally published in Kanadsky Slovak and later in 1953 in book form. Before coming to Canada, Doransky had published in 1939 a play called Novou cestou (On a new path) and in 1943 a collection of satirical verses Slepi pasazieri (Blind passengers). In Slovakia as well as in Canada, his poetry was published in various anthologies : Pred ohnivym drakom (1939), Vo vyhnanstve (1947), Zdravica sv. Cyrilovi a Metodovi (1963); in literary periodicals (Kultura, Most) and in almanacs. In recent years his epigrams published either in the quarterly Most or in newspapers and almanacs became preferred reading among Slovak intelligentsia in the free world. Besides poetry, Doransky wrote a number of short novels and other prose contributions for periodicals (Oral Tatransky, Svojet', Kultura) under the pen-name Hamernik and for the Slovak almanacs and newspapers in Canada and the United States under the name J. D. Oravec. Doransky's literary production is extensive and only the difficulties which a poet or a writer has to overcome in exile, prevented him from publishing his writings in book form. At his 60th birthday, two or three collections of lyrical verses, one collection of short novels and three collections_ of epigrams and satire are among his manuscripts awaiting more favorable circumstances for publication. All who like his poetry and his excellent epigrams called by him "Jedorasty", cannot but wish him that he may live to see not only his manuscripts published but also go back to a free and independent Slovakia for which he fought and to which he dedicated his life and his talent. Ad multos annos! J. M . Ki rs c h b au m SLOVAKIA 197 GREAT DISTINCTION FOR SLOVAK POET KAROL STRMEN Slovak emigre poetry has given to Slovak literature not only its share of excellent original works which echo the great poets of Western nations, but also a new dimension in masterful translations from several world literatures. Recently Slovak literature achieved recognition in this field from the excellent work in scholarship and poetry of one of the most gifted Slovak poets, Prof. Karol Strmen. On October 28, 1970, during the meeting of the Association of American Teachers of French, held in New Orleans, the cultural attache of the French Embassy in Washington presented Prof. Strmen, on behalf of the Government of France, with the Medal of the Knight of Academic Palms. No doubt it has been a deserved distinction, and Slovak literary community abroad is rightly proud of it. Karol Strmen (born in 1921), by vocation university professor of Romance literature, enriched Slovak poetry by translations from several World literatures as well as by his own poetic works. Belonging to the "Catholic Moderna" but following his own literary path, Strmen impressed literary critics and readers almost unanimously as a gifted and mature poet from the time he published his first verses in the prestigous literary monthly Slovenske Pohl'ady, and his first two collections of verses Vyzinok zivota (Harvest of Life) (1940), and Testament (1945) . Attracted by French, Spanish, German and Italian poets, whose works he was masterfully translating during the past two decades, Strmen deviated from the main stream of Slovak emigre poetry as indicate his two collections of verses Striebornd Legenda (The Silver Legend) (1950), and Cakaju nivy jar (Meadows are Expecting Spring) (1963), and his contributions to literary journals and newspapers. His poetry is rather for the cultivated than for the average readers and the traditional and national values are less visible in his poetry than in the poetry of other Slovak emigre poets. Among Strmen's early translations is an anthology 198 SLOVAKIA from the poetry of Michael Eminescu, R. M. Rilke, the wellknown poem by Edgar Allan Poe "Raven" and several poems by Dante. His translating activity increased during the years of his exile to a degree unequalled by any other Slovak poet or writer. He continued to translate from practically all Romance languages as well as from German and English. Among the main translations are Robert Browning's Portuguese Sonnets (1947), Paul Claudel's Via Crucis (1954) and Dante's Inferno (1963 ) . In manuscript form he has Shakespeare's dramas. Slovak literary journals like Most, Literdrny Almanach Slovdka v Amerike, and other Slovak annuals have published regularly his translations from many literatures. His master work in translated poems is, according to literary critics, Dante's Inferno, published in a highly elaborate volume also from the printing point of view. It was, however, Paul Claude!, whose work he liked best and on whom he wrote his doctoral dissertation. Strmen who originally intended to study theology, translated also the New Testament and other religious books, hymns and psalms. Together with sprinc he deserves credit for many cultural activities which developed among Slovaks in exile since the end of the Second World War. Like Sprinc he left home for the United States and in 1949 settled in Cleveland. He is a member of several learned societies, of the Slovak Institute, Slovak Association of Writers and Artists, etc. Even though many of his poems reflect his strong patriotic feelings and aversion to communism before which he fled in 1945, Strmen was among the few emigre poets and writers whose verses pierced the Iron Curtain and were published in 1968 thaw in Slovakia. Slovak emigre writers and poets congratulate their distinguished colleague. J. M. Kirschbaum . . . The Polish monthly Kultura, which is published in Paris by the intellectuals who either did not return to Poland after the Second World War, or escaped the Communist tyranny, dedicated a special issue to the upheavals SLOVAKIA 199 in Czecho-Slovakia. Unfortunately the presentation of the events which led to the liberalization and de-Stalinization movement seems to be strongly influenced by Czech propaganda or insufficient knowledge of the situation in Slovakia, as well as of the role which Slovaks played in changing the Stalinist system and giving "a human face to socialism." Prof. J.M. Kirschbaum who has many friends among Polish intellectuals and has been known for his positive attitude towards Poland since the time of his studies in Warsaw and Cracow, wrote to the editor of Kultura a let.t er but he never received an answer to his friendly remarks. As a result, we decided to publish the letter as a document to record that we were not silent when the presentation of historical events, in which the Slovaks played an important role, has been distorted. Mr. Jerzy Giedroyc, Editor: Kultura, 91 Avenue de Poissy, Paris, France. Dear Sir: I have read with great interest your special issue dedicated to Czecho-Slovakia. As a representative of that group of Slovak political exiles who always stood for a close friendship with Poland, I feel obliged to write a few comments on that issue, especially with regard to the view that the movement for liberalization and democratization stemmed from the Hussite traditions. There is a number of good studies in the West by AngloSaxon and French political writers who analyzed the policy of Czecho-Slovakia during the period of the so-called de-Stalinization and none of them came to a similar conclusion. Only a few journalists stationed in Prague during the summer of 1968 accepted, for reasons which I will mention later, the Czech view that the liberalization movement was due to their national traditions. Books and studies by Western experts in Eastern Europe, like Prof. Skilling, Ph. E. Mosley, W. E. Griffith, Kertesz and even Duchacek, indicate that the Czech part 200 SLOVAKIA of the population of Czecho-Slovakia were lethargic and did not come until 1968 with any noteworthy opposition to the Stalinist regime of Antonin Novotny. Two Czech writers in Griffith's symposium even accuse their compatriots of fully supporting that regime after the upheavals in Hungary and Poland or later when the Slovak intellectuals began to attack the Stalinist dictatorship. (See Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. X, 4, 1968.) I think it can be objectively established that the movement for liberalization and democratization not only started in Slovakia, but also was carried on mainly by the Slovak intellectuals. One of the contributors to your special issue on Czecho-Slovakia, P. Carnogursky, pointed to this fact, but did not develop his thesis by giving names and data. In all serious studies in the West it has been accepted that the beginning of the de-Stalinization was a Congress of Slovak writers in May 1963 and a following Congress of Slovak journalists. Actually, Slovak writers attacked the Novotny regime and its Stalinist form and tactics in 1956 and the crimes and methods of that regime were described in a book by Ladislav Mnacko : "Belated Reportages." The Slovak review "Kulturny zivot," then systematically attacked and criticized the regime, asking for a change towards more freedom and more human methods. After 1963, the Slovak intellectuals, among them also several intellectuals of Jewish origin (G. Husak, L. Novomesky, M. Hysko, V. Mihalik, L. Kalisky, E. Lobl, E. Goldstticker, Spitzer ), began an organized struggle for more freedom, justice and democracy. They created a sort of brain trust, behind Alexander Dubcek, who became the embodiment and leader of this movement. The reasons behind the fact that the movement started in Slovakia, can be found in the harsh treatment of Slovakia by the Prague Government under Gottwald and mainly under Novotny. In the purges organized by Prague was eliminated not only Dr. Vlado Clementis, the ideological leader of communism in Slovakia, who died on the gallows, but soon after him all the influential and educated communist leaders branded as bourgeois nationalists. Slovakia SLOVAKIA 201 was submerged in terror, persecution, de-nationalization and an economic crisis, which was created intentionally by the Government of Prague. President Novotny also hurt the pride and feelings of the Slovak population and, therefore, in the 1960's the outrage was general in Slovakia. When the "bourgeois nationalists" were freed from prisons and rehabilitated, they began to speak about the horrors of their investigations and imprisonment and this gave the impulse to the writers and to the intellectuals, who previously sided with Novotny for an attack on Novotny's regime, because in the purges of the 1950's, mainly Slovaks and Jews became the victims of the furor of the Prague Government. In the Czech part of the country the intellectuals did not feel the terror with such intensity and, therefore, they joined only slowly and individually the movement for democratization and de-Stalinization. As a result, the movement was headed not only by Dubcek but also by Goldsti.icker, Lobl, and many others, all from Slovakia. Should your Revue be interested in a more detailed analysis of this period and should more arguments be required to support my statement that not the Hussite traditions or Czech attachment to democracy were the moving force in the upheavals of 1968 in Czecho-Slovakia, but the Slovak nationalism and striving of Slovaks and some good Czechs for freedom and a more human life, I would be only too glad to send to you a documented study on this subject. Yours very truly, Prof. J. M . Ki rs c h b au m " . THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA represents an overwhelming majority of organized Americans of Slovak descent; actively affiliated with it are the large3t Slovak fraternals, religious organizations, Slovak Clubs and Slovak civic organizations in the United States . . . . THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA is an AMERICAN INSTITUTION; it was organized May 26, 1907, at Cleveland, 0., by the Rev. Stephen Furdek. 202 SLOVAKIA BOOK REVIEWS NEW COLLECTION OF SLOVAK EMIGRE POETRY Jan Okal', Voda a vino (Water and Wine, United States 1970) , pp. 70. Eugen Vesnin, Aj v etrurskych zahradach (Also in the Gardens of Etruria, Buenos Aires, 1970). Rome, as the first free refuge of many Slovak intellectuals, inspired several Slovak ,poets and writers who created during the past quarter of a century literary works of high standards. Among them was not only J. C. Hronsky, R. Dilong, M. Sprinc, and K. Strmen, but also Jan Okal' and Eugen Vesnin. All of them reacted to the beauty of the Eternal city in prose or verse and enriched Slovak emigre literature by several volumes. The above volumes by Jan Okal' and Eugen Vesnin attest to the creative inspiration of Rome and Italy. Jan Okal' (born in 1915) published his first verses in Slovakia during the War in two collections Nehnem sa (I do not move, 1942) and L!ubost' (Love, 1944). He also profusely contributed to Slovak periodicals, wrote short stories for children and translated from Ukrainian literature. It was, however, in exile that his talent developed. Even though he spent most of his time as editor of a S1ovak newspaper in the United States, and for several years also as the editor of Literarny Almanach Slovaka v Amerike, he did not cease to publish poetry or prose of refined taste and literary ma• turity. He also published in English a well-written sketch on the Slovak Robin Hood-George Janosik: A Carpathian Saga ( 1953) and a chronicle in 13 poems called Kro- nika siovakov (The Chronicle of Slovaks, 1954), as well as a satirical novel Blizenci (Gemini, 1962) and translations from I Fioretti di San Francesco . After a few years of silence, he surprised now readers and critics by the above mentioned collection of his poetry, in addition to many verses published in the literary journal Most or in almanacs and calendars. His collection Voda a vino (Water and Wine) is a masterfully illustrated volume of lyrical sketches in verse which reflect Okal"s years spent in Rome and Italy. All his poems, usually not longer than one or two verses, are sensitive and well-written images of beautiful monuments and places of Rome and of •o ther countries which he visited during his exile. The volume under review proves that Okal' is a refined and gifted poet as well as an alert commentator on literary and cultural matters. Personal reminiscences and memories give to his book, as well as to his scattered poems in literary journals, a certain gentleness and tenderness. All his published works were artistically illustrated by the well-known Slovak artist, Joseph G. Cincik, and belong to the finest readings in Slovak emigre literature. * The ancient beauty of Rome and the cultural heritage of the Mediterranean area marked even more the lyrical verses of Eugen Vesnin (Dr. Ignac Zelenka, born in 1913) . After publishing a score of verses in Slovakia before the war, Vesnin spent in silence nearly three dee- 203 SLOVAKIA ades before his three collections of mature lyrical poetry were published in Slovak, and an anthology in Italian. For the past 25 years a librarian in the Vatican library, Vesnin--as the Osservatore Romano wrote when his Italian collection was published- is a "poet of peace, love, patriotism and the beauty of nature, but also well-known as a scholar." Osservatore Romano mentions in this connection Vesnin's works on the Vatican, on the Holy See, as well as 1111 essay on Juraj Knzanic, the -p recursor of Pan-Slavism, and on the liturgical editions which can be found in the Vatican library. Among Vesnin's published poetical works should be mentioned the following collections: Zo zcitisia ntim6z (1965) which appeared also in Italian translation by Prof. Leo Magnino under the title L'Oasi delle mimose (Rome 1967); Jani e som potomok i latokopov (I am not a descendant of gold-diggers) and S temena mojich hor (From the top of my mountains, Buenos Aires 1966) . These collections were followed by lyrical verses Aj v etrurskych zcihradach (Also in the Gardens of Etruria, Buenos Aires, 1970), which seems to be the best selection of Vesnin's peotry. In spite of the fact that Vesnin spent nearly his whole life in Rome where he originally studied theology, his poetry is deeply patriotic and one of his verses "Salute to my Country" can be considered even in its Italian translation as one of the best patriotic poems of the Slovak emigre literature. The literary critic Jan E. Bor considers Vesnin as one of the highly gifted lyrical poets of his generation. The readers, including this reviewer, will agree that his poetry is an enjoyable and cultivated reading. J. M . Kirschbaum TWO FOREIGN LANGUAGE COLLECTIONS OF SLOVAK POETRY Mikulas Sprinc: DRIFTWOOI) Poems translated from the Slovak by the author, Larz Pearson and Jaroslav Vajda. Engravings by Dr. Joseph G. Cincik. Published by the Slovak Institute in Cleveland, Ohio, 1969. Printed by the Benedictine Press at St. Andrew's Abbey, Cleveland, 0. Gorazd Zvonicky: SOLTANTO ROVINE - Italian translation by Milan S. !>urica and Ernesto Simonetto. Published by Associazione di cultura ceca e slovaca "Arturo Cronia," Padua, 1968. Slovak culture was enriched recently by two excellent collections of translations of poems by two of our outstanding poets in exile. The first collection is published in English and presents a selection of recent verses from the lyrical works of the cultivated and sensitive poet, Mikulas Sprinc. The selection, as well as the translations, are very successful and the English reader will go through this carefully published and artistically illustrated volume with delight. Whoever likes intimate lyrics written by a poet who seems to combine the art of Paul Verlaine and the spirit of St. Francis of Assissi will enjoy every verse of this excellent collection. Some verses were translated by the author himself, others by the well-known translator of Slovak poetry into English, Rev. J. Vajda, and some by one of the students of the poet, Larz Pearson. As usual, 204 SLOVAKIA the translations do not reflect exactly the Slovak text and its musical and rhythmical quality but, on the whole, all translations attest to the talent of both the auther and the translators. Those who appreciate poetry which is rooted in the strong belief in the Creator without sounding too religious, and those who like the beauty of life iu the songs of birds, the color of flowers, the sound of the wind, and blue skies or the colors of the rainbow, will find delight in reading Mikulas Sprinc's poetry. The volume also contains several fine poems with patriotic overtones expressing the poet's love for his lost and oppressed native Slovakia. The author and the publishers deserve credit for enriching Slovak culture by this valuable volume. there is a refined poet following in the footsteps of Slovak fighters for the nation's freedom, who used the most efficient weapon against tyranny and the sufferings of the Slovak people--the deeply felt and masterfully written poetic protest. As in the case of the volume by Mikulas Sprinc, Slovak intellectuals in the free world as well as at home will appreciate Zvonicky's publication. -jmkDr. Heinrich Kuhn: Bibliographisches Handbuch der Tschechoslowakei. Publications of the Collegium Carolinum, Verlag Robert Lerche, Munich 1969. Dr. Kuhn has added to his very useful previous work Handbuch this new pubThe collection "Soltanto Rovine" der Tschechoslowakei the biowith deals which lication by Gorazd Zvonicky in the tranlapoliticians, Party oftion of Prof. Milan S. !>urica and graphies of and other persons in the Ernesto Simonetto, is another valu- ficials the present Czechoable contribution. Masterfully il- public life of Slovakia. lustrated , the volume gives both As in his previous work, Dr. the Slovak text as well as the Italian translation. Gorazd Zvoni- Kuhn shows a detailed knowledge cky is one of the best contemporary of the subject and prepared it with Slovak poets, highly cultivated and his usual "ptinktlichkeit" and segifted. His poetry is of the same riousness of a scholar. Therefore, genre as that of Mikula!; Sprinc- specialists in Eastern Europe will lyrical, intimate, musical and well welcome this new publication ewritten. It wa~, therefore, not easy specially after the Soviet occupato make an adequate translation. tion placed Czecho-Slovakia again The translators used free verse and into the focus of international indid not look for rhyme. Neverthe- terest. Kuhn's work has been published less, the volume transfers to the readers the feeling of a Slovak in loose sheets in two volumes patriot and poet towards the brutal which will be welcomed by reoccupation of his native country searchers as a very practical way by Soviet troops and the martyr- of dealing with the political figures dom of the Slovak population. The in occupied Czecho-Slovakia. All verses express, however, not only biographies are carefully prepared, intimate and personal sorrows, but containing the most important data. also indignation of all Slovak pa- In some biographies the author triots and of the whole Slovak left out the place of birth of some politician or Party official, but he nation. Once more in Slovak poetry I gives detailed information on all SLOVAKIA the main leaders either in the government or in the Party. In some cases, like that of the present First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czecho-Slovakia, Dr. G. Husak, it would have been useful to mention the ten years he spent in jail under Novotny's regime, as well as his writings in periodicals about his experience in Novotny's dungeons. Dr. Kuhn mentions only three publications by Husak and in the first one there 205 is a slight mistake in the title. It should read "Zapas o zajtrajfok." Since the leading figures of Slovak and Czech political life were often presented in the West with journalistic superficia!lity, confusing Slovaks for Czechs, we we1lcome this book because it will enable everybody interested in the problems of Czecho.Slovakia to receive correct information. J . M . Kirschbaum BOOKS ON DUBCEK AND SLOVAKIA Among some 50 books in the English and French languages which dealt with the events in Czecho-Sl-ovakia in 1968 and after, there was none, as mentioned last year in my review of books on Slovakia, which paid attention to the situation in Slovakia. The authors of these books overlooked the fact that the liberalization movement had started in Slovakia and that it was also headed by a Slovak-Alexander Dubcek. Prof. Gordon Skilling, who is one of the foremost Canadian specialists on post-war Czecho-Slovakia, drew attention to this lack of interest or intentional neglect in the works of Western specialists in Eastern Europe.1 The role of Slovaks was analyzed and evaluated only in the Canadian siavonic Papers (Vol. X, 4, 1968) by this writer. In 1970 we have, however, several books or studies which do not treat the events in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968 exclusively as "Prague Spring" but are concerned with the whole country and point out to the specific Slovak problems and the role the Slovaks played in the deStalinization period. The best among these studies in English so far is the book by William Shawcross DUBCEK (London, 1970) which would deserve a much more extensive review than space allow us. Another work also deserves our attention is "Dubcek's Biue Print for Freedom" by Lunghi and Ello (Kimber, London, 1968) c1s are two essays by the members of the staff of the Czeclio-Slovak Section of the B.B.C., Michael Montgomery and Deryck Viney. The latter wrote an interesting essay in "Studies of Comparative Communism" (University of Southern California, July-August 1969). The book by Shawcross does not give any biography except to say that "he left Oxford in June 1968 and is now writing on Eastern European affairs for the ' Sunday Times.' He is 24 and this is his first book." In view of this, the book is quite an achievement. From the references, as well as from the contents, it is clear that Shawcross carried out extensive research, interviews, and travelled around .Slovakia, including the birth place of ~lexander Dubcek. As a result, we have in hand a thorough and well documented study. The book is, of course, not without mistakes and shortcomings which, in the intricate situation and confused reporing on events, is to be expected. 206 SLOVAKIA While other Western authors ascribed the liberalization movement to the Czechs, Shawcross's main thesis is that Dubcek's rise to power and the subsequent liberalization of Czecho-Slovakia were due to the fact that the Slovak question had been the motive force behind these events. He traces Dubcek's career within the apparatus of the Communist Barty of Slovakia as a more or less obsequious Party member until he decided to spearhead the Slovak movement within the Communist Party of Czecho-Slovakia for greater justice for all the Slovaks. Carried to the ht)ad of this movement that had much deeper roots than most Western observers have cared to point out, Dubcek then demonstrated strategic and tactical talents in forestalling Novotny's counterattacks and eventually in leading the struggle to rid the country of its Stalinist President and Communist Party First Secretary. Although Dubcek did not expect it, he saw himself placed at the head of Czecho-Slovakia, the first Slovak to achieve this position. Up to this point, Shawcross's presentation, despite some mistakes on the meaning and on some details of the 1944 revolt, is very good. The author shows good knowledge of the political situation in Slovakia and an understanding of the problem which Slovakia poses within Czecho-Slovakia. Husak's rise to power is dismissed as a personal repetition of Dubcek's ascension. No doubt Husak's emergence as the head of •t he Communist Party of Czecho-Slovakia was in many ways a personal success, but the fact that a second Slovak rose to the highest position when many Czech Stalinists were waiting in the wings, indicates that the Communist Party of Slovakia, if not other institutions or groups, must also have played some role. With the federalization of CzecboSlovakia, the Slovak element could not be further ignored as it had been during the Novotny years. It is to be regretted that Sbawcross did not pursue the developments in Slovakia and if be was unab'1e to find out more of what happened there after August 1968, he could present at least some hypotheses. As far as Husak is concerned, he also made an error when stating that he graduated at Prague University. Despite these shortcomings, Shawcross's work must be considered not only as a good piece of research, but in view of his age, is an act of courage, as he did not hesitate to bring forward a problem that Western historiography has been ignoring for more than half a century. Among the books on Czecho-Slovakia in the French language, it is the one by Pavel Tigrid which deals with Dubcek and with the It is after the time of the in- situation leading to the dismissal vasion by the Soviet Union and of Novotny, as well as with the her satellites that Shawcross's nar- events of 1968, and the aftermath rative shows some of its flaws, of the invasion. Tigrid's book is much of this is due to the fact entitled La chute irresistible d'Athat he follows Tigrid's book too iexander Dubcek, (Calmann-Levy, closely. The author is carried away Paris, 1969) . The book was written on the by his admiration for Dubcek and paints his opponents too black. basis of many unpublished docuJ<'urthermore, the Slovak problem ments and minutes of the meetings is completely lost in this part. 1 of the Central Committee of the SLOVAKIA Communist Party, or of the government. Tigrid has recognized that the Slovak problem played an important role in the attempts to oust Novotny from his position and he depicts Dubcek in this first phase ot the struggle within the Central Committee of the Communist Party as a fighting, courageous man. However, the role of Dubcek after he took over the office of First Secretary is painted with a certain tendency tJo diminish his importance or to present him as a timid, indecisive man, lacking in intellectual abilities and preparation to cope with the problem of liberalization. One chapter is entitled "Alexander Dubcek, heros malgre lui" which by itself indicates a sort of depreciation and shows an attempt on the part of Tigrid to ascribe the liberalization movement to the Czechs, even though the truth is ,that the behavior of the Czech masses as well as of some of their politicians greatly contributed to the decision of the Soviets to invade the country and to destroy the liberalization movement. Tigrid's book is written in a journalistic rather than in a scholarly style, but by using original sources and confidential information, it fills a certain gap in the literature about the events in Czecho.JSlovakia in 1967 and 1968. We also find in Tigrid',s book a sympathetic mention of Vasil Bil'ak who strongly opposed Novotny in December 1967 and courageously fought for Slovak interests, but apparently became later one of those sided with Moscow. More objectively than in Tigrid's book, Slovakia and Dubcek are presented in the book by Francois Fetji:i Histoire des democracies populaires apres Staline (Editions du Seuil, Paris, 1969) . In Fetji:i's 207 book, Dubcek is not presented as a timid, indecisive and implicitly naive and politically unprepared leader. On the contrary, he is portrayed as a man who believed strongly in his "Communism with human face," and in Lenin's thesis on the independence and the territorial integrity of socialist states. Throughout his book, Fetjo deals with the situation in Czecho-Slovakia with rare objectivity and compares -the events with either Hungary or Poland. As one chapter, entitled "La Tragedie Tchechoslovaque et ses ,p rolongements," indicates, he considers the invasion of Czecho-Slovakia as a tragedy and as a brutal and unnecessary action on the cpart of Moscow. A one-time Communist and author of several books on Eastern Europe and communism, Fetji:i presents in his book conclusions which are logical and displays solid knowledge of the problems of the countries under Soviet rule. He writes about Slovakia and the Communist leaders of Slovak origin or born in Slovakia without any bias, which many authors of books on Eastern Europe u~ually are unable or unwilling to do. Michel Tatu also published a series of articles and a book on the events in Czecho-Slovakia, and two books by Ladislav Mnacko have been translated into the French language. For the events of 1968, only one of Mnacko's books La septieme nuit is of importance. Books in German dealing with the events in Czecho-Slovakia in 1968 are comperatively few when compared to the number of books published in English. With regard to Slovakia, we can mention the German translation of Mnacko's book Die Siebente Nacht (Vienna, 1968) which was reviewed last yeaT 208 SLOVAKIA in Slovakia. Another author from knowledge of the situation in Slovakia, Dr. Eugen Lobl published Czecho-Slovakia and refers to many his experiences in jail in German, sources in the Slovak and Czech Die Revolution rehabilitiert ihre language which would indicate Kinder, (Vienna: Europa, 1968), as that he might be one of the Sudewell as a political essay published ten Germans who now live in West together with Leopold Grunwald, Germany. His approach to the SloDie intellektuelle Revolution, Hi~ vak problem is unbiased. Dubcek tergriinde und Auswirkungen des and other Slovak communist lead"Prager Friihlings," (Diisseldorf: ers played, according to him, an important role during the crisis Econ, 1969) . While in the first book Dr. Lobl of the Communist Party in 1967, speaks about the persecution and and he portrays Dubcek as First Communists Secretary of the Communist Party of rehabilitation purged during the Stalinist period without the caustic remarks or and later in the Novotny era, his disdain which can be found in contribution in the second book Tigrid 's book, for instance. Even though Reitzner's book is presents his views on the possibility of reforming communist systems rather the work of an experienced and of giving them a human face. journalist who made detailed reAccording to Prof. Skilling "As search, it reflects quite objectively a severe critique of the Soviet the changing situation in Czechobrand of socialism, this book ranks Slov-akia in those two fateful years. with Djilas' The New Class, but In addition, by quoting from Slorepresents also an original and vak and Czech periodicals, newsimaginative, even if passionate and papers and speeches of communist one-sided, interpretation of the leaders, Reitzner's book preserves proposed Czechoslovak model. For m·eful materials for further reLobl, the events of 1968 constituted search. Speaking probably much a new phase in the 'socialist re- better Czech than Slovak, he was volution,' continuing the work led to misspel the name of some begun by the October revolution Slovak newspapers like "Smena" and later interrupted by Stalinism. or "Smer" which he writes in It was also a renewed effort by Czech orthography. The reader is left with the imCzechs and Slovaks to follow a that the author had a pression atan own, s pecial path of their tempt which had been made in the sincere intention to give a realistic 1940s and then had been rudely and objective account of th ~ Mmblocked by Soviet coercion as ex- plex situation in both Slovakia and emplified by the trials of the the Czech lands. 1950s." (International Journal, Vol. l) See H. Gordon Skilling: "Thaw XXV, No. 1, p. 197) . and Freeze-Up: Prague 1968." International Journal Vol. XXV, There is also, however, a German No. 1, pp. 192-201. author, Almar Reitzner, wh o published a book entitled D ubcek F . Kennan: From Prague (Miinchen, 1970) but actually deals George Diplomatic Papers Munich, after with all the aspects of the crisis 1938-1940, Princeton University in Czecho-Slovakia in 1967 and Press, 1968, 226 Pages. with the short period of liberalizaThe well-known diplomat-historition and the Soviet invasion of 1968. Reitzner displays a detailed an George F . Kennan contributes SLOVAKIA in this volume to the history of the crucial years 1938-1940 by many valuable documents, diplomatic despat.ches and personal observations. As he admits himself in his preface : "All were written either for private purposes or for the confidential information of the United States government." With all academic honesty, he also admits : "This material was unavoidably in many respects unbalanced and inadequate. In reflected serious lapses in my own historical background as well as in the range of my contacts in the Czechoslovak society of the time. The selection of the subject matter was inevitably affected by the limitations on opportunities for reading, for travel, and for personal acquaintance." .Such a confession does not diminish the value for historians or students of the political tragedy which started with Munich. Nevertheless, the reader and even more the student of history has to keep in mind the author's remarks, especially with regard to Slovakia, where his contacts were not only limited but his information came mostly from people who were not free to bias against the Slovak aspirations for an equal footing with the Czech half of the country. Kennan himself admits in his despatches that Slovakia was not treated by Prague governments without discrimination and prejudice; yet he accepted in many instances the Czech views on the motives and goals of the ffiinka's Slovak Populist Party, on the autonomist movement and on the contacts of its leaders with Berlin. The Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945, published in 1957 by Her Majesty's Stationery Office i11 co-operation with the United States Department of State, dis- 209 prove many of the adverse allegations about the Slovak autonomist movement; even the history books published by communist historians in the short period of liberalization in Slovakia seem to put the events of 1938-1939 and the leading personalities in a more objective historical perspective than some documents contained in this volume. It would, however, be unjust to blame Kennan because his information was gathered from people either in Prague or in Slovakia who viewed the situation from their partisan position and with the result that his report reflected their biased opinions. This valuable volume of documents and excellently written observations also suffers from another shortcoming. The author writes that the documents are source material "above all to those students of the political process who wish to examine the anatomy of an attempt by a military powerful country to dominate and control, under modern conditions, the life of a small and helpless but highly developed neighbor for whose national feelings, and claim to independence, it has only contempt." This is certainly a highly motivated purpose and no doubt the documents will be helpful in this respect. rt is, however, hard to understand why the epilogue to this book was written by Frederick G. Heymann, who left Prague in 1939, was hardly acquainted with Slovakia and her internal problems and who admits that his own immediate information at the time on which Kennan reported same from representatives of the replaced Bene§ Government and other Czech friends. In addition, Heymann admits that he stayed in Czecho-Slovakia only from 1932 to 1939 and "looked at the political 210 SLOVAKIA and socieconomic development there from the viewpoint of a newspaperman of originally German background." With all respect to Mr. Heymann, no student of Eastern European history can take this as his credentials to write an epilogue, let alone an objective epilogue to this volume. Especially acute is his biased attitude towards Slovakia which he severely condemns--not the regime exclusively which certainly deserve condemnation for some acts; furthermore, he does not even indicate that he ever liv~d in Slovakia or studied the Slovak problem. J.M. Kirschbaum David L. Hoggan: Der Erzwungene Krieg , Die Ursachen und Urheber des z. Weltkriegs, Verlag der Deutschen HochschullehrerZeitung Tubingen, 1963, bibliography, maps, photographs, pages 898. The book Der Erzurnngene Krieg (The Imposed War) by the American historian, Prof. David L. Hoggan, represents an effort to reverse the blame for the Second World War. According to his research, it was not Germany which imposed the war on other countries, but the war was imposed by other countries on Germany. The main culprit in Prof. Hoggan's opinion seems to be Poland, but other great powers share, according to him, some of the responsibility as well. The voluminous work has been written in English but only its German translation has been so far published. If we believe the assertions of Dr. Herbert Grabert, several outstanding historians and colleagues of Prof. Hoggan in the United States read the manuscript and helped the author with advice or agreed with his conclusions. He names especially Michael Karpovltch, Sidney B. Fay, William L. Langer, Rudolf Holsti, Harry Rudin, Raymond Sontag, Charles Tansill, M. K. Dziewanowski, Ralph Lutz, Henry Adams, James Martin and Richavd Jones. Each of them " contributed a lot to the work; other renowned American learned men who came with worthwhile suggestions should not be quoted by their names but their help should be gratefully acknowledged," says Dr. Grabert. The book is undoubtedly one of the most controversial works on the Second World War and it is the duty of the historians of the Second World War to come to grips with the conclusions of Prof. Hoggan. In view of his extended research and references to many works, his narrative seems to be in accordance with the facts. However unbelievable some of these conclusions may seem, Prof. Hoggan shows that he knows all the main sources and documents in English, German, French, Polish and Russian, and pays attention even to books by Czech, Rumanian and Slovak authors. This mass of documentation and references stresses the impression that the book is a scholarly serious undertaking and were it not for the many books published in the West, as well as by the Communist historians who defend quite opposite conclusions, the reader could draw the definite conclusion that the Second World War was really imposed upon the Third Reich. The author, as well as the publishers, were aware of the controversial nature of the book and mentioned that some learned societies or historians in Germany itself express views which are in complete contradiction of Prof. SLOVAKIA Hoggan's story on the reasons which led to the Second World War. Due to lack of space, we cannot unfortunately write an extensive review or to point out areas where the book differs from the accepted opinions expressed by either American, English, German, French or Russian historians and wish simply to register the publication of this book and its controversial contents. It is also worthwhile to mention that the origins and birth of the Slovak Republic are presented in Prof. Hoggan's book in a different light than we are accustomed to in the books published in the West or in the Communist countries. Prof. Hoggan made the effort to get acquainted with books and documents published by Slovak scholars and historians abroad and did not accept the Czech version, greatly unfavorable to the Slovak people, but uncritically accepted by many renowned historians in the West and East alike. Despite the fact that this book will be opposed by many historians who are unable or unwilling to correct their views no matter how erroneous they may be, Slovaks should be pleased that the truth about Slovakia begins to penetrate Western historiography. Unfortunately, insignificant as the Slovak problem seems to be to the Great Powers, foreign historians will not deal with small problems and by opposing the main conclusions of Prof. Hoggan's book, they will indirectly oppose also his truthful presentation in minor events including the origins and existence of the Slovak Republic. A a result, we must face reality and believe that it will take a long time and many efforts on the part of Slovak scholars who live in the Western world before Slovakia is treated 211 in Western historiography without bias and is free of anti-Slovak tendencies sustained and propagated mainly by the books of Czech historians and politicians and by Communist propaganda literature. J.M. Kirschbaum TOW ARD A NEW CENTRAL EUROPE : A Symposmm on the Prob- lems of the Danubian Nations, Edited by: Francis S. Wagner, Danubian Press, Inc. Astor Park, Florida, 1970. Not only specialists but anyone interested in Eastern Europe will welcome this well documented and carefully edited symposium which reflects the view of some 30 authors on the problems of Central Europe. The book is divided into five parts and the contributors belong practically to all the peoples of the Danubian and Carpathian part of East Central Europe. Part I deals with the international relations of individual Central European peoples with the Western Powers. It also contains some basic principles for the possibility of the co-existence of nations in the Danubian and Carpathian basins. The contributions by C. A. Macartney, T. Eckhardt, and the late Wenzel Jaksch seem to be the most relevant in this part. Part II deals with federalism in Central Europe and contains views and analysis of the federalist efforts in Central Europe by some 15 authors. We can find among them not only the late Prime Minister of Czecho-Slovakia, Milan Hodza, but also the well-known supporter of Danubian Federation, F. 0. Miksche, as well as a contribution entitled : "Slovakia and the Integration Plans of Central Europe" by J . M. Kirschbaum, and a historical 212 SLOVAKIA survey of federalist movement a- Conference reads as follows: "It mong Slovaks and Czechs by Jo- is the intention of the Czecho-Sloseph Ostrovsky entitled "Czech and vak Government to create the orSlovak Statesmen in Favor of a ganization of the State by accepting as a basis of natural rights the Central European Federation." Part III deals with the national- principles applied in the constituity questions which were the main tion of the Swiss Republic, that is, problem in that part of Europe to make the Czecho-Slovak Repubfor the past 200 years. The authors, lic a sort of Switzerland," and not Alexander Gallus and Francis S. as quoted by Ostrovsky. The author Wagner, who edited this symposi- also omitted other- Slovaks who um, figure among the main con- during or after the Second World tributors to this part. As far as War advocated federalist plans in Slovakia is concerned, it is especial- Central Europe: Karol Sidor in ly the contribution by Francis S. " Gazette de Lausanne," Dr. F. Wagner "The Nationality Problem :i'.lurcansky in "Revue de droit inin Czecho-Slovakia after World tC"rnational" (Geneve, 1944), this War II" which is of interest for writer in several foreign language Slovaks. Part IV deals with econom- articles and books, etc. In 1968 ic problems, and Part V contains Czecho-Slovakia was proclaimed a federation of two Republics on maps and statistical data. October 27th in the Assembly and Even though it is impossible to following day in Bratislava, the agree with some of the views exbut with the provision that the. to belonging authors by pressed Law No. 143 will take effect on several nations, the book is a seriJanuary 1st, 1969, and not as Osous attempt to find ways for the trnvsky writes. Certain of these r.ations in Central Europe, who are omissions were unnecessary, bezone influence Soviet a now in cause he could have found a detail( except for the Austrians) to live ed survey of Slovak federalist tentheir pooling by again together dencies in my book: "Slovakiaeconomies and by assuring better Nation at the Crossroads of Central economic standards and freedom Europe" (R. Speller, Publishers, for nearly one hundred million New York, 1960). enslaved people. The academic The contributors amassed a rich value of the contributions differs from author to author but, gener- sources of bibliographical informaally, all contributions are on a high tion in several languages which level and the maps and statistical also can help to acquire a much data will be especially appreciated better and more objective view of by those who research the problems the problems in the past and the possibilities of co-operation of the of Central Eastern Europe. living between the Soviet peoples view, of point Slovak From the in J. Ostrovsky's article one can Union and Germany in the future. unfortunately, find sor:ie errors' The Magyar intellectuals who deinaccuracies and omissions. Dr. Mi~ serve recognition for publishing Ian Hodfa died in the United states this symposium came undoubtedly and not in London. The number with a good initiative to discuss cf Magyars was never one million on a broad basis the problems and in Slovakia and the exact promise ways which would lead toward a of a federal structure of Czecho- 1new Central Europe. J. M. Ki rs c h b au m Slovakia by Dr. Bene~ at the Peace SLOVAKIA 213 Beitrage zum Deutsch-Tschechi- cide." The Czech population was schen Verhiiltnis im 19. und 20 . encouraged before Dr. Benes reJahrhundert. (Veroffentlichungen turned to Prague by his Ministers des Collegium Oarolinum) Verlag in exile: " to beat them ; kill them ; Robert Lerche (Miinchen, 1967), leave none alive," and many were pp. 178. massacred, mistreated, raped and burned alive. Hundreds of thouThis collection of lectures on the sands died on the "death march" problem of German-Czech relations or in concentration camps, accordis an attempt at presenting the ing to the published documents. problem without passion on a scholarly basis. The lectures were In spite of this, the volume under read at a conference which took r eview refrained from general acplace in Nurenberg and Salzburg cusations of the whole Czech popuin 1964, but the book was publish- lation and gives quite a sober ed only in 1967. survey of the German-Czech r elations. Also the two Czech conAmong the contributors there is tributors avoid mentioning the a Czech historian, Bohdan Chudo- massacres and plead for a sort of ba, and the former Czech diplomat, co-operation in Central Europe and Karel Lisicky. From the German reconciliation. side seven contributors deal with the problem and all seem to master Among the contributions by the Czech language which would German scholars, Dr. Kuhn's artiindicate that they were either born cle on the attitude of the Commuor studied in Czecho-Slovakia. nist Party of Czecho-Slovakia to Whoever read the documents on the Sudeten German question is the expulsion of the Sudeten Ger- one which is the most timely since mans or the book by Prof. Kurt it is the Communist government Glaser (Czecho-Slovakia-A Criti- and Moscow which can bring any cal History ) must admire the quiet change in the relations between tone and restraint with which the Germans and Czechs, and give a German authors present the Ger- new solution to the Sudeten German"Czech relations through the man problem. For specialists in centuries up to the expulsion of Eastern Europe will be, however, more than three million Sudeten of great interest also the contribuGermans from their centuries old tions by Ferdinand Seibt about the settlements in Bohemia. When Dr. social structure of the first CzechoBenes was seeking the Allied sup- Sl ovakia and Frederich Prinz's port for his plan to expel the ar ticle on Benes and the Sudeten Sudeten Germans, he emphasized Germans. E. Zajicek gives in his repeatedly that the transfers would essay some insight into the politics be carried out decently and human- of the Sudeten Germans who coly. However, when he returned operated with Prague. behind the Red Army to Slovakia All the contributions were writand Bohemia, he apparently forgot ten on the basis of good knowledge about his promises of a human solution of the Sudeten German of the literature either in the qu estion. Basing his philosophy on Czech, German or English lanthe so-called " collective guilt," Dr. guage, which enhances the value Bmes allowed the use of methods of the book. which Prof. Glaser calls "geno- I J. M . K i r s c h b a um 214 SLOVAKIA AS OTHERS SEE I commend the Slovak leaders who are sponsoring and perfecting an organization of American Slovak patriots to continue the fight to restore freedom and self-govern• ment to the Slovak Nation. I also commend those Slovak leaders who are endeavoring to unite various Slovak organizations and groups t hroughout the country and combine their efforts in a unified force for the purpose of concentrating public opinion not only in America Lut throughout the world on enslaved nations who must break the shackles of despotism as rapidly as possible and give millions an opportunity to live and enjoy the life of freedom and self-determination. The Slovak Nation historically maintains the highest spirit of friendshi·p for all humanity and at no time in history has ever encroached upon the rights and freedoms of its neighbor nations, and has always given tangible proof of its generosity and spirit of cooperation with humanity in t he hope that world peace can be a reality for all people on the globe. The Slovak World Congress could inaugurate a great educational program to apprise youth i America and throughout the world of the true facts regarding world communism from the days of Lenin down to the present year 1970. IT their people by the sword, guns, slave-labor camps, and mass murders. Education and presentation of fact on Communist enslavement to the world's uninformed are the greatest weapons democracy possesses against the destruction of the Communist menace. The free world must continue this fight. Someday this victory will be won and the Communist enslavers will become extinct. Slovakia and other captive nations will regain free and independent government. I know that the SLOVAK WORLD CONGRESS will continue its outstanding contribution to the free world's fight to exterminate international communist conspiracy and restore freedom to millions throughout the world by the reestablishment of former governments which will give freedom and liberty to their people. - Ray J . Madden, M. C. Mr. ESHLEMAN. Mr. Speaker, neither the Slovak League of A· merica nor the Congress of the United States has forgotten the brutal occupation of Slovakia by the Soviet Army in 1968. We appeal to the conscience of America, to the American people, and to the United Nations-most of all-for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Slovak soil and for guaranteed free democratic elections under United N'cltions' control. One of my valued constituents, Mr. Joseph Pauco, is secretary of the Slovak League of America. That organization is entirely correct when they, in the proper manner, demand the right of freedom for Slovakia. - Edwin D. Eshle- The free nations have the ability, the education, the defense machinery, and the assets to curtail the further spread of the Communist menace and we must continue our fight. History has revealed over the centuries that dictators cannot stay in power long when they must rule man, M.C. SLOVAKIA 215 The leading example of an unem- of the party presidium last month, ployed party official is, of course, Mr. Husak was in the minority of Alexander Dubcek, the party's a 7-4 vote over an analysis of the leader during the reforms. After events leading up to the Soviet dismissal earlier this year as Am- invasion. The following morning bassador to Turkey and expulsion Mr. Husak left for Moscow to refrom the party, Mr. Dubcek retired ceive Kremlin assurances of conto his Bratislava home to await tinued confidence. employment. Mr. Husak received limited SoHe turned down a fund-handling viet support earlier this fall when post with the Slovak social-security a major campaign to remove him agency for fear that it might be was disclosed through the accidentu~ed to implicate him in possible al death of one of the conspirators. misappropriation charges. He re- Jaroslav Trojan, a member of the quested instead, employment as a presidium of the Federal Assembly, forester .. . was killed as he drove his car after The makers and chief propo- a drinking session with a Soviet nents of Czecho-Slovakia's lost companion. A routine search of his liberalization take their principal desk disclosed copies of dozens of consolation from the fact that there letters by right-wing party officials have been no political trials and addressed to various Soviet leaders few Czechs or Slovaks are in jail and calling for the ouster of Mr. on political charges. But most see Husak. 110 reason to consider this state The party leader was authorized necessarily permanent. to dismiss a few of his principal It is generally believed that while opponents, notably the Czech Inthe party's First Secretary, there terior Minister, Josef Groesser, and will be no political trials because the military man in charge of Mr. Husak was himself a victim of liaison with the Soviet occupation such a trial in Stalin's day. But if tr oops, Gen. Otakar Rytar. But the Soviet Union wants trials, ac- after the general's dismissal, Moscording to this belief, it will re- cow was reported to have sent place Mr. Husak just as it ousted word that he was to be the last Mr. Dubcek last year and replaced "internationalist" ousted. him with Mr. Husak. "Internationalist" is the term for Mr. Husak, while evidently still those who accept the doctrine that the man Moscow considers best the Soviet Union has the right to able to run Czecho-Slovakia, has intervene in a socialist country for some time been under open whenever it says socialism is attack by party leaders even more threatened, such as in Czecho-SloprO-.Soviet than himself. It is as- vakia in 1968. sumed here that these leaders are Opponents of Mr. Husak are conalso operating with Soviet approval, ducting a campaign to present him presumably to keep Mr. Husak as insufficiently internationalist. At from the illusion of independent a Central Committee meeting this power. month, Vasil Bilak, a strongly proThe most determined of Mr. Hu- Soviet leader, surprisingly disclosed sak's opponents are Antonin Ka- that he had a long-missing docupek, secretary of the Prague organ- ment that would identify the ization and Alois Indra, Cetral genuine internationalists and from Committee secretary. At a meeting I which Mr. Husak's name is absent. 216 SLOVAKIA The document is the alleged 1968 letter from Czecho-Slovak leaders to the Soviet Union inviting the Warsaw Pact intervention. The letter was mentioned by Moscow immediately after the invasion but has never been produced nor all its signers disclosed. Mr. Bilak listed about 40 signers, including himself, Mr. Kapek and Mr. Indra. - The New York Times, December 22, 1970. George Blanda, the 43-year-old grey-beard sub quarterback and kicking specialist of the Oakland Raiders football team whose lastgasp heroics gave new hope to the middle-aged, has been named Male Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press. The ageless marvel of the gridiron, who excelled in a tough contact sport competing against athletes half his age, beat out a glittering array of stars in assorted sports in the year-end poll of sports writers and broadcasters. Blanda received 332 votes compared with 246 for Bobby Orr, defenseman of the Boston Bruins hockey team who was runner-up, and 224 for Johnny Bench, slugging catcher of the Cincinnati Reds' baseball team who was a close third . - Associated Press. (Blanda i:; of Slovak ancestry.) I could not condemn the Hungarians or the Czechs and Slovaks, for example, if they were able to launch an effort in this country to turn our eyes toward the danger of the new isolationism. - Frank Morris. The Wanderer, St. Paul, Minn. , September 24, 1970. Those who have known nothing but freedom seldom are capable of appreciating the single majesty of that which they have: the privilege nf aff!'rfing their own destiny. But ask any Czech or Slovak, who has had liberty and then lost it, what it means to be free. Such men know, and in them the dream never dies. - Smith Hempstone. The Phil.adeiphia Inquirer, November 1, 1970. Slovak police recently made a series of raids on government stores and found that one-third were overcharging by as much as 50 per cent on scarce goods. Forty thousand dollars worth of goods were found hidden for customers with extra money. - Donald R. Shanor. Chicago Daily News. December 26, 1970. .Slovak youth stubbornly clings to its anti-Soviet feelings and looks upon the presence of Soviet troops in Czecho-Slovakia as the greatest injustice and offense. This is the conclusion of Ondrej Pavlik, a member of the Slovak Academy of Science. Pavlik gave an account-in the official organ of the Ministry of Education-of an investigation carried out among students in secondary sohools in all parts of Slovakia. In the course of the research more than 2000 questionnaires were collected from students and 400 from teachers. The replies were anonymous. Pertinent portions of Pavlik's report follow : "The entry of Soviet troops in our country and their stationing here still occupy a dominant position in the minds of our students. "The ..Soviet presence in our country is considered by students as a grave act of injustice and a sufficient reason to feel angry at the Soviet Union. "Another source of anti-Sovietism among our youth is our trade relation with the Soviet Union and other Communist countries. The SLOVAKIA arguments of ota Sik, economic expert during the Dubcek era are still accepted as valid by our you•th. 'There is much confusion in the minds of our students about modern capitalism. The students' arguments are seldom political but chiefly of economic nature. "The survey revealed a strikingly high degree of religious beliefs, especially among girls in all secondary schools of Slovakia. In most cases the influence of the school in political-ideological questions is weak, very weak indeed. "Too many teachers concentrate on their particular subject, or pretend they do and do not concern themselves with ideological education; they regard ideological educational work with disdain. "The investigation revealed that students seldom ask their teachers ideological questions for fears of embarrassing the teachers. There is a kind of tacit agreement between students and teachers: 'you say what you want and we think what we want.'" "A considerate proportion of the youth questioned have expressed confidence in the person of Gustav Husak, present leader of the Czecho-Slovak Communist Party, even though such students remain highly critical of the Soviets. "The reduced emphasis put on atheistic education is chiefly responsible for the growing influence of the Church among Slovak yeuth." - Theodore Andrica. Cleveland Press Vienna Bureau. I went behind the Iron Curtain. For so many years I have read a lot of reports concerning communism and many times I often wondered how much of the horror that I have read about is true. So many times I wondered, as I think most Americans have, is commu- 217 nism as bad as my government has told me? Although my trip to Slovakia was short, I can tell you that communism is horrible. I flew from Zurich, Switzerland to Vienna, Austria. In Austria, part of our free world, I rented a car and drove to Slovakia. The entry point was Bratislava. Trying desperately to find my way through the chopped up, beaten, narrow streets of the city, I stopped at a little store to try to get directions to the institute. A woman about 60 years old attending this store, which had nothing but barren shelves and some old clothing, was very secretly hanging a Christmas tree ball in the far end of the store. What she was trying to do was add some Christmas to her store which was something she enjoyed as a young woman. Any display, religious or nationalistic, is absolutely forbidden. A prison sentence is imposed. As I drove through Bratislava, there were uniformed soldiers and police with machine guns. Their purpose was to contain the Slovak people so they could not revolt or could not escape the country. Obviously, the people knew that I was American by the way I was dressed and also the license plates on the automobile were that of the fre e world. A Slovak friend told me how communism begins to infect people and countries. He told me that if you read the Communist doctrine, it sounds glorious but impossible to work. He told me that communism in Russia itself is a complete failure and certainly was a failure in Czecho-Slovakia. So much so that it is necessary in Russia and in Czecho-Slovakia to contain the people by machine guns. He talked of America's greatness, and said that one of the great 218 SLOVAKIA things about America was our free enterprise system. People are individualistic, people want to progress in their life. If a man does more, he is entitled to more. If a man has greater ability, he is entitled to advance. Under the Communist system no such thing exists. There is no individual compensation for doing more or knowing more. He urged me to make known what I saw so that people here would know the true horrors of communism. The lack of sufficient food and clothing. The government regulating their lives. You can't buy a pair of shoes unless the government authorizes you to purchase them. You can't buy a suit unless the government approves the purchase of a suit. There is something that resembles TV with one channel. This goes on about 7 o'clock at night and it is turned off aproximately at 9. Half of the time is devoted to government propaganda. When the Russians came into Czecho-Slovakia, they did so because Czech and Slovak peoples were desirous of developing a free enterprise system so that people could work and get paid fairly for their day's labor, so that they could trade and associate more closely with the free world. The Russians invaded CzechoSlovakia. As Communists do they raped the nation, they pulled out all of the machinery in their factories, they even tore out street lights and took them into Russia. The Slovak people told me that the Russian soldiers did not have a watch on their wrist and in order to get a watch they pulled it off the arm of the Slovak people. They also touched on the intrusion of their homes and the raping of their wives and daughters, which is again a typical Communist and Nazi type of thing. He begged me to tell people how truly horrible communism is. It is very difficult for me to tell you how bad I really think it is. The Communists are told that soon America will convert to communism. This man told me this is difficult to believe. He said why would anybody want communism when you have such a wonderful system. I told him that the propaganda he was hearing was untrue, that there are some people, who believe communism is good, but unfortunately they have not seen what I have seen. He warned me to beware of what I say. Under Communism we don't know who will report us. If you say something to offend the system you could very easily be thrown in prison, in fact, they are looking just for that. - American Tourist. The Evening News , Harrisburg, Pa., December 26, 1970. The Christmas holiday for Czecho-Slovakia ended abruptly in a working Sunday. Factories, stores and shops were open, and traffic appeared about as heavy as on a weekday. Officially it was a week dayThursday, to be exact. The government decreed that it took the place of last Thursday, Christmas Eve, on the economic schedule, with all normal Thursday services supposed to be operating. Thursday had been designated a Saturday, meaning half-day shopping and offices closed. The calender confusion continues with Monday designated a Wednesday for work and organizational purposes. Tuesday is Tuesday but you're wrong if you think it will be followed by Wednesday. Wednesday, Dec. 30, has been designated a Friday, meaning extra SLOVAKIA long business hours, because the real Friday, Jan. 1, is a holiday. Next Saturday, Jan. 2. has been designated a Sunday and Sunday, Jan. 3, a Monday. Finally, on Monday, January 4, normality of sorts returns-if two Mondays in one week can be conAssociated sidered normal. Press. The federal status of Czechia, Moravia and Slovakia has been replaced by strict Prague centralism, much to the embarrassment of Gustav Husak, the Communist Party's first secretary. As a Slovak nationalist, Husak spent years in jail during the Novotny regime. Theodore Andrica, cievel,and Press Vienna Bureau. Shortly after President Richard ~ixon's inaguaration in 1968 it was reported from Washington that Dr. Walter R. Tkach, an American of Slovak descent, and a long-time friend, serving as a colonel with the U.S. Air Force Medical Corps, wa!:' recalled from Vietnam to be chief medical advisor to the President. 219 ing called to serve as the White House physician. It is not generally known, but the White House is equipped with an ultra modern medical clinic which is at the service of Mr. Nixon, his family, and the White House staff. More complete facilities are available at nearby Bethesda Naval Hospital, Walter Reed Army Hospital and AFB with attending specialists. The White House clinic is staffed by seven people, three of whom are doctors. Whenever the president leaves the White House, even though it might be only a few feet away, he is always accompanied by a doctor. Dr. Tkach first became aquainted with Mr. Nixon 17 years ago when hi:! served as our country's vicepresident. Dr. Tkach at the time waE an assistant on President Eisenhower's medical staff in the White House. He accompanied the vice-president as his medical advisor during his historic trip to Russia, and on other travels had an opportunity to meet with fa. mous world personages like Nehru of India and Hirohito of Japan . . . The President's regimen under the close watch of Dr. Tkach seems to be working for him. Just recently Mr. Nixon remarked that he could not recall ever having had headache, the physical kind of ! course Dr. Tkach was graduated from Dr. Tkach is a strong advocate Penn State College where he attained a Bachelor of Science in of military service. He feels that Chemistry, and embarked on an military service affords young phyAir Force career after graduation sicians unlimited opportunities, and from medical school in 1945. He recommends that they consider served in Japan 1946-1948. Since military careers, particularly in the that time he had tours of duty at Air Force. - ,Dr. S. J . metko, various military medical schools, National Slovak Society Almanac, clinics and institutions, before be• Pittsburgh, Pa. About a year later Dr. Tkach, a 52-year old native of Monongahela, Pa., a suburb of Pittsburgh (his wife Helen, also hails from the same town), was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. 220 SLOVAKLA The last remammg clause of Alexander Dubcek's short lived "action program" is crumbling. That clause is the one that instituted a Czecho-,Slovak "federation" - a move that gave Slovakia, for the first time, more or less equal status with the more educated, industrialized, prosperous and powerful Czech lands. state bank, fuel and power engineering, transport and communications have all been recentralized in Prague. New national ministers have been appointed and the Czech and Slovak ministries closed. Even the secret police are to be controlled from the center again. Husak, in a speech last month, pledged that the federation itself Dubcek, a Slovak, included the would last, but said certain minor federation in the action program shortcomings had to be solved. The he introduced on April 9, 1968, at new laws were the result. a time when his now discredited To add insult to injury, both the liberalization was at its height. The Czech and Slovak governments had action program also provided a to apprnve emasculation of their range of civil rights-freedoms of own powers. speech, assembly and the press, A constitutional court was to secret elections, freedom to travel have been set up arbitrate disputes -that disappeared within a year between the two halves of Czechoof the Soviet led invasion. Slovakia and the national governBut Dubcek's successor Commu- ment. As far as is known the court nist Party First Secretary Gustav does not exist. Instead, the Prague Husak, also a Slovak, and there go'llernment has been authorized to were hopes that he would keep the handle such disputes-making it federation plan which was enor- both prosecutor and judge. mously popular in Slovakia. F'rom the Slovaks' point of view, It's likely to remain, at least on possibly the worst development paper, for some time. But a series was the new power of the central of measures taken over the Christgovernment to allocate investments mas holidays have reduced it to in Slovakia or Czech lands. For an empty shell. decades under communism and Through government decrees and before communism- Prague shortparliamentary moves, the regime changed the Slovaks in investment has all but eliminated Slovakia's and industry, keeping the area autonomy in economics and put permanently depressed. The record its economy back under central of the prewar Benes-Masaryk govcontrol from Prague - a Czech ernment was no better than the city. postwar Communist regime. Under federation, separate Czech After the action program, Slovaks and Slovak passports were issued. hoped the age old imbalance would The new law erases this and re- end. That hope now is dying. introduces Czecho-Slovak citizen- Richard C. Longworth of United ship. Press International, February 25, Foreign currency control, the 1971. SLOVAKIA 221 Our Contributors Edw ard J. Behuncik, Attorney-at-Law, Stratford, Conn. J. M . Kirschbaum , LL.D ., Ph;D ., professor, historian, author, Toronto, Ontario Sister M. Delphina, SS.C.M ., teacher, Danville, Pa. Edw ard A . Tuleya , M . A ., Associate Professor, History Department, Millersville State College, Millersville, Pa. Joseph J. Krajsa, B.A., Bethany College, W. Va. Joseph Hradnansky, Ph.-D ., Associate Professor, Indiana University of · Pennsylvania; Instructor, University of Pittsburgh. Francis Vnuk, M.A ., Professor, Institute of Technology; historian, Ade: laide, Australia_ 222 SLOVAKIA Contents Slovak World Congress - Edward J. Behuncik - Stephen B. Roman-Slovak Tycoon Political Views of nudovit Stur - 3 J. M. Kirschbaum - Sister M. Delphina Opet - 7 20 The Assimilation Process of American Slovaks-J. M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D -79 The Slovak National Awakening - Edward A. Tuleya - The Emergence of the Slovak State - 85 Daniel F . Tanzone - 109 General Mil.an Rastislav Stefanik and the Movement for Czecho-Slovak Independence - Mary Ann Kadera - 124 Sviitopluk: Political Opportunist or National Hero? - - Mary Susan Sabol 134 Slovaks - Joseph John Krajsa - 145 Bratislava: Ancient Slovak Cultural Center - Dr. Joseph Hradnansky -164 The 15th Anniversary of the Untimely Death of Prof. Francis Hrusovsky - J . M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D. - Karol Sidor - F. Vnuk - 175 180 Current Issues (Proclamation of the 42nd Congress of the Slovak League of America. - Slovak World Congress.) - 189 Comments (Sixtieth Anniversary of the Poet Jan Doransky. - Great Distinction for Slovak Poet Karol Strmen. - A Letter of Prof J. M. Kirschbaum to the Polish Monthly Kultura.) - 195 Book Reviews (J. M. Kirschbaum: New Collection of Slovak Emigre Poetry. - Two Foreign Language Collections of Slovak Poetry. Dr. Heinrich Kuhn : Bibliographishes Handbuch der Tschechoslowakei. - Books on Dubcek and Slovakia. - David L. Hoggan: Der Erzwungene Krieg. - Toward a New Central Europe. - Beitrage zum Deutsch-Tschechischen Verhaltnis im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert.) - 202 As Others See It - 214 SLOVAKIA 223 SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA - supports freedom and independence of Slovakia; - promotes a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation, its history, culture, traditions, and desires ; - makes America better known to Slovakia and Slovakia better known to America in the interest of world peace, freedom and security; - has a scholarship program for college and university students; - promotes cooperation among all American-Slovak organizations and publications for the promulgations of Slovak ethnic heritage. - is a charter member of the Slovak World Congress. Life membership: $100.00 For further information, write to: Slovak League of America 313 Ridge Avenue Middletown, Pa. 17057 PRI NTI D IN U.S. A. JIDN OTA PlllN TER Y, MID DLli TOW N, PA.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 21 (No. 44) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Description An account of the resource includes Current Issues; Comments; Book Reviews; As Others See It; Contributors