6 50 763 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/40e81e2fe8d5b5c0bf9262cf1e0bc665.pdf 14c54436e9ee99212664b4d1318fffa9 PDF Text Text 62 SLOVAKIA FREE CZECHS SPEAK OUT J. Sed.lak We have become accustomed to speaking plainly. Wbat are we figbting for? We are figbting for the return of buman rights and dignity. That is why we are determined to fight against the installatio•1 of neo-communism after tihe defeat of communism. We are opposed resolutely to every terror and totalitarian system of government. That ls why we are in exile today. Tbat is why we are also fighting uncompromisingly against bolshevism for the liberation of our country so that free nations could live happlly in a free world. It is the fight for the unalienable rights of indivlduals and na.tions, which we must defend as such. Faithful to this principle, we recognize and respect tbe rights of the Sudeten Germans and the Slovak nation to national selfdetermination. We are not, therefore, bartering wlth a right that is natural and sacred, and we reject the so-called "Czechoslovaks" who are doing so even today. After all the faithlessness - committed by the representatives of this so-called "CzechosJovaklsm" from 1918 to the present tíme, and especially after April 18, 1947, when the first Slovak president, a Catholic priest, Dr. Joseph Tlso, was ~hamefully murdered - we have no business in Slovakla. We are not, do not want to be and we cannot be the occupants or the conquerors of freedom-loving Slovakia, because we would thereby betray the very ideals of democracy and freedom we are fighting for. It is better to be accla!med a sincere frlend in Slovakia tban a hated ruler. · We welcome the cooperatlon of all democra.tic peoples, especially tbe Czechs, with our free Czech National Council. However, we reject tbe collaborators witb bolsbevism of yes'terday who a.re adherents of the group Jed by Dr. Zenkl and Dr. Ripka. We cannot collaborat.e with the Zenkl-Ripka outfit because we are resolutely oppoS'Eld to the installatlon of neo-communism after tbe defeat of bolsbevism. We reject most resolutely the bolsbevik dictatorship against wbich wc are striving to arouse tbe western democracies. But just as resolutely do we reject even tbe "people's-democratic" dictatorsbip which in our country is represented by Gottwalďs "Government Program of Košice" - the program whicb Messrs. Zenkl, Ripka, Majer and their group are trying to propagate and defend in exile. We are fighting for real freedom and democracy; for the release of a ll political prisoners incarcerated slnce 1945 to tbe present time: for a return of the Jand to our agriculturists and nationallzed businesses to their rigbtful owners; we are fighting foť the inviolabillty of private ownersbip. Furtbermore we are fig,hting to carry througb and insuring extensive social reforms in tbe interest:; of workers and laborers and foľ their rigbt to organize freely. We are fighting fo!· basic human freedoms, formulated by great democrats of tbe West, as well as tbe inviolability and sacredness of the family as the· foundat!on of a nation. We are fighting, tberefore, for thé return of h uman dign!ty to our enslaved brothers and sisters in oúr· betraye<l country so tbat they migbt live and build free,Jy and withou t fear. �SLOVAKIA 63 Our fight is in fact a fight for the realization of the principles of Christian morality. And since the lnterest of welfare and development of the Europ,ean nations demands larger federalized units, we a re fľom the beglnnlng of our struggle for a federatlon of free nations. Furthermore, we also reject yesterday's collaborators wlth the c ommunu;ts because we are in no way responsi ble for the c rimes c ommitted by th em while they were in th e services of the Kremlin. In t he interests of justice we shall not cease demanding the just pun!shment of t he gullty. At this time we emphaslze th at we stand o pposed also to the shady speculations of the guilty to promo te chaos after libe r ation and to repeat "May 1946" wh ich would work injustlce to hundreds of thousands of innocent persons and would place power into the hands of the "street" and crimina.ls. The injustlces of retribution shall never again be repeated, but impar tial law of norma! courts s hall prevail. T o the aUempts of yesterday's collaborators with bolsh evism to picture and explain to the West, and especlally to the American public, our b asic stan d towards them in s uch a way as if th e matter c oncerued were only Zenkl and Prchala, we proclaim: We are not c once rned with Prchala or Zenkl, but our nation. We reject most <lecisively Zenkľs totality and his system of leadership hypocritically wrapped in a cloak of democracy. We reject dangerous neo-communism which with the rest of the bolshevik collaborators they are striving to smuggle into the USA, Canada, Australia, England and other countries of the West, and there gain fertile soil for it. That is t he pian of the conspiracy of neo-communism agains! democracy ! To realize th eir pian, the Zenk lites today are trying to s ell themselves to the West. But the democ rats of the W est should be aware of the fact that the Zenklltes are only as devoted to them today as they were only yesterday to the Soviets, and that by a lding them th ey are only strength ening traitors of democracy, who can never gain our natlon for the West. Czech exiles and their nation shall never be led by traitors or confidantes or y esterday's infor mers of their f ellow-citizens who w anted to seize their properties, and so much the less by those who are responsible for the present national tragedy. Czech exiles and their nation shall never be led and shall not be inf luenced by people who went into exil e on a special perm it and with the knowledge of Gottwald and Nosek ( as Vojta Beneš, brother of Dr. E. Beneš, and others). Nor shall they be led by the agents oť Prague or their confidentlal friends. T,he r ecent case of agent K. Strausse in London is still fresh in our me mories. We must guide ourselves accordingly. Certainly the West has b een warned by the chief of the atomic esplonage network who stole lnto England as a "political refugee" and roused the whole of England wlth hls presence. And does the West know how many sples ot the Czech neo-com munists have successfully gotten into mllltar y an d other lmportant enterprises? We are not bitter with hatred. We c an, however, have no truck with t'he followers of neo-communism, who attack us with falsehoods in t he "New Yo rkské Listy" and other publicatlons. It 1s symbolic, because hatred, falsehoods and half-truths are the weapons of communism. W e plead and warn b ecause we are opposed to terror. We �64 SLOVAKIA cannot, therefore, remaln sllent to the vlolence perpetrated by neo-communists against Czech antl-commun!st ex!les w:hlch has at• tained such a degree that Czech patriota, not havlng a hearlng or support anywhere, are asklng confusedly: "ls lt now a curse to have a clean past?" T he neo-communists, outraglng lmpoverlshed exlles, are uslng the beggar's staff to torce them lnto submisslon. That is the trled metbod of c ommunists and neo-communlsts trom the Nazl concentratlon camps, where these people, even though prlsoners, were absolute rulers in t-he Interna! management. There they also tried. to llquidate everything that wlli; not lncllned toward communlsm. Why, Dr. Zenkl was famiUar fa Buchenwald wlth these meth ods of the communist "arch,prlsoners" and ithe camp "polltboro" as were A. Zápotocký and Joseph Plojhar in other concentratlon camps. Some wlt• nesses have returned ,vho stlll remember how Zenkl carrled on Jn Buchenwald. Thls is our basic stand to whlch we adhere firmly and uncompromlslngly. - ("BOHEMIA," Vo!. 4, Nos. 7- 8, 1951) . • • • • WH O SAID IT? " The re are a lso such people who wou ld want t o apply t he Atla ntic Charter in the case of Slovakia. T hat is not only shortsig htedneH, b ut also a gross insult t o Czechoslovakia. T he Czechoslovak problem is ou r ve ry own, an interna! problem." - (Jan Masaryk, London, J an. 20, 1943). • "Czechoslovakia 1s and shall remain a FREE country . . . . Some people say that we have no freedom, that there is religlous persecutlon and propagate all klnds of nonsense about us. I proclalm that all these statements are false. lt 1s not true that we bave rel!gious oppresslon or tdlat democrastlc and indivldual treedoms are suppressec!. 1 AM A PERSON OEEPL Y FOUNOED RELIGJOUSLY and I would not remaln bome even five mlnutes, lf everything that is written about us here were true. . . . I KNOW GOTTWALD A GOOD MANY YEARS, HE IS AN EMI:-.IENT PERSON AND A GREAT CZECH PATRIOT. . . . IT IS NOT TRUE THAT THE COMMUNIST S WANT T O DRI VE (Ján Masaryk, DinANYBODY FROM THE GOVERNMENT." neľ Address, Piótsbu rgh Unlvel'sity Club, fanu,ary 13, 1947) . • "Today we base ourselves on our alliance with Russia which has NO INTENTION ot lnfluenclng us but whlch wlll not permit base torces of reactlon to plot agalnst us to enact another Munlch and another March 15, 1939. Our Interna! situatlon. too, ts completely dlfrerent. . . . Our program does not mean forclble bring1ng lnto line, or TOTALITARIANISM; it slmply means tha.t the múPLE are takIng the management of public affalrs lnto thelr own hands by means o! natlonal committees, whlcb wlll In due course constltute a natlonal assemb!y. Later parllament wlll declde wbat our Constltutlon and laws are to be. Our people wlll choose the right path." - (Zdenek Flerllnger, Prime Minister, Address at Social Democratlc Party meet· Ing, Prague, June • • 19. 5). � 62 SLOVAKIA FREE CZECHS SPEAK OUT J. Sed.lak We have become accustomed to speaking plainly. Wbat are we figbting for? We are figbting for the return of buman rights and dignity. That is why we are determined to fight against the installatio•1 of neo-communism after tihe defeat of communism. We are opposed resolutely to every terror and totalitarian system of government. That ls why we are in exile today. Tbat is why we are also fighting uncompromisingly against bolshevism for the liberation of our country so that free nations could live happlly in a free world. It is the fight for the unalienable rights of indivlduals and na.tions, which we must defend as such. Faithful to this principle, we recognize and respect tbe rights of the Sudeten Germans and the Slovak nation to national selfdetermination. We are not, therefore, bartering wlth a right that is natural and sacred, and we reject the so-called "Czechoslovaks" who are doing so even today. After all the faithlessness - committed by the representatives of this so-called "CzechosJovaklsm" from 1918 to the present tíme, and especially after April 18, 1947, when the first Slovak president, a Catholic priest, Dr. Joseph Tlso, was ~hamefully murdered - we have no business in Slovakla. We are not, do not want to be and we cannot be the occupants or the conquerors of freedom-loving Slovakia, because we would thereby betray the very ideals of democracy and freedom we are fighting for. It is better to be accla!med a sincere frlend in Slovakia tban a hated ruler. · We welcome the cooperatlon of all democra.tic peoples, especially tbe Czechs, with our free Czech National Council. However, we reject tbe collaborators witb bolsbevism of yes'terday who a.re adherents of the group Jed by Dr. Zenkl and Dr. Ripka. We cannot collaborat.e with the Zenkl-Ripka outfit because we are resolutely oppoS'Eld to the installatlon of neo-communism after tbe defeat of bolsbevism. We reject most resolutely the bolsbevik dictatorship against wbich wc are striving to arouse tbe western democracies. But just as resolutely do we reject even tbe "people's-democratic" dictatorsbip which in our country is represented by Gottwalďs "Government Program of Košice" - the program whicb Messrs. Zenkl, Ripka, Majer and their group are trying to propagate and defend in exile. We are fighting for real freedom and democracy; for the release of a ll political prisoners incarcerated slnce 1945 to tbe present time: for a return of the Jand to our agriculturists and nationallzed businesses to their rigbtful owners; we are fighting foť the inviolabillty of private ownersbip. Furtbermore we are fig,hting to carry througb and insuring extensive social reforms in tbe interest:; of workers and laborers and foľ their rigbt to organize freely. We are fighting fo!· basic human freedoms, formulated by great democrats of tbe West, as well as tbe inviolability and sacredness of the family as the· foundat!on of a nation. We are fighting, tberefore, for thé return of h uman dign!ty to our enslaved brothers and sisters in oúr· betraye<l country so tbat they migbt live and build free,Jy and withou t fear. �SLOVAKIA 63 Our fight is in fact a fight for the realization of the principles of Christian morality. And since the lnterest of welfare and development of the Europ,ean nations demands larger federalized units, we a re fľom the beglnnlng of our struggle for a federatlon of free nations. Furthermore, we also reject yesterday's collaborators wlth the c ommunu;ts because we are in no way responsi ble for the c rimes c ommitted by th em while they were in th e services of the Kremlin. In t he interests of justice we shall not cease demanding the just pun!shment of t he gullty. At this time we emphaslze th at we stand o pposed also to the shady speculations of the guilty to promo te chaos after libe r ation and to repeat "May 1946" wh ich would work injustlce to hundreds of thousands of innocent persons and would place power into the hands of the "street" and crimina.ls. The injustlces of retribution shall never again be repeated, but impar tial law of norma! courts s hall prevail. T o the aUempts of yesterday's collaborators with bolsh evism to picture and explain to the West, and especlally to the American public, our b asic stan d towards them in s uch a way as if th e matter c oncerued were only Zenkl and Prchala, we proclaim: We are not c once rned with Prchala or Zenkl, but our nation. We reject most <lecisively Zenkľs totality and his system of leadership hypocritically wrapped in a cloak of democracy. We reject dangerous neo-communism which with the rest of the bolshevik collaborators they are striving to smuggle into the USA, Canada, Australia, England and other countries of the West, and there gain fertile soil for it. That is t he pian of the conspiracy of neo-communism agains! democracy ! To realize th eir pian, the Zenk lites today are trying to s ell themselves to the West. But the democ rats of the W est should be aware of the fact that the Zenklltes are only as devoted to them today as they were only yesterday to the Soviets, and that by a lding them th ey are only strength ening traitors of democracy, who can never gain our natlon for the West. Czech exiles and their nation shall never be led by traitors or confidantes or y esterday's infor mers of their f ellow-citizens who w anted to seize their properties, and so much the less by those who are responsible for the present national tragedy. Czech exiles and their nation shall never be led and shall not be inf luenced by people who went into exil e on a special perm it and with the knowledge of Gottwald and Nosek ( as Vojta Beneš, brother of Dr. E. Beneš, and others). Nor shall they be led by the agents oť Prague or their confidentlal friends. T,he r ecent case of agent K. Strausse in London is still fresh in our me mories. We must guide ourselves accordingly. Certainly the West has b een warned by the chief of the atomic esplonage network who stole lnto England as a "political refugee" and roused the whole of England wlth hls presence. And does the West know how many sples ot the Czech neo-com munists have successfully gotten into mllltar y an d other lmportant enterprises? We are not bitter with hatred. We c an, however, have no truck with t'he followers of neo-communism, who attack us with falsehoods in t he "New Yo rkské Listy" and other publicatlons. It 1s symbolic, because hatred, falsehoods and half-truths are the weapons of communism. W e plead and warn b ecause we are opposed to terror. We �64 SLOVAKIA cannot, therefore, remaln sllent to the vlolence perpetrated by neo-communists against Czech antl-commun!st ex!les w:hlch has at• tained such a degree that Czech patriota, not havlng a hearlng or support anywhere, are asklng confusedly: "ls lt now a curse to have a clean past?" T he neo-communists, outraglng lmpoverlshed exlles, are uslng the beggar's staff to torce them lnto submisslon. That is the trled metbod of c ommunists and neo-communlsts trom the Nazl concentratlon camps, where these people, even though prlsoners, were absolute rulers in t-he Interna! management. There they also tried. to llquidate everything that wlli; not lncllned toward communlsm. Why, Dr. Zenkl was famiUar fa Buchenwald wlth these meth ods of the communist "arch,prlsoners" and ithe camp "polltboro" as were A. Zápotocký and Joseph Plojhar in other concentratlon camps. Some wlt• nesses have returned ,vho stlll remember how Zenkl carrled on Jn Buchenwald. Thls is our basic stand to whlch we adhere firmly and uncompromlslngly. - ("BOHEMIA," Vo!. 4, Nos. 7- 8, 1951) . • • • • WH O SAID IT? " The re are a lso such people who wou ld want t o apply t he Atla ntic Charter in the case of Slovakia. T hat is not only shortsig htedneH, b ut also a gross insult t o Czechoslovakia. T he Czechoslovak problem is ou r ve ry own, an interna! problem." - (Jan Masaryk, London, J an. 20, 1943). • "Czechoslovakia 1s and shall remain a FREE country . . . . Some people say that we have no freedom, that there is religlous persecutlon and propagate all klnds of nonsense about us. I proclalm that all these statements are false. lt 1s not true that we bave rel!gious oppresslon or tdlat democrastlc and indivldual treedoms are suppressec!. 1 AM A PERSON OEEPL Y FOUNOED RELIGJOUSLY and I would not remaln bome even five mlnutes, lf everything that is written about us here were true. . . . I KNOW GOTTWALD A GOOD MANY YEARS, HE IS AN EMI:-.IENT PERSON AND A GREAT CZECH PATRIOT. . . . IT IS NOT TRUE THAT THE COMMUNIST S WANT T O DRI VE (Ján Masaryk, DinANYBODY FROM THE GOVERNMENT." neľ Address, Piótsbu rgh Unlvel'sity Club, fanu,ary 13, 1947) . • "Today we base ourselves on our alliance with Russia which has NO INTENTION ot lnfluenclng us but whlch wlll not permit base torces of reactlon to plot agalnst us to enact another Munlch and another March 15, 1939. Our Interna! situatlon. too, ts completely dlfrerent. . . . Our program does not mean forclble bring1ng lnto line, or TOTALITARIANISM; it slmply means tha.t the múPLE are takIng the management of public affalrs lnto thelr own hands by means o! natlonal committees, whlcb wlll In due course constltute a natlonal assemb!y. Later parllament wlll declde wbat our Constltutlon and laws are to be. Our people wlll choose the right path." - (Zdenek Flerllnger, Prime Minister, Address at Social Democratlc Party meet· Ing, Prague, June • • 19. 5). � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1951, Vol. 1 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1951 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 1 (No. 1), May 1951.</li> <li>Issue 2 (No. 2), December 1951.</li> </ul> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <ul><li><a href="https://n2t.net/ark:/13960/s261hfmshm7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>ark:/13960/s261hfmshm7</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://n2t.net/ark:/13960/s21tk2wkzj4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>ark:/13960/s21tk2wkzj4</span></a></li> </ul> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 62 SLOVAKIA FREE CZECHS SPEAK OUT J. Sed.lak We have become accustomed to speaking plainly. Wbat are we figbting for? We are figbting for the return of buman rights and dignity. That is why we are determined to fight against the installatio•1 of neo-communism after tihe defeat of communism. We are opposed resolutely to every terror and totalitarian system of government. That ls why we are in exile today. Tbat is why we are also fighting uncompromisingly against bolshevism for the liberation of our country so that free nations could live happlly in a free world. It is the fight for the unalienable rights of indivlduals and na.tions, which we must defend as such. Faithful to this principle, we recognize and respect tbe rights of the Sudeten Germans and the Slovak nation to national selfdetermination. We are not, therefore, bartering wlth a right that is natural and sacred, and we reject the so-called "Czechoslovaks" who are doing so even today. After all the faithlessness - committed by the representatives of this so-called "CzechosJovaklsm" from 1918 to the present tíme, and especially after April 18, 1947, when the first Slovak president, a Catholic priest, Dr. Joseph Tlso, was ~hamefully murdered - we have no business in Slovakla. We are not, do not want to be and we cannot be the occupants or the conquerors of freedom-loving Slovakia, because we would thereby betray the very ideals of democracy and freedom we are fighting for. It is better to be accla!med a sincere frlend in Slovakia tban a hated ruler. · We welcome the cooperatlon of all democra.tic peoples, especially tbe Czechs, with our free Czech National Council. However, we reject tbe collaborators witb bolsbevism of yes'terday who a.re adherents of the group Jed by Dr. Zenkl and Dr. Ripka. We cannot collaborat.e with the Zenkl-Ripka outfit because we are resolutely oppoS'Eld to the installatlon of neo-communism after tbe defeat of bolsbevism. We reject most resolutely the bolsbevik dictatorship against wbich wc are striving to arouse tbe western democracies. But just as resolutely do we reject even tbe "people's-democratic" dictatorsbip which in our country is represented by Gottwalďs "Government Program of Košice" - the program whicb Messrs. Zenkl, Ripka, Majer and their group are trying to propagate and defend in exile. We are fighting for real freedom and democracy; for the release of a ll political prisoners incarcerated slnce 1945 to tbe present time: for a return of the Jand to our agriculturists and nationallzed businesses to their rigbtful owners; we are fighting foť the inviolabillty of private ownersbip. Furtbermore we are fig,hting to carry througb and insuring extensive social reforms in tbe interest:; of workers and laborers and foľ their rigbt to organize freely. We are fighting fo!· basic human freedoms, formulated by great democrats of tbe West, as well as tbe inviolability and sacredness of the family as the· foundat!on of a nation. We are fighting, tberefore, for thé return of h uman dign!ty to our enslaved brothers and sisters in oúr· betraye<l country so tbat they migbt live and build free,Jy and withou t fear. SLOVAKIA 63 Our fight is in fact a fight for the realization of the principles of Christian morality. And since the lnterest of welfare and development of the Europ,ean nations demands larger federalized units, we a re fľom the beglnnlng of our struggle for a federatlon of free nations. Furthermore, we also reject yesterday's collaborators wlth the c ommunu;ts because we are in no way responsi ble for the c rimes c ommitted by th em while they were in th e services of the Kremlin. In t he interests of justice we shall not cease demanding the just pun!shment of t he gullty. At this time we emphaslze th at we stand o pposed also to the shady speculations of the guilty to promo te chaos after libe r ation and to repeat "May 1946" wh ich would work injustlce to hundreds of thousands of innocent persons and would place power into the hands of the "street" and crimina.ls. The injustlces of retribution shall never again be repeated, but impar tial law of norma! courts s hall prevail. T o the aUempts of yesterday's collaborators with bolsh evism to picture and explain to the West, and especlally to the American public, our b asic stan d towards them in s uch a way as if th e matter c oncerued were only Zenkl and Prchala, we proclaim: We are not c once rned with Prchala or Zenkl, but our nation. We reject most <lecisively Zenkľs totality and his system of leadership hypocritically wrapped in a cloak of democracy. We reject dangerous neo-communism which with the rest of the bolshevik collaborators they are striving to smuggle into the USA, Canada, Australia, England and other countries of the West, and there gain fertile soil for it. That is t he pian of the conspiracy of neo-communism agains! democracy ! To realize th eir pian, the Zenk lites today are trying to s ell themselves to the West. But the democ rats of the W est should be aware of the fact that the Zenklltes are only as devoted to them today as they were only yesterday to the Soviets, and that by a lding them th ey are only strength ening traitors of democracy, who can never gain our natlon for the West. Czech exiles and their nation shall never be led by traitors or confidantes or y esterday's infor mers of their f ellow-citizens who w anted to seize their properties, and so much the less by those who are responsible for the present national tragedy. Czech exiles and their nation shall never be led and shall not be inf luenced by people who went into exil e on a special perm it and with the knowledge of Gottwald and Nosek ( as Vojta Beneš, brother of Dr. E. Beneš, and others). Nor shall they be led by the agents oť Prague or their confidentlal friends. T,he r ecent case of agent K. Strausse in London is still fresh in our me mories. We must guide ourselves accordingly. Certainly the West has b een warned by the chief of the atomic esplonage network who stole lnto England as a "political refugee" and roused the whole of England wlth hls presence. And does the West know how many sples ot the Czech neo-com munists have successfully gotten into mllltar y an d other lmportant enterprises? We are not bitter with hatred. We c an, however, have no truck with t'he followers of neo-communism, who attack us with falsehoods in t he "New Yo rkské Listy" and other publicatlons. It 1s symbolic, because hatred, falsehoods and half-truths are the weapons of communism. W e plead and warn b ecause we are opposed to terror. We 64 SLOVAKIA cannot, therefore, remaln sllent to the vlolence perpetrated by neo-communists against Czech antl-commun!st ex!les w:hlch has at• tained such a degree that Czech patriota, not havlng a hearlng or support anywhere, are asklng confusedly: "ls lt now a curse to have a clean past?" T he neo-communists, outraglng lmpoverlshed exlles, are uslng the beggar's staff to torce them lnto submisslon. That is the trled metbod of c ommunists and neo-communlsts trom the Nazl concentratlon camps, where these people, even though prlsoners, were absolute rulers in t-he Interna! management. There they also tried. to llquidate everything that wlli; not lncllned toward communlsm. Why, Dr. Zenkl was famiUar fa Buchenwald wlth these meth ods of the communist "arch,prlsoners" and ithe camp "polltboro" as were A. Zápotocký and Joseph Plojhar in other concentratlon camps. Some wlt• nesses have returned ,vho stlll remember how Zenkl carrled on Jn Buchenwald. Thls is our basic stand to whlch we adhere firmly and uncompromlslngly. - ("BOHEMIA," Vo!. 4, Nos. 7- 8, 1951) . • • • • WH O SAID IT? " The re are a lso such people who wou ld want t o apply t he Atla ntic Charter in the case of Slovakia. T hat is not only shortsig htedneH, b ut also a gross insult t o Czechoslovakia. T he Czechoslovak problem is ou r ve ry own, an interna! problem." - (Jan Masaryk, London, J an. 20, 1943). • "Czechoslovakia 1s and shall remain a FREE country . . . . Some people say that we have no freedom, that there is religlous persecutlon and propagate all klnds of nonsense about us. I proclalm that all these statements are false. lt 1s not true that we bave rel!gious oppresslon or tdlat democrastlc and indivldual treedoms are suppressec!. 1 AM A PERSON OEEPL Y FOUNOED RELIGJOUSLY and I would not remaln bome even five mlnutes, lf everything that is written about us here were true. . . . I KNOW GOTTWALD A GOOD MANY YEARS, HE IS AN EMI:-.IENT PERSON AND A GREAT CZECH PATRIOT. . . . IT IS NOT TRUE THAT THE COMMUNIST S WANT T O DRI VE (Ján Masaryk, DinANYBODY FROM THE GOVERNMENT." neľ Address, Piótsbu rgh Unlvel'sity Club, fanu,ary 13, 1947) . • "Today we base ourselves on our alliance with Russia which has NO INTENTION ot lnfluenclng us but whlch wlll not permit base torces of reactlon to plot agalnst us to enact another Munlch and another March 15, 1939. Our Interna! situatlon. too, ts completely dlfrerent. . . . Our program does not mean forclble bring1ng lnto line, or TOTALITARIANISM; it slmply means tha.t the múPLE are takIng the management of public affalrs lnto thelr own hands by means o! natlonal committees, whlcb wlll In due course constltute a natlonal assemb!y. Later parllament wlll declde wbat our Constltutlon and laws are to be. Our people wlll choose the right path." - (Zdenek Flerllnger, Prime Minister, Address at Social Democratlc Party meet· Ing, Prague, June • • 19. 5).  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Free Czechs Speak Out Description An account of the resource J. Sedlak Slovakia, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2), December 1951 pp. 62-64 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sedlak, J. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 1951 name https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/fb2ab3a578d038d57e9b181c3c6076c1.pdf 32d484c7344930be58908110a965a896 PDF Text Text 81 SLOVAKIA From Bratr nas to At'jdou Slovakia, the Slovaks and Slovak Nationalism seen from Prague 1 Paa! Sigurd Hilde The Velvet Divorce between the Czech and Slovak parts of the Czech and Slovak Federal Repub lic (CSFR) was a political undertaking. All public opinion polls taken in the period 1990-1992 showed a clear majority in favour of a common state among both Slovaks and Czechs.2 The decision to divide the country came as a result of a compromise between two political parties - or more specifically, between two politicians: Vaclav Klaus of the (Czech) Civic Democratic Party and Vladimfr Meciar of the (Slovak) Movement for a Democratic Slovakia. While both Klaus and Meciar argued that they wanted to preserve the common state, their visions of such a Czech and Slovak state were so disparate that an agreement to differ was the only possibility. Most detailed studies of the break-up agree that if either of them , Meciar or Klaus, were to be identified as 'more guilty' in promoting the break-up, it would not be the Slovak nationali st Meci ar, but the Czech ' Thatcherite ' Klaus. 3 Ultimately, what sank the good ship Czechoslovakia was that the Czech captain, the ' A sli ghtly different version of thi s arti cle was originall y published in Norwegian in Nordisk @stforum, Yol . 15/2. 200 I , pp.5-16. 2 See. for example, Sharon Wolchik: 'The Pol itics of Ethnicity in Post-Communist Czechoslovakia', fast European Politics and Society, Vol. 8/ 1994. I , pp.153-188. 3 See, for example, Abby Innes: Czechoslovakia: The Short Goodbye. London. 200 I , particularly pp. 176-2 19. �SLOVAKIA 82 o ne that had a lw ays fo ught the hardest to keep it a fl oat, gave the order to sc uttle. The a im of thi s paper is to prov ide a n in sig ht into the deve lopme nt of the vi e ws on Slovaki a, Slovaks and Slova k nati o na li sm in th e Czec h Land s: fro m the ideas unde rl y in g the creati o n of Czech oslova ki a in 19 18 to those leading to the di sso luti o n of th at country in 1992. Natu ra ll y, the re is no c lear 'Czec h view ' of matters re lating to Sl ova ki a. Even if one di srega rds indi vidu a l o pini o ns and con ce ntrates o n what mi g ht be ca ll ed c ultura l ' heteroste reotypes' (v ie ws of the othe r), o ne w ill still find , fo r in stance, strong reg io na l differe nces w ithin the Czech La nd s. Any ana lys is of the ' Czec h view ' will thu s, eve n in the best case, be a probl e mati c prese ntati o n o f e lu sive collecti ve attitudes. Furthe rm ore, give n the absence of publi c opinio n surveys fo r most of the peri od studi ed , it is imposs ibl e to asce rta in ho w representati ve suc h attitudes were. The pi cture of Sl o va ki a presented here will be based to a large deg ree o n the attitudes ex pressed by leadin g po liti c ia ns, jo urn a li sts a nd o th er ' opini o n-fo rmers' in the Czec h Lands. For thi s reaso n the arti c le will present o pini o ns mo re typi ca l of Prague tha n. fo r in stance, Mo ra via, whe re co ntacts w ith Slovaks a nd Sl ovaki a we re more direct. Ho we ve r, as an earli er study , simil ar to thi s, argued , ' in Prag ue and in the C zec h Land s in genera l there are few opportunities to ga in a broad , direct impress ion of Slovaks, and the Czec h view of the Slovak is the refore the res ult of tra nsmitted , dedu ced impress io ns. ' 4 Whe n attitudes are acqui red ma inl y indirec tl y, opini o n-formers pl ay an important rol e. Gi ve n the limited scope of thi s arti c le, th e many theoreti cal and methodo log ica l pro bl e ms of suc h a stud y ca nno t be e xamined. Interestin g a nd impo rtant aspec ts, suc h as the inte raction between th e C zech and Slo va k he teroste reotypes o f eac h othe r, will al so have to be ig no red . Gi ven these limitati o ns, thi s articl e beco mes a mere in - 0 Petr Pi'fh oda : ' Slovac i ces kyma ocima'. Svedect vf, Vol. I 3/52. 1976, p.637. T he arti cle was publi shed under the pseudonym Jan Prfbram. �SLOVAKIA 83 troducti o n to the issue - an introducti o n th at mi g ht mo ti vate othe rs to make a c loser and broader examin atio n. Three aspects - three stages In her exce ll e nt stud y of the co nfli c t betwee n S lova ks a nd Czec hs, Caro l Ska lnik Leff a na lysed the develo pme nt of a se nse of mutu a l resentment betwee n the two gro ups. 5 A lmost througho ut Czechos lovak hi sto ry, there was persiste nt o ppos it ion fro m the Czec hdo min ated politi ca l leade rship , bo th de mocrati c a nd Co m m uni st, aga in st ful fi llin g pro mi ses of a uto no my for the Slova k part of the co untry. On the one hand , thi s fa ilure to live up to the pro m ises of 19 18, 1945 and , some argue, 1968, led to the deve lo pme nt of a sense of betraya l in Slovak ia. On the ot her ha nd, in creas ing numbers of Czec hs ex pressed a nger over what they perce ived as S lovak in gratitude - Slovak ungratefuln ess fo r a ll the ass istance Czec hs affo rded Slovaki a. Moreove r, the way Slovak po liti c ians, in the Czec h perception, ex pl o ited tim es of crisis in Czec hos lovaki a to pro mo te the ir narrow nati o na li st ai ms ca used pa rti c ul ar rese ntm ent. T h is deeprooted mutu al resentme nt was, Leff arg ued in 1987 , o ne of th e ma in reasons why the co nfl ic t betwee n the Czec hs a nd S lovaks wo ul d rema in an unresolved pro bl e m.6 She was soon to be proven right. If o ne examines the Czec h view of S lovaki a, Slovaks and S lovak natio na li sm mo re broad ly than Leff, it is poss ible to ide nti fy two furth er impo rta nt aspec ts of the Czec h view. The firs t mi g ht be des cribed as big-brothe rl y co nce rn . Ma ny Czec h inte ll ect ua ls, po li tic ians and other Slova ko ph iles we re ge nuine ly interes ted in and conce rned abo ut th e we lfare and fate of the S lova ks. T he ir e ngagement was we ll in tended and , espec ia ll y before 19 18 but a lso later, of g reat he lp to Slova k inte ll ec tu a l a nd c ultu ra l li fe. However, no t in fre qu e ntl y d id thi s bi g brothe rl y co nce rn deve lop into a peda nt ic a nd 5 Carol Skalni k Leff: Na tional Conf7ict in Czechoslovakia. Princeton . 1987 , particu larly pp. 148-177. 6 Ibid .. p. 282 . �84 SLOVAKI A arroga nt pate rn a li sm . Not surpri s in g ly, thi s was not favo urabl y received in Slovak ia. T he seco nd aspec t of the Czec h view of S lova ki a a nd the S lovaks is best described as a lac k of aware ness. Average know ledge of po liti ca l a nd eco no mi c conditi o ns in S lova ki a a nd S lova k c ul ture was never ex tensive in the Czech Lands. Partic ul arl y impo rtant was th e w id espread ig norance of the c ultu ra l, soc ia l and es pec iall y re li g iou s diffe re nces betwee n th e average Czec h and Slovak. Hi sto ri ca ll y, thi s un aware ness was to a large degree a res ult of th e qui ck and re lati ve ly pa inl ess acce ptance by the Czec hs of a Czechos lovak ide ntity and the offic ia l ideo logy of the ex iste nce of a Czec hos lovak nati o n. Thi s lack of kn o wl edge often led to in sensiti vity to wards Slovak di stin cti ve ness. Czech po liti c ia ns thu s occas io na ll y made po litica l dec isio ns that suited co nditio ns in the Czec h La nds w itho ut proper concern fo r the di ffe rent impac t the ir po lic ies mi g ht have on Slovaki a. C learl y, th ere is no c lear-c ut di stinc ti o n betwee n the three analytica l aspects of the Czec h view of Slovaks and Slovak nationa li sm. A ll three were present to a greate r o r lesser ex tent th rougho ut the hi story of co ntacts between the two gro ups, and they overl ap. To a certa in degree, however, th ey re prese nt stages throu g h whi c h ma in strea m o pini o n in th e Czec h La nd s went as time progressed . Bi gbrothe rl y co ncern was c learly the most important facet in th e pre19 18 pe ri od and in the ear ly years of the First Repu bli c. The inte rwar pe ri od is most stro ng ly marked by the Prague leadership ' s ig norance of the parti c ul ar soc ia l, econo mi c and re li g io us conditi o ns in Slovak ia. After the dra mati c eve nts in 1938 and 1939, wi th the Mu ni c h Acco rd, S lova k a uto no my a nd la te r ' ind e pe nde nce ' durin g Wo rl d W ar II , Czec h rese ntme nt towards the Slovaks, a nd espec iall y S lovak nat io na li sm, beco mes in creas in g ly impo rta nt. Fi fty years later, thi s animos ity was to dec ide the fa te of the co mm on Czec h and Sl ovak state. �SLOVAKIA 85 Big Brother In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the overarching aim of Czech political parties was to force Vienna to acce pt increased autonomy for ' the hi storic lands ' (basically today 's Czech Republic) within the Habsburg Monarchy. The idea of a wider Slav cooperation within the Empire, particularly with th e Slovaks, had ga in ed stre ngth among Czech intell ec tual s from about the 1830s. However, after the success of Hung aria n nat ion ali sm in th e 1867 Ausgleich, Czech leaders became concerned not to a ntagoni se their potential allies in Budapest. The result was that 'Czec h politicians, thou gh sy mpathetic toward [the Slovaks], were re luctant to inte rfere on the ir behalf in Hungary, for this would constitute a violation of Hungary 's state rights and mi ght jeo pardize the Czech program that was based on Bohemia's hi storic state ri ghts. ' 7 The lack of broader politica l cooperation did not preve nt an increasing activism in favour of the c ulturall y oppressed Slovaks, especially among Czech intellectua ls. Whil e Czech culture and society , and Czech nationalism, deve loped rapidly in line with the rapid social and economic deve lopm e nts in the re lativel y liberal Austrian part of the Monarch y, the s itu ation for Slovak culture a nd nationali sm was much more difficult. Particularly after 1867, the Hun garian authoriti es led a heavy-handed assimilation policy (Magyarisation) towards the minorities in Hungary . Many Czech intellectuals expressed a deep sy mpathy for the fate of what they saw as their Slovak brethren in Hun gary and the Slovak national dema nd s. 8 Especially 7 Victor S. Mamatey: 'The Estab li shment of the Republic'. in Victor S. Mamatey and Radomfr Luza (eds.): A History or the Czechosl ovak Republic: 19 18- 1948. Princeton . 1973 , pp. 3-38 (9). 8 Under th e leadership of L'.udovit Stur. Jozef Miloslav Hurban and Michal Miloslav Hodza, a Slovak National Council , formed in Vienna on 16 September I 848 , gave Slovak nationalism its first clear political expression in form of the declaration De mands or the Slovak Nation. Thirteen years later, this time inspired mainly by Stefan Marko Daxner and Jan Francisci, an even clearer national programme was formulated in the 186 1 Memorandum or the Slovak Nation. See Dusan Kovac: Dejiny Slovenska. Prague. 1998. pp. I 19- 13 1. �SLOVAKIA 86 from th e 1880s , ac ti ve support fo r Slovak nati onali st intell ec tu als increased. As H. Gordon Sk ill ing wrote: 'from the leighteen] eighties on, there graduall y deve loped, among Czech cultu ra l and pro fes sional persons, a substanti al concern for the Slovaks and a desire to promote Czech and Slovak cooperati on. ' 9 M ost importantl y, the Czech interest in Sl ovaki a took an organised fo rm w ith th e creati on of Ceskoslovanska j edn ota (Czec hos lav Unity), in 1895 . Thi s organi sati on offered fin ancial support to Slovak publi cati ons, grants for Slovak students in the Czech L ands and promoted Czech in vestments in Slovaki a. 1° Furthermore, Ceskoslovan- ska jedn ota sought to spread in form ati on about Sl ovaki a and the Slovaks among Czechs. Thi s w illingness to help the Sl ovaks did not di sappear with the es tabli shment of th e Czec hoslovak state in 19 18. With the gradu al ' liberation ' of what the new Czechos lovak authoriti es considered to be 'S lovaki a' (no admini strati ve boundari es ex isted), a new admini strati on had to be establi shed. The old admini strati ve apparatu s in Hungary consisted almost exc lusive ly of M agyars (ethni c Hungari ans) or ass imil ated intelligenti fro m other cultures. M ost of these refu sed to work for the new Czechos lovak state. As there were far from sufficient educated, patri oti c Sl ovaks to take over the admini strati on, officials had to be imported from the Czech L ands. The first major immi grati on ca me in the spring of 19 19, when ra il way and postal workers in Sl ovaki a stopped work ing to protest again st the new regime. A t th e urgent request of K ornel Stodola, the official res ponsibl e for ra il ways, ' several th ousand patri oti c Czech 9 H . Gordon Ski lling: T. G. Ma.r nryk : Against the Current. 1882- 19 14. London . 1994. p.68 (hereafter Ski ll ing: Mw;ary k). JU Mi ros lav Pek nfk: ·K profi lu slovensko-ceskych vztahov pred prvou sve tovou voj - nou'. in Mi lan Podrimavsky and Dusan Kovac (eds.) : Slovensko ,w zaciatku 20. storocia (Spo /ocnost: stat a narod v siiradniciach doby). Brati slava. 1999. pp.9 1-9 3: Mari e L. Neudorn: ' Slovakia in the Czech Press at the Turn of the ineteen th and Twe nti eth Ce ntu ries' . in John Morison (ed. ): The Czech and Slovak Experience: Selected Papers fro m the Fourth World Cong ress for So viet and East European Studies. Harrogille. I 990. London . 1992. pp. 38-6 I. �SLOVAKIA 87 vo lunteers hurri ed fro m Bohe mi a a nd Mo ra via and at a mo me nt 's notice.' 11 Late r, me mbe rs of othe r profess ion a l groups ca me to take up vacant pos iti o ns in S lovaki a: sc hoo lteac hers, uni versity lec ture rs, gend armes, tax collectors a nd bureaucrats of a ll so rts. It has bee n estimated th at 50-60 000 Czec hs went to Sl ovaki a in 19 19-20 and about as many aga in in the years up to 1930. 12 Whil e undo ubtedl y moti vated partl y by the ava il ability of jobs, the w illin g ness to uproot and move to still un safe S lova ki a o n sho rt no ti ce does suggest at least some idea li sm amo ng the vo lunteers. In 19 19-20 there was still armed confli ct betwee n Hun gari an and Czechoslo va k fo rces fo r control o ve r Slovaki a. Even fo r an un e mpl oyed bu reaucrat it could no t have been an easy dec isio n to move there. Few Czec hs can be seen to have do ne mo re to ra ise sy mpathy fo r the Sl o vaks a nd the ir fa te th an To mas Garri g ue Masaryk. Bo rn in Hodonfn , in the Slov acko reg io n of Morav ia, Masaryk ca me fro m a reg ion o n the bo rde r betwee n Czec h and Sl ova k lang uage and c ul ture. Hi s fa ther was Sl ova k and hi s moth er a Germ ani sed C zec h. 13 Gi ven thi s bac kg round , the idea of Czec h and Slovak politica l cooperation mu st have co me easil y to M asaryk. In hi s po litica l li fe , he became one of the ma in propo ne nts of suc h cooperati o n among Czec h politi c ians. As a pro fessor at the C harl es Uni ve rs ity in Prag ue, he was the ma in so urce of in spirati o n fo r a g roup of Slovak stu dents who wo uld later make up an impo rta nt part of the po liti ca l e lite in Czechoslova ki a. Th ese stude nts , best know n as hlasisti, afte r th e name of the ir j o urn a l Hlas (Vo ice), beca me the ma in supporte rs of the C zechos lovak idea in Slovaki a. 14 Yet, despite hi s ge nuin e co nce rn for the S lovaks, M asary k 's speec hes and arti c les at times ex pressed a pa te rn a li st and arroga nt 11 R. W. Seton-Watson : A History of the Czechs and Slovaks. London. 1943. p.323. 12 Jan M ec hyr: Slovensko v Ceskoslovensku : Slovensko-ceske vztahy I 9 I 8- 199 I. Prague. 199 1. p.27. 1 '- K arel Capek: Hovory s T. G. M asa1y kem. Prag ue. 1947. pp.8-9, I I 8. 14 Vl ad im ir Bakos: Questions of the Nation in Slo va k Thoug ht. Brati slava. 1999. pp.1 3-57 . �88 SLOVAKIA attitude toward s Slovak culture and hi story . For instance, Masaryk rej ected calls for a plebisc ite in Slovakia after World War l, arg uin g that 'one cannot allow such a vote there, since the Slovaks have bee n so oppressed that they have never had the opportunity to think politically and they would not know in whose hand s to put th eir fate. ' 15 Even c learer was hi s comment on rece nt negotiation s with Slovak leaders in a letter to hi s dau ghter Alice, in 1924: 'It is necessary to be patient with the Slovaks - they are children, or rather spoilt brats.' 16 Given the relatively low educational level and minimal political experience of most Slovaks in 1918 , claims about their immaturity clearly had some justification in the first years after the establi shme nt of Czechoslovakia. However, Czech politicians continued throu ghout the ex istence of the Czechoslovak state to explain the lack of understanding for their policies in Slovakia as a sign of the politica l immaturity of Slovaks. Commenting on relations between Czech and Slovak exiles during World War II, for instance, Edvard Be nes informed the British Foreign Mini stry , that ' the re existed unity among the Czechs while the Slovaks, he conceded, because of their political immaturity, reflected the divided opinions at home.' 17 Also in the post-Communist period , Slovak nationalism , and especially its more radical expressions, were presented as clear signs of the political immaturity of the Slovaks. 'Everyone has the right to live his nineteenth century,' became a common remark in sarcastic comments. 18 " Quoted in Robert 8. Pynsent: ' Masaryk 's ·' Path of Democracy". Or: The Democrati c National Socialist Ideal'. in K atarina A. M . K ocourek (ed.): T. G. Masaiyk 1850- /937. A Collection of Essays to Commemora te the 150th Anniversary of the Birth of Thomas G. Masaryk . London, 2000, p. 35 -57 (41 ) (a specia l issue of Masa1yk Journal). 16 Quoted in Zbynek Zeman and Antonin Klimek: The Life of Eduard Benes: Cze- choslovakia in Peace and War. Oxford , 1997, p.5 I (herea fter Zeman and Klimek: Eduard Benes) . 17 Quoted ibid. pp.168-69. 18 Otto U lc: 'Czechoslovakia ' s Velvet Divorce ' , East European Quarterly, Vol.30/3, 1996, pp. 33 1-352 (340). �SLOVAKIA 89 From a Czech po int of view, the re lati o nship between the C zechs and Sl ovaks was c learl y a bi g broth er - littl e brother re lati o nship. The Czech partner in the Czec h-S lovak unio n was c learl y superior in po pulati o n (abo ut 2: I), and fo r most of the hi sto ry of the common state a lso in soc io-econo mic deve lo pment (for example, in education , car-ow nership , numbe r of te le pho nes , etc .). Czech nationa li sts could be proud of a ri c h nati o na l hi story a nd a hi g hl y deve lo ped Czec h c ulture, whil e Slovak nati o na li sts, for hi stori ca l reasons, had less to brag abo ut. The pi cture of Slovaki a as a less deve lo ped, less c ultured ' hinte rl and ' re ma in ed in Czec h po pul ar c ulture, parti c ul arl y in Prague, eve n after Slovak ia reac hed a basica ll y equ al leve l of soc io-econo mi c developme nt (abo ut I 980) . 19 As Petr Prfh oda, the pse udo nymo us Jan Prfbram, observed in the ex ile jo urna l Svedect vfin 1976: T he charac te ri sti c tra its of [the Czec h view of Slovaks a nd S lovaki a] have o ne co mmo n de no m inato r: an a lbe it unc lear, th o ug h multi face ted inferiority. Slovaks see m primiti ve, imm ature, emo ti o na ll y unrestra ined and uneducated [ ... ] The na ivety and lack of ex pe ri e nce amo ng those who come to the unknow n Czec h e nvironme nt is qui c kl y mi sunde rstood as stupidity. A Slovak is qu ite simpl y asc ribed a child 's menta li ty .20 Ignorance On the first page of its 27 Nove mber 1935 iss ue, in an artic le by the fa mo us Czec h jo urn a li st Ferdin and Pe routka, the influenti al journal Pl ftomnost (Presence) asked its readers: ' Do you know of anyone who unde rstand s Slova ki a?' 2 1 F ifty-fi ve years late r, Vac lav Have l' s ad visor Pe te r Hun c ik to ld the Ch a irm a n of th e Sl ova k N ati o na l 19 M il an K ucera and Zdenek Pavlfk: ·Czech and Slovak Demograph y ·, in Jiff M usil (ed.): The End or Czechoslovak ia. Budapest, 1995 , pp. 15-39. 20 Prfhoda: ·s Jovaci ceskyma oc ima' , p.643. 21 Ferd inand Peroutka: ·Nevfte o nekom , kdo rozu mf Slovensku?' , Prfto mnos t, Vo l. 12/47. 1935 , p. I . as reprod uced in Anton Ras la: Zastupova l som ceskoslovensky stat - vyznanie. Presov, 1999, p.268. �90 SLOVAKIA Co un c il , Fra nti se k Mi k losko, th at the Pres ide nt a lways had mi graines whe n he trave ll ed in Slovaki a. 22 Thi s was no t due to the c lim ate, but beca use Have l fe lt great unease abo ut not know ing Slovaki a. Such ac know ledge me nts refl ect the limited kno wl edge of Slovaki a and the Slovaks in the C zech Land s. As Prfhoda o bserved : ' Of all the ne ig hbo urin g nati o ns we know the S lovaks the leas t and ex press the least interest in the m and the ir nat io n. Admittedl y, we have been introdu ced th e best to th e Sl ova ks, but we kn ow th e leas t abo ut the m. ' 23 It is poss ible to ide nti fy severa l reasons fo r thi s lac k of know ledge and understanding. Partl y, it was a res ult of the somew hat confusin g nature of Slovak po liti cs . A lmost thro ugho ut the histo ry of Czechoslovaki a, the politica l e lite in Slova ki a was di vided o n the iss ue of inc reased se lf-governm e nt. Pe ri odi ca ll y, thi s inte rn a l stru gg le amon g S lovak po liti c ians over whethe r S lovaks did or did not want a uto no my mu st have been confu s in g eve n for th e most interested C zech o bserver. Gu stav Hu sak, fo r exampl e, contributed to muddlin g the picture of S lovak nati o na li sm : fro m be ing the prime propo ne nt o f th e federa li sati o n of Czec hos lova ki a befo re a nd durin g the 1968 ' Prag ue S prin g', Hu sak sudde nl y changed into a pro po ne nt of ce ntrali sati o n o nce he was in po wer in Prag ue. Thi s s ituation was exacerbated by the lac k of opportunity pro po nents of inc reased Sl ovak se lf- rul e had to prese nt thei r views to the Czech publi c. Genera ll y, the Slovak po liti c ians who most eas il y ga ined access to the pages of the Prag ue press were those in favo ur of centra li sed rul e. Furth e rmo re, the lac k of know ledge a nd unde rstand in g of S lovaki a a mo ng Czec hs was a res ult of a lac k of in terest in S lova k affa irs. Slovaki a was, at least in the in ter- war peri od, a po liti ca ll y less impo rta nt part of the country. Even if sy mpathy fo r the S lovaks had pl ayed a ro le in the suppo rt C zec h po li tic ians gave the pl ans fo r an inde pe nde nt Czec hos lova ki a, th e re we re o ther impo rt a nt reaso ns 22 Frantsiek M iklosko: Cas stretnutf. Brati slava, 1996, p.44. 23 Pffhoda: ·s tovaci ceskyma oci ma', p.643. �91 SLOVAKIA why they wanted a union . The main ' problem ' in Czech hi story has been the question of the Czechs ' position as a small nation surrounded by Germans. In Slovakia and the Slovaks, Czech leaders found a doub le solution to their problem. As a people, the Slovaks represented a biological reinforcement to the Czech , renamed the Czechoslovak, nation , making it the majority nation in the new state. They thus helped legitimate Czech(oslovak) domination of Czechoslovakia. (One should not forget that there were about 50 per cent more German than Slovak speakin g citizens (3 versus 2 million ) in interwar Czechoslovakia.) As a territory . Slovakia formed a bridge out of the German encirclement towards Ru ssia, which before 1917 was perceived as a rival of Germany and protector of the Slavs, and towards Czechoslovakia ·s all y Romania. For those perceivin g the state from such a ' Great-Czech ' point of view, Czechos lovakia was merely 'a reestabli shment of th e Czech state, reinforced by the Slovak territorie s, which were so weak and neglected that it was simply not necessary to see them as a separate entity. ' 24 The most important reason for the lack of knowl edge and understandin g of Slovakia among Czechs was , however. the uncritical acceptance of the Czechoslovak idea by most Czechs. In th e interwar yea rs, the Czechoslovak ideo logy was a pillar ce ntral to the very existence of the state. Even Masaryk argued th at ' there is no such thing as a Slovak nation 25 paganda ' . l- .. I; that is an invention of Hungarian pro- In Slovakia, on the other hand, the idea of one Czecho- slovak nation met res istance, [i]n the minds of th e Czechs, the notions of 'Czec h' and ' Czechoslovak' had blended into one by th e end of the Second World War at the latest. A significa nt conseq uence of thi s psycho- soci al operation was the removal of the Slovaks as a distinct ethni c entity from the Czech field of vis ion . The Slovaks eventuall y began to be perceived as H L.:.ubomfr Liptak: Slovensko v 20. storocf. Bratisl ava. 1998. 2nd edition. p. 128 . 15 Pynse nt : ' Masaryk ·s "Pa th of Democracy''". p.41. �92 SLOVAKIA part of the same nat iona l organi sm - almost as the advocates of the Czechoslovak concept would like to have it only thi s organi sm was not Czechoslovak but Czech.26 The net result of thi s process was that the social, c ultura l and reli g ious differences betwee n the Czechs and Slovaks became invisible to the majority of Czechs who never learned to kn ow the Slovaks and Slovakia directly. Thi s aga in led to the anticipatio n that Slovaks would have a s imil ar world view and would react in the sa me way as Czechs to events and po li c ies. The co nsequences of such anticipation varied over time. In the inter-war period , it was the insensitive attitude of the new regime towards the Catholic Church that was most important. Czech nation alism had the Hu ss ite peri od as its Golden Age; a Golden Age that was termin ated by the Battle of the White Mountain in 1620 and the following violent co unterReform ation in Bohemia and , to a somew hat lesser degree, Morav ia. With the sec ulari sing impact of the industriali sation and urbani sati on of the Czech Lands in the nineteenth century, thi s gave Czech nationalism a not only sec ul ar, but often an openly anti-Catho lic edge. 27 Although the Protestant minority was proportionately bi gger in Slovakia than in the Czech Land s, there was no clear connection between anti-Catholici sm and nation ali sm even amon g Protestant Slovak nat ionali sts. On the contrary, one direction within the Slovak nati ona l move ment was closely co nnec ted to the Catholic fa ith . The Catholic national ists, led from the early twentieth century by Andrej Hlinka, were more skeptica l of cooperation with the Czec hs than were the hlasi sti. Man y Czech politicians and intellec tu a ls were, from the point of view of Slovak Catholics, dangerously radical liberals, if not atheist anti-Catholics. 28 When the declaration of Czechoslovak independence on 28 October 1918 was followed by a wave of 26 Zdenek Suda: ' Slovakia in Czech Nati onal Consciousness ' , in Musil (ed.): The End of Czechoslovakia, p.1 39- 155 ( 11 8) (hereafter Suda: ' Slovakia ' ). 27 R. W. Seton-Watson: A History of the Czechs and Slovaks. London, 1943, p.33 1. 28 Jan Rychl fk : Cesi a Slovaci ve 20. stoletf: Cesko-sl ovenske vztahy , 19 14- 1945. Bratislava, 1997, p.38 (hereafter Rychlfk: Cesi a Slo vac1). �SLOVAKIA 93 anti-Catholic gestures in the Czech Lands, the worst fears of the Slovak Catholics were reali sed . As lsmo Nurmi wrote: ' if the anti-Catholic mood was fashionable in the Czech lands, it was not so in Slovak ia and even less so when a numbe r of desecration s of reli g iou s c ult objects, churches, statues, crosses etc. were committed [ ... ] also in Slovakia [by] civil servants and particularly the Czechoslovak Army.' 29 The attempt to create a Czechoslovak national hi story and tradition with the Hussite era as pivotal was a clear sign of the lac k of understanding among Czech (and some Slovak) leade rs for the position of the Catholic Church in Slovakia. Masaryk 's official ' inclusion ' of Slovakia in the Hu ss ite tradition on the basis of Jan Ji skra 's ' crusade ' into Slovakia was not only hi storically dubiou s, but also, and not surpri sin gly, rejected by the Slovak Catholic clergy. As Suda wrote: ' To the Catholic majority of the Slovaks, among whom Catholicism had a very pronounced conservative tin ge typical of a pre-modern society , a common programme with the Czechs based on the traditions of the Protestant Reformation must have been almost an anathema. ' 30 After 1948, with the industriali sation of Slo vaki a unde r Communi st rul e, the religious differen ces be tween the Czech a nd Slovak parts of the common state were so mew hat diffused. Albeit a clear scepticism towards 'Czech liberali sm ' was visible in Christian democratic circles in Slovakia also after the collapse of Communism, another as pec t of the Czech ignorance of Slovak affairs beca me more important. As noted above , very many Czechs saw Czechoslovakia and the ' Czechoslovak nation ' as their state and nation , quite often interpreted as a Czech state a nd nation that included the Slovaks. After World War II , the rec reation of Czechoslovakia was acco mpanied by an official recog niti on by all political leaders, albeit some Czec h politicians were reluctant to do so, of the ex iste nce of two 29 lsmo Nurmi: Slo vakia - A Playground for Na tionalism and National Identity. 191 8- /920 : M anifestations of the Na tional Identity of Slovaks. Hel sinki. 1999. pp. 92-93. 30 Suda : ·Slovakia ' . p.11 5. �SLOVAKIA 94 fo un d in g nati ons in the co untry . Thi s princ ipl e was reaffirmed with the federa li sati on of 1968. Despite thi s offic ial recogniti on, there was ve ry littl e understanding a mong Czec hs of S lovak atte mpts to promote the ir separate ide ntity. Proba bl y the best kn ow n exa mpl e of S lova k po li tic ians ' dema nd s fo r 'v isibility and equ a lity ' fo r S lovaki a w ithin Czec hos lovaki a was the stru gg le fo r the name of the federati on in the sprin g of 1990 . Th e so-ca ll ed ' hy phe n-wa r ' sta rted w he n new ly e lec ted Pres ide nt Vac lav Have l suggested c ha ng in g the offic ial name of the Republic, the Czechoslovak Soc iali st Republic, by mere de leti on of the word ' Sociali st' . Whil e fo r mos t Czec hs thi s so luti on mu st have see med natural , it ran into oppos iti on in S lovaki a? A Sl ovak co unter-proposa l, the Czec ho-Slovak Re public, or just Czec ho-Slovaki a, a name that made Slovaki a more vi s ibl e to the world , was, however, not acceptabl e to most Czec h po liti c ians. The reasons given fo r thi s were that th e hyphe n had been used in the name of the Second Republi c (1938 -39, th at is, afte r the Muni c h Accord), a nd beca use ' C zec ho' (Ces k o) was not consi de red a pro pe r word in the Czech language. As one leading comme ntator compl ained in Lidove noviny: ' We in the Czec h Land s perce ive the insiste nt de mand of Sl ovaki a fo r a di vidin g line in the na me of the Re public as tac tl ess and coarse. " 2 Onl y afte r two mo nth s o f de bate in the three nati onal asse mbli es (the Czec h, Slova k and Federa l) and the mass medi a was a compromi se fo und : The Czec h and Slovak Federa l Republic. Have l quic kl y rea li sed th at he had made a mi stake by not consul ting politic ians fro m both the Czec h a nd Sl ova k Re pu b li cs before making hi s suggestion public. In a n atte mpt to rec ti fy the s itu ati on the hospitali sed Have l sent a le tter to the Federal Asse mbl y in February, where he stated : -' ' M il an Su tovec: Semi6za aka pol i tik um a/ebo "Pom lckov;-i vojna ". Brati slava, 1999, pp. 174- 196 (hereafter Sutovec: Pomlckova vojna). -' 2 Ji ff Hanak: 'Nespraved li ve a tedy neprijatelne' . Lidove Noviny. 28 M arch 1990. p.l. �SLOVAKIA 95 We a ll kn o w th at thi s hyphe n, whi ch fo r a ll Czechs seems ridi c ul o us, unnecessary and ugly, is mo re tha n just a hyphe n. In thi s hyphe n o ne ca n find severa l decades, if not ce ntu ries of th e hi sto ry of the S lo va k nati o n [ ... ] The Sl o vak nation is ri g htfull y tryin g to fin d its ide ntity, fo r reason s Czec hs probabl y do n ' t understa nd , eve n if they o ught to understand them.33 Resentment Exampl es of Czec h skepti c ism a nd resentment to ward s Slo vak nati o na li sm ca n be fo und as earl y as the middl e of th e nine teenth century. From the late 1840s, a majo rity of Slovak inte ll ectua ls ado pted the new codifi cati o n of th e S lovak lang uage , as publi shed in 1846 by Cudovft Stur, as a pl atfo rm fo r the Sl ovak national programme. This met w ith strong res istance fro m Czech and Slovak inte llectua ls promotin g Czec h-Sl ovak unity: they saw the Slovaki zed versio n of Hu ss ite Bible Czec h used by ma ny Slovak inte llec tua ls until then, as the clearest bo nd between Czechs and Slovaks.34 If in the inte rwar years Czec hos lovak leade rs cons idered Slovak nati o na li sm a pro bl e m, it was ma inl y after 1938 th at o pe nl y hostil e attitudes toward s it e merged. The ex pl oi tatio n by Slovak nati o na li sts of the weakness of the Czec hos lovak reg ime after the Munich cri sis to push trou gh thei r de mands fo r a uto no my, c ulmin atin g in the ac ceptance by the Slovak leade rs of German de mand s fo r Slovak indepe ndence in M arc h 1939, was conside red a stab in the back by most Czechs. 35 Durin g the Second World W ar, Ed vard Be nes, the C zechoslovak Pres ide nt-in -ex il e, was o ne of the sharpest cri tics of what he considered the Slovak be traya l. He was ' o bstin ate in defending the Czec hos lovak ca use: its betraya l by the Slovaks mattered more to him than the grow ing press ure from Moscow. He be li e ved th at the " As quoted in Sutovec: Pomlckova vojna, pp.269-27 1. 34 Sk illing: Masary k, p. 69. 35 Petr Pffhoda: ' M utual Perceptions in Czech-S lovak Relationshi ps ', in M usil (ed .): The End of Czechoslovakia. pp. 128- 138 ( 134 ). �96 SLOVAKIA Slovak heresy undermined the ve ry fo undations of the state, and Czechoslovaki sm was for him a part of the foundations. ' 36 Throu ghout the war, Benes and other Czech politi cians fought for the reestabli shment of the First (th at is, pre-Muni ch) Republi c. Most Slovak politici ans, howe ver, including former Czechos lovak Prime Minster Milan Hodza, con sidered thi s a less th an optim um solution. 37 Only reluctantly , given th e situation in Slovakia after the Slovak National Upri sing in the autum n of 1944, was Benes forced to accept a de facto asymmetric federalisation of post-war Czechoslo va ki a. However, despite previou s agreements, most importantl y the Kosice Government Programme, drafted by the first pro visional government after the country was partly -liberated from the East, the question of Slovaki a's position within the country cont inued to divide the Czec h and Slovak non-Comm uni st parties after the war. The willin gness of the Czec h democratic parti es to coo perate with the Communi sts in reducin g the powers of the Slovak nation al organs , cruci all y after the 1946 elections, contrib uted to undermining the position of the Democratic Party in Slo va ki a. The Czechos lovak Communi st Party was thu s abl e to exploit ' the anti -Sl ovak nati onali sm among Czech political parties and [ ... ] the isolated position of the Slovak democrats. ' 38 Thi s clearly weakened the democrats' ability to oppose the Communi sts' increasing political power in the country. During and after 1968 , the negati ve view of Slo vak nationali sm and Slovakia in the Czech L ands was reinforced. After the Soviet-led in vas ion on 2 1 Au gust 1968, 'sociali sm with a human face ' was gradually di smantled and replaced by ' norm ali sation '. Th e only maj or reform of the Prague Spring to survive was the dec ision to federalize Czechoslovakia. In Sl ovaki a thi s decision w as generall y interpreted 36 37 Zeman and Klimek : Eduard Bene{ p.203. Milan Hodza : Federarion in Cenrra l Europe: Renections and Reminiscences. London. 1942, pp.93-94. 38 Ji rf K ocian: ·Narodnf soc ialis te a slovenska otazka 1945- I 948 ". in Michal Bar- novsky (ed.) : Od dikratury k diktature. Brati slava. 1995 . pp.57-65 (6 I ). (hereafter K oc ian: ' Narodnf socialiste') �SLOVAKIA 97 as a more just organi sation of the common state. In the Czech Lands, however, many saw federalisation as a further example of the Slovak nationali sts' skill in drawing advantages from Czechoslovakia's mi sfortune. The fact th at the new party leade r and late r Pres ident of Czechoslovakia, Gu stav Hu sak, was Slovak, also contributed to the negative picture of Slovakia and Slovaks. As Petr Pithart wrote: the Czech public was di sappointed, even di sg usted, by the Slovaks ' ex peri e nce of havin g ga ined sati sfac tion with federalization; at best, it was seen as foolishness a nd at worst, as blind se lfi shness and eve n betrayal. ( ... ) in the Czec h Lands there was an increasing ly obvious di sg ust for the regime and for the Slovaks, as the ones through whom normali zation was allegedly introduced and carried out. 39 A s ign of the growing irritation with and resentment toward s Slovak nationa li sm and Slovaks in ge ne ral in the Czech Lands, was the increas in g ly popul a r de mand that Czech taxpayers should not have to subsidi se the ungrateful Slovaks. Already in 1933 Czechoslovak Prime Min ster Ja n Malypete r had rejected the demand for Slovak autonomy on the grounds that Slovakia would not be able to pay its way . In the Czech press, headlines read along the lines: ' We are paying for Slovakia ' .40 Thi s be lief that the Czechs were subsidis in g th e Slovaks was observed also by Prfhoda forty-three years late r: ' In the Czech Lands the view of Slovak parasiti sm [parazitismu s] is common and it is formulated more or less like thi s: we Czechs are payin g for the Slovaks. ' 41 The Czechoslovak Communist Party was committed to so lvin g the probl e m of Slovak nation alism, which it interpreted as a mainly eco nomic iss ue , through equ ali zat ion of the standard of li ving bet- 39 Petr Pithart: ' Towards a Shared Freedom ' , in Mu sil (ed.): Th e End of Czechoslovakia.pp.20 1-222 (206). 40 Vi ctor S. Mamatey: ' The Development of Czechoslovak Democ racy ', in Mamatey and Luza (eds.) : A History of the Czechoslovak Republic, pp.99-166 ( 15 1). 41 Prfhoda: "S lovac i ces kyma ocima', p.647. �SLOVAKIA 98 wee n the Czech and Slovak parts of the co unty. Economic transfers, parti cul arly through a higher level of in vestment in Sl ovaki a were, therefore, considered important. They continued even during the di ffic ult years in the 1970s and 1980s, but were kept secret, probabl y to avoid un favo urable reactions in the Czech L ands. After the co llapse of Communi sm, opposition to w hat was popularl y referred to as the Czech ' money pipeline' (p enezovod) to Slovak ia was quickl y made into a politi cal demand. In the first formal ro und of negoti ation s on th e future of the fe derati on after the co ll apse of Communi sm, in Lnare in April 1990, the Czech delegati on demanded a halt to Czec h subsidies to Slovaki a.42 From Czech to Czechoslovak nationalism and back As noted earlier, the Czechos lov ak directi on within Czech poli ti cs was by no means dominant pri or to W orld W ar I. Czec h nationali sts concentrated mainl y on defending and enhancing Czech autonomy w ithin th e Habsburg M onarchy. With the success of the Czec hoslovak idea in the Entente capitals in 19 17-1 8, however, most Czec h nati onali sts quite quickl y became convinced Czec hos lovak nati onali sts; Czech nati onali sm was ex panded to include th e Sl ovaks, the Czec hs' ' little bro ther ' in Hungary. Cultura ll y and economi ca ll y wea k, the Slovaks posed no threat to either Czech culture or politica l and economic dominati on of the new state. A nd after all , as M asaryk himse lf pointed out, the Slovaks were merely Czec hs w ith a slightly di fferent hi story. Th e attachment o f Czech politi cians to the Czech os lovak idea ca n be clearl y see n after W orld W ar II. In 1968 , a document supposedly written by members of th e (Czec h) Nation al Soc iali st Party 4 in I 946 was pub I ished in the Slova k press . ' Its authors argued th at the bes t way to so lve the problem of Slovak nati onalism was fo rced ass imil ati on of the Sl ovaks into good Czec hoslovaks. Whil e seri ous • • 2 BBC Summa1y of World Broadcast. EE/0738 B/2. 13 Apri I 1990. 3 T he document was first publi shed in Vac lav Kral: Cestou k tinoru, Prague, I 956, but attrac ted relati ve ly little attention until reproduced in the mass medi a in 1968. �99 SLOVAKIA doubts exist as to th e authenticity of thi s ' Memorandum on Slovakia' , most hi storian s seem to agree that the idea of turnin g the Slovaks into good Czechoslovaks was not alien to certain leading Czech politicians at the time. 44 The reaction to what was perceived as the Slovak betraya l of 1938-39 was increased Czechoslovak nationali sm. However, during the Communist period , a nd particul ar ly after 1968 , Czech nationalism gradually gained supporters in the Czech Lands . As Prfhoda wrote in 1976: 'I am not sure how thin gs are in Slovakia, but among Czechs the concept of a com mon state is being re-eva luated these days . I have eve n heard : let the Ru ss ia ns make Slovakia into a union republic or something and leave us in peace!' 45 Obviou sly , ne ither Czech nor Slovak separat ism was politically acceptable durin g Communist rul e. After th e 'Velvet Revo lution' , however, influe ntial vo ices soo n e merged in the Czech Land s questioning the union with the Slovaks. As earl y as the beginning of May 1990, in the aftermath of the hyphe n war, the Czech writer Ludvfk Vaculfk, the author of the 'Two thousand words' manifesto in 1968, wrote a sharpl y worded articl e in Litenimf noviny. 46 ' W e Czechs have a great debt to the Slovaks,' Yaculfk argued. This debt was due to the fact that the Czechs had happily made Slovakia ' theirs' without takin g into account what it meant to be Slovak. Through their behaviour, however, the Slovaks had made it difficult for the Czechs to appreciate thi s debt. Th e Czechs had g ive n the Slovaks the ir industry and inte lli gentsia, so mething that had only caused the Slovaks to ' until thi s day complain about the qua lity of these supplies'. The Czechs had give n the Slovaks a way out of defeat as a separate state during World War II. Even Communism , brou g ht to Slovakia by Czechs afte r the war, had g ive n the Slovaks more in material terms than it had to the Czechs. When the Czechs then tri ed to ease th e die- 44 See Koc ian: ' Narodnf soc iali ste' . passim: Rychlfk: Ce.si II Slo vaci. pp. 54-55: ·Na okraj diskusie: 0 tzv. Slovenskom memoranda Cs. narodne sociali stickej strany ', Nase snahy . Vol. I 9/2. 1983. p. 9. 45 Prfhoda: ' Slovaci ceskyma ocima ' . p.653. 41 ' Ludvik Vaculfk: ' Nase slovenska otazk a', Litenimf noviny. Vol.1 /5, 1990. p.2. �SLOVAK IA 100 tatorship during 1968, the Slovaks saw thi s as a Czech matter and instead forced through 'autonomy '. For this they escaped with lighter puni shment during the era of ' normali sation .' Now aga in , after the col lapse of Communism, when Czechs were trying th eir utmost finally to defeat the dictatorial regime , the Slovaks were 'coming with their prestige demands'. ' Do we need thi s?' he asks rhetorically and then concludes : We have found ourse lves with a thankless task in th e fate of the Slo vaks, and I think th at we should end it without se lf-pity - more with a smil e into th e mirror. [ ... l Why should the Slovaks ha ve to force out of us, centimetre by ce ntimetre, somethin g that they can have in one go? By separating from the Slovaks , purely of our ow n volition , we " lose" - judging from experience to date - economic losses. Politicall y we lose th e Hungarian and Ruth ene problem s. We put another border between us and th e Soviet Union. 47 At th e time of hi s writ ing, Yaculfk ' s recommendation th at th e Czec hs should dispense with the Slovaks accorded with neither public nor political opinion in the Czech Republic. At that stage not even the most radical Czech politician s were promoting divi sion of the state. Gradually , however, the need to resolve the probl em of th e common state w ith the Slovaks once and for all became pressing. As Yaculfk observed in December of 1990: 'Public opinion poll s show that 75 percent of Czechs are said to favour a common state with the Slovaks. Had one, on the other hand , asked if we should let the Slovaks go, just as many would probabl y have answered " yes" to thi s as we ll. ' 48 In Slovakia, the question of the statu s of the Slovak Republic within the Czech and Slovak state became a centra l political topic . 47 Ibid. The double quotation marks arou nd -- Jose" were added to make th e irony more vi sible. The original tex t is : ' Od loucenfm od Slovaku. jez j e vyhradne v nasf vu li. ztratfme - souzeno dosavadnf zkusenostf - ekonomicke ztraty. • 48 Ludvik Yaculfk: ' M ec iar mozna odejde' . Litenimf noviny . Vol. I /39. I 990. p.2. �SLOVAKIA 101 Sl ovak politicians began to co mpete over w ho co uld present a programme th at would benefit and pro mote Slovaki a the most. Thi s led to a gradual radi ca li sati on of Slovak demands in the negoti ation s on the future of the federati on. Such radica li sati on in turn provoked a voc iferou s reaction in the Czech L ands. Th e influenti al Czec h j ournal R esp ekt refl ec ted th e growin g antagoni sm toward s Sl ovaki a in th e Czec h L ands. Headlines from the Spring of 1992 such as ' The supreme Slovak irrespon sibility' ( 17 Febru ary, p.2), ' B alkan model on the hori zo n: how long w ill the Czech-Slovak statu s quo las t?" (24 Febru ary, p.2) and 'A bsurd parliamentary drama: who saves Slovak ia from sovereignty?' (6 A pril , p.2) ev ince an increas ingly criti ca l view o f Sl ovak politi cs . In the issue th at co incided with the electi ons of 8 June, the criticism ca me to its logica l co nclu sion . Peter Schutz, Respekt 's (Sl ovak-Hungari an) correspondent in Slovak ia, wrote in the arti cle ' Slovaki a adheres to nati onal soc iali sm': ' The shameful result of thi s electi on formul ated onl y one alternati ve - either lMec iar 's party] HZDS disintegrates, or the CSFR. ' 49 Vl adimfr Ml ynar ex pressed the same message in the subtitle o f hi s arti cle in the same issue: 'A lone into Euro pe or together into the Balkans'. 50 Parti cul arl y the politi ca l ri ght in th e Czec h Lands increasingly saw Slovaki a as an obstac le on the road ' back ' to Europe. After the 1990 elec ti ons, th e ri ght had graduall y strengthened its pos ition among the Czech elec torate. In Slovaki a, on the other hand , it was the more reform- scepti ca l and patri oti c parti es on the politica l left that had enjoyed greater success. Gi ven th e spec ial minority veto of both the Czec h and Slovak groups of deputies in th e House of Nati ons of the Federal Assembl y, a left-patri otic maj ority in Slovaki a was a worry ing prospec t for the Czech proponents of radi ca l reform s. A month before th e parliam entary election s in June 1992, V aclav 09 Peter Sch utz: ·s tovensko sa prihlasilo k narodnemu socializmu - Pos lcdne zvone- nie pre federaciu ·, Respekt. 8- 14 June 1992, p.2. ~ V lad imir Ml ynar: ·v Cechac h tes ne vftezstvf prav ice - lecne na Balka n·. Respekt, 8- 14 June 1992. p.3. Sarni do Evropy nebo spo- �102 SLOVA KI A Kl aus made it c lear that if a fu ncti o na l federa ti o n was not poss ible after the e lect io ns, he and his partners were ' ready to create a mec hani sm for a q uick, c ivili sed and prob le m-free div isio n of the state. ' 51 Conclusion By the late summ er of 1992, th e do min ant view of Slovak ia in C zec h po liti cs had, in a se nse, co me full c irc le to co inc ide with the views th at preva il ed pri o r to W o rl d W ar I. Fro m hav ing bee n a strateg ica ll y less attrac ti ve partne r in the seco nd ha lf of the nineteenth ce ntury, Sl ovaki a beca me a strateg ic asset in the firs t ha lf of th e twenti eth . Afte r W o rld W ar II , however, S lovak ia a nd th e S lovaks gradu a ll y lost the ir strateg ic impo rt a nce for the Czec hs. The large Ge rm an mino rity in the Czec h Lands was ex pe ll ed in the firs t years after the war, taking the edge off the Ge rman threat. Furthermore, fo r C zec h democ rats, the Communi st co up of Febru ary 194 8 put an e nd to a ll ideas of seekin g sec urity a nd integrati o n in the East, th ro ugh Slova ki a. In stead , they now turn ed exc lu sive ly to the West: to th e US , NATO . the E uro pean Co mmunity and eve n the o ld ri va l, Ge rmany. At the th resho ld of the twenty- first ce ntury, Slova ki a, w ith its c umbe rso me soc ia li st eco no my, its po puli st nati o na li sm , and its pro bl e ms with Hun ga ry over the Hungari an mino rity in Slovaki a and the G abc fk ovo- Nagy maros da m projec t o n the Da nube, aga in became a strateg ic burden. The Czec hos lovak traditi o n and adhe re nce to the Czec hos lovak idea were still strong in the Czec h Lands. Tho ugh the Czec h politica l ri ght had the suppo rt of gro ups suc h as The Czec h Initi ati ve, whic h gathered aro und 50,000 sig natures in favo ur of Czec h independe nce in fo ur days in June 1992 in Prague, most Czec hs were still in favo ur of a co mm o n state w ith the Slova ks. 52 Thu s Kl aus and hi s partners co uld not push throug h a break-up w itho ut so me effort. Co nsequ ent ly, as Abby Innes wrote: ' Kl a us preferred a strategy o f shi ftin g res- 51 As cited in Marian Lesko: Meciar a meciarizm us: polit ik bez .~kruptif" politika bez zabran. Bratis lava. 1997, p.78. 52 BBC Summary of World Broadcast. EE/ 14 12 B/5. 20 June I 992. �SLOVAKIA 103 po ns ibility fo r the confli c t e ntire ly onto the Slovak side and c la imed th at it was now "ev ide nt th at votes fo r the HZ DS are votes fo r th e di visio n o f the state". ' 53 Give n th at th e do min a nt Czec h im age of S lovak nati o na li sm, a nd of Vl adim ir Mec iar, was negative, Kl aus was lucky in hav in g hi s tas k made eas ier. Hi s ca mpa ig n was furth er ass isted by th e oppos iti o n of the leading S lova k parti es to th e ree lection of Pres ide nt Vac lav Have l in Jul y. Hav ing fa il ed to be ree lec te d , Have l res ig ned pre m ature ly whe n th e Slo va k Nation a l Co unc il passed a large ly sy mbo li c dec larati o n of sovere ig nty o n 17 Jul y. Have l, prev io us ly o ne of the leading pro po ne nts of the co mmo n state, now le nt hi s support to a di visio n of the state. 54 The first day of Janu ary 1993 saw the creati o n of two new states: the C zec h Re publi c and the Sl ovak Re publi c. Of the two, the Czec h Republi c c learl y adopted the mantl e of successor to Czec hos lovaki a. T he new Czec h state had the sa me capita l, the same fl ag (in breac h o f an earli e r agree me nt) and the sa me pres ide nt. C zec h co mpani es and even po liti ca l parties fo r a lo ng time ke pt the word 'Czechos lovak ' in the ir na me (for exampl e, the S in CSA, Czec h[os lovak] A irlin es). Mos t things re ma ined as they had bee n, exce pt w ith o ut the Slovaks. As Vaculfk had po inted o ut so po ig nantl y in 1990: ' Whe n th e "Federati o n" started crac king in its fo undatio n, I got the idea fo r a new , in spi rin g ly o ptimi sti c so luti o n: whe n S lov aki a breaks away there w ill be no o ne to preve nt us fro m ca lling o ur state Czec hos lovak ia ... ' 55 " A bby Innes: ' T he Breakup of Czechos lovak ia: T he Impact of Part y Deve lopment on the Separation of the State· . Eust European Politics and Society. Vol. I I /3. 1997. pp. 393-435 (424). '" I va n L amper and V ladimir Ml ynar: ·skoncila ceskoslovenska statnost: Rozhovor s pos lednfm prezi dentem CSFR Vac lave m Havlem ' . Respekt. 20-27 July 1992. p.4. " Vac ulfk: ' Meciar mofoa odejde'. p.2 . � 81 SLOVAKIA From Bratr nas to At'jdou Slovakia, the Slovaks and Slovak Nationalism seen from Prague 1 Paa! Sigurd Hilde The Velvet Divorce between the Czech and Slovak parts of the Czech and Slovak Federal Repub lic (CSFR) was a political undertaking. All public opinion polls taken in the period 1990-1992 showed a clear majority in favour of a common state among both Slovaks and Czechs.2 The decision to divide the country came as a result of a compromise between two political parties - or more specifically, between two politicians: Vaclav Klaus of the (Czech) Civic Democratic Party and Vladimfr Meciar of the (Slovak) Movement for a Democratic Slovakia. While both Klaus and Meciar argued that they wanted to preserve the common state, their visions of such a Czech and Slovak state were so disparate that an agreement to differ was the only possibility. Most detailed studies of the break-up agree that if either of them , Meciar or Klaus, were to be identified as 'more guilty' in promoting the break-up, it would not be the Slovak nationali st Meci ar, but the Czech ' Thatcherite ' Klaus. 3 Ultimately, what sank the good ship Czechoslovakia was that the Czech captain, the ' A sli ghtly different version of thi s arti cle was originall y published in Norwegian in Nordisk @stforum, Yol . 15/2. 200 I , pp.5-16. 2 See. for example, Sharon Wolchik: 'The Pol itics of Ethnicity in Post-Communist Czechoslovakia', fast European Politics and Society, Vol. 8/ 1994. I , pp.153-188. 3 See, for example, Abby Innes: Czechoslovakia: The Short Goodbye. London. 200 I , particularly pp. 176-2 19. �SLOVAKIA 82 o ne that had a lw ays fo ught the hardest to keep it a fl oat, gave the order to sc uttle. The a im of thi s paper is to prov ide a n in sig ht into the deve lopme nt of the vi e ws on Slovaki a, Slovaks and Slova k nati o na li sm in th e Czec h Land s: fro m the ideas unde rl y in g the creati o n of Czech oslova ki a in 19 18 to those leading to the di sso luti o n of th at country in 1992. Natu ra ll y, the re is no c lear 'Czec h view ' of matters re lating to Sl ova ki a. Even if one di srega rds indi vidu a l o pini o ns and con ce ntrates o n what mi g ht be ca ll ed c ultura l ' heteroste reotypes' (v ie ws of the othe r), o ne w ill still find , fo r in stance, strong reg io na l differe nces w ithin the Czech La nd s. Any ana lys is of the ' Czec h view ' will thu s, eve n in the best case, be a probl e mati c prese ntati o n o f e lu sive collecti ve attitudes. Furthe rm ore, give n the absence of publi c opinio n surveys fo r most of the peri od studi ed , it is imposs ibl e to asce rta in ho w representati ve suc h attitudes were. The pi cture of Sl o va ki a presented here will be based to a large deg ree o n the attitudes ex pressed by leadin g po liti c ia ns, jo urn a li sts a nd o th er ' opini o n-fo rmers' in the Czec h Lands. For thi s reaso n the arti c le will present o pini o ns mo re typi ca l of Prague tha n. fo r in stance, Mo ra via, whe re co ntacts w ith Slovaks a nd Sl ovaki a we re more direct. Ho we ve r, as an earli er study , simil ar to thi s, argued , ' in Prag ue and in the C zec h Land s in genera l there are few opportunities to ga in a broad , direct impress ion of Slovaks, and the Czec h view of the Slovak is the refore the res ult of tra nsmitted , dedu ced impress io ns. ' 4 Whe n attitudes are acqui red ma inl y indirec tl y, opini o n-formers pl ay an important rol e. Gi ve n the limited scope of thi s arti c le, th e many theoreti cal and methodo log ica l pro bl e ms of suc h a stud y ca nno t be e xamined. Interestin g a nd impo rtant aspec ts, suc h as the inte raction between th e C zech and Slo va k he teroste reotypes o f eac h othe r, will al so have to be ig no red . Gi ven these limitati o ns, thi s articl e beco mes a mere in - 0 Petr Pi'fh oda : ' Slovac i ces kyma ocima'. Svedect vf, Vol. I 3/52. 1976, p.637. T he arti cle was publi shed under the pseudonym Jan Prfbram. �SLOVAKIA 83 troducti o n to the issue - an introducti o n th at mi g ht mo ti vate othe rs to make a c loser and broader examin atio n. Three aspects - three stages In her exce ll e nt stud y of the co nfli c t betwee n S lova ks a nd Czec hs, Caro l Ska lnik Leff a na lysed the develo pme nt of a se nse of mutu a l resentment betwee n the two gro ups. 5 A lmost througho ut Czechos lovak hi sto ry, there was persiste nt o ppos it ion fro m the Czec hdo min ated politi ca l leade rship , bo th de mocrati c a nd Co m m uni st, aga in st ful fi llin g pro mi ses of a uto no my for the Slova k part of the co untry. On the one hand , thi s fa ilure to live up to the pro m ises of 19 18, 1945 and , some argue, 1968, led to the deve lo pme nt of a sense of betraya l in Slovak ia. On the ot her ha nd, in creas ing numbers of Czec hs ex pressed a nger over what they perce ived as S lovak in gratitude - Slovak ungratefuln ess fo r a ll the ass istance Czec hs affo rded Slovaki a. Moreove r, the way Slovak po liti c ians, in the Czec h perception, ex pl o ited tim es of crisis in Czec hos lovaki a to pro mo te the ir narrow nati o na li st ai ms ca used pa rti c ul ar rese ntm ent. T h is deeprooted mutu al resentme nt was, Leff arg ued in 1987 , o ne of th e ma in reasons why the co nfl ic t betwee n the Czec hs a nd S lovaks wo ul d rema in an unresolved pro bl e m.6 She was soon to be proven right. If o ne examines the Czec h view of S lovaki a, Slovaks and S lovak natio na li sm mo re broad ly than Leff, it is poss ible to ide nti fy two furth er impo rta nt aspec ts of the Czec h view. The firs t mi g ht be des cribed as big-brothe rl y co nce rn . Ma ny Czec h inte ll ect ua ls, po li tic ians and other Slova ko ph iles we re ge nuine ly interes ted in and conce rned abo ut th e we lfare and fate of the S lova ks. T he ir e ngagement was we ll in tended and , espec ia ll y before 19 18 but a lso later, of g reat he lp to Slova k inte ll ec tu a l a nd c ultu ra l li fe. However, no t in fre qu e ntl y d id thi s bi g brothe rl y co nce rn deve lop into a peda nt ic a nd 5 Carol Skalni k Leff: Na tional Conf7ict in Czechoslovakia. Princeton . 1987 , particu larly pp. 148-177. 6 Ibid .. p. 282 . �84 SLOVAKI A arroga nt pate rn a li sm . Not surpri s in g ly, thi s was not favo urabl y received in Slovak ia. T he seco nd aspec t of the Czec h view of S lova ki a a nd the S lovaks is best described as a lac k of aware ness. Average know ledge of po liti ca l a nd eco no mi c conditi o ns in S lova ki a a nd S lova k c ul ture was never ex tensive in the Czech Lands. Partic ul arl y impo rtant was th e w id espread ig norance of the c ultu ra l, soc ia l and es pec iall y re li g iou s diffe re nces betwee n th e average Czec h and Slovak. Hi sto ri ca ll y, thi s un aware ness was to a large degree a res ult of th e qui ck and re lati ve ly pa inl ess acce ptance by the Czec hs of a Czechos lovak ide ntity and the offic ia l ideo logy of the ex iste nce of a Czec hos lovak nati o n. Thi s lack of kn o wl edge often led to in sensiti vity to wards Slovak di stin cti ve ness. Czech po liti c ia ns thu s occas io na ll y made po litica l dec isio ns that suited co nditio ns in the Czec h La nds w itho ut proper concern fo r the di ffe rent impac t the ir po lic ies mi g ht have on Slovaki a. C learl y, th ere is no c lear-c ut di stinc ti o n betwee n the three analytica l aspects of the Czec h view of Slovaks and Slovak nationa li sm. A ll three were present to a greate r o r lesser ex tent th rougho ut the hi story of co ntacts between the two gro ups, and they overl ap. To a certa in degree, however, th ey re prese nt stages throu g h whi c h ma in strea m o pini o n in th e Czec h La nd s went as time progressed . Bi gbrothe rl y co ncern was c learly the most important facet in th e pre19 18 pe ri od and in the ear ly years of the First Repu bli c. The inte rwar pe ri od is most stro ng ly marked by the Prague leadership ' s ig norance of the parti c ul ar soc ia l, econo mi c and re li g io us conditi o ns in Slovak ia. After the dra mati c eve nts in 1938 and 1939, wi th the Mu ni c h Acco rd, S lova k a uto no my a nd la te r ' ind e pe nde nce ' durin g Wo rl d W ar II , Czec h rese ntme nt towards the Slovaks, a nd espec iall y S lovak nat io na li sm, beco mes in creas in g ly impo rta nt. Fi fty years later, thi s animos ity was to dec ide the fa te of the co mm on Czec h and Sl ovak state. �SLOVAKIA 85 Big Brother In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the overarching aim of Czech political parties was to force Vienna to acce pt increased autonomy for ' the hi storic lands ' (basically today 's Czech Republic) within the Habsburg Monarchy. The idea of a wider Slav cooperation within the Empire, particularly with th e Slovaks, had ga in ed stre ngth among Czech intell ec tual s from about the 1830s. However, after the success of Hung aria n nat ion ali sm in th e 1867 Ausgleich, Czech leaders became concerned not to a ntagoni se their potential allies in Budapest. The result was that 'Czec h politicians, thou gh sy mpathetic toward [the Slovaks], were re luctant to inte rfere on the ir behalf in Hungary, for this would constitute a violation of Hungary 's state rights and mi ght jeo pardize the Czech program that was based on Bohemia's hi storic state ri ghts. ' 7 The lack of broader politica l cooperation did not preve nt an increasing activism in favour of the c ulturall y oppressed Slovaks, especially among Czech intellectua ls. Whil e Czech culture and society , and Czech nationalism, deve loped rapidly in line with the rapid social and economic deve lopm e nts in the re lativel y liberal Austrian part of the Monarch y, the s itu ation for Slovak culture a nd nationali sm was much more difficult. Particularly after 1867, the Hun garian authoriti es led a heavy-handed assimilation policy (Magyarisation) towards the minorities in Hungary . Many Czech intellectuals expressed a deep sy mpathy for the fate of what they saw as their Slovak brethren in Hun gary and the Slovak national dema nd s. 8 Especially 7 Victor S. Mamatey: 'The Estab li shment of the Republic'. in Victor S. Mamatey and Radomfr Luza (eds.): A History or the Czechosl ovak Republic: 19 18- 1948. Princeton . 1973 , pp. 3-38 (9). 8 Under th e leadership of L'.udovit Stur. Jozef Miloslav Hurban and Michal Miloslav Hodza, a Slovak National Council , formed in Vienna on 16 September I 848 , gave Slovak nationalism its first clear political expression in form of the declaration De mands or the Slovak Nation. Thirteen years later, this time inspired mainly by Stefan Marko Daxner and Jan Francisci, an even clearer national programme was formulated in the 186 1 Memorandum or the Slovak Nation. See Dusan Kovac: Dejiny Slovenska. Prague. 1998. pp. I 19- 13 1. �SLOVAKIA 86 from th e 1880s , ac ti ve support fo r Slovak nati onali st intell ec tu als increased. As H. Gordon Sk ill ing wrote: 'from the leighteen] eighties on, there graduall y deve loped, among Czech cultu ra l and pro fes sional persons, a substanti al concern for the Slovaks and a desire to promote Czech and Slovak cooperati on. ' 9 M ost importantl y, the Czech interest in Sl ovaki a took an organised fo rm w ith th e creati on of Ceskoslovanska j edn ota (Czec hos lav Unity), in 1895 . Thi s organi sati on offered fin ancial support to Slovak publi cati ons, grants for Slovak students in the Czech L ands and promoted Czech in vestments in Slovaki a. 1° Furthermore, Ceskoslovan- ska jedn ota sought to spread in form ati on about Sl ovaki a and the Slovaks among Czechs. Thi s w illingness to help the Sl ovaks did not di sappear with the es tabli shment of th e Czec hoslovak state in 19 18. With the gradu al ' liberation ' of what the new Czechos lovak authoriti es considered to be 'S lovaki a' (no admini strati ve boundari es ex isted), a new admini strati on had to be establi shed. The old admini strati ve apparatu s in Hungary consisted almost exc lusive ly of M agyars (ethni c Hungari ans) or ass imil ated intelligenti fro m other cultures. M ost of these refu sed to work for the new Czechos lovak state. As there were far from sufficient educated, patri oti c Sl ovaks to take over the admini strati on, officials had to be imported from the Czech L ands. The first major immi grati on ca me in the spring of 19 19, when ra il way and postal workers in Sl ovaki a stopped work ing to protest again st the new regime. A t th e urgent request of K ornel Stodola, the official res ponsibl e for ra il ways, ' several th ousand patri oti c Czech 9 H . Gordon Ski lling: T. G. Ma.r nryk : Against the Current. 1882- 19 14. London . 1994. p.68 (hereafter Ski ll ing: Mw;ary k). JU Mi ros lav Pek nfk: ·K profi lu slovensko-ceskych vztahov pred prvou sve tovou voj - nou'. in Mi lan Podrimavsky and Dusan Kovac (eds.) : Slovensko ,w zaciatku 20. storocia (Spo /ocnost: stat a narod v siiradniciach doby). Brati slava. 1999. pp.9 1-9 3: Mari e L. Neudorn: ' Slovakia in the Czech Press at the Turn of the ineteen th and Twe nti eth Ce ntu ries' . in John Morison (ed. ): The Czech and Slovak Experience: Selected Papers fro m the Fourth World Cong ress for So viet and East European Studies. Harrogille. I 990. London . 1992. pp. 38-6 I. �SLOVAKIA 87 vo lunteers hurri ed fro m Bohe mi a a nd Mo ra via and at a mo me nt 's notice.' 11 Late r, me mbe rs of othe r profess ion a l groups ca me to take up vacant pos iti o ns in S lovaki a: sc hoo lteac hers, uni versity lec ture rs, gend armes, tax collectors a nd bureaucrats of a ll so rts. It has bee n estimated th at 50-60 000 Czec hs went to Sl ovaki a in 19 19-20 and about as many aga in in the years up to 1930. 12 Whil e undo ubtedl y moti vated partl y by the ava il ability of jobs, the w illin g ness to uproot and move to still un safe S lova ki a o n sho rt no ti ce does suggest at least some idea li sm amo ng the vo lunteers. In 19 19-20 there was still armed confli ct betwee n Hun gari an and Czechoslo va k fo rces fo r control o ve r Slovaki a. Even fo r an un e mpl oyed bu reaucrat it could no t have been an easy dec isio n to move there. Few Czec hs can be seen to have do ne mo re to ra ise sy mpathy fo r the Sl o vaks a nd the ir fa te th an To mas Garri g ue Masaryk. Bo rn in Hodonfn , in the Slov acko reg io n of Morav ia, Masaryk ca me fro m a reg ion o n the bo rde r betwee n Czec h and Sl ova k lang uage and c ul ture. Hi s fa ther was Sl ova k and hi s moth er a Germ ani sed C zec h. 13 Gi ven thi s bac kg round , the idea of Czec h and Slovak politica l cooperation mu st have co me easil y to M asaryk. In hi s po litica l li fe , he became one of the ma in propo ne nts of suc h cooperati o n among Czec h politi c ians. As a pro fessor at the C harl es Uni ve rs ity in Prag ue, he was the ma in so urce of in spirati o n fo r a g roup of Slovak stu dents who wo uld later make up an impo rta nt part of the po liti ca l e lite in Czechoslova ki a. Th ese stude nts , best know n as hlasisti, afte r th e name of the ir j o urn a l Hlas (Vo ice), beca me the ma in supporte rs of the C zechos lovak idea in Slovaki a. 14 Yet, despite hi s ge nuin e co nce rn for the S lovaks, M asary k 's speec hes and arti c les at times ex pressed a pa te rn a li st and arroga nt 11 R. W. Seton-Watson : A History of the Czechs and Slovaks. London. 1943. p.323. 12 Jan M ec hyr: Slovensko v Ceskoslovensku : Slovensko-ceske vztahy I 9 I 8- 199 I. Prague. 199 1. p.27. 1 '- K arel Capek: Hovory s T. G. M asa1y kem. Prag ue. 1947. pp.8-9, I I 8. 14 Vl ad im ir Bakos: Questions of the Nation in Slo va k Thoug ht. Brati slava. 1999. pp.1 3-57 . �88 SLOVAKIA attitude toward s Slovak culture and hi story . For instance, Masaryk rej ected calls for a plebisc ite in Slovakia after World War l, arg uin g that 'one cannot allow such a vote there, since the Slovaks have bee n so oppressed that they have never had the opportunity to think politically and they would not know in whose hand s to put th eir fate. ' 15 Even c learer was hi s comment on rece nt negotiation s with Slovak leaders in a letter to hi s dau ghter Alice, in 1924: 'It is necessary to be patient with the Slovaks - they are children, or rather spoilt brats.' 16 Given the relatively low educational level and minimal political experience of most Slovaks in 1918 , claims about their immaturity clearly had some justification in the first years after the establi shme nt of Czechoslovakia. However, Czech politicians continued throu ghout the ex istence of the Czechoslovak state to explain the lack of understanding for their policies in Slovakia as a sign of the politica l immaturity of Slovaks. Commenting on relations between Czech and Slovak exiles during World War II, for instance, Edvard Be nes informed the British Foreign Mini stry , that ' the re existed unity among the Czechs while the Slovaks, he conceded, because of their political immaturity, reflected the divided opinions at home.' 17 Also in the post-Communist period , Slovak nationalism , and especially its more radical expressions, were presented as clear signs of the political immaturity of the Slovaks. 'Everyone has the right to live his nineteenth century,' became a common remark in sarcastic comments. 18 " Quoted in Robert 8. Pynsent: ' Masaryk 's ·' Path of Democracy". Or: The Democrati c National Socialist Ideal'. in K atarina A. M . K ocourek (ed.): T. G. Masaiyk 1850- /937. A Collection of Essays to Commemora te the 150th Anniversary of the Birth of Thomas G. Masaryk . London, 2000, p. 35 -57 (41 ) (a specia l issue of Masa1yk Journal). 16 Quoted in Zbynek Zeman and Antonin Klimek: The Life of Eduard Benes: Cze- choslovakia in Peace and War. Oxford , 1997, p.5 I (herea fter Zeman and Klimek: Eduard Benes) . 17 Quoted ibid. pp.168-69. 18 Otto U lc: 'Czechoslovakia ' s Velvet Divorce ' , East European Quarterly, Vol.30/3, 1996, pp. 33 1-352 (340). �SLOVAKIA 89 From a Czech po int of view, the re lati o nship between the C zechs and Sl ovaks was c learl y a bi g broth er - littl e brother re lati o nship. The Czech partner in the Czec h-S lovak unio n was c learl y superior in po pulati o n (abo ut 2: I), and fo r most of the hi sto ry of the common state a lso in soc io-econo mic deve lo pment (for example, in education , car-ow nership , numbe r of te le pho nes , etc .). Czech nationa li sts could be proud of a ri c h nati o na l hi story a nd a hi g hl y deve lo ped Czec h c ulture, whil e Slovak nati o na li sts, for hi stori ca l reasons, had less to brag abo ut. The pi cture of Slovaki a as a less deve lo ped, less c ultured ' hinte rl and ' re ma in ed in Czec h po pul ar c ulture, parti c ul arl y in Prague, eve n after Slovak ia reac hed a basica ll y equ al leve l of soc io-econo mi c developme nt (abo ut I 980) . 19 As Petr Prfh oda, the pse udo nymo us Jan Prfbram, observed in the ex ile jo urna l Svedect vfin 1976: T he charac te ri sti c tra its of [the Czec h view of Slovaks a nd S lovaki a] have o ne co mmo n de no m inato r: an a lbe it unc lear, th o ug h multi face ted inferiority. Slovaks see m primiti ve, imm ature, emo ti o na ll y unrestra ined and uneducated [ ... ] The na ivety and lack of ex pe ri e nce amo ng those who come to the unknow n Czec h e nvironme nt is qui c kl y mi sunde rstood as stupidity. A Slovak is qu ite simpl y asc ribed a child 's menta li ty .20 Ignorance On the first page of its 27 Nove mber 1935 iss ue, in an artic le by the fa mo us Czec h jo urn a li st Ferdin and Pe routka, the influenti al journal Pl ftomnost (Presence) asked its readers: ' Do you know of anyone who unde rstand s Slova ki a?' 2 1 F ifty-fi ve years late r, Vac lav Have l' s ad visor Pe te r Hun c ik to ld the Ch a irm a n of th e Sl ova k N ati o na l 19 M il an K ucera and Zdenek Pavlfk: ·Czech and Slovak Demograph y ·, in Jiff M usil (ed.): The End or Czechoslovak ia. Budapest, 1995 , pp. 15-39. 20 Prfhoda: ·s Jovaci ceskyma oc ima' , p.643. 21 Ferd inand Peroutka: ·Nevfte o nekom , kdo rozu mf Slovensku?' , Prfto mnos t, Vo l. 12/47. 1935 , p. I . as reprod uced in Anton Ras la: Zastupova l som ceskoslovensky stat - vyznanie. Presov, 1999, p.268. �90 SLOVAKIA Co un c il , Fra nti se k Mi k losko, th at the Pres ide nt a lways had mi graines whe n he trave ll ed in Slovaki a. 22 Thi s was no t due to the c lim ate, but beca use Have l fe lt great unease abo ut not know ing Slovaki a. Such ac know ledge me nts refl ect the limited kno wl edge of Slovaki a and the Slovaks in the C zech Land s. As Prfhoda o bserved : ' Of all the ne ig hbo urin g nati o ns we know the S lovaks the leas t and ex press the least interest in the m and the ir nat io n. Admittedl y, we have been introdu ced th e best to th e Sl ova ks, but we kn ow th e leas t abo ut the m. ' 23 It is poss ible to ide nti fy severa l reasons fo r thi s lac k of know ledge and understanding. Partl y, it was a res ult of the somew hat confusin g nature of Slovak po liti cs . A lmost thro ugho ut the histo ry of Czechoslovaki a, the politica l e lite in Slova ki a was di vided o n the iss ue of inc reased se lf-governm e nt. Pe ri odi ca ll y, thi s inte rn a l stru gg le amon g S lovak po liti c ians over whethe r S lovaks did or did not want a uto no my mu st have been confu s in g eve n for th e most interested C zech o bserver. Gu stav Hu sak, fo r exampl e, contributed to muddlin g the picture of S lovak nati o na li sm : fro m be ing the prime propo ne nt o f th e federa li sati o n of Czec hos lova ki a befo re a nd durin g the 1968 ' Prag ue S prin g', Hu sak sudde nl y changed into a pro po ne nt of ce ntrali sati o n o nce he was in po wer in Prag ue. Thi s s ituation was exacerbated by the lac k of opportunity pro po nents of inc reased Sl ovak se lf- rul e had to prese nt thei r views to the Czech publi c. Genera ll y, the Slovak po liti c ians who most eas il y ga ined access to the pages of the Prag ue press were those in favo ur of centra li sed rul e. Furth e rmo re, the lac k of know ledge a nd unde rstand in g of S lovaki a a mo ng Czec hs was a res ult of a lac k of in terest in S lova k affa irs. Slovaki a was, at least in the in ter- war peri od, a po liti ca ll y less impo rta nt part of the country. Even if sy mpathy fo r the S lovaks had pl ayed a ro le in the suppo rt C zec h po li tic ians gave the pl ans fo r an inde pe nde nt Czec hos lova ki a, th e re we re o ther impo rt a nt reaso ns 22 Frantsiek M iklosko: Cas stretnutf. Brati slava, 1996, p.44. 23 Pffhoda: ·s tovaci ceskyma oci ma', p.643. �91 SLOVAKIA why they wanted a union . The main ' problem ' in Czech hi story has been the question of the Czechs ' position as a small nation surrounded by Germans. In Slovakia and the Slovaks, Czech leaders found a doub le solution to their problem. As a people, the Slovaks represented a biological reinforcement to the Czech , renamed the Czechoslovak, nation , making it the majority nation in the new state. They thus helped legitimate Czech(oslovak) domination of Czechoslovakia. (One should not forget that there were about 50 per cent more German than Slovak speakin g citizens (3 versus 2 million ) in interwar Czechoslovakia.) As a territory . Slovakia formed a bridge out of the German encirclement towards Ru ssia, which before 1917 was perceived as a rival of Germany and protector of the Slavs, and towards Czechoslovakia ·s all y Romania. For those perceivin g the state from such a ' Great-Czech ' point of view, Czechos lovakia was merely 'a reestabli shment of th e Czech state, reinforced by the Slovak territorie s, which were so weak and neglected that it was simply not necessary to see them as a separate entity. ' 24 The most important reason for the lack of knowl edge and understandin g of Slovakia among Czechs was , however. the uncritical acceptance of the Czechoslovak idea by most Czechs. In th e interwar yea rs, the Czechoslovak ideo logy was a pillar ce ntral to the very existence of the state. Even Masaryk argued th at ' there is no such thing as a Slovak nation 25 paganda ' . l- .. I; that is an invention of Hungarian pro- In Slovakia, on the other hand, the idea of one Czecho- slovak nation met res istance, [i]n the minds of th e Czechs, the notions of 'Czec h' and ' Czechoslovak' had blended into one by th e end of the Second World War at the latest. A significa nt conseq uence of thi s psycho- soci al operation was the removal of the Slovaks as a distinct ethni c entity from the Czech field of vis ion . The Slovaks eventuall y began to be perceived as H L.:.ubomfr Liptak: Slovensko v 20. storocf. Bratisl ava. 1998. 2nd edition. p. 128 . 15 Pynse nt : ' Masaryk ·s "Pa th of Democracy''". p.41. �92 SLOVAKIA part of the same nat iona l organi sm - almost as the advocates of the Czechoslovak concept would like to have it only thi s organi sm was not Czechoslovak but Czech.26 The net result of thi s process was that the social, c ultura l and reli g ious differences betwee n the Czechs and Slovaks became invisible to the majority of Czechs who never learned to kn ow the Slovaks and Slovakia directly. Thi s aga in led to the anticipatio n that Slovaks would have a s imil ar world view and would react in the sa me way as Czechs to events and po li c ies. The co nsequences of such anticipation varied over time. In the inter-war period , it was the insensitive attitude of the new regime towards the Catholic Church that was most important. Czech nation alism had the Hu ss ite peri od as its Golden Age; a Golden Age that was termin ated by the Battle of the White Mountain in 1620 and the following violent co unterReform ation in Bohemia and , to a somew hat lesser degree, Morav ia. With the sec ulari sing impact of the industriali sation and urbani sati on of the Czech Lands in the nineteenth century, thi s gave Czech nationalism a not only sec ul ar, but often an openly anti-Catho lic edge. 27 Although the Protestant minority was proportionately bi gger in Slovakia than in the Czech Land s, there was no clear connection between anti-Catholici sm and nation ali sm even amon g Protestant Slovak nat ionali sts. On the contrary, one direction within the Slovak nati ona l move ment was closely co nnec ted to the Catholic fa ith . The Catholic national ists, led from the early twentieth century by Andrej Hlinka, were more skeptica l of cooperation with the Czec hs than were the hlasi sti. Man y Czech politicians and intellec tu a ls were, from the point of view of Slovak Catholics, dangerously radical liberals, if not atheist anti-Catholics. 28 When the declaration of Czechoslovak independence on 28 October 1918 was followed by a wave of 26 Zdenek Suda: ' Slovakia in Czech Nati onal Consciousness ' , in Musil (ed.): The End of Czechoslovakia, p.1 39- 155 ( 11 8) (hereafter Suda: ' Slovakia ' ). 27 R. W. Seton-Watson: A History of the Czechs and Slovaks. London, 1943, p.33 1. 28 Jan Rychl fk : Cesi a Slovaci ve 20. stoletf: Cesko-sl ovenske vztahy , 19 14- 1945. Bratislava, 1997, p.38 (hereafter Rychlfk: Cesi a Slo vac1). �SLOVAKIA 93 anti-Catholic gestures in the Czech Lands, the worst fears of the Slovak Catholics were reali sed . As lsmo Nurmi wrote: ' if the anti-Catholic mood was fashionable in the Czech lands, it was not so in Slovak ia and even less so when a numbe r of desecration s of reli g iou s c ult objects, churches, statues, crosses etc. were committed [ ... ] also in Slovakia [by] civil servants and particularly the Czechoslovak Army.' 29 The attempt to create a Czechoslovak national hi story and tradition with the Hussite era as pivotal was a clear sign of the lac k of understanding among Czech (and some Slovak) leade rs for the position of the Catholic Church in Slovakia. Masaryk 's official ' inclusion ' of Slovakia in the Hu ss ite tradition on the basis of Jan Ji skra 's ' crusade ' into Slovakia was not only hi storically dubiou s, but also, and not surpri sin gly, rejected by the Slovak Catholic clergy. As Suda wrote: ' To the Catholic majority of the Slovaks, among whom Catholicism had a very pronounced conservative tin ge typical of a pre-modern society , a common programme with the Czechs based on the traditions of the Protestant Reformation must have been almost an anathema. ' 30 After 1948, with the industriali sation of Slo vaki a unde r Communi st rul e, the religious differen ces be tween the Czech a nd Slovak parts of the common state were so mew hat diffused. Albeit a clear scepticism towards 'Czech liberali sm ' was visible in Christian democratic circles in Slovakia also after the collapse of Communism, another as pec t of the Czech ignorance of Slovak affairs beca me more important. As noted above , very many Czechs saw Czechoslovakia and the ' Czechoslovak nation ' as their state and nation , quite often interpreted as a Czech state a nd nation that included the Slovaks. After World War II , the rec reation of Czechoslovakia was acco mpanied by an official recog niti on by all political leaders, albeit some Czec h politicians were reluctant to do so, of the ex iste nce of two 29 lsmo Nurmi: Slo vakia - A Playground for Na tionalism and National Identity. 191 8- /920 : M anifestations of the Na tional Identity of Slovaks. Hel sinki. 1999. pp. 92-93. 30 Suda : ·Slovakia ' . p.11 5. �SLOVAKIA 94 fo un d in g nati ons in the co untry . Thi s princ ipl e was reaffirmed with the federa li sati on of 1968. Despite thi s offic ial recogniti on, there was ve ry littl e understanding a mong Czec hs of S lovak atte mpts to promote the ir separate ide ntity. Proba bl y the best kn ow n exa mpl e of S lova k po li tic ians ' dema nd s fo r 'v isibility and equ a lity ' fo r S lovaki a w ithin Czec hos lovaki a was the stru gg le fo r the name of the federati on in the sprin g of 1990 . Th e so-ca ll ed ' hy phe n-wa r ' sta rted w he n new ly e lec ted Pres ide nt Vac lav Have l suggested c ha ng in g the offic ial name of the Republic, the Czechoslovak Soc iali st Republic, by mere de leti on of the word ' Sociali st' . Whil e fo r mos t Czec hs thi s so luti on mu st have see med natural , it ran into oppos iti on in S lovaki a? A Sl ovak co unter-proposa l, the Czec ho-Slovak Re public, or just Czec ho-Slovaki a, a name that made Slovaki a more vi s ibl e to the world , was, however, not acceptabl e to most Czec h po liti c ians. The reasons given fo r thi s were that th e hyphe n had been used in the name of the Second Republi c (1938 -39, th at is, afte r the Muni c h Accord), a nd beca use ' C zec ho' (Ces k o) was not consi de red a pro pe r word in the Czech language. As one leading comme ntator compl ained in Lidove noviny: ' We in the Czec h Land s perce ive the insiste nt de mand of Sl ovaki a fo r a di vidin g line in the na me of the Re public as tac tl ess and coarse. " 2 Onl y afte r two mo nth s o f de bate in the three nati onal asse mbli es (the Czec h, Slova k and Federa l) and the mass medi a was a compromi se fo und : The Czec h and Slovak Federa l Republic. Have l quic kl y rea li sed th at he had made a mi stake by not consul ting politic ians fro m both the Czec h a nd Sl ova k Re pu b li cs before making hi s suggestion public. In a n atte mpt to rec ti fy the s itu ati on the hospitali sed Have l sent a le tter to the Federal Asse mbl y in February, where he stated : -' ' M il an Su tovec: Semi6za aka pol i tik um a/ebo "Pom lckov;-i vojna ". Brati slava, 1999, pp. 174- 196 (hereafter Sutovec: Pomlckova vojna). -' 2 Ji ff Hanak: 'Nespraved li ve a tedy neprijatelne' . Lidove Noviny. 28 M arch 1990. p.l. �SLOVAKIA 95 We a ll kn o w th at thi s hyphe n, whi ch fo r a ll Czechs seems ridi c ul o us, unnecessary and ugly, is mo re tha n just a hyphe n. In thi s hyphe n o ne ca n find severa l decades, if not ce ntu ries of th e hi sto ry of the S lo va k nati o n [ ... ] The Sl o vak nation is ri g htfull y tryin g to fin d its ide ntity, fo r reason s Czec hs probabl y do n ' t understa nd , eve n if they o ught to understand them.33 Resentment Exampl es of Czec h skepti c ism a nd resentment to ward s Slo vak nati o na li sm ca n be fo und as earl y as the middl e of th e nine teenth century. From the late 1840s, a majo rity of Slovak inte ll ectua ls ado pted the new codifi cati o n of th e S lovak lang uage , as publi shed in 1846 by Cudovft Stur, as a pl atfo rm fo r the Sl ovak national programme. This met w ith strong res istance fro m Czech and Slovak inte llectua ls promotin g Czec h-Sl ovak unity: they saw the Slovaki zed versio n of Hu ss ite Bible Czec h used by ma ny Slovak inte llec tua ls until then, as the clearest bo nd between Czechs and Slovaks.34 If in the inte rwar years Czec hos lovak leade rs cons idered Slovak nati o na li sm a pro bl e m, it was ma inl y after 1938 th at o pe nl y hostil e attitudes toward s it e merged. The ex pl oi tatio n by Slovak nati o na li sts of the weakness of the Czec hos lovak reg ime after the Munich cri sis to push trou gh thei r de mands fo r a uto no my, c ulmin atin g in the ac ceptance by the Slovak leade rs of German de mand s fo r Slovak indepe ndence in M arc h 1939, was conside red a stab in the back by most Czechs. 35 Durin g the Second World W ar, Ed vard Be nes, the C zechoslovak Pres ide nt-in -ex il e, was o ne of the sharpest cri tics of what he considered the Slovak be traya l. He was ' o bstin ate in defending the Czec hos lovak ca use: its betraya l by the Slovaks mattered more to him than the grow ing press ure from Moscow. He be li e ved th at the " As quoted in Sutovec: Pomlckova vojna, pp.269-27 1. 34 Sk illing: Masary k, p. 69. 35 Petr Pffhoda: ' M utual Perceptions in Czech-S lovak Relationshi ps ', in M usil (ed .): The End of Czechoslovakia. pp. 128- 138 ( 134 ). �96 SLOVAKIA Slovak heresy undermined the ve ry fo undations of the state, and Czechoslovaki sm was for him a part of the foundations. ' 36 Throu ghout the war, Benes and other Czech politi cians fought for the reestabli shment of the First (th at is, pre-Muni ch) Republi c. Most Slovak politici ans, howe ver, including former Czechos lovak Prime Minster Milan Hodza, con sidered thi s a less th an optim um solution. 37 Only reluctantly , given th e situation in Slovakia after the Slovak National Upri sing in the autum n of 1944, was Benes forced to accept a de facto asymmetric federalisation of post-war Czechoslo va ki a. However, despite previou s agreements, most importantl y the Kosice Government Programme, drafted by the first pro visional government after the country was partly -liberated from the East, the question of Slovaki a's position within the country cont inued to divide the Czec h and Slovak non-Comm uni st parties after the war. The willin gness of the Czec h democratic parti es to coo perate with the Communi sts in reducin g the powers of the Slovak nation al organs , cruci all y after the 1946 elections, contrib uted to undermining the position of the Democratic Party in Slo va ki a. The Czechos lovak Communi st Party was thu s abl e to exploit ' the anti -Sl ovak nati onali sm among Czech political parties and [ ... ] the isolated position of the Slovak democrats. ' 38 Thi s clearly weakened the democrats' ability to oppose the Communi sts' increasing political power in the country. During and after 1968 , the negati ve view of Slo vak nationali sm and Slovakia in the Czech L ands was reinforced. After the Soviet-led in vas ion on 2 1 Au gust 1968, 'sociali sm with a human face ' was gradually di smantled and replaced by ' norm ali sation '. Th e only maj or reform of the Prague Spring to survive was the dec ision to federalize Czechoslovakia. In Sl ovaki a thi s decision w as generall y interpreted 36 37 Zeman and Klimek : Eduard Bene{ p.203. Milan Hodza : Federarion in Cenrra l Europe: Renections and Reminiscences. London. 1942, pp.93-94. 38 Ji rf K ocian: ·Narodnf soc ialis te a slovenska otazka 1945- I 948 ". in Michal Bar- novsky (ed.) : Od dikratury k diktature. Brati slava. 1995 . pp.57-65 (6 I ). (hereafter K oc ian: ' Narodnf socialiste') �SLOVAKIA 97 as a more just organi sation of the common state. In the Czech Lands, however, many saw federalisation as a further example of the Slovak nationali sts' skill in drawing advantages from Czechoslovakia's mi sfortune. The fact th at the new party leade r and late r Pres ident of Czechoslovakia, Gu stav Hu sak, was Slovak, also contributed to the negative picture of Slovakia and Slovaks. As Petr Pithart wrote: the Czech public was di sappointed, even di sg usted, by the Slovaks ' ex peri e nce of havin g ga ined sati sfac tion with federalization; at best, it was seen as foolishness a nd at worst, as blind se lfi shness and eve n betrayal. ( ... ) in the Czec h Lands there was an increasing ly obvious di sg ust for the regime and for the Slovaks, as the ones through whom normali zation was allegedly introduced and carried out. 39 A s ign of the growing irritation with and resentment toward s Slovak nationa li sm and Slovaks in ge ne ral in the Czech Lands, was the increas in g ly popul a r de mand that Czech taxpayers should not have to subsidi se the ungrateful Slovaks. Already in 1933 Czechoslovak Prime Min ster Ja n Malypete r had rejected the demand for Slovak autonomy on the grounds that Slovakia would not be able to pay its way . In the Czech press, headlines read along the lines: ' We are paying for Slovakia ' .40 Thi s be lief that the Czechs were subsidis in g th e Slovaks was observed also by Prfhoda forty-three years late r: ' In the Czech Lands the view of Slovak parasiti sm [parazitismu s] is common and it is formulated more or less like thi s: we Czechs are payin g for the Slovaks. ' 41 The Czechoslovak Communist Party was committed to so lvin g the probl e m of Slovak nation alism, which it interpreted as a mainly eco nomic iss ue , through equ ali zat ion of the standard of li ving bet- 39 Petr Pithart: ' Towards a Shared Freedom ' , in Mu sil (ed.): Th e End of Czechoslovakia.pp.20 1-222 (206). 40 Vi ctor S. Mamatey: ' The Development of Czechoslovak Democ racy ', in Mamatey and Luza (eds.) : A History of the Czechoslovak Republic, pp.99-166 ( 15 1). 41 Prfhoda: "S lovac i ces kyma ocima', p.647. �SLOVAKIA 98 wee n the Czech and Slovak parts of the co unty. Economic transfers, parti cul arly through a higher level of in vestment in Sl ovaki a were, therefore, considered important. They continued even during the di ffic ult years in the 1970s and 1980s, but were kept secret, probabl y to avoid un favo urable reactions in the Czech L ands. After the co llapse of Communi sm, opposition to w hat was popularl y referred to as the Czech ' money pipeline' (p enezovod) to Slovak ia was quickl y made into a politi cal demand. In the first formal ro und of negoti ation s on th e future of the fe derati on after the co ll apse of Communi sm, in Lnare in April 1990, the Czech delegati on demanded a halt to Czec h subsidies to Slovaki a.42 From Czech to Czechoslovak nationalism and back As noted earlier, the Czechos lov ak directi on within Czech poli ti cs was by no means dominant pri or to W orld W ar I. Czec h nationali sts concentrated mainl y on defending and enhancing Czech autonomy w ithin th e Habsburg M onarchy. With the success of the Czec hoslovak idea in the Entente capitals in 19 17-1 8, however, most Czec h nati onali sts quite quickl y became convinced Czec hos lovak nati onali sts; Czech nati onali sm was ex panded to include th e Sl ovaks, the Czec hs' ' little bro ther ' in Hungary. Cultura ll y and economi ca ll y wea k, the Slovaks posed no threat to either Czech culture or politica l and economic dominati on of the new state. A nd after all , as M asaryk himse lf pointed out, the Slovaks were merely Czec hs w ith a slightly di fferent hi story. Th e attachment o f Czech politi cians to the Czech os lovak idea ca n be clearl y see n after W orld W ar II. In 1968 , a document supposedly written by members of th e (Czec h) Nation al Soc iali st Party 4 in I 946 was pub I ished in the Slova k press . ' Its authors argued th at the bes t way to so lve the problem of Slovak nati onalism was fo rced ass imil ati on of the Sl ovaks into good Czec hoslovaks. Whil e seri ous • • 2 BBC Summa1y of World Broadcast. EE/0738 B/2. 13 Apri I 1990. 3 T he document was first publi shed in Vac lav Kral: Cestou k tinoru, Prague, I 956, but attrac ted relati ve ly little attention until reproduced in the mass medi a in 1968. �99 SLOVAKIA doubts exist as to th e authenticity of thi s ' Memorandum on Slovakia' , most hi storian s seem to agree that the idea of turnin g the Slovaks into good Czechoslovaks was not alien to certain leading Czech politicians at the time. 44 The reaction to what was perceived as the Slovak betraya l of 1938-39 was increased Czechoslovak nationali sm. However, during the Communist period , a nd particul ar ly after 1968 , Czech nationalism gradually gained supporters in the Czech Lands . As Prfhoda wrote in 1976: 'I am not sure how thin gs are in Slovakia, but among Czechs the concept of a com mon state is being re-eva luated these days . I have eve n heard : let the Ru ss ia ns make Slovakia into a union republic or something and leave us in peace!' 45 Obviou sly , ne ither Czech nor Slovak separat ism was politically acceptable durin g Communist rul e. After th e 'Velvet Revo lution' , however, influe ntial vo ices soo n e merged in the Czech Land s questioning the union with the Slovaks. As earl y as the beginning of May 1990, in the aftermath of the hyphe n war, the Czech writer Ludvfk Vaculfk, the author of the 'Two thousand words' manifesto in 1968, wrote a sharpl y worded articl e in Litenimf noviny. 46 ' W e Czechs have a great debt to the Slovaks,' Yaculfk argued. This debt was due to the fact that the Czechs had happily made Slovakia ' theirs' without takin g into account what it meant to be Slovak. Through their behaviour, however, the Slovaks had made it difficult for the Czechs to appreciate thi s debt. Th e Czechs had g ive n the Slovaks the ir industry and inte lli gentsia, so mething that had only caused the Slovaks to ' until thi s day complain about the qua lity of these supplies'. The Czechs had give n the Slovaks a way out of defeat as a separate state during World War II. Even Communism , brou g ht to Slovakia by Czechs afte r the war, had g ive n the Slovaks more in material terms than it had to the Czechs. When the Czechs then tri ed to ease th e die- 44 See Koc ian: ' Narodnf soc iali ste' . passim: Rychlfk: Ce.si II Slo vaci. pp. 54-55: ·Na okraj diskusie: 0 tzv. Slovenskom memoranda Cs. narodne sociali stickej strany ', Nase snahy . Vol. I 9/2. 1983. p. 9. 45 Prfhoda: ' Slovaci ceskyma ocima ' . p.653. 41 ' Ludvik Vaculfk: ' Nase slovenska otazk a', Litenimf noviny. Vol.1 /5, 1990. p.2. �SLOVAK IA 100 tatorship during 1968, the Slovaks saw thi s as a Czech matter and instead forced through 'autonomy '. For this they escaped with lighter puni shment during the era of ' normali sation .' Now aga in , after the col lapse of Communism, when Czechs were trying th eir utmost finally to defeat the dictatorial regime , the Slovaks were 'coming with their prestige demands'. ' Do we need thi s?' he asks rhetorically and then concludes : We have found ourse lves with a thankless task in th e fate of the Slo vaks, and I think th at we should end it without se lf-pity - more with a smil e into th e mirror. [ ... l Why should the Slovaks ha ve to force out of us, centimetre by ce ntimetre, somethin g that they can have in one go? By separating from the Slovaks , purely of our ow n volition , we " lose" - judging from experience to date - economic losses. Politicall y we lose th e Hungarian and Ruth ene problem s. We put another border between us and th e Soviet Union. 47 At th e time of hi s writ ing, Yaculfk ' s recommendation th at th e Czec hs should dispense with the Slovaks accorded with neither public nor political opinion in the Czech Republic. At that stage not even the most radical Czech politician s were promoting divi sion of the state. Gradually , however, the need to resolve the probl em of th e common state w ith the Slovaks once and for all became pressing. As Yaculfk observed in December of 1990: 'Public opinion poll s show that 75 percent of Czechs are said to favour a common state with the Slovaks. Had one, on the other hand , asked if we should let the Slovaks go, just as many would probabl y have answered " yes" to thi s as we ll. ' 48 In Slovakia, the question of the statu s of the Slovak Republic within the Czech and Slovak state became a centra l political topic . 47 Ibid. The double quotation marks arou nd -- Jose" were added to make th e irony more vi sible. The original tex t is : ' Od loucenfm od Slovaku. jez j e vyhradne v nasf vu li. ztratfme - souzeno dosavadnf zkusenostf - ekonomicke ztraty. • 48 Ludvik Yaculfk: ' M ec iar mozna odejde' . Litenimf noviny . Vol. I /39. I 990. p.2. �SLOVAKIA 101 Sl ovak politicians began to co mpete over w ho co uld present a programme th at would benefit and pro mote Slovaki a the most. Thi s led to a gradual radi ca li sati on of Slovak demands in the negoti ation s on the future of the federati on. Such radica li sati on in turn provoked a voc iferou s reaction in the Czech L ands. Th e influenti al Czec h j ournal R esp ekt refl ec ted th e growin g antagoni sm toward s Sl ovaki a in th e Czec h L ands. Headlines from the Spring of 1992 such as ' The supreme Slovak irrespon sibility' ( 17 Febru ary, p.2), ' B alkan model on the hori zo n: how long w ill the Czech-Slovak statu s quo las t?" (24 Febru ary, p.2) and 'A bsurd parliamentary drama: who saves Slovak ia from sovereignty?' (6 A pril , p.2) ev ince an increas ingly criti ca l view o f Sl ovak politi cs . In the issue th at co incided with the electi ons of 8 June, the criticism ca me to its logica l co nclu sion . Peter Schutz, Respekt 's (Sl ovak-Hungari an) correspondent in Slovak ia, wrote in the arti cle ' Slovaki a adheres to nati onal soc iali sm': ' The shameful result of thi s electi on formul ated onl y one alternati ve - either lMec iar 's party] HZDS disintegrates, or the CSFR. ' 49 Vl adimfr Ml ynar ex pressed the same message in the subtitle o f hi s arti cle in the same issue: 'A lone into Euro pe or together into the Balkans'. 50 Parti cul arl y the politi ca l ri ght in th e Czec h Lands increasingly saw Slovaki a as an obstac le on the road ' back ' to Europe. After the 1990 elec ti ons, th e ri ght had graduall y strengthened its pos ition among the Czech elec torate. In Slovaki a, on the other hand , it was the more reform- scepti ca l and patri oti c parti es on the politica l left that had enjoyed greater success. Gi ven th e spec ial minority veto of both the Czec h and Slovak groups of deputies in th e House of Nati ons of the Federal Assembl y, a left-patri otic maj ority in Slovaki a was a worry ing prospec t for the Czech proponents of radi ca l reform s. A month before th e parliam entary election s in June 1992, V aclav 09 Peter Sch utz: ·s tovensko sa prihlasilo k narodnemu socializmu - Pos lcdne zvone- nie pre federaciu ·, Respekt. 8- 14 June 1992, p.2. ~ V lad imir Ml ynar: ·v Cechac h tes ne vftezstvf prav ice - lecne na Balka n·. Respekt, 8- 14 June 1992. p.3. Sarni do Evropy nebo spo- �102 SLOVA KI A Kl aus made it c lear that if a fu ncti o na l federa ti o n was not poss ible after the e lect io ns, he and his partners were ' ready to create a mec hani sm for a q uick, c ivili sed and prob le m-free div isio n of the state. ' 51 Conclusion By the late summ er of 1992, th e do min ant view of Slovak ia in C zec h po liti cs had, in a se nse, co me full c irc le to co inc ide with the views th at preva il ed pri o r to W o rl d W ar I. Fro m hav ing bee n a strateg ica ll y less attrac ti ve partne r in the seco nd ha lf of the nineteenth ce ntury, Sl ovaki a beca me a strateg ic asset in the firs t ha lf of th e twenti eth . Afte r W o rld W ar II , however, S lovak ia a nd th e S lovaks gradu a ll y lost the ir strateg ic impo rt a nce for the Czec hs. The large Ge rm an mino rity in the Czec h Lands was ex pe ll ed in the firs t years after the war, taking the edge off the Ge rman threat. Furthermore, fo r C zec h democ rats, the Communi st co up of Febru ary 194 8 put an e nd to a ll ideas of seekin g sec urity a nd integrati o n in the East, th ro ugh Slova ki a. In stead , they now turn ed exc lu sive ly to the West: to th e US , NATO . the E uro pean Co mmunity and eve n the o ld ri va l, Ge rmany. At the th resho ld of the twenty- first ce ntury, Slova ki a, w ith its c umbe rso me soc ia li st eco no my, its po puli st nati o na li sm , and its pro bl e ms with Hun ga ry over the Hungari an mino rity in Slovaki a and the G abc fk ovo- Nagy maros da m projec t o n the Da nube, aga in became a strateg ic burden. The Czec hos lovak traditi o n and adhe re nce to the Czec hos lovak idea were still strong in the Czec h Lands. Tho ugh the Czec h politica l ri ght had the suppo rt of gro ups suc h as The Czec h Initi ati ve, whic h gathered aro und 50,000 sig natures in favo ur of Czec h independe nce in fo ur days in June 1992 in Prague, most Czec hs were still in favo ur of a co mm o n state w ith the Slova ks. 52 Thu s Kl aus and hi s partners co uld not push throug h a break-up w itho ut so me effort. Co nsequ ent ly, as Abby Innes wrote: ' Kl a us preferred a strategy o f shi ftin g res- 51 As cited in Marian Lesko: Meciar a meciarizm us: polit ik bez .~kruptif" politika bez zabran. Bratis lava. 1997, p.78. 52 BBC Summary of World Broadcast. EE/ 14 12 B/5. 20 June I 992. �SLOVAKIA 103 po ns ibility fo r the confli c t e ntire ly onto the Slovak side and c la imed th at it was now "ev ide nt th at votes fo r the HZ DS are votes fo r th e di visio n o f the state". ' 53 Give n th at th e do min a nt Czec h im age of S lovak nati o na li sm, a nd of Vl adim ir Mec iar, was negative, Kl aus was lucky in hav in g hi s tas k made eas ier. Hi s ca mpa ig n was furth er ass isted by th e oppos iti o n of the leading S lova k parti es to th e ree lection of Pres ide nt Vac lav Have l in Jul y. Hav ing fa il ed to be ree lec te d , Have l res ig ned pre m ature ly whe n th e Slo va k Nation a l Co unc il passed a large ly sy mbo li c dec larati o n of sovere ig nty o n 17 Jul y. Have l, prev io us ly o ne of the leading pro po ne nts of the co mmo n state, now le nt hi s support to a di visio n of the state. 54 The first day of Janu ary 1993 saw the creati o n of two new states: the C zec h Re publi c and the Sl ovak Re publi c. Of the two, the Czec h Republi c c learl y adopted the mantl e of successor to Czec hos lovaki a. T he new Czec h state had the sa me capita l, the same fl ag (in breac h o f an earli e r agree me nt) and the sa me pres ide nt. C zec h co mpani es and even po liti ca l parties fo r a lo ng time ke pt the word 'Czechos lovak ' in the ir na me (for exampl e, the S in CSA, Czec h[os lovak] A irlin es). Mos t things re ma ined as they had bee n, exce pt w ith o ut the Slovaks. As Vaculfk had po inted o ut so po ig nantl y in 1990: ' Whe n th e "Federati o n" started crac king in its fo undatio n, I got the idea fo r a new , in spi rin g ly o ptimi sti c so luti o n: whe n S lov aki a breaks away there w ill be no o ne to preve nt us fro m ca lling o ur state Czec hos lovak ia ... ' 55 " A bby Innes: ' T he Breakup of Czechos lovak ia: T he Impact of Part y Deve lopment on the Separation of the State· . Eust European Politics and Society. Vol. I I /3. 1997. pp. 393-435 (424). '" I va n L amper and V ladimir Ml ynar: ·skoncila ceskoslovenska statnost: Rozhovor s pos lednfm prezi dentem CSFR Vac lave m Havlem ' . Respekt. 20-27 July 1992. p.4. " Vac ulfk: ' Meciar mofoa odejde'. p.2 . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2005, Vol. 38 Description An account of the resource Vol. 38 (No. 70-71), 2005. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 81 SLOVAKIA From Bratr nas to At'jdou Slovakia, the Slovaks and Slovak Nationalism seen from Prague 1 Paa! Sigurd Hilde The Velvet Divorce between the Czech and Slovak parts of the Czech and Slovak Federal Repub lic (CSFR) was a political undertaking. All public opinion polls taken in the period 1990-1992 showed a clear majority in favour of a common state among both Slovaks and Czechs.2 The decision to divide the country came as a result of a compromise between two political parties - or more specifically, between two politicians: Vaclav Klaus of the (Czech) Civic Democratic Party and Vladimfr Meciar of the (Slovak) Movement for a Democratic Slovakia. While both Klaus and Meciar argued that they wanted to preserve the common state, their visions of such a Czech and Slovak state were so disparate that an agreement to differ was the only possibility. Most detailed studies of the break-up agree that if either of them , Meciar or Klaus, were to be identified as 'more guilty' in promoting the break-up, it would not be the Slovak nationali st Meci ar, but the Czech ' Thatcherite ' Klaus. 3 Ultimately, what sank the good ship Czechoslovakia was that the Czech captain, the ' A sli ghtly different version of thi s arti cle was originall y published in Norwegian in Nordisk @stforum, Yol . 15/2. 200 I , pp.5-16. 2 See. for example, Sharon Wolchik: 'The Pol itics of Ethnicity in Post-Communist Czechoslovakia', fast European Politics and Society, Vol. 8/ 1994. I , pp.153-188. 3 See, for example, Abby Innes: Czechoslovakia: The Short Goodbye. London. 200 I , particularly pp. 176-2 19. SLOVAKIA 82 o ne that had a lw ays fo ught the hardest to keep it a fl oat, gave the order to sc uttle. The a im of thi s paper is to prov ide a n in sig ht into the deve lopme nt of the vi e ws on Slovaki a, Slovaks and Slova k nati o na li sm in th e Czec h Land s: fro m the ideas unde rl y in g the creati o n of Czech oslova ki a in 19 18 to those leading to the di sso luti o n of th at country in 1992. Natu ra ll y, the re is no c lear 'Czec h view ' of matters re lating to Sl ova ki a. Even if one di srega rds indi vidu a l o pini o ns and con ce ntrates o n what mi g ht be ca ll ed c ultura l ' heteroste reotypes' (v ie ws of the othe r), o ne w ill still find , fo r in stance, strong reg io na l differe nces w ithin the Czech La nd s. Any ana lys is of the ' Czec h view ' will thu s, eve n in the best case, be a probl e mati c prese ntati o n o f e lu sive collecti ve attitudes. Furthe rm ore, give n the absence of publi c opinio n surveys fo r most of the peri od studi ed , it is imposs ibl e to asce rta in ho w representati ve suc h attitudes were. The pi cture of Sl o va ki a presented here will be based to a large deg ree o n the attitudes ex pressed by leadin g po liti c ia ns, jo urn a li sts a nd o th er ' opini o n-fo rmers' in the Czec h Lands. For thi s reaso n the arti c le will present o pini o ns mo re typi ca l of Prague tha n. fo r in stance, Mo ra via, whe re co ntacts w ith Slovaks a nd Sl ovaki a we re more direct. Ho we ve r, as an earli er study , simil ar to thi s, argued , ' in Prag ue and in the C zec h Land s in genera l there are few opportunities to ga in a broad , direct impress ion of Slovaks, and the Czec h view of the Slovak is the refore the res ult of tra nsmitted , dedu ced impress io ns. ' 4 Whe n attitudes are acqui red ma inl y indirec tl y, opini o n-formers pl ay an important rol e. Gi ve n the limited scope of thi s arti c le, th e many theoreti cal and methodo log ica l pro bl e ms of suc h a stud y ca nno t be e xamined. Interestin g a nd impo rtant aspec ts, suc h as the inte raction between th e C zech and Slo va k he teroste reotypes o f eac h othe r, will al so have to be ig no red . Gi ven these limitati o ns, thi s articl e beco mes a mere in - 0 Petr Pi'fh oda : ' Slovac i ces kyma ocima'. Svedect vf, Vol. I 3/52. 1976, p.637. T he arti cle was publi shed under the pseudonym Jan Prfbram. SLOVAKIA 83 troducti o n to the issue - an introducti o n th at mi g ht mo ti vate othe rs to make a c loser and broader examin atio n. Three aspects - three stages In her exce ll e nt stud y of the co nfli c t betwee n S lova ks a nd Czec hs, Caro l Ska lnik Leff a na lysed the develo pme nt of a se nse of mutu a l resentment betwee n the two gro ups. 5 A lmost througho ut Czechos lovak hi sto ry, there was persiste nt o ppos it ion fro m the Czec hdo min ated politi ca l leade rship , bo th de mocrati c a nd Co m m uni st, aga in st ful fi llin g pro mi ses of a uto no my for the Slova k part of the co untry. On the one hand , thi s fa ilure to live up to the pro m ises of 19 18, 1945 and , some argue, 1968, led to the deve lo pme nt of a sense of betraya l in Slovak ia. On the ot her ha nd, in creas ing numbers of Czec hs ex pressed a nger over what they perce ived as S lovak in gratitude - Slovak ungratefuln ess fo r a ll the ass istance Czec hs affo rded Slovaki a. Moreove r, the way Slovak po liti c ians, in the Czec h perception, ex pl o ited tim es of crisis in Czec hos lovaki a to pro mo te the ir narrow nati o na li st ai ms ca used pa rti c ul ar rese ntm ent. T h is deeprooted mutu al resentme nt was, Leff arg ued in 1987 , o ne of th e ma in reasons why the co nfl ic t betwee n the Czec hs a nd S lovaks wo ul d rema in an unresolved pro bl e m.6 She was soon to be proven right. If o ne examines the Czec h view of S lovaki a, Slovaks and S lovak natio na li sm mo re broad ly than Leff, it is poss ible to ide nti fy two furth er impo rta nt aspec ts of the Czec h view. The firs t mi g ht be des cribed as big-brothe rl y co nce rn . Ma ny Czec h inte ll ect ua ls, po li tic ians and other Slova ko ph iles we re ge nuine ly interes ted in and conce rned abo ut th e we lfare and fate of the S lova ks. T he ir e ngagement was we ll in tended and , espec ia ll y before 19 18 but a lso later, of g reat he lp to Slova k inte ll ec tu a l a nd c ultu ra l li fe. However, no t in fre qu e ntl y d id thi s bi g brothe rl y co nce rn deve lop into a peda nt ic a nd 5 Carol Skalni k Leff: Na tional Conf7ict in Czechoslovakia. Princeton . 1987 , particu larly pp. 148-177. 6 Ibid .. p. 282 . 84 SLOVAKI A arroga nt pate rn a li sm . Not surpri s in g ly, thi s was not favo urabl y received in Slovak ia. T he seco nd aspec t of the Czec h view of S lova ki a a nd the S lovaks is best described as a lac k of aware ness. Average know ledge of po liti ca l a nd eco no mi c conditi o ns in S lova ki a a nd S lova k c ul ture was never ex tensive in the Czech Lands. Partic ul arl y impo rtant was th e w id espread ig norance of the c ultu ra l, soc ia l and es pec iall y re li g iou s diffe re nces betwee n th e average Czec h and Slovak. Hi sto ri ca ll y, thi s un aware ness was to a large degree a res ult of th e qui ck and re lati ve ly pa inl ess acce ptance by the Czec hs of a Czechos lovak ide ntity and the offic ia l ideo logy of the ex iste nce of a Czec hos lovak nati o n. Thi s lack of kn o wl edge often led to in sensiti vity to wards Slovak di stin cti ve ness. Czech po liti c ia ns thu s occas io na ll y made po litica l dec isio ns that suited co nditio ns in the Czec h La nds w itho ut proper concern fo r the di ffe rent impac t the ir po lic ies mi g ht have on Slovaki a. C learl y, th ere is no c lear-c ut di stinc ti o n betwee n the three analytica l aspects of the Czec h view of Slovaks and Slovak nationa li sm. A ll three were present to a greate r o r lesser ex tent th rougho ut the hi story of co ntacts between the two gro ups, and they overl ap. To a certa in degree, however, th ey re prese nt stages throu g h whi c h ma in strea m o pini o n in th e Czec h La nd s went as time progressed . Bi gbrothe rl y co ncern was c learly the most important facet in th e pre19 18 pe ri od and in the ear ly years of the First Repu bli c. The inte rwar pe ri od is most stro ng ly marked by the Prague leadership ' s ig norance of the parti c ul ar soc ia l, econo mi c and re li g io us conditi o ns in Slovak ia. After the dra mati c eve nts in 1938 and 1939, wi th the Mu ni c h Acco rd, S lova k a uto no my a nd la te r ' ind e pe nde nce ' durin g Wo rl d W ar II , Czec h rese ntme nt towards the Slovaks, a nd espec iall y S lovak nat io na li sm, beco mes in creas in g ly impo rta nt. Fi fty years later, thi s animos ity was to dec ide the fa te of the co mm on Czec h and Sl ovak state. SLOVAKIA 85 Big Brother In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the overarching aim of Czech political parties was to force Vienna to acce pt increased autonomy for ' the hi storic lands ' (basically today 's Czech Republic) within the Habsburg Monarchy. The idea of a wider Slav cooperation within the Empire, particularly with th e Slovaks, had ga in ed stre ngth among Czech intell ec tual s from about the 1830s. However, after the success of Hung aria n nat ion ali sm in th e 1867 Ausgleich, Czech leaders became concerned not to a ntagoni se their potential allies in Budapest. The result was that 'Czec h politicians, thou gh sy mpathetic toward [the Slovaks], were re luctant to inte rfere on the ir behalf in Hungary, for this would constitute a violation of Hungary 's state rights and mi ght jeo pardize the Czech program that was based on Bohemia's hi storic state ri ghts. ' 7 The lack of broader politica l cooperation did not preve nt an increasing activism in favour of the c ulturall y oppressed Slovaks, especially among Czech intellectua ls. Whil e Czech culture and society , and Czech nationalism, deve loped rapidly in line with the rapid social and economic deve lopm e nts in the re lativel y liberal Austrian part of the Monarch y, the s itu ation for Slovak culture a nd nationali sm was much more difficult. Particularly after 1867, the Hun garian authoriti es led a heavy-handed assimilation policy (Magyarisation) towards the minorities in Hungary . Many Czech intellectuals expressed a deep sy mpathy for the fate of what they saw as their Slovak brethren in Hun gary and the Slovak national dema nd s. 8 Especially 7 Victor S. Mamatey: 'The Estab li shment of the Republic'. in Victor S. Mamatey and Radomfr Luza (eds.): A History or the Czechosl ovak Republic: 19 18- 1948. Princeton . 1973 , pp. 3-38 (9). 8 Under th e leadership of L'.udovit Stur. Jozef Miloslav Hurban and Michal Miloslav Hodza, a Slovak National Council , formed in Vienna on 16 September I 848 , gave Slovak nationalism its first clear political expression in form of the declaration De mands or the Slovak Nation. Thirteen years later, this time inspired mainly by Stefan Marko Daxner and Jan Francisci, an even clearer national programme was formulated in the 186 1 Memorandum or the Slovak Nation. See Dusan Kovac: Dejiny Slovenska. Prague. 1998. pp. I 19- 13 1. SLOVAKIA 86 from th e 1880s , ac ti ve support fo r Slovak nati onali st intell ec tu als increased. As H. Gordon Sk ill ing wrote: 'from the leighteen] eighties on, there graduall y deve loped, among Czech cultu ra l and pro fes sional persons, a substanti al concern for the Slovaks and a desire to promote Czech and Slovak cooperati on. ' 9 M ost importantl y, the Czech interest in Sl ovaki a took an organised fo rm w ith th e creati on of Ceskoslovanska j edn ota (Czec hos lav Unity), in 1895 . Thi s organi sati on offered fin ancial support to Slovak publi cati ons, grants for Slovak students in the Czech L ands and promoted Czech in vestments in Slovaki a. 1° Furthermore, Ceskoslovan- ska jedn ota sought to spread in form ati on about Sl ovaki a and the Slovaks among Czechs. Thi s w illingness to help the Sl ovaks did not di sappear with the es tabli shment of th e Czec hoslovak state in 19 18. With the gradu al ' liberation ' of what the new Czechos lovak authoriti es considered to be 'S lovaki a' (no admini strati ve boundari es ex isted), a new admini strati on had to be establi shed. The old admini strati ve apparatu s in Hungary consisted almost exc lusive ly of M agyars (ethni c Hungari ans) or ass imil ated intelligenti fro m other cultures. M ost of these refu sed to work for the new Czechos lovak state. As there were far from sufficient educated, patri oti c Sl ovaks to take over the admini strati on, officials had to be imported from the Czech L ands. The first major immi grati on ca me in the spring of 19 19, when ra il way and postal workers in Sl ovaki a stopped work ing to protest again st the new regime. A t th e urgent request of K ornel Stodola, the official res ponsibl e for ra il ways, ' several th ousand patri oti c Czech 9 H . Gordon Ski lling: T. G. Ma.r nryk : Against the Current. 1882- 19 14. London . 1994. p.68 (hereafter Ski ll ing: Mw;ary k). JU Mi ros lav Pek nfk: ·K profi lu slovensko-ceskych vztahov pred prvou sve tovou voj - nou'. in Mi lan Podrimavsky and Dusan Kovac (eds.) : Slovensko ,w zaciatku 20. storocia (Spo /ocnost: stat a narod v siiradniciach doby). Brati slava. 1999. pp.9 1-9 3: Mari e L. Neudorn: ' Slovakia in the Czech Press at the Turn of the ineteen th and Twe nti eth Ce ntu ries' . in John Morison (ed. ): The Czech and Slovak Experience: Selected Papers fro m the Fourth World Cong ress for So viet and East European Studies. Harrogille. I 990. London . 1992. pp. 38-6 I. SLOVAKIA 87 vo lunteers hurri ed fro m Bohe mi a a nd Mo ra via and at a mo me nt 's notice.' 11 Late r, me mbe rs of othe r profess ion a l groups ca me to take up vacant pos iti o ns in S lovaki a: sc hoo lteac hers, uni versity lec ture rs, gend armes, tax collectors a nd bureaucrats of a ll so rts. It has bee n estimated th at 50-60 000 Czec hs went to Sl ovaki a in 19 19-20 and about as many aga in in the years up to 1930. 12 Whil e undo ubtedl y moti vated partl y by the ava il ability of jobs, the w illin g ness to uproot and move to still un safe S lova ki a o n sho rt no ti ce does suggest at least some idea li sm amo ng the vo lunteers. In 19 19-20 there was still armed confli ct betwee n Hun gari an and Czechoslo va k fo rces fo r control o ve r Slovaki a. Even fo r an un e mpl oyed bu reaucrat it could no t have been an easy dec isio n to move there. Few Czec hs can be seen to have do ne mo re to ra ise sy mpathy fo r the Sl o vaks a nd the ir fa te th an To mas Garri g ue Masaryk. Bo rn in Hodonfn , in the Slov acko reg io n of Morav ia, Masaryk ca me fro m a reg ion o n the bo rde r betwee n Czec h and Sl ova k lang uage and c ul ture. Hi s fa ther was Sl ova k and hi s moth er a Germ ani sed C zec h. 13 Gi ven thi s bac kg round , the idea of Czec h and Slovak politica l cooperation mu st have co me easil y to M asaryk. In hi s po litica l li fe , he became one of the ma in propo ne nts of suc h cooperati o n among Czec h politi c ians. As a pro fessor at the C harl es Uni ve rs ity in Prag ue, he was the ma in so urce of in spirati o n fo r a g roup of Slovak stu dents who wo uld later make up an impo rta nt part of the po liti ca l e lite in Czechoslova ki a. Th ese stude nts , best know n as hlasisti, afte r th e name of the ir j o urn a l Hlas (Vo ice), beca me the ma in supporte rs of the C zechos lovak idea in Slovaki a. 14 Yet, despite hi s ge nuin e co nce rn for the S lovaks, M asary k 's speec hes and arti c les at times ex pressed a pa te rn a li st and arroga nt 11 R. W. Seton-Watson : A History of the Czechs and Slovaks. London. 1943. p.323. 12 Jan M ec hyr: Slovensko v Ceskoslovensku : Slovensko-ceske vztahy I 9 I 8- 199 I. Prague. 199 1. p.27. 1 '- K arel Capek: Hovory s T. G. M asa1y kem. Prag ue. 1947. pp.8-9, I I 8. 14 Vl ad im ir Bakos: Questions of the Nation in Slo va k Thoug ht. Brati slava. 1999. pp.1 3-57 . 88 SLOVAKIA attitude toward s Slovak culture and hi story . For instance, Masaryk rej ected calls for a plebisc ite in Slovakia after World War l, arg uin g that 'one cannot allow such a vote there, since the Slovaks have bee n so oppressed that they have never had the opportunity to think politically and they would not know in whose hand s to put th eir fate. ' 15 Even c learer was hi s comment on rece nt negotiation s with Slovak leaders in a letter to hi s dau ghter Alice, in 1924: 'It is necessary to be patient with the Slovaks - they are children, or rather spoilt brats.' 16 Given the relatively low educational level and minimal political experience of most Slovaks in 1918 , claims about their immaturity clearly had some justification in the first years after the establi shme nt of Czechoslovakia. However, Czech politicians continued throu ghout the ex istence of the Czechoslovak state to explain the lack of understanding for their policies in Slovakia as a sign of the politica l immaturity of Slovaks. Commenting on relations between Czech and Slovak exiles during World War II, for instance, Edvard Be nes informed the British Foreign Mini stry , that ' the re existed unity among the Czechs while the Slovaks, he conceded, because of their political immaturity, reflected the divided opinions at home.' 17 Also in the post-Communist period , Slovak nationalism , and especially its more radical expressions, were presented as clear signs of the political immaturity of the Slovaks. 'Everyone has the right to live his nineteenth century,' became a common remark in sarcastic comments. 18 " Quoted in Robert 8. Pynsent: ' Masaryk 's ·' Path of Democracy". Or: The Democrati c National Socialist Ideal'. in K atarina A. M . K ocourek (ed.): T. G. Masaiyk 1850- /937. A Collection of Essays to Commemora te the 150th Anniversary of the Birth of Thomas G. Masaryk . London, 2000, p. 35 -57 (41 ) (a specia l issue of Masa1yk Journal). 16 Quoted in Zbynek Zeman and Antonin Klimek: The Life of Eduard Benes: Cze- choslovakia in Peace and War. Oxford , 1997, p.5 I (herea fter Zeman and Klimek: Eduard Benes) . 17 Quoted ibid. pp.168-69. 18 Otto U lc: 'Czechoslovakia ' s Velvet Divorce ' , East European Quarterly, Vol.30/3, 1996, pp. 33 1-352 (340). SLOVAKIA 89 From a Czech po int of view, the re lati o nship between the C zechs and Sl ovaks was c learl y a bi g broth er - littl e brother re lati o nship. The Czech partner in the Czec h-S lovak unio n was c learl y superior in po pulati o n (abo ut 2: I), and fo r most of the hi sto ry of the common state a lso in soc io-econo mic deve lo pment (for example, in education , car-ow nership , numbe r of te le pho nes , etc .). Czech nationa li sts could be proud of a ri c h nati o na l hi story a nd a hi g hl y deve lo ped Czec h c ulture, whil e Slovak nati o na li sts, for hi stori ca l reasons, had less to brag abo ut. The pi cture of Slovaki a as a less deve lo ped, less c ultured ' hinte rl and ' re ma in ed in Czec h po pul ar c ulture, parti c ul arl y in Prague, eve n after Slovak ia reac hed a basica ll y equ al leve l of soc io-econo mi c developme nt (abo ut I 980) . 19 As Petr Prfh oda, the pse udo nymo us Jan Prfbram, observed in the ex ile jo urna l Svedect vfin 1976: T he charac te ri sti c tra its of [the Czec h view of Slovaks a nd S lovaki a] have o ne co mmo n de no m inato r: an a lbe it unc lear, th o ug h multi face ted inferiority. Slovaks see m primiti ve, imm ature, emo ti o na ll y unrestra ined and uneducated [ ... ] The na ivety and lack of ex pe ri e nce amo ng those who come to the unknow n Czec h e nvironme nt is qui c kl y mi sunde rstood as stupidity. A Slovak is qu ite simpl y asc ribed a child 's menta li ty .20 Ignorance On the first page of its 27 Nove mber 1935 iss ue, in an artic le by the fa mo us Czec h jo urn a li st Ferdin and Pe routka, the influenti al journal Pl ftomnost (Presence) asked its readers: ' Do you know of anyone who unde rstand s Slova ki a?' 2 1 F ifty-fi ve years late r, Vac lav Have l' s ad visor Pe te r Hun c ik to ld the Ch a irm a n of th e Sl ova k N ati o na l 19 M il an K ucera and Zdenek Pavlfk: ·Czech and Slovak Demograph y ·, in Jiff M usil (ed.): The End or Czechoslovak ia. Budapest, 1995 , pp. 15-39. 20 Prfhoda: ·s Jovaci ceskyma oc ima' , p.643. 21 Ferd inand Peroutka: ·Nevfte o nekom , kdo rozu mf Slovensku?' , Prfto mnos t, Vo l. 12/47. 1935 , p. I . as reprod uced in Anton Ras la: Zastupova l som ceskoslovensky stat - vyznanie. Presov, 1999, p.268. 90 SLOVAKIA Co un c il , Fra nti se k Mi k losko, th at the Pres ide nt a lways had mi graines whe n he trave ll ed in Slovaki a. 22 Thi s was no t due to the c lim ate, but beca use Have l fe lt great unease abo ut not know ing Slovaki a. Such ac know ledge me nts refl ect the limited kno wl edge of Slovaki a and the Slovaks in the C zech Land s. As Prfhoda o bserved : ' Of all the ne ig hbo urin g nati o ns we know the S lovaks the leas t and ex press the least interest in the m and the ir nat io n. Admittedl y, we have been introdu ced th e best to th e Sl ova ks, but we kn ow th e leas t abo ut the m. ' 23 It is poss ible to ide nti fy severa l reasons fo r thi s lac k of know ledge and understanding. Partl y, it was a res ult of the somew hat confusin g nature of Slovak po liti cs . A lmost thro ugho ut the histo ry of Czechoslovaki a, the politica l e lite in Slova ki a was di vided o n the iss ue of inc reased se lf-governm e nt. Pe ri odi ca ll y, thi s inte rn a l stru gg le amon g S lovak po liti c ians over whethe r S lovaks did or did not want a uto no my mu st have been confu s in g eve n for th e most interested C zech o bserver. Gu stav Hu sak, fo r exampl e, contributed to muddlin g the picture of S lovak nati o na li sm : fro m be ing the prime propo ne nt o f th e federa li sati o n of Czec hos lova ki a befo re a nd durin g the 1968 ' Prag ue S prin g', Hu sak sudde nl y changed into a pro po ne nt of ce ntrali sati o n o nce he was in po wer in Prag ue. Thi s s ituation was exacerbated by the lac k of opportunity pro po nents of inc reased Sl ovak se lf- rul e had to prese nt thei r views to the Czech publi c. Genera ll y, the Slovak po liti c ians who most eas il y ga ined access to the pages of the Prag ue press were those in favo ur of centra li sed rul e. Furth e rmo re, the lac k of know ledge a nd unde rstand in g of S lovaki a a mo ng Czec hs was a res ult of a lac k of in terest in S lova k affa irs. Slovaki a was, at least in the in ter- war peri od, a po liti ca ll y less impo rta nt part of the country. Even if sy mpathy fo r the S lovaks had pl ayed a ro le in the suppo rt C zec h po li tic ians gave the pl ans fo r an inde pe nde nt Czec hos lova ki a, th e re we re o ther impo rt a nt reaso ns 22 Frantsiek M iklosko: Cas stretnutf. Brati slava, 1996, p.44. 23 Pffhoda: ·s tovaci ceskyma oci ma', p.643. 91 SLOVAKIA why they wanted a union . The main ' problem ' in Czech hi story has been the question of the Czechs ' position as a small nation surrounded by Germans. In Slovakia and the Slovaks, Czech leaders found a doub le solution to their problem. As a people, the Slovaks represented a biological reinforcement to the Czech , renamed the Czechoslovak, nation , making it the majority nation in the new state. They thus helped legitimate Czech(oslovak) domination of Czechoslovakia. (One should not forget that there were about 50 per cent more German than Slovak speakin g citizens (3 versus 2 million ) in interwar Czechoslovakia.) As a territory . Slovakia formed a bridge out of the German encirclement towards Ru ssia, which before 1917 was perceived as a rival of Germany and protector of the Slavs, and towards Czechoslovakia ·s all y Romania. For those perceivin g the state from such a ' Great-Czech ' point of view, Czechos lovakia was merely 'a reestabli shment of th e Czech state, reinforced by the Slovak territorie s, which were so weak and neglected that it was simply not necessary to see them as a separate entity. ' 24 The most important reason for the lack of knowl edge and understandin g of Slovakia among Czechs was , however. the uncritical acceptance of the Czechoslovak idea by most Czechs. In th e interwar yea rs, the Czechoslovak ideo logy was a pillar ce ntral to the very existence of the state. Even Masaryk argued th at ' there is no such thing as a Slovak nation 25 paganda ' . l- .. I; that is an invention of Hungarian pro- In Slovakia, on the other hand, the idea of one Czecho- slovak nation met res istance, [i]n the minds of th e Czechs, the notions of 'Czec h' and ' Czechoslovak' had blended into one by th e end of the Second World War at the latest. A significa nt conseq uence of thi s psycho- soci al operation was the removal of the Slovaks as a distinct ethni c entity from the Czech field of vis ion . The Slovaks eventuall y began to be perceived as H L.:.ubomfr Liptak: Slovensko v 20. storocf. Bratisl ava. 1998. 2nd edition. p. 128 . 15 Pynse nt : ' Masaryk ·s "Pa th of Democracy''". p.41. 92 SLOVAKIA part of the same nat iona l organi sm - almost as the advocates of the Czechoslovak concept would like to have it only thi s organi sm was not Czechoslovak but Czech.26 The net result of thi s process was that the social, c ultura l and reli g ious differences betwee n the Czechs and Slovaks became invisible to the majority of Czechs who never learned to kn ow the Slovaks and Slovakia directly. Thi s aga in led to the anticipatio n that Slovaks would have a s imil ar world view and would react in the sa me way as Czechs to events and po li c ies. The co nsequences of such anticipation varied over time. In the inter-war period , it was the insensitive attitude of the new regime towards the Catholic Church that was most important. Czech nation alism had the Hu ss ite peri od as its Golden Age; a Golden Age that was termin ated by the Battle of the White Mountain in 1620 and the following violent co unterReform ation in Bohemia and , to a somew hat lesser degree, Morav ia. With the sec ulari sing impact of the industriali sation and urbani sati on of the Czech Lands in the nineteenth century, thi s gave Czech nationalism a not only sec ul ar, but often an openly anti-Catho lic edge. 27 Although the Protestant minority was proportionately bi gger in Slovakia than in the Czech Land s, there was no clear connection between anti-Catholici sm and nation ali sm even amon g Protestant Slovak nat ionali sts. On the contrary, one direction within the Slovak nati ona l move ment was closely co nnec ted to the Catholic fa ith . The Catholic national ists, led from the early twentieth century by Andrej Hlinka, were more skeptica l of cooperation with the Czec hs than were the hlasi sti. Man y Czech politicians and intellec tu a ls were, from the point of view of Slovak Catholics, dangerously radical liberals, if not atheist anti-Catholics. 28 When the declaration of Czechoslovak independence on 28 October 1918 was followed by a wave of 26 Zdenek Suda: ' Slovakia in Czech Nati onal Consciousness ' , in Musil (ed.): The End of Czechoslovakia, p.1 39- 155 ( 11 8) (hereafter Suda: ' Slovakia ' ). 27 R. W. Seton-Watson: A History of the Czechs and Slovaks. London, 1943, p.33 1. 28 Jan Rychl fk : Cesi a Slovaci ve 20. stoletf: Cesko-sl ovenske vztahy , 19 14- 1945. Bratislava, 1997, p.38 (hereafter Rychlfk: Cesi a Slo vac1). SLOVAKIA 93 anti-Catholic gestures in the Czech Lands, the worst fears of the Slovak Catholics were reali sed . As lsmo Nurmi wrote: ' if the anti-Catholic mood was fashionable in the Czech lands, it was not so in Slovak ia and even less so when a numbe r of desecration s of reli g iou s c ult objects, churches, statues, crosses etc. were committed [ ... ] also in Slovakia [by] civil servants and particularly the Czechoslovak Army.' 29 The attempt to create a Czechoslovak national hi story and tradition with the Hussite era as pivotal was a clear sign of the lac k of understanding among Czech (and some Slovak) leade rs for the position of the Catholic Church in Slovakia. Masaryk 's official ' inclusion ' of Slovakia in the Hu ss ite tradition on the basis of Jan Ji skra 's ' crusade ' into Slovakia was not only hi storically dubiou s, but also, and not surpri sin gly, rejected by the Slovak Catholic clergy. As Suda wrote: ' To the Catholic majority of the Slovaks, among whom Catholicism had a very pronounced conservative tin ge typical of a pre-modern society , a common programme with the Czechs based on the traditions of the Protestant Reformation must have been almost an anathema. ' 30 After 1948, with the industriali sation of Slo vaki a unde r Communi st rul e, the religious differen ces be tween the Czech a nd Slovak parts of the common state were so mew hat diffused. Albeit a clear scepticism towards 'Czech liberali sm ' was visible in Christian democratic circles in Slovakia also after the collapse of Communism, another as pec t of the Czech ignorance of Slovak affairs beca me more important. As noted above , very many Czechs saw Czechoslovakia and the ' Czechoslovak nation ' as their state and nation , quite often interpreted as a Czech state a nd nation that included the Slovaks. After World War II , the rec reation of Czechoslovakia was acco mpanied by an official recog niti on by all political leaders, albeit some Czec h politicians were reluctant to do so, of the ex iste nce of two 29 lsmo Nurmi: Slo vakia - A Playground for Na tionalism and National Identity. 191 8- /920 : M anifestations of the Na tional Identity of Slovaks. Hel sinki. 1999. pp. 92-93. 30 Suda : ·Slovakia ' . p.11 5. SLOVAKIA 94 fo un d in g nati ons in the co untry . Thi s princ ipl e was reaffirmed with the federa li sati on of 1968. Despite thi s offic ial recogniti on, there was ve ry littl e understanding a mong Czec hs of S lovak atte mpts to promote the ir separate ide ntity. Proba bl y the best kn ow n exa mpl e of S lova k po li tic ians ' dema nd s fo r 'v isibility and equ a lity ' fo r S lovaki a w ithin Czec hos lovaki a was the stru gg le fo r the name of the federati on in the sprin g of 1990 . Th e so-ca ll ed ' hy phe n-wa r ' sta rted w he n new ly e lec ted Pres ide nt Vac lav Have l suggested c ha ng in g the offic ial name of the Republic, the Czechoslovak Soc iali st Republic, by mere de leti on of the word ' Sociali st' . Whil e fo r mos t Czec hs thi s so luti on mu st have see med natural , it ran into oppos iti on in S lovaki a? A Sl ovak co unter-proposa l, the Czec ho-Slovak Re public, or just Czec ho-Slovaki a, a name that made Slovaki a more vi s ibl e to the world , was, however, not acceptabl e to most Czec h po liti c ians. The reasons given fo r thi s were that th e hyphe n had been used in the name of the Second Republi c (1938 -39, th at is, afte r the Muni c h Accord), a nd beca use ' C zec ho' (Ces k o) was not consi de red a pro pe r word in the Czech language. As one leading comme ntator compl ained in Lidove noviny: ' We in the Czec h Land s perce ive the insiste nt de mand of Sl ovaki a fo r a di vidin g line in the na me of the Re public as tac tl ess and coarse. " 2 Onl y afte r two mo nth s o f de bate in the three nati onal asse mbli es (the Czec h, Slova k and Federa l) and the mass medi a was a compromi se fo und : The Czec h and Slovak Federa l Republic. Have l quic kl y rea li sed th at he had made a mi stake by not consul ting politic ians fro m both the Czec h a nd Sl ova k Re pu b li cs before making hi s suggestion public. In a n atte mpt to rec ti fy the s itu ati on the hospitali sed Have l sent a le tter to the Federal Asse mbl y in February, where he stated : -' ' M il an Su tovec: Semi6za aka pol i tik um a/ebo "Pom lckov;-i vojna ". Brati slava, 1999, pp. 174- 196 (hereafter Sutovec: Pomlckova vojna). -' 2 Ji ff Hanak: 'Nespraved li ve a tedy neprijatelne' . Lidove Noviny. 28 M arch 1990. p.l. SLOVAKIA 95 We a ll kn o w th at thi s hyphe n, whi ch fo r a ll Czechs seems ridi c ul o us, unnecessary and ugly, is mo re tha n just a hyphe n. In thi s hyphe n o ne ca n find severa l decades, if not ce ntu ries of th e hi sto ry of the S lo va k nati o n [ ... ] The Sl o vak nation is ri g htfull y tryin g to fin d its ide ntity, fo r reason s Czec hs probabl y do n ' t understa nd , eve n if they o ught to understand them.33 Resentment Exampl es of Czec h skepti c ism a nd resentment to ward s Slo vak nati o na li sm ca n be fo und as earl y as the middl e of th e nine teenth century. From the late 1840s, a majo rity of Slovak inte ll ectua ls ado pted the new codifi cati o n of th e S lovak lang uage , as publi shed in 1846 by Cudovft Stur, as a pl atfo rm fo r the Sl ovak national programme. This met w ith strong res istance fro m Czech and Slovak inte llectua ls promotin g Czec h-Sl ovak unity: they saw the Slovaki zed versio n of Hu ss ite Bible Czec h used by ma ny Slovak inte llec tua ls until then, as the clearest bo nd between Czechs and Slovaks.34 If in the inte rwar years Czec hos lovak leade rs cons idered Slovak nati o na li sm a pro bl e m, it was ma inl y after 1938 th at o pe nl y hostil e attitudes toward s it e merged. The ex pl oi tatio n by Slovak nati o na li sts of the weakness of the Czec hos lovak reg ime after the Munich cri sis to push trou gh thei r de mands fo r a uto no my, c ulmin atin g in the ac ceptance by the Slovak leade rs of German de mand s fo r Slovak indepe ndence in M arc h 1939, was conside red a stab in the back by most Czechs. 35 Durin g the Second World W ar, Ed vard Be nes, the C zechoslovak Pres ide nt-in -ex il e, was o ne of the sharpest cri tics of what he considered the Slovak be traya l. He was ' o bstin ate in defending the Czec hos lovak ca use: its betraya l by the Slovaks mattered more to him than the grow ing press ure from Moscow. He be li e ved th at the " As quoted in Sutovec: Pomlckova vojna, pp.269-27 1. 34 Sk illing: Masary k, p. 69. 35 Petr Pffhoda: ' M utual Perceptions in Czech-S lovak Relationshi ps ', in M usil (ed .): The End of Czechoslovakia. pp. 128- 138 ( 134 ). 96 SLOVAKIA Slovak heresy undermined the ve ry fo undations of the state, and Czechoslovaki sm was for him a part of the foundations. ' 36 Throu ghout the war, Benes and other Czech politi cians fought for the reestabli shment of the First (th at is, pre-Muni ch) Republi c. Most Slovak politici ans, howe ver, including former Czechos lovak Prime Minster Milan Hodza, con sidered thi s a less th an optim um solution. 37 Only reluctantly , given th e situation in Slovakia after the Slovak National Upri sing in the autum n of 1944, was Benes forced to accept a de facto asymmetric federalisation of post-war Czechoslo va ki a. However, despite previou s agreements, most importantl y the Kosice Government Programme, drafted by the first pro visional government after the country was partly -liberated from the East, the question of Slovaki a's position within the country cont inued to divide the Czec h and Slovak non-Comm uni st parties after the war. The willin gness of the Czec h democratic parti es to coo perate with the Communi sts in reducin g the powers of the Slovak nation al organs , cruci all y after the 1946 elections, contrib uted to undermining the position of the Democratic Party in Slo va ki a. The Czechos lovak Communi st Party was thu s abl e to exploit ' the anti -Sl ovak nati onali sm among Czech political parties and [ ... ] the isolated position of the Slovak democrats. ' 38 Thi s clearly weakened the democrats' ability to oppose the Communi sts' increasing political power in the country. During and after 1968 , the negati ve view of Slo vak nationali sm and Slovakia in the Czech L ands was reinforced. After the Soviet-led in vas ion on 2 1 Au gust 1968, 'sociali sm with a human face ' was gradually di smantled and replaced by ' norm ali sation '. Th e only maj or reform of the Prague Spring to survive was the dec ision to federalize Czechoslovakia. In Sl ovaki a thi s decision w as generall y interpreted 36 37 Zeman and Klimek : Eduard Bene{ p.203. Milan Hodza : Federarion in Cenrra l Europe: Renections and Reminiscences. London. 1942, pp.93-94. 38 Ji rf K ocian: ·Narodnf soc ialis te a slovenska otazka 1945- I 948 ". in Michal Bar- novsky (ed.) : Od dikratury k diktature. Brati slava. 1995 . pp.57-65 (6 I ). (hereafter K oc ian: ' Narodnf socialiste') SLOVAKIA 97 as a more just organi sation of the common state. In the Czech Lands, however, many saw federalisation as a further example of the Slovak nationali sts' skill in drawing advantages from Czechoslovakia's mi sfortune. The fact th at the new party leade r and late r Pres ident of Czechoslovakia, Gu stav Hu sak, was Slovak, also contributed to the negative picture of Slovakia and Slovaks. As Petr Pithart wrote: the Czech public was di sappointed, even di sg usted, by the Slovaks ' ex peri e nce of havin g ga ined sati sfac tion with federalization; at best, it was seen as foolishness a nd at worst, as blind se lfi shness and eve n betrayal. ( ... ) in the Czec h Lands there was an increasing ly obvious di sg ust for the regime and for the Slovaks, as the ones through whom normali zation was allegedly introduced and carried out. 39 A s ign of the growing irritation with and resentment toward s Slovak nationa li sm and Slovaks in ge ne ral in the Czech Lands, was the increas in g ly popul a r de mand that Czech taxpayers should not have to subsidi se the ungrateful Slovaks. Already in 1933 Czechoslovak Prime Min ster Ja n Malypete r had rejected the demand for Slovak autonomy on the grounds that Slovakia would not be able to pay its way . In the Czech press, headlines read along the lines: ' We are paying for Slovakia ' .40 Thi s be lief that the Czechs were subsidis in g th e Slovaks was observed also by Prfhoda forty-three years late r: ' In the Czech Lands the view of Slovak parasiti sm [parazitismu s] is common and it is formulated more or less like thi s: we Czechs are payin g for the Slovaks. ' 41 The Czechoslovak Communist Party was committed to so lvin g the probl e m of Slovak nation alism, which it interpreted as a mainly eco nomic iss ue , through equ ali zat ion of the standard of li ving bet- 39 Petr Pithart: ' Towards a Shared Freedom ' , in Mu sil (ed.): Th e End of Czechoslovakia.pp.20 1-222 (206). 40 Vi ctor S. Mamatey: ' The Development of Czechoslovak Democ racy ', in Mamatey and Luza (eds.) : A History of the Czechoslovak Republic, pp.99-166 ( 15 1). 41 Prfhoda: "S lovac i ces kyma ocima', p.647. SLOVAKIA 98 wee n the Czech and Slovak parts of the co unty. Economic transfers, parti cul arly through a higher level of in vestment in Sl ovaki a were, therefore, considered important. They continued even during the di ffic ult years in the 1970s and 1980s, but were kept secret, probabl y to avoid un favo urable reactions in the Czech L ands. After the co llapse of Communi sm, opposition to w hat was popularl y referred to as the Czech ' money pipeline' (p enezovod) to Slovak ia was quickl y made into a politi cal demand. In the first formal ro und of negoti ation s on th e future of the fe derati on after the co ll apse of Communi sm, in Lnare in April 1990, the Czech delegati on demanded a halt to Czec h subsidies to Slovaki a.42 From Czech to Czechoslovak nationalism and back As noted earlier, the Czechos lov ak directi on within Czech poli ti cs was by no means dominant pri or to W orld W ar I. Czec h nationali sts concentrated mainl y on defending and enhancing Czech autonomy w ithin th e Habsburg M onarchy. With the success of the Czec hoslovak idea in the Entente capitals in 19 17-1 8, however, most Czec h nati onali sts quite quickl y became convinced Czec hos lovak nati onali sts; Czech nati onali sm was ex panded to include th e Sl ovaks, the Czec hs' ' little bro ther ' in Hungary. Cultura ll y and economi ca ll y wea k, the Slovaks posed no threat to either Czech culture or politica l and economic dominati on of the new state. A nd after all , as M asaryk himse lf pointed out, the Slovaks were merely Czec hs w ith a slightly di fferent hi story. Th e attachment o f Czech politi cians to the Czech os lovak idea ca n be clearl y see n after W orld W ar II. In 1968 , a document supposedly written by members of th e (Czec h) Nation al Soc iali st Party 4 in I 946 was pub I ished in the Slova k press . ' Its authors argued th at the bes t way to so lve the problem of Slovak nati onalism was fo rced ass imil ati on of the Sl ovaks into good Czec hoslovaks. Whil e seri ous • • 2 BBC Summa1y of World Broadcast. EE/0738 B/2. 13 Apri I 1990. 3 T he document was first publi shed in Vac lav Kral: Cestou k tinoru, Prague, I 956, but attrac ted relati ve ly little attention until reproduced in the mass medi a in 1968. 99 SLOVAKIA doubts exist as to th e authenticity of thi s ' Memorandum on Slovakia' , most hi storian s seem to agree that the idea of turnin g the Slovaks into good Czechoslovaks was not alien to certain leading Czech politicians at the time. 44 The reaction to what was perceived as the Slovak betraya l of 1938-39 was increased Czechoslovak nationali sm. However, during the Communist period , a nd particul ar ly after 1968 , Czech nationalism gradually gained supporters in the Czech Lands . As Prfhoda wrote in 1976: 'I am not sure how thin gs are in Slovakia, but among Czechs the concept of a com mon state is being re-eva luated these days . I have eve n heard : let the Ru ss ia ns make Slovakia into a union republic or something and leave us in peace!' 45 Obviou sly , ne ither Czech nor Slovak separat ism was politically acceptable durin g Communist rul e. After th e 'Velvet Revo lution' , however, influe ntial vo ices soo n e merged in the Czech Land s questioning the union with the Slovaks. As earl y as the beginning of May 1990, in the aftermath of the hyphe n war, the Czech writer Ludvfk Vaculfk, the author of the 'Two thousand words' manifesto in 1968, wrote a sharpl y worded articl e in Litenimf noviny. 46 ' W e Czechs have a great debt to the Slovaks,' Yaculfk argued. This debt was due to the fact that the Czechs had happily made Slovakia ' theirs' without takin g into account what it meant to be Slovak. Through their behaviour, however, the Slovaks had made it difficult for the Czechs to appreciate thi s debt. Th e Czechs had g ive n the Slovaks the ir industry and inte lli gentsia, so mething that had only caused the Slovaks to ' until thi s day complain about the qua lity of these supplies'. The Czechs had give n the Slovaks a way out of defeat as a separate state during World War II. Even Communism , brou g ht to Slovakia by Czechs afte r the war, had g ive n the Slovaks more in material terms than it had to the Czechs. When the Czechs then tri ed to ease th e die- 44 See Koc ian: ' Narodnf soc iali ste' . passim: Rychlfk: Ce.si II Slo vaci. pp. 54-55: ·Na okraj diskusie: 0 tzv. Slovenskom memoranda Cs. narodne sociali stickej strany ', Nase snahy . Vol. I 9/2. 1983. p. 9. 45 Prfhoda: ' Slovaci ceskyma ocima ' . p.653. 41 ' Ludvik Vaculfk: ' Nase slovenska otazk a', Litenimf noviny. Vol.1 /5, 1990. p.2. SLOVAK IA 100 tatorship during 1968, the Slovaks saw thi s as a Czech matter and instead forced through 'autonomy '. For this they escaped with lighter puni shment during the era of ' normali sation .' Now aga in , after the col lapse of Communism, when Czechs were trying th eir utmost finally to defeat the dictatorial regime , the Slovaks were 'coming with their prestige demands'. ' Do we need thi s?' he asks rhetorically and then concludes : We have found ourse lves with a thankless task in th e fate of the Slo vaks, and I think th at we should end it without se lf-pity - more with a smil e into th e mirror. [ ... l Why should the Slovaks ha ve to force out of us, centimetre by ce ntimetre, somethin g that they can have in one go? By separating from the Slovaks , purely of our ow n volition , we " lose" - judging from experience to date - economic losses. Politicall y we lose th e Hungarian and Ruth ene problem s. We put another border between us and th e Soviet Union. 47 At th e time of hi s writ ing, Yaculfk ' s recommendation th at th e Czec hs should dispense with the Slovaks accorded with neither public nor political opinion in the Czech Republic. At that stage not even the most radical Czech politician s were promoting divi sion of the state. Gradually , however, the need to resolve the probl em of th e common state w ith the Slovaks once and for all became pressing. As Yaculfk observed in December of 1990: 'Public opinion poll s show that 75 percent of Czechs are said to favour a common state with the Slovaks. Had one, on the other hand , asked if we should let the Slovaks go, just as many would probabl y have answered " yes" to thi s as we ll. ' 48 In Slovakia, the question of the statu s of the Slovak Republic within the Czech and Slovak state became a centra l political topic . 47 Ibid. The double quotation marks arou nd -- Jose" were added to make th e irony more vi sible. The original tex t is : ' Od loucenfm od Slovaku. jez j e vyhradne v nasf vu li. ztratfme - souzeno dosavadnf zkusenostf - ekonomicke ztraty. • 48 Ludvik Yaculfk: ' M ec iar mozna odejde' . Litenimf noviny . Vol. I /39. I 990. p.2. SLOVAKIA 101 Sl ovak politicians began to co mpete over w ho co uld present a programme th at would benefit and pro mote Slovaki a the most. Thi s led to a gradual radi ca li sati on of Slovak demands in the negoti ation s on the future of the federati on. Such radica li sati on in turn provoked a voc iferou s reaction in the Czech L ands. Th e influenti al Czec h j ournal R esp ekt refl ec ted th e growin g antagoni sm toward s Sl ovaki a in th e Czec h L ands. Headlines from the Spring of 1992 such as ' The supreme Slovak irrespon sibility' ( 17 Febru ary, p.2), ' B alkan model on the hori zo n: how long w ill the Czech-Slovak statu s quo las t?" (24 Febru ary, p.2) and 'A bsurd parliamentary drama: who saves Slovak ia from sovereignty?' (6 A pril , p.2) ev ince an increas ingly criti ca l view o f Sl ovak politi cs . In the issue th at co incided with the electi ons of 8 June, the criticism ca me to its logica l co nclu sion . Peter Schutz, Respekt 's (Sl ovak-Hungari an) correspondent in Slovak ia, wrote in the arti cle ' Slovaki a adheres to nati onal soc iali sm': ' The shameful result of thi s electi on formul ated onl y one alternati ve - either lMec iar 's party] HZDS disintegrates, or the CSFR. ' 49 Vl adimfr Ml ynar ex pressed the same message in the subtitle o f hi s arti cle in the same issue: 'A lone into Euro pe or together into the Balkans'. 50 Parti cul arl y the politi ca l ri ght in th e Czec h Lands increasingly saw Slovaki a as an obstac le on the road ' back ' to Europe. After the 1990 elec ti ons, th e ri ght had graduall y strengthened its pos ition among the Czech elec torate. In Slovaki a, on the other hand , it was the more reform- scepti ca l and patri oti c parti es on the politica l left that had enjoyed greater success. Gi ven th e spec ial minority veto of both the Czec h and Slovak groups of deputies in th e House of Nati ons of the Federal Assembl y, a left-patri otic maj ority in Slovaki a was a worry ing prospec t for the Czech proponents of radi ca l reform s. A month before th e parliam entary election s in June 1992, V aclav 09 Peter Sch utz: ·s tovensko sa prihlasilo k narodnemu socializmu - Pos lcdne zvone- nie pre federaciu ·, Respekt. 8- 14 June 1992, p.2. ~ V lad imir Ml ynar: ·v Cechac h tes ne vftezstvf prav ice - lecne na Balka n·. Respekt, 8- 14 June 1992. p.3. Sarni do Evropy nebo spo- 102 SLOVA KI A Kl aus made it c lear that if a fu ncti o na l federa ti o n was not poss ible after the e lect io ns, he and his partners were ' ready to create a mec hani sm for a q uick, c ivili sed and prob le m-free div isio n of the state. ' 51 Conclusion By the late summ er of 1992, th e do min ant view of Slovak ia in C zec h po liti cs had, in a se nse, co me full c irc le to co inc ide with the views th at preva il ed pri o r to W o rl d W ar I. Fro m hav ing bee n a strateg ica ll y less attrac ti ve partne r in the seco nd ha lf of the nineteenth ce ntury, Sl ovaki a beca me a strateg ic asset in the firs t ha lf of th e twenti eth . Afte r W o rld W ar II , however, S lovak ia a nd th e S lovaks gradu a ll y lost the ir strateg ic impo rt a nce for the Czec hs. The large Ge rm an mino rity in the Czec h Lands was ex pe ll ed in the firs t years after the war, taking the edge off the Ge rman threat. Furthermore, fo r C zec h democ rats, the Communi st co up of Febru ary 194 8 put an e nd to a ll ideas of seekin g sec urity a nd integrati o n in the East, th ro ugh Slova ki a. In stead , they now turn ed exc lu sive ly to the West: to th e US , NATO . the E uro pean Co mmunity and eve n the o ld ri va l, Ge rmany. At the th resho ld of the twenty- first ce ntury, Slova ki a, w ith its c umbe rso me soc ia li st eco no my, its po puli st nati o na li sm , and its pro bl e ms with Hun ga ry over the Hungari an mino rity in Slovaki a and the G abc fk ovo- Nagy maros da m projec t o n the Da nube, aga in became a strateg ic burden. The Czec hos lovak traditi o n and adhe re nce to the Czec hos lovak idea were still strong in the Czec h Lands. Tho ugh the Czec h politica l ri ght had the suppo rt of gro ups suc h as The Czec h Initi ati ve, whic h gathered aro und 50,000 sig natures in favo ur of Czec h independe nce in fo ur days in June 1992 in Prague, most Czec hs were still in favo ur of a co mm o n state w ith the Slova ks. 52 Thu s Kl aus and hi s partners co uld not push throug h a break-up w itho ut so me effort. Co nsequ ent ly, as Abby Innes wrote: ' Kl a us preferred a strategy o f shi ftin g res- 51 As cited in Marian Lesko: Meciar a meciarizm us: polit ik bez .~kruptif" politika bez zabran. Bratis lava. 1997, p.78. 52 BBC Summary of World Broadcast. EE/ 14 12 B/5. 20 June I 992. SLOVAKIA 103 po ns ibility fo r the confli c t e ntire ly onto the Slovak side and c la imed th at it was now "ev ide nt th at votes fo r the HZ DS are votes fo r th e di visio n o f the state". ' 53 Give n th at th e do min a nt Czec h im age of S lovak nati o na li sm, a nd of Vl adim ir Mec iar, was negative, Kl aus was lucky in hav in g hi s tas k made eas ier. Hi s ca mpa ig n was furth er ass isted by th e oppos iti o n of the leading S lova k parti es to th e ree lection of Pres ide nt Vac lav Have l in Jul y. Hav ing fa il ed to be ree lec te d , Have l res ig ned pre m ature ly whe n th e Slo va k Nation a l Co unc il passed a large ly sy mbo li c dec larati o n of sovere ig nty o n 17 Jul y. Have l, prev io us ly o ne of the leading pro po ne nts of the co mmo n state, now le nt hi s support to a di visio n of the state. 54 The first day of Janu ary 1993 saw the creati o n of two new states: the C zec h Re publi c and the Sl ovak Re publi c. Of the two, the Czec h Republi c c learl y adopted the mantl e of successor to Czec hos lovaki a. T he new Czec h state had the sa me capita l, the same fl ag (in breac h o f an earli e r agree me nt) and the sa me pres ide nt. C zec h co mpani es and even po liti ca l parties fo r a lo ng time ke pt the word 'Czechos lovak ' in the ir na me (for exampl e, the S in CSA, Czec h[os lovak] A irlin es). Mos t things re ma ined as they had bee n, exce pt w ith o ut the Slovaks. As Vaculfk had po inted o ut so po ig nantl y in 1990: ' Whe n th e "Federati o n" started crac king in its fo undatio n, I got the idea fo r a new , in spi rin g ly o ptimi sti c so luti o n: whe n S lov aki a breaks away there w ill be no o ne to preve nt us fro m ca lling o ur state Czec hos lovak ia ... ' 55 " A bby Innes: ' T he Breakup of Czechos lovak ia: T he Impact of Part y Deve lopment on the Separation of the State· . Eust European Politics and Society. Vol. I I /3. 1997. pp. 393-435 (424). '" I va n L amper and V ladimir Ml ynar: ·skoncila ceskoslovenska statnost: Rozhovor s pos lednfm prezi dentem CSFR Vac lave m Havlem ' . Respekt. 20-27 July 1992. p.4. " Vac ulfk: ' Meciar mofoa odejde'. p.2 .  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource From Bratr náš to Aťjdou - Slovakia, the Slovaks and Slovak Nationalism seen from Prague Description An account of the resource Paal Sigurd Hilde Slovakia, Vol. 38 (No. 70-71), 2005 pp. 81-103 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hilde, Paal Sigurd, 1970- Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 LCNAF https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/f8f04562f35d87cec81d0b41a57be2ae.pdf fb7d43c15ae28febe25da74d42ab375f PDF Text Text 66 SLOVAKIA From Field to Factory: The Historiography of Slovak Immigration to the United States M . MARK STOLARIK Although Slovaks have lived in the United States for over a hundred years, professional American historians have only recently begun to study them. This lack of concern for the second-largest Slavic group in America cannot be attributed to a lack of sources. Pioneers among these immigrants left us not only their published reminiscences but also led the way in reconstructing the histories of their communities. While a few members of the second generation tried to carry on the work of their fathers, their efforts paled in comparison . Historians in Slovakia, meanwhile, began to write about their countrymen in the United States and, whether as political emigres or as devoted Marxists, they initiated the first professional studies of these people. Native Americans, on the other hand, originally discussed Slovaks as either a threat to the American way of life or else as potential converts to the Social Gospel movement. For generations native historians ignored these and other Eastern Europeans in the naive belief that they would disappear in the ''melting pot.'' Only with the ethnic revival of the 1960s did some Ame~ican professionals of varying backgrounds begin to study these people:,. _ The everyday life of Slovaks in the United States has been portrayed at various levels, ranging from simple memoirs to complicated mobility studies. Some of the pioneers contented themselves with describing life in the New World as they remembered it. Others analyzed the growing ethnic neighborhoods , while others still began to collect materials and describe three major institutions of AmericanSlovak communities - the parishes, lodges and newspapers. Such M. Mark Stolarik has been designated as the Director of the Balch Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . This essay is reprinted from the International Migration Review (X , 1, Spring 1976). �SLOVAKIA 67 activities eventually led to full-scale community studies and attempts at an overall history of all Slovak groups in America. Even though the first two generations failed in the latter effort, they did provide the groundwork for later historians. By the 1960s scholars in both Europe and America used new methods such as demographic analysis, studies of marriage , educatiQn anct social mobility, to try to complete the story and put it into a broader context. The earliest description~' bf Slovak life in America came either as observations or else as reminiscences by pioneers . Daniel Sustek, a journeyman carpenter and one of the first Slovaks to arrive in the United States , described his experiences over a ten-year period beginning in 1873 in the self-help monthly Obzor.(1) Besides focusing on his problems of adjusting to the new land, Sustek described the strange way of life he found here and provided his countrymen with extensive advice on how to make the trip, where to find work, what kind of wages to expect and how to behave in the presence of non-Slovaks. Sustek' s reports are reminiscent of Alexis de Tocqueville and Lord Bryce especially when, after having initially praised the "equality" of all Americans , Sustek discovers the great gulf between rich and poor and concludes that in this regard the United States is not so different from Europe after all. While Sustek focused largely on his own experiences, Father Stefan Furdek provided us with the first description of Slovak community life in America. Having come to Cleveland in 1882 to serve an already-existing Czech parish, Furdek helped the earliest Slovak arrivals to organize themselves into lodges and parishes and he also established their first Catholic newspaper. By 1893 he felt experienced enough to write an article entitled " Z Ameriky" (From America) for an Old World annual in which he eulogized the political freedom of the New Land but warned intellectuals against immigrating to this country because their chances of finding a livelihood outside of manual labor were slim.(2) Furdek thus perceived the major role his people would play in providing labor for America's industries and the marginal impact they would have upon the intellectual and cultural life of the United States. In a later article , "Vselico z Ameriky" (Tidbits from America), he continued the story by focusing on working conditions in the mines and mills, on life in ethnic neighborhoods and on the need for immigrants to rely upon family or friends in order to survive and be successful in the New World.(3) He wrote dozens of similar articles in his Jednota (Union) newspaper and almanac of the same name between 1890 and 1914 and he remains a major source for the study of early American-Slovak life. �68 SLOVAKIA Father Matus Jankola, Furdek ' s friend and colleague , joined the latter in describing the activities of his countrymen in the United States during the early years of Slovak immigration. In "Crty z katolickej slovenskej farnosti v Pittston, Pa. " (Sketches from a Catholic Slovak Parish in Pittston, Pa.), he not only described the daily life of a coal miner but also focused on the relations of Slovaks with other ethnic groups. He complained about his countrymen' s propensity to emulate other Eastern Europeans in seeking financial control over their own parishes, a phenomenon known as "lay trusteeism" and a perpetual headache to both priests and bishops at the tum of the century.(4) In another penetrating article entitled "Nase skoly" (Our Schools), J ankola severely criticized Slovak parochial schools of his day for their inadequate facilities and teaching methods and urged his countrymen to establish a teaching order of nuns to upgrade the whole system .(5) Like Furdek , Jankola wrote dozens of articles in the Jednota newspaper and almanac between 1896 and 1916 and these are excellent sources for the study of American-Slovak history. While Furdek and J ankola described Slovak life in general, another clergyman zeroed in on the business community. Pavel Jamarik, a convert to Congregationalism and an exponent of the 'Protestant ethic,' sought to determine how many of his people were engaged in business and thus ''making it. '' He distributed a questionnaire to Slovak leaders in Cleveland, New York and Bridgeport, Connecticut and, much to his dismay, discovered that fewer than one percent in each city owned business enterprises. He soberly concluded in ' ' Zivot americkych Slovakov dakedy a teraz'' (The Life of American Slovaks in the Past and Today)(6) that most of his people rejected the American route to social mobility through business enterprise and implicitly hinted that they would remain in the workingclass for some time to come. Such penetrating analyses, while vety valuable, were also rare. More common were reminiscences by "olq timers ~• of days gone by. Jozef Rusek , editor of the Jednota almanac, interviewed a Slovak who had arrived in Cleveland in 1880 and published his story under the rubric "V Novej Zemi" (In the New Land).(7) In this fascinating article the anonymous informant described the poor economic conditions that had driven him out of his homeland, the miserable ocean-crossing in steerage and all the difficulties he had encountered in making his way to Cleveland and finding suitable employment. A series of similar articles entitled "Nasi pionieri" (Our Pioneers) appeared in another almanac a short while later.(8) By collecting and publishing these reminiscences ethnic editors showed their appreciation for oral history �SLOVAKIA 69 long before American historians deemed it worthy of notice. In spite of this concel'Il with oral history, only one major leader of the American-Slovak COlllil1\Unity has left us his memoirs. Perhaps the reason for this dearth of autobiographies lies in the fact that Furdek died unexpectedly in 1914 and Jankola in 1916. In any case, P. V. Rovnianek, founder of the National Slovak Society in 1890 and for many years editor of the extremely popular Amerikansko-Slovenske Noviny (American Slovak News) penned his observations and reminiscences in a book with a very revealing title : Zapisky za iiva pochovaneho (Notes of One Buried Alive). (9) Here Rovnianek revealed how he had to leave the Budapest seminary in 1888 because of his nationalist views and how he came to America and quickly decided to work for national causes. He also detailed many of the arguments that he had had with other leaders, some of which resulted in costly lawsuits. Unfortunately, he covered up the misdeeds that led to the downfall of his financial empire in 1911. This, plus his tremendous conceit, detracted from an otherwise lucid and penetrating commentary. Shortly after their arrival in America, Slovak immigrants congregated in certain neighborhoods of cities where they established organizations that served to promote and solidify a new community existence . Three such institutions ranked highest in importance: the parish, the fraternal and the newspaper. By 1920, when these neighborhoods matured, Slovaks had almost 400 parishes of all denominations, hundreds of local and dozens of national fratemals and scores of daily , weekly and monthly periodical publications . It is no surprise , therefore, that when certain Slovak leaders began to record their earliest history in America, they turned their attention to these institutions. Father Furdek began the history of one group of these institutions with a lenghty article about "Slovenske osady v Amerike" (Slovak Parishes in America.) Having relied upon church records and interviews supplied by fellow-priests and cooperative laymen, Furdek presented us with short, informative histories of every Slovak Catholic parish established in the New World until 1906.(10) No sooner had Furdek published his analysis than a controversy broke out between boosters of Slovak parishes in Streator, Illinois and Hazleton, Pennsylvania . Worshippers in both areas claimed that theirs was the oldest Slovak Catholic parish in the United States. Although the debate remains unresolved to this day , Jozef G. Skurka, in "Prva slovenska rim. katolicka osada v Amerike" (The First Slovak Roman Catholic Parish in America) presented the arguments of both sides and left the final decision to the reader. (11) �70 SLOVAKIA Furdek's article began a trend that led not only to similar efforts by leaders of other denominations but it may also have prompted the later publication of jubilee books and a few full-fledged histories of church groups . Thus, Josef Nadenicek, a Calvinist minister, had his coreligionists aid him in compiling histories of all their parishes in the United States and he published these under the general heading of "Kratke dejiny cirkvi" (Short Histories of Our Parishes) giving the contributors full credit for their efforts .(12) Other religious leaders published even more detailed stories in special anniversary booklets. Examples are Strieborne jubileum osady sv. Vendelina, Cleveland, Ohio, 1903-1928 (Silver Jubilee of St. Wendelin's Parish, Cleveland, Ohio, 1903-1928,(13) and Father George S. Dargay' s Historical Sketch of the Church of St. Cyril of Minneapolis, Minn., 1891-1941. (14) A committee of priests and laymen usually compiled such histories, relying upon parish records, newspaper accounts and the memories of pioneers for sources. Even though other congregations published similar jubilee books, they seldom contained the whole truth because most immigrant parishes at the turn of the century experienced some sort of conflict between laymen and pastor or bishop. The present writer described problems of this sort in "Lay Initiative in American-Slovak Parishes, 1880-1930,"(15) in the hope that even professional church historians would dig deeper into the sources and abandon their preoccupation with consensus history. Meanwhile, one might suppose that with so many parishes having recorded their own history, a larger synthesis would have appeared. Only two historians have made such an attempt in the Slovak community and their efforts leave much to be desired. Pastor George Dolak, a member of the second generation, wrote an official History of the Slovak Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States of America, 1920-1927(16) and, as the title suggests, he covered only a short period and ignored the two other Synods to which Slovaks belong. Indeed, one looks in vain in this book fa'( an explanation of this split among Slovak Lutherans in America. Similarly,_ while the emigre historian Frantisek Hrusovsky did a creditable job in recording the story of Slovenske rehole v Amerike (Slovak Religious Orders in America), (17) he too steered clear of all controversy. Inadequate as these works are, they remain the only attempted syntheses of various Slovak religious groups in America. No one has yet written an overall history of Slovak Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic, Lutheran or Calvinist denominations in the United States and their relation to New or Old World counterparts. Scholars have barely scratched the surface of this vast subject. �SLOVAKIA ' 71 Equal in importance to'. parishes in immigrant communities were fraternal benefit societies. In many instances these preceded the founding of churches and became their chief bulwarks. By 1890 several dozen local societies existed and many of these later merged into larger, national organizations such as the First Catholic Slovak Union or the National Slovak Society . By 1920 these and other fraternals enrolled over one-third of the 600,000 plus Slovak immigrants who had come to America. By providing much needed and inexpensive life insurance , plus taking an active role in community and national affairs , they became indispensable to the growth and survival of ethnic communities. Realizing the importance of fratemals, officers of the National Slovak Society determined to record some of their history. In 1909 they commissioned their editor Ignac Gessay to write the history of their organization. He eagerly read old newspapers, minute-books, pamphlets and other materials, some of which have since disappeared. He also interviewed as many "old timers" as he could. By 1911 he published two articles, one entitled " Spolky pred organisaciami" (Societies Before Organizations) in which he presented an excellent survey of the first forty local fraternal-benefit societies established by American Slovaks before national bodies appeared in 1890.(18) Gessay had hoped that he could continue in his work and eventually publish an overall history of his people but his friendship with P. V. Rovnianek prevented it . When the latter's financial institution bankrupted in 1911, thereby ruining a great many Slovaks and weakening the Society, Rovnianek had to flee for his life and Gessay lost his commission. Into the void stepped Jan A. Feriencik, another editor, determined to complete the story . Using Gessay's notes (without giving him credit) and engaging in his own research, he did produce, among other things, " Vyznam Nar. Slovenskeho Spolku" (The Significance of the National Slovak Society) .(19) In this brief article he surveyed the history of the Society from 1890 to 1914, concentrating on the highlights and praising its achievements. Although Feriencik did write articles dealing with other aspects of the Slovak experience in America (discussed below), he too failed to complete a monograph on either the NSS or on the history of American Slovaks . Shortly thereafter a group of Slovak Calvinists also set out to write the history of their organization. The Rev. Frantisek Uherka urged the officers of each branch of the Slovak Calvin Presbyterian Union to compile a short history of their lodge on the basis of minute books, newspaper articles and interviews . They did as requested and Uherka then published these histories under the general heading " Kratke �72 SLOVAKIA dejiny jednotlivych sborov Slov. Kalv. Presb. Jednoty. " (Short Histories of the Lodges of the Slovak Calvin Presbyterian Union) , giving the contributors full credit.(20) He also compiled a general history of the national organization , based on the information provided by lodges as well as his reading of the head-office 's minute-books and on his own memory and entitled it "Kratky prehfad S.K.P . Jednoty, 1901-1926 ," (Short Over-View of the Slovak Calvin Presbyterian Union). (21) The largest of the fraternals , the First Catholic Slovak Union, meanwhile, held back from such undertakings for several generations. Its individual lodges did often publish jubilee histories such as " Memoirs of the Golden Jubilee of the Sts. Cyril and Methodius Society, 1883-1938" and these often provided fascinating insights into their individual achievements .(22) The national organization, however, resolved to sponsor an overall history only when its 75th anniversary approached. It commissioned Jozef Pauco, an emigre journalist, to undertake this task and he completed it by 1965 under the heading 75 rokov Prvej Katolickej Slovenskej Jednoty (75 Years of the First Catholic Slovak Union).(23) Pauco presented a strictly chronological year-by-year account, devoid of any analysis or criticism. He simply listed the society's growth and achievements. Thus, although a few Slovak societies did promote studies of their own achievements and one even commissioned a book, much of their history remains to be uncovered. Besides the need for full-length monographs of such important organizations as the National Slovak Society, the First Catholic Slovak Ladies ' Association, the Slovak Evangelical Union and so on , studies of the impact these and other societies have had on ethnic community life over the last 100 years should be made. How did these societies help the immigrant adjust to the New World? Did they supplant labor unions? Did they foster or hinder assimilation? Why did they splinter along religious and ideological lines? Why did women set up their own fratemals? Did fraternals promote Slovak culture in the .New World? What is their present status? What does the future h&d for them? How do they compare to societies founded by other grouf)s? These are just a few of the questions that need answering before we can understand the role that fraternal-benefit societies played in the life of American Slovaks. The third major component of growing Slovak communities was their newspaper press . Since most Slovaks initially came to America to make their " fortune " and return home , they became very interested in news of the home country published in their own language. The few intellectuals who accompanied these people to the United States �SLOVAKIA 73 quickly discovered this thir~t for news and satiated it with more than 200 periodicals between 1886 and the present. Among them were official organs of fraternal-benefit societies, independent dailies, weeklies and monthlies, labor newspapers, satirical journals, religious periodicals and so on. Having realized the importance of the newspaper press to the Slovak community, two journalists made a serious attempt to depict its history. Jan A. Feriencik, mentioned above, made the first attempt at a comprehensive history in "Slovenske prist'ahovalectvo a slovenska spisba v Amerike" (Slovak Immigration and Slovak Letters in America).(24) Since he tried to describe sixty titles in a few pages, his effort was very unbalanced. Moreover, he relied too much on memory and some of his assertions were false. Nevertheless, he did record some titles that have long since disappeared and th.u s he performed a vital service for later historians. Konstantin Culen, a post-World War II emigre journalist, expressed his appreciation to Feriencik and tried to complete the story in Slovenske casopisy v Amerike (Slovak Newspapers in America).(25) He gathered together titles of more than 230 Slovak periodicals published in this country and commented on each although he knew more about some papers and less about others, and thus his book is very uneven. In fact, since he died before the manuscript was completed, his colleague Jozef Pauco tried to finish the job. The periodicals are not organized according to subject, they simply appear in alphabetical order. Furthermore, there is no table of contents and no index. Unless one knows in advance the exact name of a publication, this book is extremely difficult to use. Feriencik and Culen did only half the job. They listed the titles and described the editorial policy of the founders . No one has done a comprehensive history of any one of the major dailies or weeklies . It would be instructive to know, from a content-analysis, how various Slovak newspapers in America viewed this country, its much-vaunted equality and democracy and their perception of the role of their readers. Robert E. Park attempted such a study in his Immigrant Press and Its Control(26) but since he covered so many different nationalities, his assessment was necessarily shallow. A good history of the Slovak press, as well as that of other ethnic groups in America, is sorely needed. Shortly after having recorded the history of their lodges, parishes and newspapers, American Slovaks began to think of the larger story. A few of them started to publish histories of communities that covered members of all denominations . These have since been supplemented �74 SLOVAKIA by works of professional scholarship, although their number remains small. The first attempt at writing local history was made by lgnac Gessay. Hoping to eventually publish a general work on American Slovaks, this newspaper editor began to gather materials about their oldest communities. One of these was Streator, Illinois, in the bituminous coal fields and Gessay presented its story from the 1870s to 1910 in "Streatorski Slovaci a ich pokrok" (Streator Slovaks and their Progress).(27) Since this was a first attempt written for a national almanac, it necessarily gave only the highlights of the story. Better and more comprehensive histories appeared a short while later. Imrich Mazar, a local lodge leader, compiled a remarkable work entitled Dejiny Binghamtonskych Slovakov za dobu styridsat rokov, 1879-1919 (Forty Years of the History of Binghamton Slovaks, 18791919).(28) Mazar interviewed pioneers of the community, consulted church and lodge records and read of his people's exploits in the press. Using such sources he very ably covered the story of all aspects of the community - its general history, the story of its fraternals, churches and clubs and the involvement of the local community in the CzechoSlovak liberation movement of World War I. Jan Pankuch did a similarly excellent job in Dejiny Clevelandskych a Lakewoodskych Slovakov (A History of Cleveland and Lakewood Slovaks). (29) A newspaper editor by profession, Pankuch persevered in his efforts even after the Great Depression had erupted and he published the book with his own dwindling resources. The only major criticisms that one can make of these two books is that they are poorly organized and lack perspective. Since neither Mazar nor Pankuch had any historical training, they dared not judge what was important and what was not. They recorded everything they had heard or discovered in an often haphazard manner and this made the reading of their books difficult. On the other hand, by not rejecting anything, they made their works invaluable sources for a later generation of historians . .. Two scholars interested in American-Slovak history appeared in the 1960s to make good use of previous pioneering efforts. Josef Barton studied the social mobility of three ethnic groups in Cleveland and included the Slovaks among them . In his Peasants and Strangers,(30) a spin-off of his dissertation, he relied quite extensively on Pankuch for the background story. The present writer, commissioned to write a joint history with another author about the Cleveland Slovak community, used Pankuch as a source quite liberally.(31) Hopefully these will be followed by studies of Slovaks in other cities, enabling future historians �SLOVAKIA 75 to compare the fortunes of these people in a wide variety of geographical areas, thus gaining a better perspective on the whole story of immigration. Along with recording much local information, American Slovaks naturally desired an overall view of their coming and settlement in various parts of the New World. Once again the pioneers led the way but this undertaking prove~ too much for them. They had to settle for histories written by a later generation of immigrants and these stories are, as yet, incomplete. lgnac Gessay and Jan A. Feriencik first attempted to compile a general history of their people. Gessay, as we have already seen, did not finish the task.(32) Jan Feriencik inherited not only Gessay 's job but also his notes. Supplementing these with his own research, he published " Nacrtok prist'ahovalectva slovenskeho do Ameriky" (A Sketch of Slovak Immigration to America).(33) Relying upon old newspapers , minute-books, Gessay's notes and his own memory, Feriencik produced a useful, if jaundiced (he was very anti-Semitic) survey of the coming of his people to the New World. He had hoped to produce a full-length monograph on this subject but died before he could do so. With Feriencik's death, along with that of most of his firstgeneration colleagues in the 1920s, the task of recording AmericanSlovak history fell to the second generation . Having absolutely no help from Anglo-American historians, who in the first half of the twentieth century seemed completely uninterested in the history of recent immigration, as Arthur M. Schlesinger lamented,(34) the second generation failed to even match the efforts of their fathers. Andrew P . Slabey and Sister M. Martina Tybor are good examples of second-generation American-Slovak scholars . The former was one of the first Slovak university graduates in the United States and he set out to write a " Prehl'ad dejin Slovakov v Amerike " (A Survey of the History of American Slovaks) in 1926 but he did not finish the task until almost fifty years had passed! (35) Not only did he complete his work at a snail's pace but he based much of his first installment on the research of Gessay and Feriencik, whom he neglected to give credit, and his analysis was much inferior to theirs. The second article came largely from memory . In both he seemed more interested in promoting ' 'Czechoslovakism' ' (36) than in a genuine history of his people. Sister M. Martina Tybor, on the other hand, has made use of original sources but she has seldom told the full story . Thus , in " A Composite Picture of a Slovak Immigrant's Early Experiences,"(37) she presented a very good account of how a ' 'typical ' ' immigrant may �76 SLOVAKIA have fared upon arrival in America but she glossed over the many problems he may also have encountered. Similarly, in "Matthew Jankola, 1872-1916: Slovak-American Priest, Leader, Educator, "(38) she presented an interesting biography of this important early leader but again neglected to mention the many problems he had experienced in dealing with other priests and with his lay followers . Neither Slabey nor Tybor produced a full-length monograph. In the absence of any general histories of American Slovaks, two more recent immigrants set out to fill the void. The first was Konstantin Culen, a journalist by profession, who was drawn to the history of American Slovaks by his involvement in politics in the Old Country. Culen determined to examine the nature and extent of the nationalism that had motivated American Slovaks to make an agreement with the Czechs which guaranteed the Slovaks home-rule in the new Republic of Czecho-Slovakia. After having published one book dealing with such nationalism,(39) he decided to broaden his research and, after publishing numerous articles in various almanacs, he completed the very impressive Dejiny Slov<ikov v Amerike (A History of Slovaks in America).(40) In this work he detailed both the social and political history of his countrymen to 1914. He read widely in their newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, books , minute-books and so on and tried, as best he could, to follow the rules of the historical profession. Unfortunately, he fell victim to the temptations of "filiopietism" and began the story with tales of Slovaks having come in the 17th .century , of their having participated in the Revolutionary and Civil Wars and, therefore, having as good a claim to this country as anyone else. Furthermore, he relied too much on Slovak sources , neglecting many English-language studies of immigration at the turn of the century. After the Second World War, with his dreams of an independent Slovakia shattered, Culen immigrated to the United States and tried to carry on his work but found the climate among his people too hostile . He initially worked on the editorial staffs of several American and Canadian Slovak newspapers and publish~d dozens of articles. These were eventually gathered and published in' three important books: J. Slovensky: iivotopis zakladatel'a prvych slovenskych novin v Amerike (J. Slovensky: Biography of the Founder of the First Slovak Newspaper in America);(41) Slovensk e casopisy v Amerike (Slovak Newspapers in America) ;(42) and V zajati falosn ych legiend a nen<ivistneho srdca (Imprisoned by False Legends and a Hateful Heart).(43) In the first of these he recounted how American Slovaks established their oldest newspaper. The second book , which we have already discussed, gave the story of their newspaper press. The third is virtually unknown , for �SLOVAKIA 77 he circulated only a few copies to his most trusted friends, but it is also the most important. In it he detailed the hostility which he and many other members of the post-war generation encountered from their lesseducated American countrymen. This is a fascinating phenomenon of rejection of one group oy another based on education and social standing, and since World\ War II it has been typical of many ethnic groups in the United States. Culen had so many arguments with American-Slovak leaders that he was virtually expelled from the community and died alienated from it in 1964. Shortly thereafter the present writer began to follow in Culen's footsteps. Born in Slovakia but educated in North America, he began a study of the political participation of his people in the World War I liberation movement(44) and then turned to their social history. Having used some of their parish and lodge records, supplemented by newspaper articles, he published ''The Slovak Immigrant is Not Anonymous," (45) in which he called on other scholars of immigration to make use of such sources. A little later he detailed some of the problems his countrymen had encountered with the largely IrishCatholic Church in America(46) and he also wrote a brief history of the Cleveland Slovak community.(47) At present he is preparing his dissertation, "Immigration and Urbanization: The Slovak Experience, 1870-1918"(48) for publication as a book. Meanwhile, in the decades since the Second World War, a few people have also concerned themselves with biographies of Slovak pioneers to this country. Konstantin Culen wrote a brief treatise on Jan Slovensky, founder of the first Slovak newspaper in America. (49) While he described adequately Slovensky' s early life and his work in the United States, he did not know all the circumstances surrounding his death by suicide and the work thus remains incomplete. Vincent Holecek, a self-styled historian of Slovaks all over the world, produced a short biography of P. V. Rovnianek entitled Slava a poniienie (Glory and Shame)(50) but ended it in 1907, before Rovnianek's tragic bankruptcy and, thus, also failed to tell the whole story. Jozef Pauco glorified the lives of Stefan Furdek and Matus Jankola(51) and later compiled Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike (Slovak Pioneers in America),(52) which covered the lives of fifty-five important and unimportant countrymen (there seemed to be no rationale for their selection). Finally, Sister M. Martina Tybor eulogized Matus Jankola in two very similar articles published in different joumals.(53) With the exception of Culen, all of the above were more concerned with edifying their subjects than with reaching critical and balanced conclusions. �78 SLOVAKIA Clearly this is another area of American-Slovak history that needs elaboration. The study of Slovak immigration, however, has not been confined to residents of North America. After the communist takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1948 a new school of Marxist historians appeared and some of them took an interest in their brethren overseas. Utilizing new disciplines such as demography and uncovering hitherto unprocessed county documents, they added new dimensions to the study of immigration, especially to its impact on the home country. Jim Sveton, a demographer , led the way. In his "Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo v obdobi uhorskeho kapitalizmu" (Slovak Emigration in the Era of Hungarian Capitalism),(54) he studied the impact of mass migration on the remaining population. Using village birth and death records, he calculated the net loss of population due to emigration and discovered that the Slovaks were second only to the Irish in per capita emigration and population decline in the 19th century. These views were further elaborated in Obyvatel'stvo Slovenska za kapitalizmu (The Population of Slovakia Under Capitalism).(55) Jan Hanzlik followed in Sveton' s footsteps and in four articles showed the high level to which the new discipline of demography had risen. His "Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo na prahu imperializmu" (Slovak Emigration on the Threshold of Imperialism)(56) dealt with the net loss of population due to emigration based on village censuses for the heaviest years of migration, 1901-1910. In "Vyst'ahovalectvo z vychodneho Slovenska" (Emigration from Eastern Slovakia)(57) he focused on that region of the country which had lost the most people and blamed the Magyars for the exodus because they had refused to industrialize Hungary. He expanded his research in "Vyvoj obyvatel'stva na Slovensku v obdobi 1869-1961 " (The Evolution of the Population of Slovakia in the Years 1861-1961). (58) Besides studying the impact emigration had had on the population for over a hundred years , he also blamed the Czechs for having prompted the industrialization of Bohemia-Moravia at th\ expense of Slovakia after 1918 and thus having contributed to the contiQued emigration of Slovaks from their native land in the twentieth century. Finally, in ' ' Zaciatky vyst'ahovalectva zo Slovenska do USA a jeho priebeh az do roku 1918, jeho priciny a nasledky" (The Beginnings of Slovak Emigration to America, Its Causes and Consequences to 1918),(59) Hanzlik summarized his research and that of other interested scholars and presented a very creditable interpretation of the impact of Slovak emigration to 1918. �SLOVAKIA 79 Once their demographer-colleagues had opened the field, Marxist historians also began to take notice of emigration. Ladislav Tajtak focused on that part of the country which had lost the most people in ''Vychodoslovenske vyst'ahovalectvo do prvej svetovej vojny'' (Eastern Slovak Emigration to the Fill.st World War)(60) and he carefully showed which of the eastern countries had lost the largest numbers and why. In a later work, "K zaciatkom Amerikansko-Slovenskych Novin" (Concerning the Beginnings of Amerik<insko-Slovenske Noviny)(6l) he traced, for the first time since Culen's Janka Slovensky, the history of the first Slovak newspaper in America. Frantisek Bielik and Elo Rakos, meanwhile, collected and published the most relevant documents pertaining to emigration in Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo: Dokumenty I, do roku 1918 (Slovak Emigration: Documents I, to 1918)(62) and a little later documents to 1939 in a book with a similar title. (63) They also provided a good introduction to both sets of documents. Finally, Milos Gosiorovsky legitimized all this concern with countrymen in capitalist America by publishing ''Frantisek Pucher-Ciernovodsky a robotnicke hnutie" (Frantisek Pucher-Ciernovodsky and the Workers' Movement)(64) in which he tried to link the workers' (communist) movements of the two worlds. Even though scholars in Slovakia have taken notice of their countrymen abroad, their perspective has been limited by ideological considerations. As I have pointed out in "Agrarian Problems in Slovakia, 1848-1918: An Historiographic Essay,"(65) Marxist scholars in the Old World must tow the party line. Thus, they can cite the works of Konstantin Culen and other ''bourgeois'' writers only at great peril to their own freedom and they have had to embellish their books and articles with liberal references to Marx, Lenin (and Stalin in the 1950s) and other prophets of the new order. Furthermore, these scholars can seldom, if ever, travel to the United States, and thus rich AmericanSlovak archives are beyond their reach. Therefore, they have necessarily concentrated on the impact of emigration on the home country and have only touched on the history of their countrymen abroad. Another approach to the study of immigration has been the novel. While traditional scholarly works have analyzed the nature and experience of the ethnic community in the midst of a new environment, the novel has become an important vehicle for understanding the dynamics of the situation and for expressing the feelings of the people . American Slovaks have been pleased with three outstanding novelists in this regard - Thomas Bell, Michael Novak and Sonya Jason. Bell , in Out of this Furnace ,(66) provided a moving account of �80 SLOVAKIA the sufferings of the first three generations in the steel mills of Braddock, Pennsylvania. His book was so painfully realistic that most of his countrymen avoided reading it. In a different vein Michael Novak described the difficulties that an upwardly-mobile third-generation American Slovak encountered in coping with the largely Anglo-Saxon world in Naked I Leave(67) and in the more analytical Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics .(68) Finally, Sonya Jason, also a product of a Pennsylvania steel town, portrayed the reaction of a third-generation woman to the insatiable demands of American armies for immigrant bodies in Concommitant Soldier: Woman and War.(69) One can only lament the dearth of such novels in the United States. While various aspects of Slovak immigration have been covered by members of this ethnic group, native Americans have seldom noticed these people and when they have, it has been either in the context of nativism or else as a part of the history of immigration in general. Nativism , that ideological disease which breeds hostility towards immigrants, infected the minds of some Americans at the tum of the century, causing them to write books extremely hostile to the ''new'' immigrants from Southeastern Europe, from whence the Slovaks came. Howard B. Grose, for instance, in a book aimed at Protestant Missionaries entitled Aliens or Americans?(70) deemed the newcomers to be a "heathen" threat to America and advocated their forceful conversion to Protestant Christianity in order to "Americanize" them. The theme of the immigrant "menace" also found its way into socalled scholarly works. Annie Marian Maclean, who fancied herself a "Progressive" social scientist, surveyed Southeastern Europeans in Pennsylvania and published " Life in the Pennsylvania Coal Fields with Particular Reference to Women, '' in a muckrating style that very much pleased the readers of the American Journal of Sociology .(71) Helen L. Wilson and Eunice W. Smith engaged in similar exposes for the AJS , devoting entire articles to individual ethnic groups, among them being "Chicago Housing Conditions , VIII: Among the Slovaks in the Twentieth Ward. "(72) Both of these works, in their lurid descriptions of immigrant ghettoes, warned Americans of the possible destruction of their society through unrestricted immigration. Nativist scholarship reached its pinnacle in an official government report which summarized all the prejudices then rampant in the United States towards Southeastern Europeans: \Established by Theodore Roosevelt in 1907, the Dillingham Co~ission, _on Immigration reported in 1911 that the newcomers, among them the Slovaks, were a menace to American society because they allegedly bred slums, engaged in criminal activities and retarded the labor movement.(73) �SLOVAKIA ~ 81 However, as Maldwyn Jones'8.Ild Oscar Handlin have recently shown, the commissioners twisted the statistics to suit their preconceived notions.(74) Ironically enough, if one ignores the conclusions of the commissioners and uses only the raw statistics, one can discover in this Report a great deal of valuable material pertaining to the social history of Slovaks and other Southeastern Europeans in America at the tum of the century. Not all Americans, of course, accepted the findings of the Report or agreed with its conclusions. A small group of scholars, usually members of the "Social Gospel" movement which sought to help the poor and downtrodden, viewed the ''new'' immigrants sympathetically. Their writings served as a healthy counterweight to nativist attacks on these people. One of the first American defenders of Southern and Eastern Europeans was the Rev. Peter Roberts. A member of the Presbyterian Home Mission Society, Roberts set about describing, in great detail, the everyday life of the new immigrants (and these included the Slovaks) in their new social setting. His Anthracite Coal Communities(75) and The New Immigration: A Study of the Industrial and Social Life of Southeastern Europeans in America(76) are classics in sociological analysis. Rather than seeking evidence of these peoples' "inferiority," as various nativists had done, Roberts visited them, observed their habits and concluded that they fit very well into the American capitalist system, even if they did have to start at the bottom. While Roberts dealt with Southeastern Europeans in general, Emily Greene Balch focused on the Slavic nationalities in particular and produced the as yet unsurpassed Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens.(77) By devoting an entire chapter to each Slavic group and then doing a general analysis of them all, she showed the way to later generations of historians. She not only studied American-Slavic communities and talked with their people but also visited their homelands to get a transAtlantic perspective on the whole process of migration. This professor of political economy was so far ahead of her time that to this day no American historian has written a book of comparable depth and scope about the various Slavic ethnic groups in this country. One reason why American historians have not yet superseded Emily Greene Balch is that for generations the former simply ignored the history of Southeastern Europeans. Between the 1920s when the United States passed its restrictive immigration quota laws which presumed that everyone would disappear into the " melting pot " and the 1960s when an ethnic revival swept the country, virtually no books or articles concerned with Slavic immigrants appeared in any major �82 SLOVAKIA historical journals or university presses. A small group of Czech scholars and their sympathizers produced a few interesting studies but these paled in comparison to earlier efforts by immigrants themselves. Indeed, even when a few American historians did begin to notice the Slavs in the 1960s, their studies remained very superficial. The first Czech scholar to write about American Slovaks was Tomas Capek of New York. A lawyer by profession, he accepted a commission from the National Slovak Society and wrote The Slovaks of Hungary: Slavs and Pan-Slavism,(78) which was in effect the first history of these people in the English language. Later he and his son published The Czechoslovaks, the second half of which dealt with the Slovaks under the heading The Slovaks in America . (79) The latter work, consisting chiefly of impressions gathered from various informants, was vastly inferior to the first study which was grounded on a stronger scholarly base. However, since these were virtually the only studies of American Slovaks in the English language, leaders of the community which they described did treasure them. Josef Slabey Roucek followed in the Capeks' footsteps and tried to carry on their work. One of the few sociologists in the United States who could read various Slavic languages in the 1930s and 1940s, Roucek did write several articles about these peoples including ''The Passing of American Czechoslovaks.'' (80) In this and in similar works about other Slavic groups, Roucek bowed to the current ideology and predicted the rapid disappearance of all ethnic Americans into the ''melting pot.'' Since he was virtually alone in his concern for American Slavs, Roucek by default dominated this field for many years. Virtually his only competitor was Andrew A. Marchbin. The latter wrote peripherally about the Slovaks in "Early Emigration from Hungary to Canada," (81) and in " Hungarian Activities in Western Pennsylvania.'' (82) While Roucek tended to mix the Slovaks together with the Czechs, Marchbin mixed them with the Magyars, since he dealt with an earlier period. The latter did, however, mention the problems that divided the Slovaks from the Magyars while Roucek tried to cover up the differences between Czechs and Slovaks. In any case, both sociologists were good representatives of the dearth of American ethnic studies until the 1960s. In the decade of Vietnam and the Black Revolution , certain American scholars finally came to the reaJization that ethnicity was here to stay. Nathan Glazer and Daniel P . Moynihan said as much in their Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroe's, Puerto Ricans, Jews , Italians and Irish of New York City. (83) Influenced by these and other sociological works, a few historians set out to systematically collect �SLOVAKIA 83 materials pertaining to immigrant history and to write books and articles about Southeastern Europeans who had for so long been neglected by American scholars . Timothy L. Smith helped establish the Immigrant Archives of the University of Minnesota in 1963 and he also urged fellow-historians in "New Approaches to the History of Immigration in Tw~ntieth-C~ntury America" (84) to study the longneglected peoples of Souther.n and Eastern Europe . While he seemed to be going against the tide in stressing the assimilation of these people in this and in subsequent articles ,(85) he did study the Slovaks, among others, and he did bring the attention of America's scholars to this neglected area of historical inquiry. His colleague Victor R. Greene, meanwhile , focused on the Poles and Lithuanians and peripherally on the Slovaks in Slavs on Strike: Immigrant Labor in Pennsylvania Anthracite, (86) the first major work about these peoples since the 1920s! If one were to fault either of these scholars , it would be for their preoccupation with the history of several ethnic groups at once while neglecting to study any one of them in any great detail. Smith always speaks of several ethnic groups in his articles and too often assumes that they are all alike in their reaction to such American institutions as the public schools.(87) Greene, similarly, always speaks of the "Slavs" when, in reality, he is dealing only with the Poles and a few Lithuanians , and the latter are not Slavs. This practice is apparent in most of his articles and it often leads him to make erroneous conclusions about non-Poles.(88) The present writer sees in Smith 's and Greene 's articles a bit of the bias of the American historical profession . It is all right for Kenneth Lockridge or John Demos or Philip Grev en to devote entire monographs to tiny English settlements in New England(89) but somehow it is not all right for Timothy Smith or Victor Greene to study only the Slovaks, or Poles, or Croats, or other Southeastern Europeans. The assumption exists among most members of the profession that White Anglo-Saxon peoples are more important than other ethnic groups and , therefore , deserve more attention while the Slavs or even the Southeastern Europeans must be treated as a whole because individually they are not very important . Trying to overcome such discrimination should be one of the objectives of a future generation of historians. CONCLUSION It should be apparent, the refore, that the historiography of Slovak immigration to America has undergone many changes and that much of the story remains untold . Until very recently the best works on this �84 SLOVAKIA subject were those written by the pioneers themselves . Long before professional historians even bothered to study immigration, various ethnic leaders began to gather and read manuscript and printed materials of the past, they interviewed ''old timers " before oral history became fashionable and they made predictions about their communities that were uncannily accurate. Such ground-breaking efforts disprove Edward N. Saveth ' s charges that histories written by immigrants themselves are of little value because they are filled with filiopietism . (90) While the first generation did a commendable job in recording its people 's past, the second lagged behind and had to be aided by scholars in the Old World and, ultimately, by better-trained members of the third generation. Perhaps reacting to the pressures of ''Americanization,'' few American-born Slovaks bothered to write their own history and those who did so expended less effort at it than had their fathers. Members of the second generation produced no major monographs, only short articles that dealt with some particular aspect of their experience or convictions. Into this vacuum stepped Old World historians like Konstantin Culen who gave American Slovaks their first systematic history and various Marxist scholars who began to treat emigration as a major social problem. Finally , with the ethnic revival of the 1960s there came not only a new interest in immigration by Anglo-American historians like Timothy L. Smith but also a professional treatment of the subject by a new breed of "ethnic" historians such as Josef Barton and Mark Stolarik. The latter two deeply immersed themselves into the sources and began for the first time to reproduce the history of American Slovaks for an English-speaking audience , Barton's and Stolarik 's efforts have un"covered only the tip of the iceberg. In looking at social mobility, for instance, they have studied but the first two generations , and only Roman Catholics at that. The fate of the third and fourth generations remains unknown as does the behavior of the Lutherans, Greek Catholics and Calvinists. Did Slovak Protestants react to America differently from Catholics, as Max Weber would have predicted? If so , then perhaps their history should be studied separately from the majority Catholic group and the differences and similarities should then be compared and contrasted with other American religious and ethnic groups. The role of Slovaks in the American labor movement also remains untold. While the present writer touched upon this story in his dissertation , the total picture is so vast and the evidence is so great that one could devote an entire monograph to it. Attitudes towards manual �SLOVAKIA 85 labor, the factory system, unions, strikes, socialism and so on need to be clarified and compared with other ethnic groups in order to rescue American labor history from its preoccupation with the history of unions as institutions and channel it back to the history of the workers themselves. What of those immig\ants who returned home? Slovaks had a return rate of 20 percent. Why did these people not remain in the " promised land?" How did they fare upon their return to the Old Country? Did they have any economic, social, or cultural impact upon their brethren back home? No one has yet dealt with this aspect of immigration. Slovak involvement in American politics also remains a mystery. Which political party did the earliest immigrants support and which do their descendants? Did they join the ' 'city machines' ' immediately and if so, why? Did they have "ward-heelers" of their own or did some other ethnic group perform this function for them? What influence, if any, has the "Slovak vote" had upon local, state and national politics? All of these questions remain unanswered. The whole subject of assimilation also needs more study. Using Milton Gordon's seven steps towards complete or "structural" assimilation,(91) an " index" of assimilation is needed to determine how far American Slovaks have proceeded along this path and to provide a way of comparing them with other ethnic groups. Those who have resisted assimilation should also be studied. What role did their fraternal-benefit societies play in this opposition? Did their concept of family , neighborhood and life in general also lead to rejection of assimilation? Are their values radically different from Anglo-American ones and, if so, are they healthy or dangerous to the host society? Finally , the present state of the community needs attention. Are American-Slovaks happy? Did this country fulfill their aspirations or leave them disappointed? Is there a "generation-gap" in attitudes towards the American way of life? How do Slovaks react to other ethnic groups, particularly blacks? Have they dispersed from their original communities into all parts of the city or have they congregated in certain suburbs and why? Are immigrants in certain regions or cities better off than in others and why? · These are just a few of the questions that need answering. And they need not apply only to Slovaks. The vast majority of Southern and Eastern European ethnic groups have for too long been ignored by American historians.(92) Until we know their stories as well as we do the Anglo-American one, we will not really understand this country. �86 SLOVAKIA FOOTNOTES (1) Obzor (Skalica, Slovakia), July 5 , 1873 and intermittently through July 5 , 1883 . (2) Tovarysstvo (Rufomberok , Slovakia) I (1893), 233-8. (3) Ibid . , III (1900), 293-300. (4) Ibid ., 301-5. (5) Kalendar J ednota, 1899 (Cleveland) , 135-6. (6) Sbornik Narodneho Slovenskeho Spolku (Pittsburgh), I (No. 2-3, 1915), 98-109 . (7) Kalendar Jednota, 1911 , 75-89. (8) Narodny Kalendar (Pittsburgh), 1927-30. (9) Pittsburgh, 1924. (10) Kalendar Jednota, 1906, 33-114 . (11) Kalendar Jednota, 1911, 90-5. (12) Kalendar pre Slovenskych Kalvinov, 1927 (Pittsburgh), 97-147 . (13) Cleveland , 1928. (14) Minneapolis, 1941. (15) Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, 83 (Sept.-Dec. 1972), 151-8. (16) St . Louis, 1955. (17) Cleveland , 1955 . (18) Narodny Kalendar, 1911, 66-77 . (19) Sbornik Narodneho Slovenskeho Spolku, I (No. 2-3, 1915), 90-7. (20) Kalendar pre Slovenskych Kalvinov, 1927, 57-80 . (21) Ibid ., 37-56. (22) Minneapolis, 1938. (23) Cleveland, 1965. (24) Sbornik Narodneho Slovensk eho Spolku, I (No . 2-3, 1915) , 20-39 . (25) Published posthumously in Cleveland, 1970. (26) New York, 1922 . (27) Narodny Kalendar, 1911 , 117-28. (28) Binghamton , New York, 1919. (29) Cleveland, 1930. (30) Cambridge, Mass., 1975 . (31) The Slovak Community of Cleveland (Cleveland, 1978), co-authored with Sister M. Martina Tybor. (32) See above. ' , (33) Sbornik Narodneho Slove nskeho Spolku, I (No . 2-:t. 1915), 9~19 . (34) " The Significance of Immigration in American History, " Th e American Journal of Sociology, 27 (1921), 71-85. It is revealing that this article appeared in a sociology journal and not in an historical one . (35) Narodny Kale ndar, 1926, 41-59 and 1972 , 60-7. �SLOVAKIA 87 (36) A "Czechoslovak" is a Czech or Slovak who believes that these two peoples are really one nation and he downplays their cultural differences. (37) Jednota Annual Furdek (Cleveland), 8, (1969) , 3-23. (38) Slovakia (Middletown, Pa.), XXIll (1972) , 161-92. (39) Pittsburghsk<i dohoda (The Pittsburgh Agreement) , Bratislava , 1937. (40) 2 Volumes, Bratislava, 1942. (41) Winnipeg, 1954. (42) Cleveland , 1970. (43) Mimeographed author 's publication , New York, 1961. (44) " The Role of American Slovaks in the Creation of Czecho-Slovakia, 1914-1918," Slovak Studies VIII _(Rome , 1?68). 7-84 . (45) Jednota Annual Furdek, X (~971), 99-105 . (46) See above. (47) See above. (48) Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, 1974 . (49) See above . (50) New York, 1957. (51) Stefan Furdek a slovenske prist'ahovalectuo (Stefan Furdek and Slovak Immigration). Cleveland, 1955; and Matus Jankola, knaz a n<irodouec (Matus Jankola, Priest and Patiot), Danville, Pa . , 1959. (52) Cleveland, 1973. (53) See above and "Father Matthew Jankola, 1872-1916," Slovak Studies, IX (1969) . 75-94. (54) Ekonomicky casopis, 4 (1956), 171-91. (55) Bratislava, 1958. (56) Geograficky casopis, XIII (1961), 195-210. (57) In I.:udovit Holotik (Ed.), Prispeuky k dejin<im uychodneho Slouenska (Contributions to the History of Eastern Slovakia). Bratislava, 1964, 220-32 . (58) Geograficky casopis, 19 (1967). 3-28 . (59) In Josef Polisensky (Ed.), Zaciatky ceskej a slouenskej emigr<icie do USA (The Beginnings of Czech and Slovak Immigration to the U.S.A.) (Bratislava, 1970), 49-96 . (60) Noue obzory (Kosice, Slovakia), Ill (1961), 221-47. (61) In Polisensky , op. cit. , 186-96. (62) Bratislava, 1969. (63) Martin, Slovakia, 1975. (64) In Polisensky, op. cit., 197-207. (65) Histoire sociale/Social History, VII (May , 1974) , 111-20. (66) Boston, 1941. (67) New York, 1970. (68) New York , 1971 . (69) Santa Monica, Calif., 1973. �88 SLOVAKIA (70) New York , 1906. (71) 14 (1908-9). 329-51. (72) 20 (1914), 145-69. (73) Reports of the Immigration Commission, 42 Volumes (Washington, 61st Congress, Senate, 1911). (74) See Maldwyn Jones , American Immigration (Chicago, 1960), 177-82 and Oscar Handlin 's Introduction to the R eports of the Immigration Commission, Volume I (Arno Press Reprint, New York , 1970) , 1-XLVI. (75) 2 volumes, New York, 1904. (76) New York, 1912 . (77) New York, 1910. (78) New York, 1906. (79) New York, 1921. (80) American Journal of Sociology, (1933-4), 611-25 . (81) Slavic Review, Xfil (1934), 127-38. (82) The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, 23 (1940) , 163-74. (83) New York , 1963. (84) American Historical Review, 71 (July, 1966), 1265-79. (85) See for example " Immigrant Social Aspirations and American Education, 18801930," American Quarterly, XXI (Fall , 1969). 523-43; and "Lay Initiative in the Religious Life of American Immigrants, " in Tamara Hareven (Ed .), Anonymous Americans: Explorations in Nineteenth-Century Social History (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. , 1971) , 214-49. (86) Notre Dame, 1968. (87) "Immigrant Social Aspirations, " op cit. (88) See for example his ''For God and Country: The Origins of Slavic SelfConsciousness in America," Church History, 35 (December, 1966), 1-15 and " Slavic American Nationalism, 1870-1918," in Anna Cienciala (Ed.) , American Contributions to the Seventh International Congress of Slavists, Warsaw , August 21-7, 1973, Vol. ill: H istory (The Hague , 1973) , 197-215 . (89) Ke nneth Lockridge, A New England To wn: The First Hundred Years (New York, 1970); John Demos , A L(ttle Commonweafth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony (New York , 1970) ; and Philip Greven, Four Generations: Population, Land and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, 1970). (90) American Historian s and European Immigration, 1875-1925 (New York, 1948) . (91) Assimilation in American Life : The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins (New York, 1964) . \ (92) For an excellent analysis of the present state of immigration historiography see Rudolph J . Vecoli, " European Americans : From Immigrants to Ethnics, " in William H . Cartwright and Richard L. Watson (Eds.), The R einterpretation of American History and Culture (Washington , 1973) , 81-112 . � 66 SLOVAKIA From Field to Factory: The Historiography of Slovak Immigration to the United States M . MARK STOLARIK Although Slovaks have lived in the United States for over a hundred years, professional American historians have only recently begun to study them. This lack of concern for the second-largest Slavic group in America cannot be attributed to a lack of sources. Pioneers among these immigrants left us not only their published reminiscences but also led the way in reconstructing the histories of their communities. While a few members of the second generation tried to carry on the work of their fathers, their efforts paled in comparison . Historians in Slovakia, meanwhile, began to write about their countrymen in the United States and, whether as political emigres or as devoted Marxists, they initiated the first professional studies of these people. Native Americans, on the other hand, originally discussed Slovaks as either a threat to the American way of life or else as potential converts to the Social Gospel movement. For generations native historians ignored these and other Eastern Europeans in the naive belief that they would disappear in the ''melting pot.'' Only with the ethnic revival of the 1960s did some Ame~ican professionals of varying backgrounds begin to study these people:,. _ The everyday life of Slovaks in the United States has been portrayed at various levels, ranging from simple memoirs to complicated mobility studies. Some of the pioneers contented themselves with describing life in the New World as they remembered it. Others analyzed the growing ethnic neighborhoods , while others still began to collect materials and describe three major institutions of AmericanSlovak communities - the parishes, lodges and newspapers. Such M. Mark Stolarik has been designated as the Director of the Balch Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . This essay is reprinted from the International Migration Review (X , 1, Spring 1976). �SLOVAKIA 67 activities eventually led to full-scale community studies and attempts at an overall history of all Slovak groups in America. Even though the first two generations failed in the latter effort, they did provide the groundwork for later historians. By the 1960s scholars in both Europe and America used new methods such as demographic analysis, studies of marriage , educatiQn anct social mobility, to try to complete the story and put it into a broader context. The earliest description~' bf Slovak life in America came either as observations or else as reminiscences by pioneers . Daniel Sustek, a journeyman carpenter and one of the first Slovaks to arrive in the United States , described his experiences over a ten-year period beginning in 1873 in the self-help monthly Obzor.(1) Besides focusing on his problems of adjusting to the new land, Sustek described the strange way of life he found here and provided his countrymen with extensive advice on how to make the trip, where to find work, what kind of wages to expect and how to behave in the presence of non-Slovaks. Sustek' s reports are reminiscent of Alexis de Tocqueville and Lord Bryce especially when, after having initially praised the "equality" of all Americans , Sustek discovers the great gulf between rich and poor and concludes that in this regard the United States is not so different from Europe after all. While Sustek focused largely on his own experiences, Father Stefan Furdek provided us with the first description of Slovak community life in America. Having come to Cleveland in 1882 to serve an already-existing Czech parish, Furdek helped the earliest Slovak arrivals to organize themselves into lodges and parishes and he also established their first Catholic newspaper. By 1893 he felt experienced enough to write an article entitled " Z Ameriky" (From America) for an Old World annual in which he eulogized the political freedom of the New Land but warned intellectuals against immigrating to this country because their chances of finding a livelihood outside of manual labor were slim.(2) Furdek thus perceived the major role his people would play in providing labor for America's industries and the marginal impact they would have upon the intellectual and cultural life of the United States. In a later article , "Vselico z Ameriky" (Tidbits from America), he continued the story by focusing on working conditions in the mines and mills, on life in ethnic neighborhoods and on the need for immigrants to rely upon family or friends in order to survive and be successful in the New World.(3) He wrote dozens of similar articles in his Jednota (Union) newspaper and almanac of the same name between 1890 and 1914 and he remains a major source for the study of early American-Slovak life. �68 SLOVAKIA Father Matus Jankola, Furdek ' s friend and colleague , joined the latter in describing the activities of his countrymen in the United States during the early years of Slovak immigration. In "Crty z katolickej slovenskej farnosti v Pittston, Pa. " (Sketches from a Catholic Slovak Parish in Pittston, Pa.), he not only described the daily life of a coal miner but also focused on the relations of Slovaks with other ethnic groups. He complained about his countrymen' s propensity to emulate other Eastern Europeans in seeking financial control over their own parishes, a phenomenon known as "lay trusteeism" and a perpetual headache to both priests and bishops at the tum of the century.(4) In another penetrating article entitled "Nase skoly" (Our Schools), J ankola severely criticized Slovak parochial schools of his day for their inadequate facilities and teaching methods and urged his countrymen to establish a teaching order of nuns to upgrade the whole system .(5) Like Furdek , Jankola wrote dozens of articles in the Jednota newspaper and almanac between 1896 and 1916 and these are excellent sources for the study of American-Slovak history. While Furdek and J ankola described Slovak life in general, another clergyman zeroed in on the business community. Pavel Jamarik, a convert to Congregationalism and an exponent of the 'Protestant ethic,' sought to determine how many of his people were engaged in business and thus ''making it. '' He distributed a questionnaire to Slovak leaders in Cleveland, New York and Bridgeport, Connecticut and, much to his dismay, discovered that fewer than one percent in each city owned business enterprises. He soberly concluded in ' ' Zivot americkych Slovakov dakedy a teraz'' (The Life of American Slovaks in the Past and Today)(6) that most of his people rejected the American route to social mobility through business enterprise and implicitly hinted that they would remain in the workingclass for some time to come. Such penetrating analyses, while vety valuable, were also rare. More common were reminiscences by "olq timers ~• of days gone by. Jozef Rusek , editor of the Jednota almanac, interviewed a Slovak who had arrived in Cleveland in 1880 and published his story under the rubric "V Novej Zemi" (In the New Land).(7) In this fascinating article the anonymous informant described the poor economic conditions that had driven him out of his homeland, the miserable ocean-crossing in steerage and all the difficulties he had encountered in making his way to Cleveland and finding suitable employment. A series of similar articles entitled "Nasi pionieri" (Our Pioneers) appeared in another almanac a short while later.(8) By collecting and publishing these reminiscences ethnic editors showed their appreciation for oral history �SLOVAKIA 69 long before American historians deemed it worthy of notice. In spite of this concel'Il with oral history, only one major leader of the American-Slovak COlllil1\Unity has left us his memoirs. Perhaps the reason for this dearth of autobiographies lies in the fact that Furdek died unexpectedly in 1914 and Jankola in 1916. In any case, P. V. Rovnianek, founder of the National Slovak Society in 1890 and for many years editor of the extremely popular Amerikansko-Slovenske Noviny (American Slovak News) penned his observations and reminiscences in a book with a very revealing title : Zapisky za iiva pochovaneho (Notes of One Buried Alive). (9) Here Rovnianek revealed how he had to leave the Budapest seminary in 1888 because of his nationalist views and how he came to America and quickly decided to work for national causes. He also detailed many of the arguments that he had had with other leaders, some of which resulted in costly lawsuits. Unfortunately, he covered up the misdeeds that led to the downfall of his financial empire in 1911. This, plus his tremendous conceit, detracted from an otherwise lucid and penetrating commentary. Shortly after their arrival in America, Slovak immigrants congregated in certain neighborhoods of cities where they established organizations that served to promote and solidify a new community existence . Three such institutions ranked highest in importance: the parish, the fraternal and the newspaper. By 1920, when these neighborhoods matured, Slovaks had almost 400 parishes of all denominations, hundreds of local and dozens of national fratemals and scores of daily , weekly and monthly periodical publications . It is no surprise , therefore, that when certain Slovak leaders began to record their earliest history in America, they turned their attention to these institutions. Father Furdek began the history of one group of these institutions with a lenghty article about "Slovenske osady v Amerike" (Slovak Parishes in America.) Having relied upon church records and interviews supplied by fellow-priests and cooperative laymen, Furdek presented us with short, informative histories of every Slovak Catholic parish established in the New World until 1906.(10) No sooner had Furdek published his analysis than a controversy broke out between boosters of Slovak parishes in Streator, Illinois and Hazleton, Pennsylvania . Worshippers in both areas claimed that theirs was the oldest Slovak Catholic parish in the United States. Although the debate remains unresolved to this day , Jozef G. Skurka, in "Prva slovenska rim. katolicka osada v Amerike" (The First Slovak Roman Catholic Parish in America) presented the arguments of both sides and left the final decision to the reader. (11) �70 SLOVAKIA Furdek's article began a trend that led not only to similar efforts by leaders of other denominations but it may also have prompted the later publication of jubilee books and a few full-fledged histories of church groups . Thus, Josef Nadenicek, a Calvinist minister, had his coreligionists aid him in compiling histories of all their parishes in the United States and he published these under the general heading of "Kratke dejiny cirkvi" (Short Histories of Our Parishes) giving the contributors full credit for their efforts .(12) Other religious leaders published even more detailed stories in special anniversary booklets. Examples are Strieborne jubileum osady sv. Vendelina, Cleveland, Ohio, 1903-1928 (Silver Jubilee of St. Wendelin's Parish, Cleveland, Ohio, 1903-1928,(13) and Father George S. Dargay' s Historical Sketch of the Church of St. Cyril of Minneapolis, Minn., 1891-1941. (14) A committee of priests and laymen usually compiled such histories, relying upon parish records, newspaper accounts and the memories of pioneers for sources. Even though other congregations published similar jubilee books, they seldom contained the whole truth because most immigrant parishes at the turn of the century experienced some sort of conflict between laymen and pastor or bishop. The present writer described problems of this sort in "Lay Initiative in American-Slovak Parishes, 1880-1930,"(15) in the hope that even professional church historians would dig deeper into the sources and abandon their preoccupation with consensus history. Meanwhile, one might suppose that with so many parishes having recorded their own history, a larger synthesis would have appeared. Only two historians have made such an attempt in the Slovak community and their efforts leave much to be desired. Pastor George Dolak, a member of the second generation, wrote an official History of the Slovak Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States of America, 1920-1927(16) and, as the title suggests, he covered only a short period and ignored the two other Synods to which Slovaks belong. Indeed, one looks in vain in this book fa'( an explanation of this split among Slovak Lutherans in America. Similarly,_ while the emigre historian Frantisek Hrusovsky did a creditable job in recording the story of Slovenske rehole v Amerike (Slovak Religious Orders in America), (17) he too steered clear of all controversy. Inadequate as these works are, they remain the only attempted syntheses of various Slovak religious groups in America. No one has yet written an overall history of Slovak Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic, Lutheran or Calvinist denominations in the United States and their relation to New or Old World counterparts. Scholars have barely scratched the surface of this vast subject. �SLOVAKIA ' 71 Equal in importance to'. parishes in immigrant communities were fraternal benefit societies. In many instances these preceded the founding of churches and became their chief bulwarks. By 1890 several dozen local societies existed and many of these later merged into larger, national organizations such as the First Catholic Slovak Union or the National Slovak Society . By 1920 these and other fraternals enrolled over one-third of the 600,000 plus Slovak immigrants who had come to America. By providing much needed and inexpensive life insurance , plus taking an active role in community and national affairs , they became indispensable to the growth and survival of ethnic communities. Realizing the importance of fratemals, officers of the National Slovak Society determined to record some of their history. In 1909 they commissioned their editor Ignac Gessay to write the history of their organization. He eagerly read old newspapers, minute-books, pamphlets and other materials, some of which have since disappeared. He also interviewed as many "old timers" as he could. By 1911 he published two articles, one entitled " Spolky pred organisaciami" (Societies Before Organizations) in which he presented an excellent survey of the first forty local fraternal-benefit societies established by American Slovaks before national bodies appeared in 1890.(18) Gessay had hoped that he could continue in his work and eventually publish an overall history of his people but his friendship with P. V. Rovnianek prevented it . When the latter's financial institution bankrupted in 1911, thereby ruining a great many Slovaks and weakening the Society, Rovnianek had to flee for his life and Gessay lost his commission. Into the void stepped Jan A. Feriencik, another editor, determined to complete the story . Using Gessay's notes (without giving him credit) and engaging in his own research, he did produce, among other things, " Vyznam Nar. Slovenskeho Spolku" (The Significance of the National Slovak Society) .(19) In this brief article he surveyed the history of the Society from 1890 to 1914, concentrating on the highlights and praising its achievements. Although Feriencik did write articles dealing with other aspects of the Slovak experience in America (discussed below), he too failed to complete a monograph on either the NSS or on the history of American Slovaks . Shortly thereafter a group of Slovak Calvinists also set out to write the history of their organization. The Rev. Frantisek Uherka urged the officers of each branch of the Slovak Calvin Presbyterian Union to compile a short history of their lodge on the basis of minute books, newspaper articles and interviews . They did as requested and Uherka then published these histories under the general heading " Kratke �72 SLOVAKIA dejiny jednotlivych sborov Slov. Kalv. Presb. Jednoty. " (Short Histories of the Lodges of the Slovak Calvin Presbyterian Union) , giving the contributors full credit.(20) He also compiled a general history of the national organization , based on the information provided by lodges as well as his reading of the head-office 's minute-books and on his own memory and entitled it "Kratky prehfad S.K.P . Jednoty, 1901-1926 ," (Short Over-View of the Slovak Calvin Presbyterian Union). (21) The largest of the fraternals , the First Catholic Slovak Union, meanwhile, held back from such undertakings for several generations. Its individual lodges did often publish jubilee histories such as " Memoirs of the Golden Jubilee of the Sts. Cyril and Methodius Society, 1883-1938" and these often provided fascinating insights into their individual achievements .(22) The national organization, however, resolved to sponsor an overall history only when its 75th anniversary approached. It commissioned Jozef Pauco, an emigre journalist, to undertake this task and he completed it by 1965 under the heading 75 rokov Prvej Katolickej Slovenskej Jednoty (75 Years of the First Catholic Slovak Union).(23) Pauco presented a strictly chronological year-by-year account, devoid of any analysis or criticism. He simply listed the society's growth and achievements. Thus, although a few Slovak societies did promote studies of their own achievements and one even commissioned a book, much of their history remains to be uncovered. Besides the need for full-length monographs of such important organizations as the National Slovak Society, the First Catholic Slovak Ladies ' Association, the Slovak Evangelical Union and so on , studies of the impact these and other societies have had on ethnic community life over the last 100 years should be made. How did these societies help the immigrant adjust to the New World? Did they supplant labor unions? Did they foster or hinder assimilation? Why did they splinter along religious and ideological lines? Why did women set up their own fratemals? Did fraternals promote Slovak culture in the .New World? What is their present status? What does the future h&d for them? How do they compare to societies founded by other grouf)s? These are just a few of the questions that need answering before we can understand the role that fraternal-benefit societies played in the life of American Slovaks. The third major component of growing Slovak communities was their newspaper press . Since most Slovaks initially came to America to make their " fortune " and return home , they became very interested in news of the home country published in their own language. The few intellectuals who accompanied these people to the United States �SLOVAKIA 73 quickly discovered this thir~t for news and satiated it with more than 200 periodicals between 1886 and the present. Among them were official organs of fraternal-benefit societies, independent dailies, weeklies and monthlies, labor newspapers, satirical journals, religious periodicals and so on. Having realized the importance of the newspaper press to the Slovak community, two journalists made a serious attempt to depict its history. Jan A. Feriencik, mentioned above, made the first attempt at a comprehensive history in "Slovenske prist'ahovalectvo a slovenska spisba v Amerike" (Slovak Immigration and Slovak Letters in America).(24) Since he tried to describe sixty titles in a few pages, his effort was very unbalanced. Moreover, he relied too much on memory and some of his assertions were false. Nevertheless, he did record some titles that have long since disappeared and th.u s he performed a vital service for later historians. Konstantin Culen, a post-World War II emigre journalist, expressed his appreciation to Feriencik and tried to complete the story in Slovenske casopisy v Amerike (Slovak Newspapers in America).(25) He gathered together titles of more than 230 Slovak periodicals published in this country and commented on each although he knew more about some papers and less about others, and thus his book is very uneven. In fact, since he died before the manuscript was completed, his colleague Jozef Pauco tried to finish the job. The periodicals are not organized according to subject, they simply appear in alphabetical order. Furthermore, there is no table of contents and no index. Unless one knows in advance the exact name of a publication, this book is extremely difficult to use. Feriencik and Culen did only half the job. They listed the titles and described the editorial policy of the founders . No one has done a comprehensive history of any one of the major dailies or weeklies . It would be instructive to know, from a content-analysis, how various Slovak newspapers in America viewed this country, its much-vaunted equality and democracy and their perception of the role of their readers. Robert E. Park attempted such a study in his Immigrant Press and Its Control(26) but since he covered so many different nationalities, his assessment was necessarily shallow. A good history of the Slovak press, as well as that of other ethnic groups in America, is sorely needed. Shortly after having recorded the history of their lodges, parishes and newspapers, American Slovaks began to think of the larger story. A few of them started to publish histories of communities that covered members of all denominations . These have since been supplemented �74 SLOVAKIA by works of professional scholarship, although their number remains small. The first attempt at writing local history was made by lgnac Gessay. Hoping to eventually publish a general work on American Slovaks, this newspaper editor began to gather materials about their oldest communities. One of these was Streator, Illinois, in the bituminous coal fields and Gessay presented its story from the 1870s to 1910 in "Streatorski Slovaci a ich pokrok" (Streator Slovaks and their Progress).(27) Since this was a first attempt written for a national almanac, it necessarily gave only the highlights of the story. Better and more comprehensive histories appeared a short while later. Imrich Mazar, a local lodge leader, compiled a remarkable work entitled Dejiny Binghamtonskych Slovakov za dobu styridsat rokov, 1879-1919 (Forty Years of the History of Binghamton Slovaks, 18791919).(28) Mazar interviewed pioneers of the community, consulted church and lodge records and read of his people's exploits in the press. Using such sources he very ably covered the story of all aspects of the community - its general history, the story of its fraternals, churches and clubs and the involvement of the local community in the CzechoSlovak liberation movement of World War I. Jan Pankuch did a similarly excellent job in Dejiny Clevelandskych a Lakewoodskych Slovakov (A History of Cleveland and Lakewood Slovaks). (29) A newspaper editor by profession, Pankuch persevered in his efforts even after the Great Depression had erupted and he published the book with his own dwindling resources. The only major criticisms that one can make of these two books is that they are poorly organized and lack perspective. Since neither Mazar nor Pankuch had any historical training, they dared not judge what was important and what was not. They recorded everything they had heard or discovered in an often haphazard manner and this made the reading of their books difficult. On the other hand, by not rejecting anything, they made their works invaluable sources for a later generation of historians . .. Two scholars interested in American-Slovak history appeared in the 1960s to make good use of previous pioneering efforts. Josef Barton studied the social mobility of three ethnic groups in Cleveland and included the Slovaks among them . In his Peasants and Strangers,(30) a spin-off of his dissertation, he relied quite extensively on Pankuch for the background story. The present writer, commissioned to write a joint history with another author about the Cleveland Slovak community, used Pankuch as a source quite liberally.(31) Hopefully these will be followed by studies of Slovaks in other cities, enabling future historians �SLOVAKIA 75 to compare the fortunes of these people in a wide variety of geographical areas, thus gaining a better perspective on the whole story of immigration. Along with recording much local information, American Slovaks naturally desired an overall view of their coming and settlement in various parts of the New World. Once again the pioneers led the way but this undertaking prove~ too much for them. They had to settle for histories written by a later generation of immigrants and these stories are, as yet, incomplete. lgnac Gessay and Jan A. Feriencik first attempted to compile a general history of their people. Gessay, as we have already seen, did not finish the task.(32) Jan Feriencik inherited not only Gessay 's job but also his notes. Supplementing these with his own research, he published " Nacrtok prist'ahovalectva slovenskeho do Ameriky" (A Sketch of Slovak Immigration to America).(33) Relying upon old newspapers , minute-books, Gessay's notes and his own memory, Feriencik produced a useful, if jaundiced (he was very anti-Semitic) survey of the coming of his people to the New World. He had hoped to produce a full-length monograph on this subject but died before he could do so. With Feriencik's death, along with that of most of his firstgeneration colleagues in the 1920s, the task of recording AmericanSlovak history fell to the second generation . Having absolutely no help from Anglo-American historians, who in the first half of the twentieth century seemed completely uninterested in the history of recent immigration, as Arthur M. Schlesinger lamented,(34) the second generation failed to even match the efforts of their fathers. Andrew P . Slabey and Sister M. Martina Tybor are good examples of second-generation American-Slovak scholars . The former was one of the first Slovak university graduates in the United States and he set out to write a " Prehl'ad dejin Slovakov v Amerike " (A Survey of the History of American Slovaks) in 1926 but he did not finish the task until almost fifty years had passed! (35) Not only did he complete his work at a snail's pace but he based much of his first installment on the research of Gessay and Feriencik, whom he neglected to give credit, and his analysis was much inferior to theirs. The second article came largely from memory . In both he seemed more interested in promoting ' 'Czechoslovakism' ' (36) than in a genuine history of his people. Sister M. Martina Tybor, on the other hand, has made use of original sources but she has seldom told the full story . Thus , in " A Composite Picture of a Slovak Immigrant's Early Experiences,"(37) she presented a very good account of how a ' 'typical ' ' immigrant may �76 SLOVAKIA have fared upon arrival in America but she glossed over the many problems he may also have encountered. Similarly, in "Matthew Jankola, 1872-1916: Slovak-American Priest, Leader, Educator, "(38) she presented an interesting biography of this important early leader but again neglected to mention the many problems he had experienced in dealing with other priests and with his lay followers . Neither Slabey nor Tybor produced a full-length monograph. In the absence of any general histories of American Slovaks, two more recent immigrants set out to fill the void. The first was Konstantin Culen, a journalist by profession, who was drawn to the history of American Slovaks by his involvement in politics in the Old Country. Culen determined to examine the nature and extent of the nationalism that had motivated American Slovaks to make an agreement with the Czechs which guaranteed the Slovaks home-rule in the new Republic of Czecho-Slovakia. After having published one book dealing with such nationalism,(39) he decided to broaden his research and, after publishing numerous articles in various almanacs, he completed the very impressive Dejiny Slov<ikov v Amerike (A History of Slovaks in America).(40) In this work he detailed both the social and political history of his countrymen to 1914. He read widely in their newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, books , minute-books and so on and tried, as best he could, to follow the rules of the historical profession. Unfortunately, he fell victim to the temptations of "filiopietism" and began the story with tales of Slovaks having come in the 17th .century , of their having participated in the Revolutionary and Civil Wars and, therefore, having as good a claim to this country as anyone else. Furthermore, he relied too much on Slovak sources , neglecting many English-language studies of immigration at the turn of the century. After the Second World War, with his dreams of an independent Slovakia shattered, Culen immigrated to the United States and tried to carry on his work but found the climate among his people too hostile . He initially worked on the editorial staffs of several American and Canadian Slovak newspapers and publish~d dozens of articles. These were eventually gathered and published in' three important books: J. Slovensky: iivotopis zakladatel'a prvych slovenskych novin v Amerike (J. Slovensky: Biography of the Founder of the First Slovak Newspaper in America);(41) Slovensk e casopisy v Amerike (Slovak Newspapers in America) ;(42) and V zajati falosn ych legiend a nen<ivistneho srdca (Imprisoned by False Legends and a Hateful Heart).(43) In the first of these he recounted how American Slovaks established their oldest newspaper. The second book , which we have already discussed, gave the story of their newspaper press. The third is virtually unknown , for �SLOVAKIA 77 he circulated only a few copies to his most trusted friends, but it is also the most important. In it he detailed the hostility which he and many other members of the post-war generation encountered from their lesseducated American countrymen. This is a fascinating phenomenon of rejection of one group oy another based on education and social standing, and since World\ War II it has been typical of many ethnic groups in the United States. Culen had so many arguments with American-Slovak leaders that he was virtually expelled from the community and died alienated from it in 1964. Shortly thereafter the present writer began to follow in Culen's footsteps. Born in Slovakia but educated in North America, he began a study of the political participation of his people in the World War I liberation movement(44) and then turned to their social history. Having used some of their parish and lodge records, supplemented by newspaper articles, he published ''The Slovak Immigrant is Not Anonymous," (45) in which he called on other scholars of immigration to make use of such sources. A little later he detailed some of the problems his countrymen had encountered with the largely IrishCatholic Church in America(46) and he also wrote a brief history of the Cleveland Slovak community.(47) At present he is preparing his dissertation, "Immigration and Urbanization: The Slovak Experience, 1870-1918"(48) for publication as a book. Meanwhile, in the decades since the Second World War, a few people have also concerned themselves with biographies of Slovak pioneers to this country. Konstantin Culen wrote a brief treatise on Jan Slovensky, founder of the first Slovak newspaper in America. (49) While he described adequately Slovensky' s early life and his work in the United States, he did not know all the circumstances surrounding his death by suicide and the work thus remains incomplete. Vincent Holecek, a self-styled historian of Slovaks all over the world, produced a short biography of P. V. Rovnianek entitled Slava a poniienie (Glory and Shame)(50) but ended it in 1907, before Rovnianek's tragic bankruptcy and, thus, also failed to tell the whole story. Jozef Pauco glorified the lives of Stefan Furdek and Matus Jankola(51) and later compiled Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike (Slovak Pioneers in America),(52) which covered the lives of fifty-five important and unimportant countrymen (there seemed to be no rationale for their selection). Finally, Sister M. Martina Tybor eulogized Matus Jankola in two very similar articles published in different joumals.(53) With the exception of Culen, all of the above were more concerned with edifying their subjects than with reaching critical and balanced conclusions. �78 SLOVAKIA Clearly this is another area of American-Slovak history that needs elaboration. The study of Slovak immigration, however, has not been confined to residents of North America. After the communist takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1948 a new school of Marxist historians appeared and some of them took an interest in their brethren overseas. Utilizing new disciplines such as demography and uncovering hitherto unprocessed county documents, they added new dimensions to the study of immigration, especially to its impact on the home country. Jim Sveton, a demographer , led the way. In his "Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo v obdobi uhorskeho kapitalizmu" (Slovak Emigration in the Era of Hungarian Capitalism),(54) he studied the impact of mass migration on the remaining population. Using village birth and death records, he calculated the net loss of population due to emigration and discovered that the Slovaks were second only to the Irish in per capita emigration and population decline in the 19th century. These views were further elaborated in Obyvatel'stvo Slovenska za kapitalizmu (The Population of Slovakia Under Capitalism).(55) Jan Hanzlik followed in Sveton' s footsteps and in four articles showed the high level to which the new discipline of demography had risen. His "Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo na prahu imperializmu" (Slovak Emigration on the Threshold of Imperialism)(56) dealt with the net loss of population due to emigration based on village censuses for the heaviest years of migration, 1901-1910. In "Vyst'ahovalectvo z vychodneho Slovenska" (Emigration from Eastern Slovakia)(57) he focused on that region of the country which had lost the most people and blamed the Magyars for the exodus because they had refused to industrialize Hungary. He expanded his research in "Vyvoj obyvatel'stva na Slovensku v obdobi 1869-1961 " (The Evolution of the Population of Slovakia in the Years 1861-1961). (58) Besides studying the impact emigration had had on the population for over a hundred years , he also blamed the Czechs for having prompted the industrialization of Bohemia-Moravia at th\ expense of Slovakia after 1918 and thus having contributed to the contiQued emigration of Slovaks from their native land in the twentieth century. Finally, in ' ' Zaciatky vyst'ahovalectva zo Slovenska do USA a jeho priebeh az do roku 1918, jeho priciny a nasledky" (The Beginnings of Slovak Emigration to America, Its Causes and Consequences to 1918),(59) Hanzlik summarized his research and that of other interested scholars and presented a very creditable interpretation of the impact of Slovak emigration to 1918. �SLOVAKIA 79 Once their demographer-colleagues had opened the field, Marxist historians also began to take notice of emigration. Ladislav Tajtak focused on that part of the country which had lost the most people in ''Vychodoslovenske vyst'ahovalectvo do prvej svetovej vojny'' (Eastern Slovak Emigration to the Fill.st World War)(60) and he carefully showed which of the eastern countries had lost the largest numbers and why. In a later work, "K zaciatkom Amerikansko-Slovenskych Novin" (Concerning the Beginnings of Amerik<insko-Slovenske Noviny)(6l) he traced, for the first time since Culen's Janka Slovensky, the history of the first Slovak newspaper in America. Frantisek Bielik and Elo Rakos, meanwhile, collected and published the most relevant documents pertaining to emigration in Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo: Dokumenty I, do roku 1918 (Slovak Emigration: Documents I, to 1918)(62) and a little later documents to 1939 in a book with a similar title. (63) They also provided a good introduction to both sets of documents. Finally, Milos Gosiorovsky legitimized all this concern with countrymen in capitalist America by publishing ''Frantisek Pucher-Ciernovodsky a robotnicke hnutie" (Frantisek Pucher-Ciernovodsky and the Workers' Movement)(64) in which he tried to link the workers' (communist) movements of the two worlds. Even though scholars in Slovakia have taken notice of their countrymen abroad, their perspective has been limited by ideological considerations. As I have pointed out in "Agrarian Problems in Slovakia, 1848-1918: An Historiographic Essay,"(65) Marxist scholars in the Old World must tow the party line. Thus, they can cite the works of Konstantin Culen and other ''bourgeois'' writers only at great peril to their own freedom and they have had to embellish their books and articles with liberal references to Marx, Lenin (and Stalin in the 1950s) and other prophets of the new order. Furthermore, these scholars can seldom, if ever, travel to the United States, and thus rich AmericanSlovak archives are beyond their reach. Therefore, they have necessarily concentrated on the impact of emigration on the home country and have only touched on the history of their countrymen abroad. Another approach to the study of immigration has been the novel. While traditional scholarly works have analyzed the nature and experience of the ethnic community in the midst of a new environment, the novel has become an important vehicle for understanding the dynamics of the situation and for expressing the feelings of the people . American Slovaks have been pleased with three outstanding novelists in this regard - Thomas Bell, Michael Novak and Sonya Jason. Bell , in Out of this Furnace ,(66) provided a moving account of �80 SLOVAKIA the sufferings of the first three generations in the steel mills of Braddock, Pennsylvania. His book was so painfully realistic that most of his countrymen avoided reading it. In a different vein Michael Novak described the difficulties that an upwardly-mobile third-generation American Slovak encountered in coping with the largely Anglo-Saxon world in Naked I Leave(67) and in the more analytical Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics .(68) Finally, Sonya Jason, also a product of a Pennsylvania steel town, portrayed the reaction of a third-generation woman to the insatiable demands of American armies for immigrant bodies in Concommitant Soldier: Woman and War.(69) One can only lament the dearth of such novels in the United States. While various aspects of Slovak immigration have been covered by members of this ethnic group, native Americans have seldom noticed these people and when they have, it has been either in the context of nativism or else as a part of the history of immigration in general. Nativism , that ideological disease which breeds hostility towards immigrants, infected the minds of some Americans at the tum of the century, causing them to write books extremely hostile to the ''new'' immigrants from Southeastern Europe, from whence the Slovaks came. Howard B. Grose, for instance, in a book aimed at Protestant Missionaries entitled Aliens or Americans?(70) deemed the newcomers to be a "heathen" threat to America and advocated their forceful conversion to Protestant Christianity in order to "Americanize" them. The theme of the immigrant "menace" also found its way into socalled scholarly works. Annie Marian Maclean, who fancied herself a "Progressive" social scientist, surveyed Southeastern Europeans in Pennsylvania and published " Life in the Pennsylvania Coal Fields with Particular Reference to Women, '' in a muckrating style that very much pleased the readers of the American Journal of Sociology .(71) Helen L. Wilson and Eunice W. Smith engaged in similar exposes for the AJS , devoting entire articles to individual ethnic groups, among them being "Chicago Housing Conditions , VIII: Among the Slovaks in the Twentieth Ward. "(72) Both of these works, in their lurid descriptions of immigrant ghettoes, warned Americans of the possible destruction of their society through unrestricted immigration. Nativist scholarship reached its pinnacle in an official government report which summarized all the prejudices then rampant in the United States towards Southeastern Europeans: \Established by Theodore Roosevelt in 1907, the Dillingham Co~ission, _on Immigration reported in 1911 that the newcomers, among them the Slovaks, were a menace to American society because they allegedly bred slums, engaged in criminal activities and retarded the labor movement.(73) �SLOVAKIA ~ 81 However, as Maldwyn Jones'8.Ild Oscar Handlin have recently shown, the commissioners twisted the statistics to suit their preconceived notions.(74) Ironically enough, if one ignores the conclusions of the commissioners and uses only the raw statistics, one can discover in this Report a great deal of valuable material pertaining to the social history of Slovaks and other Southeastern Europeans in America at the tum of the century. Not all Americans, of course, accepted the findings of the Report or agreed with its conclusions. A small group of scholars, usually members of the "Social Gospel" movement which sought to help the poor and downtrodden, viewed the ''new'' immigrants sympathetically. Their writings served as a healthy counterweight to nativist attacks on these people. One of the first American defenders of Southern and Eastern Europeans was the Rev. Peter Roberts. A member of the Presbyterian Home Mission Society, Roberts set about describing, in great detail, the everyday life of the new immigrants (and these included the Slovaks) in their new social setting. His Anthracite Coal Communities(75) and The New Immigration: A Study of the Industrial and Social Life of Southeastern Europeans in America(76) are classics in sociological analysis. Rather than seeking evidence of these peoples' "inferiority," as various nativists had done, Roberts visited them, observed their habits and concluded that they fit very well into the American capitalist system, even if they did have to start at the bottom. While Roberts dealt with Southeastern Europeans in general, Emily Greene Balch focused on the Slavic nationalities in particular and produced the as yet unsurpassed Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens.(77) By devoting an entire chapter to each Slavic group and then doing a general analysis of them all, she showed the way to later generations of historians. She not only studied American-Slavic communities and talked with their people but also visited their homelands to get a transAtlantic perspective on the whole process of migration. This professor of political economy was so far ahead of her time that to this day no American historian has written a book of comparable depth and scope about the various Slavic ethnic groups in this country. One reason why American historians have not yet superseded Emily Greene Balch is that for generations the former simply ignored the history of Southeastern Europeans. Between the 1920s when the United States passed its restrictive immigration quota laws which presumed that everyone would disappear into the " melting pot " and the 1960s when an ethnic revival swept the country, virtually no books or articles concerned with Slavic immigrants appeared in any major �82 SLOVAKIA historical journals or university presses. A small group of Czech scholars and their sympathizers produced a few interesting studies but these paled in comparison to earlier efforts by immigrants themselves. Indeed, even when a few American historians did begin to notice the Slavs in the 1960s, their studies remained very superficial. The first Czech scholar to write about American Slovaks was Tomas Capek of New York. A lawyer by profession, he accepted a commission from the National Slovak Society and wrote The Slovaks of Hungary: Slavs and Pan-Slavism,(78) which was in effect the first history of these people in the English language. Later he and his son published The Czechoslovaks, the second half of which dealt with the Slovaks under the heading The Slovaks in America . (79) The latter work, consisting chiefly of impressions gathered from various informants, was vastly inferior to the first study which was grounded on a stronger scholarly base. However, since these were virtually the only studies of American Slovaks in the English language, leaders of the community which they described did treasure them. Josef Slabey Roucek followed in the Capeks' footsteps and tried to carry on their work. One of the few sociologists in the United States who could read various Slavic languages in the 1930s and 1940s, Roucek did write several articles about these peoples including ''The Passing of American Czechoslovaks.'' (80) In this and in similar works about other Slavic groups, Roucek bowed to the current ideology and predicted the rapid disappearance of all ethnic Americans into the ''melting pot.'' Since he was virtually alone in his concern for American Slavs, Roucek by default dominated this field for many years. Virtually his only competitor was Andrew A. Marchbin. The latter wrote peripherally about the Slovaks in "Early Emigration from Hungary to Canada," (81) and in " Hungarian Activities in Western Pennsylvania.'' (82) While Roucek tended to mix the Slovaks together with the Czechs, Marchbin mixed them with the Magyars, since he dealt with an earlier period. The latter did, however, mention the problems that divided the Slovaks from the Magyars while Roucek tried to cover up the differences between Czechs and Slovaks. In any case, both sociologists were good representatives of the dearth of American ethnic studies until the 1960s. In the decade of Vietnam and the Black Revolution , certain American scholars finally came to the reaJization that ethnicity was here to stay. Nathan Glazer and Daniel P . Moynihan said as much in their Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroe's, Puerto Ricans, Jews , Italians and Irish of New York City. (83) Influenced by these and other sociological works, a few historians set out to systematically collect �SLOVAKIA 83 materials pertaining to immigrant history and to write books and articles about Southeastern Europeans who had for so long been neglected by American scholars . Timothy L. Smith helped establish the Immigrant Archives of the University of Minnesota in 1963 and he also urged fellow-historians in "New Approaches to the History of Immigration in Tw~ntieth-C~ntury America" (84) to study the longneglected peoples of Souther.n and Eastern Europe . While he seemed to be going against the tide in stressing the assimilation of these people in this and in subsequent articles ,(85) he did study the Slovaks, among others, and he did bring the attention of America's scholars to this neglected area of historical inquiry. His colleague Victor R. Greene, meanwhile , focused on the Poles and Lithuanians and peripherally on the Slovaks in Slavs on Strike: Immigrant Labor in Pennsylvania Anthracite, (86) the first major work about these peoples since the 1920s! If one were to fault either of these scholars , it would be for their preoccupation with the history of several ethnic groups at once while neglecting to study any one of them in any great detail. Smith always speaks of several ethnic groups in his articles and too often assumes that they are all alike in their reaction to such American institutions as the public schools.(87) Greene, similarly, always speaks of the "Slavs" when, in reality, he is dealing only with the Poles and a few Lithuanians , and the latter are not Slavs. This practice is apparent in most of his articles and it often leads him to make erroneous conclusions about non-Poles.(88) The present writer sees in Smith 's and Greene 's articles a bit of the bias of the American historical profession . It is all right for Kenneth Lockridge or John Demos or Philip Grev en to devote entire monographs to tiny English settlements in New England(89) but somehow it is not all right for Timothy Smith or Victor Greene to study only the Slovaks, or Poles, or Croats, or other Southeastern Europeans. The assumption exists among most members of the profession that White Anglo-Saxon peoples are more important than other ethnic groups and , therefore , deserve more attention while the Slavs or even the Southeastern Europeans must be treated as a whole because individually they are not very important . Trying to overcome such discrimination should be one of the objectives of a future generation of historians. CONCLUSION It should be apparent, the refore, that the historiography of Slovak immigration to America has undergone many changes and that much of the story remains untold . Until very recently the best works on this �84 SLOVAKIA subject were those written by the pioneers themselves . Long before professional historians even bothered to study immigration, various ethnic leaders began to gather and read manuscript and printed materials of the past, they interviewed ''old timers " before oral history became fashionable and they made predictions about their communities that were uncannily accurate. Such ground-breaking efforts disprove Edward N. Saveth ' s charges that histories written by immigrants themselves are of little value because they are filled with filiopietism . (90) While the first generation did a commendable job in recording its people 's past, the second lagged behind and had to be aided by scholars in the Old World and, ultimately, by better-trained members of the third generation. Perhaps reacting to the pressures of ''Americanization,'' few American-born Slovaks bothered to write their own history and those who did so expended less effort at it than had their fathers. Members of the second generation produced no major monographs, only short articles that dealt with some particular aspect of their experience or convictions. Into this vacuum stepped Old World historians like Konstantin Culen who gave American Slovaks their first systematic history and various Marxist scholars who began to treat emigration as a major social problem. Finally , with the ethnic revival of the 1960s there came not only a new interest in immigration by Anglo-American historians like Timothy L. Smith but also a professional treatment of the subject by a new breed of "ethnic" historians such as Josef Barton and Mark Stolarik. The latter two deeply immersed themselves into the sources and began for the first time to reproduce the history of American Slovaks for an English-speaking audience , Barton's and Stolarik 's efforts have un"covered only the tip of the iceberg. In looking at social mobility, for instance, they have studied but the first two generations , and only Roman Catholics at that. The fate of the third and fourth generations remains unknown as does the behavior of the Lutherans, Greek Catholics and Calvinists. Did Slovak Protestants react to America differently from Catholics, as Max Weber would have predicted? If so , then perhaps their history should be studied separately from the majority Catholic group and the differences and similarities should then be compared and contrasted with other American religious and ethnic groups. The role of Slovaks in the American labor movement also remains untold. While the present writer touched upon this story in his dissertation , the total picture is so vast and the evidence is so great that one could devote an entire monograph to it. Attitudes towards manual �SLOVAKIA 85 labor, the factory system, unions, strikes, socialism and so on need to be clarified and compared with other ethnic groups in order to rescue American labor history from its preoccupation with the history of unions as institutions and channel it back to the history of the workers themselves. What of those immig\ants who returned home? Slovaks had a return rate of 20 percent. Why did these people not remain in the " promised land?" How did they fare upon their return to the Old Country? Did they have any economic, social, or cultural impact upon their brethren back home? No one has yet dealt with this aspect of immigration. Slovak involvement in American politics also remains a mystery. Which political party did the earliest immigrants support and which do their descendants? Did they join the ' 'city machines' ' immediately and if so, why? Did they have "ward-heelers" of their own or did some other ethnic group perform this function for them? What influence, if any, has the "Slovak vote" had upon local, state and national politics? All of these questions remain unanswered. The whole subject of assimilation also needs more study. Using Milton Gordon's seven steps towards complete or "structural" assimilation,(91) an " index" of assimilation is needed to determine how far American Slovaks have proceeded along this path and to provide a way of comparing them with other ethnic groups. Those who have resisted assimilation should also be studied. What role did their fraternal-benefit societies play in this opposition? Did their concept of family , neighborhood and life in general also lead to rejection of assimilation? Are their values radically different from Anglo-American ones and, if so, are they healthy or dangerous to the host society? Finally , the present state of the community needs attention. Are American-Slovaks happy? Did this country fulfill their aspirations or leave them disappointed? Is there a "generation-gap" in attitudes towards the American way of life? How do Slovaks react to other ethnic groups, particularly blacks? Have they dispersed from their original communities into all parts of the city or have they congregated in certain suburbs and why? Are immigrants in certain regions or cities better off than in others and why? · These are just a few of the questions that need answering. And they need not apply only to Slovaks. The vast majority of Southern and Eastern European ethnic groups have for too long been ignored by American historians.(92) Until we know their stories as well as we do the Anglo-American one, we will not really understand this country. �86 SLOVAKIA FOOTNOTES (1) Obzor (Skalica, Slovakia), July 5 , 1873 and intermittently through July 5 , 1883 . (2) Tovarysstvo (Rufomberok , Slovakia) I (1893), 233-8. (3) Ibid . , III (1900), 293-300. (4) Ibid ., 301-5. (5) Kalendar J ednota, 1899 (Cleveland) , 135-6. (6) Sbornik Narodneho Slovenskeho Spolku (Pittsburgh), I (No. 2-3, 1915), 98-109 . (7) Kalendar Jednota, 1911 , 75-89. (8) Narodny Kalendar (Pittsburgh), 1927-30. (9) Pittsburgh, 1924. (10) Kalendar Jednota, 1906, 33-114 . (11) Kalendar Jednota, 1911, 90-5. (12) Kalendar pre Slovenskych Kalvinov, 1927 (Pittsburgh), 97-147 . (13) Cleveland , 1928. (14) Minneapolis, 1941. (15) Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, 83 (Sept.-Dec. 1972), 151-8. (16) St . Louis, 1955. (17) Cleveland , 1955 . (18) Narodny Kalendar, 1911, 66-77 . (19) Sbornik Narodneho Slovenskeho Spolku, I (No. 2-3, 1915), 90-7. (20) Kalendar pre Slovenskych Kalvinov, 1927, 57-80 . (21) Ibid ., 37-56. (22) Minneapolis, 1938. (23) Cleveland, 1965. (24) Sbornik Narodneho Slovensk eho Spolku, I (No . 2-3, 1915) , 20-39 . (25) Published posthumously in Cleveland, 1970. (26) New York, 1922 . (27) Narodny Kalendar, 1911 , 117-28. (28) Binghamton , New York, 1919. (29) Cleveland, 1930. (30) Cambridge, Mass., 1975 . (31) The Slovak Community of Cleveland (Cleveland, 1978), co-authored with Sister M. Martina Tybor. (32) See above. ' , (33) Sbornik Narodneho Slove nskeho Spolku, I (No . 2-:t. 1915), 9~19 . (34) " The Significance of Immigration in American History, " Th e American Journal of Sociology, 27 (1921), 71-85. It is revealing that this article appeared in a sociology journal and not in an historical one . (35) Narodny Kale ndar, 1926, 41-59 and 1972 , 60-7. �SLOVAKIA 87 (36) A "Czechoslovak" is a Czech or Slovak who believes that these two peoples are really one nation and he downplays their cultural differences. (37) Jednota Annual Furdek (Cleveland), 8, (1969) , 3-23. (38) Slovakia (Middletown, Pa.), XXIll (1972) , 161-92. (39) Pittsburghsk<i dohoda (The Pittsburgh Agreement) , Bratislava , 1937. (40) 2 Volumes, Bratislava, 1942. (41) Winnipeg, 1954. (42) Cleveland , 1970. (43) Mimeographed author 's publication , New York, 1961. (44) " The Role of American Slovaks in the Creation of Czecho-Slovakia, 1914-1918," Slovak Studies VIII _(Rome , 1?68). 7-84 . (45) Jednota Annual Furdek, X (~971), 99-105 . (46) See above. (47) See above. (48) Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, 1974 . (49) See above . (50) New York, 1957. (51) Stefan Furdek a slovenske prist'ahovalectuo (Stefan Furdek and Slovak Immigration). Cleveland, 1955; and Matus Jankola, knaz a n<irodouec (Matus Jankola, Priest and Patiot), Danville, Pa . , 1959. (52) Cleveland, 1973. (53) See above and "Father Matthew Jankola, 1872-1916," Slovak Studies, IX (1969) . 75-94. (54) Ekonomicky casopis, 4 (1956), 171-91. (55) Bratislava, 1958. (56) Geograficky casopis, XIII (1961), 195-210. (57) In I.:udovit Holotik (Ed.), Prispeuky k dejin<im uychodneho Slouenska (Contributions to the History of Eastern Slovakia). Bratislava, 1964, 220-32 . (58) Geograficky casopis, 19 (1967). 3-28 . (59) In Josef Polisensky (Ed.), Zaciatky ceskej a slouenskej emigr<icie do USA (The Beginnings of Czech and Slovak Immigration to the U.S.A.) (Bratislava, 1970), 49-96 . (60) Noue obzory (Kosice, Slovakia), Ill (1961), 221-47. (61) In Polisensky , op. cit. , 186-96. (62) Bratislava, 1969. (63) Martin, Slovakia, 1975. (64) In Polisensky, op. cit., 197-207. (65) Histoire sociale/Social History, VII (May , 1974) , 111-20. (66) Boston, 1941. (67) New York, 1970. (68) New York , 1971 . (69) Santa Monica, Calif., 1973. �88 SLOVAKIA (70) New York , 1906. (71) 14 (1908-9). 329-51. (72) 20 (1914), 145-69. (73) Reports of the Immigration Commission, 42 Volumes (Washington, 61st Congress, Senate, 1911). (74) See Maldwyn Jones , American Immigration (Chicago, 1960), 177-82 and Oscar Handlin 's Introduction to the R eports of the Immigration Commission, Volume I (Arno Press Reprint, New York , 1970) , 1-XLVI. (75) 2 volumes, New York, 1904. (76) New York, 1912 . (77) New York, 1910. (78) New York, 1906. (79) New York, 1921. (80) American Journal of Sociology, (1933-4), 611-25 . (81) Slavic Review, Xfil (1934), 127-38. (82) The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, 23 (1940) , 163-74. (83) New York , 1963. (84) American Historical Review, 71 (July, 1966), 1265-79. (85) See for example " Immigrant Social Aspirations and American Education, 18801930," American Quarterly, XXI (Fall , 1969). 523-43; and "Lay Initiative in the Religious Life of American Immigrants, " in Tamara Hareven (Ed .), Anonymous Americans: Explorations in Nineteenth-Century Social History (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. , 1971) , 214-49. (86) Notre Dame, 1968. (87) "Immigrant Social Aspirations, " op cit. (88) See for example his ''For God and Country: The Origins of Slavic SelfConsciousness in America," Church History, 35 (December, 1966), 1-15 and " Slavic American Nationalism, 1870-1918," in Anna Cienciala (Ed.) , American Contributions to the Seventh International Congress of Slavists, Warsaw , August 21-7, 1973, Vol. ill: H istory (The Hague , 1973) , 197-215 . (89) Ke nneth Lockridge, A New England To wn: The First Hundred Years (New York, 1970); John Demos , A L(ttle Commonweafth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony (New York , 1970) ; and Philip Greven, Four Generations: Population, Land and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, 1970). (90) American Historian s and European Immigration, 1875-1925 (New York, 1948) . (91) Assimilation in American Life : The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins (New York, 1964) . \ (92) For an excellent analysis of the present state of immigration historiography see Rudolph J . Vecoli, " European Americans : From Immigrants to Ethnics, " in William H . Cartwright and Richard L. Watson (Eds.), The R einterpretation of American History and Culture (Washington , 1973) , 81-112 . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1978-79, Vol. 28 Description An account of the resource Vol. 28 (No. 51-52), 1978-79. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978-79 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 66 SLOVAKIA From Field to Factory: The Historiography of Slovak Immigration to the United States M . MARK STOLARIK Although Slovaks have lived in the United States for over a hundred years, professional American historians have only recently begun to study them. This lack of concern for the second-largest Slavic group in America cannot be attributed to a lack of sources. Pioneers among these immigrants left us not only their published reminiscences but also led the way in reconstructing the histories of their communities. While a few members of the second generation tried to carry on the work of their fathers, their efforts paled in comparison . Historians in Slovakia, meanwhile, began to write about their countrymen in the United States and, whether as political emigres or as devoted Marxists, they initiated the first professional studies of these people. Native Americans, on the other hand, originally discussed Slovaks as either a threat to the American way of life or else as potential converts to the Social Gospel movement. For generations native historians ignored these and other Eastern Europeans in the naive belief that they would disappear in the ''melting pot.'' Only with the ethnic revival of the 1960s did some Ame~ican professionals of varying backgrounds begin to study these people:,. _ The everyday life of Slovaks in the United States has been portrayed at various levels, ranging from simple memoirs to complicated mobility studies. Some of the pioneers contented themselves with describing life in the New World as they remembered it. Others analyzed the growing ethnic neighborhoods , while others still began to collect materials and describe three major institutions of AmericanSlovak communities - the parishes, lodges and newspapers. Such M. Mark Stolarik has been designated as the Director of the Balch Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . This essay is reprinted from the International Migration Review (X , 1, Spring 1976). SLOVAKIA 67 activities eventually led to full-scale community studies and attempts at an overall history of all Slovak groups in America. Even though the first two generations failed in the latter effort, they did provide the groundwork for later historians. By the 1960s scholars in both Europe and America used new methods such as demographic analysis, studies of marriage , educatiQn anct social mobility, to try to complete the story and put it into a broader context. The earliest description~' bf Slovak life in America came either as observations or else as reminiscences by pioneers . Daniel Sustek, a journeyman carpenter and one of the first Slovaks to arrive in the United States , described his experiences over a ten-year period beginning in 1873 in the self-help monthly Obzor.(1) Besides focusing on his problems of adjusting to the new land, Sustek described the strange way of life he found here and provided his countrymen with extensive advice on how to make the trip, where to find work, what kind of wages to expect and how to behave in the presence of non-Slovaks. Sustek' s reports are reminiscent of Alexis de Tocqueville and Lord Bryce especially when, after having initially praised the "equality" of all Americans , Sustek discovers the great gulf between rich and poor and concludes that in this regard the United States is not so different from Europe after all. While Sustek focused largely on his own experiences, Father Stefan Furdek provided us with the first description of Slovak community life in America. Having come to Cleveland in 1882 to serve an already-existing Czech parish, Furdek helped the earliest Slovak arrivals to organize themselves into lodges and parishes and he also established their first Catholic newspaper. By 1893 he felt experienced enough to write an article entitled " Z Ameriky" (From America) for an Old World annual in which he eulogized the political freedom of the New Land but warned intellectuals against immigrating to this country because their chances of finding a livelihood outside of manual labor were slim.(2) Furdek thus perceived the major role his people would play in providing labor for America's industries and the marginal impact they would have upon the intellectual and cultural life of the United States. In a later article , "Vselico z Ameriky" (Tidbits from America), he continued the story by focusing on working conditions in the mines and mills, on life in ethnic neighborhoods and on the need for immigrants to rely upon family or friends in order to survive and be successful in the New World.(3) He wrote dozens of similar articles in his Jednota (Union) newspaper and almanac of the same name between 1890 and 1914 and he remains a major source for the study of early American-Slovak life. 68 SLOVAKIA Father Matus Jankola, Furdek ' s friend and colleague , joined the latter in describing the activities of his countrymen in the United States during the early years of Slovak immigration. In "Crty z katolickej slovenskej farnosti v Pittston, Pa. " (Sketches from a Catholic Slovak Parish in Pittston, Pa.), he not only described the daily life of a coal miner but also focused on the relations of Slovaks with other ethnic groups. He complained about his countrymen' s propensity to emulate other Eastern Europeans in seeking financial control over their own parishes, a phenomenon known as "lay trusteeism" and a perpetual headache to both priests and bishops at the tum of the century.(4) In another penetrating article entitled "Nase skoly" (Our Schools), J ankola severely criticized Slovak parochial schools of his day for their inadequate facilities and teaching methods and urged his countrymen to establish a teaching order of nuns to upgrade the whole system .(5) Like Furdek , Jankola wrote dozens of articles in the Jednota newspaper and almanac between 1896 and 1916 and these are excellent sources for the study of American-Slovak history. While Furdek and J ankola described Slovak life in general, another clergyman zeroed in on the business community. Pavel Jamarik, a convert to Congregationalism and an exponent of the 'Protestant ethic,' sought to determine how many of his people were engaged in business and thus ''making it. '' He distributed a questionnaire to Slovak leaders in Cleveland, New York and Bridgeport, Connecticut and, much to his dismay, discovered that fewer than one percent in each city owned business enterprises. He soberly concluded in ' ' Zivot americkych Slovakov dakedy a teraz'' (The Life of American Slovaks in the Past and Today)(6) that most of his people rejected the American route to social mobility through business enterprise and implicitly hinted that they would remain in the workingclass for some time to come. Such penetrating analyses, while vety valuable, were also rare. More common were reminiscences by "olq timers ~• of days gone by. Jozef Rusek , editor of the Jednota almanac, interviewed a Slovak who had arrived in Cleveland in 1880 and published his story under the rubric "V Novej Zemi" (In the New Land).(7) In this fascinating article the anonymous informant described the poor economic conditions that had driven him out of his homeland, the miserable ocean-crossing in steerage and all the difficulties he had encountered in making his way to Cleveland and finding suitable employment. A series of similar articles entitled "Nasi pionieri" (Our Pioneers) appeared in another almanac a short while later.(8) By collecting and publishing these reminiscences ethnic editors showed their appreciation for oral history SLOVAKIA 69 long before American historians deemed it worthy of notice. In spite of this concel'Il with oral history, only one major leader of the American-Slovak COlllil1\Unity has left us his memoirs. Perhaps the reason for this dearth of autobiographies lies in the fact that Furdek died unexpectedly in 1914 and Jankola in 1916. In any case, P. V. Rovnianek, founder of the National Slovak Society in 1890 and for many years editor of the extremely popular Amerikansko-Slovenske Noviny (American Slovak News) penned his observations and reminiscences in a book with a very revealing title : Zapisky za iiva pochovaneho (Notes of One Buried Alive). (9) Here Rovnianek revealed how he had to leave the Budapest seminary in 1888 because of his nationalist views and how he came to America and quickly decided to work for national causes. He also detailed many of the arguments that he had had with other leaders, some of which resulted in costly lawsuits. Unfortunately, he covered up the misdeeds that led to the downfall of his financial empire in 1911. This, plus his tremendous conceit, detracted from an otherwise lucid and penetrating commentary. Shortly after their arrival in America, Slovak immigrants congregated in certain neighborhoods of cities where they established organizations that served to promote and solidify a new community existence . Three such institutions ranked highest in importance: the parish, the fraternal and the newspaper. By 1920, when these neighborhoods matured, Slovaks had almost 400 parishes of all denominations, hundreds of local and dozens of national fratemals and scores of daily , weekly and monthly periodical publications . It is no surprise , therefore, that when certain Slovak leaders began to record their earliest history in America, they turned their attention to these institutions. Father Furdek began the history of one group of these institutions with a lenghty article about "Slovenske osady v Amerike" (Slovak Parishes in America.) Having relied upon church records and interviews supplied by fellow-priests and cooperative laymen, Furdek presented us with short, informative histories of every Slovak Catholic parish established in the New World until 1906.(10) No sooner had Furdek published his analysis than a controversy broke out between boosters of Slovak parishes in Streator, Illinois and Hazleton, Pennsylvania . Worshippers in both areas claimed that theirs was the oldest Slovak Catholic parish in the United States. Although the debate remains unresolved to this day , Jozef G. Skurka, in "Prva slovenska rim. katolicka osada v Amerike" (The First Slovak Roman Catholic Parish in America) presented the arguments of both sides and left the final decision to the reader. (11) 70 SLOVAKIA Furdek's article began a trend that led not only to similar efforts by leaders of other denominations but it may also have prompted the later publication of jubilee books and a few full-fledged histories of church groups . Thus, Josef Nadenicek, a Calvinist minister, had his coreligionists aid him in compiling histories of all their parishes in the United States and he published these under the general heading of "Kratke dejiny cirkvi" (Short Histories of Our Parishes) giving the contributors full credit for their efforts .(12) Other religious leaders published even more detailed stories in special anniversary booklets. Examples are Strieborne jubileum osady sv. Vendelina, Cleveland, Ohio, 1903-1928 (Silver Jubilee of St. Wendelin's Parish, Cleveland, Ohio, 1903-1928,(13) and Father George S. Dargay' s Historical Sketch of the Church of St. Cyril of Minneapolis, Minn., 1891-1941. (14) A committee of priests and laymen usually compiled such histories, relying upon parish records, newspaper accounts and the memories of pioneers for sources. Even though other congregations published similar jubilee books, they seldom contained the whole truth because most immigrant parishes at the turn of the century experienced some sort of conflict between laymen and pastor or bishop. The present writer described problems of this sort in "Lay Initiative in American-Slovak Parishes, 1880-1930,"(15) in the hope that even professional church historians would dig deeper into the sources and abandon their preoccupation with consensus history. Meanwhile, one might suppose that with so many parishes having recorded their own history, a larger synthesis would have appeared. Only two historians have made such an attempt in the Slovak community and their efforts leave much to be desired. Pastor George Dolak, a member of the second generation, wrote an official History of the Slovak Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States of America, 1920-1927(16) and, as the title suggests, he covered only a short period and ignored the two other Synods to which Slovaks belong. Indeed, one looks in vain in this book fa'( an explanation of this split among Slovak Lutherans in America. Similarly,_ while the emigre historian Frantisek Hrusovsky did a creditable job in recording the story of Slovenske rehole v Amerike (Slovak Religious Orders in America), (17) he too steered clear of all controversy. Inadequate as these works are, they remain the only attempted syntheses of various Slovak religious groups in America. No one has yet written an overall history of Slovak Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic, Lutheran or Calvinist denominations in the United States and their relation to New or Old World counterparts. Scholars have barely scratched the surface of this vast subject. SLOVAKIA ' 71 Equal in importance to'. parishes in immigrant communities were fraternal benefit societies. In many instances these preceded the founding of churches and became their chief bulwarks. By 1890 several dozen local societies existed and many of these later merged into larger, national organizations such as the First Catholic Slovak Union or the National Slovak Society . By 1920 these and other fraternals enrolled over one-third of the 600,000 plus Slovak immigrants who had come to America. By providing much needed and inexpensive life insurance , plus taking an active role in community and national affairs , they became indispensable to the growth and survival of ethnic communities. Realizing the importance of fratemals, officers of the National Slovak Society determined to record some of their history. In 1909 they commissioned their editor Ignac Gessay to write the history of their organization. He eagerly read old newspapers, minute-books, pamphlets and other materials, some of which have since disappeared. He also interviewed as many "old timers" as he could. By 1911 he published two articles, one entitled " Spolky pred organisaciami" (Societies Before Organizations) in which he presented an excellent survey of the first forty local fraternal-benefit societies established by American Slovaks before national bodies appeared in 1890.(18) Gessay had hoped that he could continue in his work and eventually publish an overall history of his people but his friendship with P. V. Rovnianek prevented it . When the latter's financial institution bankrupted in 1911, thereby ruining a great many Slovaks and weakening the Society, Rovnianek had to flee for his life and Gessay lost his commission. Into the void stepped Jan A. Feriencik, another editor, determined to complete the story . Using Gessay's notes (without giving him credit) and engaging in his own research, he did produce, among other things, " Vyznam Nar. Slovenskeho Spolku" (The Significance of the National Slovak Society) .(19) In this brief article he surveyed the history of the Society from 1890 to 1914, concentrating on the highlights and praising its achievements. Although Feriencik did write articles dealing with other aspects of the Slovak experience in America (discussed below), he too failed to complete a monograph on either the NSS or on the history of American Slovaks . Shortly thereafter a group of Slovak Calvinists also set out to write the history of their organization. The Rev. Frantisek Uherka urged the officers of each branch of the Slovak Calvin Presbyterian Union to compile a short history of their lodge on the basis of minute books, newspaper articles and interviews . They did as requested and Uherka then published these histories under the general heading " Kratke 72 SLOVAKIA dejiny jednotlivych sborov Slov. Kalv. Presb. Jednoty. " (Short Histories of the Lodges of the Slovak Calvin Presbyterian Union) , giving the contributors full credit.(20) He also compiled a general history of the national organization , based on the information provided by lodges as well as his reading of the head-office 's minute-books and on his own memory and entitled it "Kratky prehfad S.K.P . Jednoty, 1901-1926 ," (Short Over-View of the Slovak Calvin Presbyterian Union). (21) The largest of the fraternals , the First Catholic Slovak Union, meanwhile, held back from such undertakings for several generations. Its individual lodges did often publish jubilee histories such as " Memoirs of the Golden Jubilee of the Sts. Cyril and Methodius Society, 1883-1938" and these often provided fascinating insights into their individual achievements .(22) The national organization, however, resolved to sponsor an overall history only when its 75th anniversary approached. It commissioned Jozef Pauco, an emigre journalist, to undertake this task and he completed it by 1965 under the heading 75 rokov Prvej Katolickej Slovenskej Jednoty (75 Years of the First Catholic Slovak Union).(23) Pauco presented a strictly chronological year-by-year account, devoid of any analysis or criticism. He simply listed the society's growth and achievements. Thus, although a few Slovak societies did promote studies of their own achievements and one even commissioned a book, much of their history remains to be uncovered. Besides the need for full-length monographs of such important organizations as the National Slovak Society, the First Catholic Slovak Ladies ' Association, the Slovak Evangelical Union and so on , studies of the impact these and other societies have had on ethnic community life over the last 100 years should be made. How did these societies help the immigrant adjust to the New World? Did they supplant labor unions? Did they foster or hinder assimilation? Why did they splinter along religious and ideological lines? Why did women set up their own fratemals? Did fraternals promote Slovak culture in the .New World? What is their present status? What does the future h&d for them? How do they compare to societies founded by other grouf)s? These are just a few of the questions that need answering before we can understand the role that fraternal-benefit societies played in the life of American Slovaks. The third major component of growing Slovak communities was their newspaper press . Since most Slovaks initially came to America to make their " fortune " and return home , they became very interested in news of the home country published in their own language. The few intellectuals who accompanied these people to the United States SLOVAKIA 73 quickly discovered this thir~t for news and satiated it with more than 200 periodicals between 1886 and the present. Among them were official organs of fraternal-benefit societies, independent dailies, weeklies and monthlies, labor newspapers, satirical journals, religious periodicals and so on. Having realized the importance of the newspaper press to the Slovak community, two journalists made a serious attempt to depict its history. Jan A. Feriencik, mentioned above, made the first attempt at a comprehensive history in "Slovenske prist'ahovalectvo a slovenska spisba v Amerike" (Slovak Immigration and Slovak Letters in America).(24) Since he tried to describe sixty titles in a few pages, his effort was very unbalanced. Moreover, he relied too much on memory and some of his assertions were false. Nevertheless, he did record some titles that have long since disappeared and th.u s he performed a vital service for later historians. Konstantin Culen, a post-World War II emigre journalist, expressed his appreciation to Feriencik and tried to complete the story in Slovenske casopisy v Amerike (Slovak Newspapers in America).(25) He gathered together titles of more than 230 Slovak periodicals published in this country and commented on each although he knew more about some papers and less about others, and thus his book is very uneven. In fact, since he died before the manuscript was completed, his colleague Jozef Pauco tried to finish the job. The periodicals are not organized according to subject, they simply appear in alphabetical order. Furthermore, there is no table of contents and no index. Unless one knows in advance the exact name of a publication, this book is extremely difficult to use. Feriencik and Culen did only half the job. They listed the titles and described the editorial policy of the founders . No one has done a comprehensive history of any one of the major dailies or weeklies . It would be instructive to know, from a content-analysis, how various Slovak newspapers in America viewed this country, its much-vaunted equality and democracy and their perception of the role of their readers. Robert E. Park attempted such a study in his Immigrant Press and Its Control(26) but since he covered so many different nationalities, his assessment was necessarily shallow. A good history of the Slovak press, as well as that of other ethnic groups in America, is sorely needed. Shortly after having recorded the history of their lodges, parishes and newspapers, American Slovaks began to think of the larger story. A few of them started to publish histories of communities that covered members of all denominations . These have since been supplemented 74 SLOVAKIA by works of professional scholarship, although their number remains small. The first attempt at writing local history was made by lgnac Gessay. Hoping to eventually publish a general work on American Slovaks, this newspaper editor began to gather materials about their oldest communities. One of these was Streator, Illinois, in the bituminous coal fields and Gessay presented its story from the 1870s to 1910 in "Streatorski Slovaci a ich pokrok" (Streator Slovaks and their Progress).(27) Since this was a first attempt written for a national almanac, it necessarily gave only the highlights of the story. Better and more comprehensive histories appeared a short while later. Imrich Mazar, a local lodge leader, compiled a remarkable work entitled Dejiny Binghamtonskych Slovakov za dobu styridsat rokov, 1879-1919 (Forty Years of the History of Binghamton Slovaks, 18791919).(28) Mazar interviewed pioneers of the community, consulted church and lodge records and read of his people's exploits in the press. Using such sources he very ably covered the story of all aspects of the community - its general history, the story of its fraternals, churches and clubs and the involvement of the local community in the CzechoSlovak liberation movement of World War I. Jan Pankuch did a similarly excellent job in Dejiny Clevelandskych a Lakewoodskych Slovakov (A History of Cleveland and Lakewood Slovaks). (29) A newspaper editor by profession, Pankuch persevered in his efforts even after the Great Depression had erupted and he published the book with his own dwindling resources. The only major criticisms that one can make of these two books is that they are poorly organized and lack perspective. Since neither Mazar nor Pankuch had any historical training, they dared not judge what was important and what was not. They recorded everything they had heard or discovered in an often haphazard manner and this made the reading of their books difficult. On the other hand, by not rejecting anything, they made their works invaluable sources for a later generation of historians . .. Two scholars interested in American-Slovak history appeared in the 1960s to make good use of previous pioneering efforts. Josef Barton studied the social mobility of three ethnic groups in Cleveland and included the Slovaks among them . In his Peasants and Strangers,(30) a spin-off of his dissertation, he relied quite extensively on Pankuch for the background story. The present writer, commissioned to write a joint history with another author about the Cleveland Slovak community, used Pankuch as a source quite liberally.(31) Hopefully these will be followed by studies of Slovaks in other cities, enabling future historians SLOVAKIA 75 to compare the fortunes of these people in a wide variety of geographical areas, thus gaining a better perspective on the whole story of immigration. Along with recording much local information, American Slovaks naturally desired an overall view of their coming and settlement in various parts of the New World. Once again the pioneers led the way but this undertaking prove~ too much for them. They had to settle for histories written by a later generation of immigrants and these stories are, as yet, incomplete. lgnac Gessay and Jan A. Feriencik first attempted to compile a general history of their people. Gessay, as we have already seen, did not finish the task.(32) Jan Feriencik inherited not only Gessay 's job but also his notes. Supplementing these with his own research, he published " Nacrtok prist'ahovalectva slovenskeho do Ameriky" (A Sketch of Slovak Immigration to America).(33) Relying upon old newspapers , minute-books, Gessay's notes and his own memory, Feriencik produced a useful, if jaundiced (he was very anti-Semitic) survey of the coming of his people to the New World. He had hoped to produce a full-length monograph on this subject but died before he could do so. With Feriencik's death, along with that of most of his firstgeneration colleagues in the 1920s, the task of recording AmericanSlovak history fell to the second generation . Having absolutely no help from Anglo-American historians, who in the first half of the twentieth century seemed completely uninterested in the history of recent immigration, as Arthur M. Schlesinger lamented,(34) the second generation failed to even match the efforts of their fathers. Andrew P . Slabey and Sister M. Martina Tybor are good examples of second-generation American-Slovak scholars . The former was one of the first Slovak university graduates in the United States and he set out to write a " Prehl'ad dejin Slovakov v Amerike " (A Survey of the History of American Slovaks) in 1926 but he did not finish the task until almost fifty years had passed! (35) Not only did he complete his work at a snail's pace but he based much of his first installment on the research of Gessay and Feriencik, whom he neglected to give credit, and his analysis was much inferior to theirs. The second article came largely from memory . In both he seemed more interested in promoting ' 'Czechoslovakism' ' (36) than in a genuine history of his people. Sister M. Martina Tybor, on the other hand, has made use of original sources but she has seldom told the full story . Thus , in " A Composite Picture of a Slovak Immigrant's Early Experiences,"(37) she presented a very good account of how a ' 'typical ' ' immigrant may 76 SLOVAKIA have fared upon arrival in America but she glossed over the many problems he may also have encountered. Similarly, in "Matthew Jankola, 1872-1916: Slovak-American Priest, Leader, Educator, "(38) she presented an interesting biography of this important early leader but again neglected to mention the many problems he had experienced in dealing with other priests and with his lay followers . Neither Slabey nor Tybor produced a full-length monograph. In the absence of any general histories of American Slovaks, two more recent immigrants set out to fill the void. The first was Konstantin Culen, a journalist by profession, who was drawn to the history of American Slovaks by his involvement in politics in the Old Country. Culen determined to examine the nature and extent of the nationalism that had motivated American Slovaks to make an agreement with the Czechs which guaranteed the Slovaks home-rule in the new Republic of Czecho-Slovakia. After having published one book dealing with such nationalism,(39) he decided to broaden his research and, after publishing numerous articles in various almanacs, he completed the very impressive Dejiny Slov<ikov v Amerike (A History of Slovaks in America).(40) In this work he detailed both the social and political history of his countrymen to 1914. He read widely in their newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, books , minute-books and so on and tried, as best he could, to follow the rules of the historical profession. Unfortunately, he fell victim to the temptations of "filiopietism" and began the story with tales of Slovaks having come in the 17th .century , of their having participated in the Revolutionary and Civil Wars and, therefore, having as good a claim to this country as anyone else. Furthermore, he relied too much on Slovak sources , neglecting many English-language studies of immigration at the turn of the century. After the Second World War, with his dreams of an independent Slovakia shattered, Culen immigrated to the United States and tried to carry on his work but found the climate among his people too hostile . He initially worked on the editorial staffs of several American and Canadian Slovak newspapers and publish~d dozens of articles. These were eventually gathered and published in' three important books: J. Slovensky: iivotopis zakladatel'a prvych slovenskych novin v Amerike (J. Slovensky: Biography of the Founder of the First Slovak Newspaper in America);(41) Slovensk e casopisy v Amerike (Slovak Newspapers in America) ;(42) and V zajati falosn ych legiend a nen<ivistneho srdca (Imprisoned by False Legends and a Hateful Heart).(43) In the first of these he recounted how American Slovaks established their oldest newspaper. The second book , which we have already discussed, gave the story of their newspaper press. The third is virtually unknown , for SLOVAKIA 77 he circulated only a few copies to his most trusted friends, but it is also the most important. In it he detailed the hostility which he and many other members of the post-war generation encountered from their lesseducated American countrymen. This is a fascinating phenomenon of rejection of one group oy another based on education and social standing, and since World\ War II it has been typical of many ethnic groups in the United States. Culen had so many arguments with American-Slovak leaders that he was virtually expelled from the community and died alienated from it in 1964. Shortly thereafter the present writer began to follow in Culen's footsteps. Born in Slovakia but educated in North America, he began a study of the political participation of his people in the World War I liberation movement(44) and then turned to their social history. Having used some of their parish and lodge records, supplemented by newspaper articles, he published ''The Slovak Immigrant is Not Anonymous," (45) in which he called on other scholars of immigration to make use of such sources. A little later he detailed some of the problems his countrymen had encountered with the largely IrishCatholic Church in America(46) and he also wrote a brief history of the Cleveland Slovak community.(47) At present he is preparing his dissertation, "Immigration and Urbanization: The Slovak Experience, 1870-1918"(48) for publication as a book. Meanwhile, in the decades since the Second World War, a few people have also concerned themselves with biographies of Slovak pioneers to this country. Konstantin Culen wrote a brief treatise on Jan Slovensky, founder of the first Slovak newspaper in America. (49) While he described adequately Slovensky' s early life and his work in the United States, he did not know all the circumstances surrounding his death by suicide and the work thus remains incomplete. Vincent Holecek, a self-styled historian of Slovaks all over the world, produced a short biography of P. V. Rovnianek entitled Slava a poniienie (Glory and Shame)(50) but ended it in 1907, before Rovnianek's tragic bankruptcy and, thus, also failed to tell the whole story. Jozef Pauco glorified the lives of Stefan Furdek and Matus Jankola(51) and later compiled Slovenski priekopnici v Amerike (Slovak Pioneers in America),(52) which covered the lives of fifty-five important and unimportant countrymen (there seemed to be no rationale for their selection). Finally, Sister M. Martina Tybor eulogized Matus Jankola in two very similar articles published in different joumals.(53) With the exception of Culen, all of the above were more concerned with edifying their subjects than with reaching critical and balanced conclusions. 78 SLOVAKIA Clearly this is another area of American-Slovak history that needs elaboration. The study of Slovak immigration, however, has not been confined to residents of North America. After the communist takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1948 a new school of Marxist historians appeared and some of them took an interest in their brethren overseas. Utilizing new disciplines such as demography and uncovering hitherto unprocessed county documents, they added new dimensions to the study of immigration, especially to its impact on the home country. Jim Sveton, a demographer , led the way. In his "Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo v obdobi uhorskeho kapitalizmu" (Slovak Emigration in the Era of Hungarian Capitalism),(54) he studied the impact of mass migration on the remaining population. Using village birth and death records, he calculated the net loss of population due to emigration and discovered that the Slovaks were second only to the Irish in per capita emigration and population decline in the 19th century. These views were further elaborated in Obyvatel'stvo Slovenska za kapitalizmu (The Population of Slovakia Under Capitalism).(55) Jan Hanzlik followed in Sveton' s footsteps and in four articles showed the high level to which the new discipline of demography had risen. His "Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo na prahu imperializmu" (Slovak Emigration on the Threshold of Imperialism)(56) dealt with the net loss of population due to emigration based on village censuses for the heaviest years of migration, 1901-1910. In "Vyst'ahovalectvo z vychodneho Slovenska" (Emigration from Eastern Slovakia)(57) he focused on that region of the country which had lost the most people and blamed the Magyars for the exodus because they had refused to industrialize Hungary. He expanded his research in "Vyvoj obyvatel'stva na Slovensku v obdobi 1869-1961 " (The Evolution of the Population of Slovakia in the Years 1861-1961). (58) Besides studying the impact emigration had had on the population for over a hundred years , he also blamed the Czechs for having prompted the industrialization of Bohemia-Moravia at th\ expense of Slovakia after 1918 and thus having contributed to the contiQued emigration of Slovaks from their native land in the twentieth century. Finally, in ' ' Zaciatky vyst'ahovalectva zo Slovenska do USA a jeho priebeh az do roku 1918, jeho priciny a nasledky" (The Beginnings of Slovak Emigration to America, Its Causes and Consequences to 1918),(59) Hanzlik summarized his research and that of other interested scholars and presented a very creditable interpretation of the impact of Slovak emigration to 1918. SLOVAKIA 79 Once their demographer-colleagues had opened the field, Marxist historians also began to take notice of emigration. Ladislav Tajtak focused on that part of the country which had lost the most people in ''Vychodoslovenske vyst'ahovalectvo do prvej svetovej vojny'' (Eastern Slovak Emigration to the Fill.st World War)(60) and he carefully showed which of the eastern countries had lost the largest numbers and why. In a later work, "K zaciatkom Amerikansko-Slovenskych Novin" (Concerning the Beginnings of Amerik<insko-Slovenske Noviny)(6l) he traced, for the first time since Culen's Janka Slovensky, the history of the first Slovak newspaper in America. Frantisek Bielik and Elo Rakos, meanwhile, collected and published the most relevant documents pertaining to emigration in Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo: Dokumenty I, do roku 1918 (Slovak Emigration: Documents I, to 1918)(62) and a little later documents to 1939 in a book with a similar title. (63) They also provided a good introduction to both sets of documents. Finally, Milos Gosiorovsky legitimized all this concern with countrymen in capitalist America by publishing ''Frantisek Pucher-Ciernovodsky a robotnicke hnutie" (Frantisek Pucher-Ciernovodsky and the Workers' Movement)(64) in which he tried to link the workers' (communist) movements of the two worlds. Even though scholars in Slovakia have taken notice of their countrymen abroad, their perspective has been limited by ideological considerations. As I have pointed out in "Agrarian Problems in Slovakia, 1848-1918: An Historiographic Essay,"(65) Marxist scholars in the Old World must tow the party line. Thus, they can cite the works of Konstantin Culen and other ''bourgeois'' writers only at great peril to their own freedom and they have had to embellish their books and articles with liberal references to Marx, Lenin (and Stalin in the 1950s) and other prophets of the new order. Furthermore, these scholars can seldom, if ever, travel to the United States, and thus rich AmericanSlovak archives are beyond their reach. Therefore, they have necessarily concentrated on the impact of emigration on the home country and have only touched on the history of their countrymen abroad. Another approach to the study of immigration has been the novel. While traditional scholarly works have analyzed the nature and experience of the ethnic community in the midst of a new environment, the novel has become an important vehicle for understanding the dynamics of the situation and for expressing the feelings of the people . American Slovaks have been pleased with three outstanding novelists in this regard - Thomas Bell, Michael Novak and Sonya Jason. Bell , in Out of this Furnace ,(66) provided a moving account of 80 SLOVAKIA the sufferings of the first three generations in the steel mills of Braddock, Pennsylvania. His book was so painfully realistic that most of his countrymen avoided reading it. In a different vein Michael Novak described the difficulties that an upwardly-mobile third-generation American Slovak encountered in coping with the largely Anglo-Saxon world in Naked I Leave(67) and in the more analytical Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics .(68) Finally, Sonya Jason, also a product of a Pennsylvania steel town, portrayed the reaction of a third-generation woman to the insatiable demands of American armies for immigrant bodies in Concommitant Soldier: Woman and War.(69) One can only lament the dearth of such novels in the United States. While various aspects of Slovak immigration have been covered by members of this ethnic group, native Americans have seldom noticed these people and when they have, it has been either in the context of nativism or else as a part of the history of immigration in general. Nativism , that ideological disease which breeds hostility towards immigrants, infected the minds of some Americans at the tum of the century, causing them to write books extremely hostile to the ''new'' immigrants from Southeastern Europe, from whence the Slovaks came. Howard B. Grose, for instance, in a book aimed at Protestant Missionaries entitled Aliens or Americans?(70) deemed the newcomers to be a "heathen" threat to America and advocated their forceful conversion to Protestant Christianity in order to "Americanize" them. The theme of the immigrant "menace" also found its way into socalled scholarly works. Annie Marian Maclean, who fancied herself a "Progressive" social scientist, surveyed Southeastern Europeans in Pennsylvania and published " Life in the Pennsylvania Coal Fields with Particular Reference to Women, '' in a muckrating style that very much pleased the readers of the American Journal of Sociology .(71) Helen L. Wilson and Eunice W. Smith engaged in similar exposes for the AJS , devoting entire articles to individual ethnic groups, among them being "Chicago Housing Conditions , VIII: Among the Slovaks in the Twentieth Ward. "(72) Both of these works, in their lurid descriptions of immigrant ghettoes, warned Americans of the possible destruction of their society through unrestricted immigration. Nativist scholarship reached its pinnacle in an official government report which summarized all the prejudices then rampant in the United States towards Southeastern Europeans: \Established by Theodore Roosevelt in 1907, the Dillingham Co~ission, _on Immigration reported in 1911 that the newcomers, among them the Slovaks, were a menace to American society because they allegedly bred slums, engaged in criminal activities and retarded the labor movement.(73) SLOVAKIA ~ 81 However, as Maldwyn Jones'8.Ild Oscar Handlin have recently shown, the commissioners twisted the statistics to suit their preconceived notions.(74) Ironically enough, if one ignores the conclusions of the commissioners and uses only the raw statistics, one can discover in this Report a great deal of valuable material pertaining to the social history of Slovaks and other Southeastern Europeans in America at the tum of the century. Not all Americans, of course, accepted the findings of the Report or agreed with its conclusions. A small group of scholars, usually members of the "Social Gospel" movement which sought to help the poor and downtrodden, viewed the ''new'' immigrants sympathetically. Their writings served as a healthy counterweight to nativist attacks on these people. One of the first American defenders of Southern and Eastern Europeans was the Rev. Peter Roberts. A member of the Presbyterian Home Mission Society, Roberts set about describing, in great detail, the everyday life of the new immigrants (and these included the Slovaks) in their new social setting. His Anthracite Coal Communities(75) and The New Immigration: A Study of the Industrial and Social Life of Southeastern Europeans in America(76) are classics in sociological analysis. Rather than seeking evidence of these peoples' "inferiority," as various nativists had done, Roberts visited them, observed their habits and concluded that they fit very well into the American capitalist system, even if they did have to start at the bottom. While Roberts dealt with Southeastern Europeans in general, Emily Greene Balch focused on the Slavic nationalities in particular and produced the as yet unsurpassed Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens.(77) By devoting an entire chapter to each Slavic group and then doing a general analysis of them all, she showed the way to later generations of historians. She not only studied American-Slavic communities and talked with their people but also visited their homelands to get a transAtlantic perspective on the whole process of migration. This professor of political economy was so far ahead of her time that to this day no American historian has written a book of comparable depth and scope about the various Slavic ethnic groups in this country. One reason why American historians have not yet superseded Emily Greene Balch is that for generations the former simply ignored the history of Southeastern Europeans. Between the 1920s when the United States passed its restrictive immigration quota laws which presumed that everyone would disappear into the " melting pot " and the 1960s when an ethnic revival swept the country, virtually no books or articles concerned with Slavic immigrants appeared in any major 82 SLOVAKIA historical journals or university presses. A small group of Czech scholars and their sympathizers produced a few interesting studies but these paled in comparison to earlier efforts by immigrants themselves. Indeed, even when a few American historians did begin to notice the Slavs in the 1960s, their studies remained very superficial. The first Czech scholar to write about American Slovaks was Tomas Capek of New York. A lawyer by profession, he accepted a commission from the National Slovak Society and wrote The Slovaks of Hungary: Slavs and Pan-Slavism,(78) which was in effect the first history of these people in the English language. Later he and his son published The Czechoslovaks, the second half of which dealt with the Slovaks under the heading The Slovaks in America . (79) The latter work, consisting chiefly of impressions gathered from various informants, was vastly inferior to the first study which was grounded on a stronger scholarly base. However, since these were virtually the only studies of American Slovaks in the English language, leaders of the community which they described did treasure them. Josef Slabey Roucek followed in the Capeks' footsteps and tried to carry on their work. One of the few sociologists in the United States who could read various Slavic languages in the 1930s and 1940s, Roucek did write several articles about these peoples including ''The Passing of American Czechoslovaks.'' (80) In this and in similar works about other Slavic groups, Roucek bowed to the current ideology and predicted the rapid disappearance of all ethnic Americans into the ''melting pot.'' Since he was virtually alone in his concern for American Slavs, Roucek by default dominated this field for many years. Virtually his only competitor was Andrew A. Marchbin. The latter wrote peripherally about the Slovaks in "Early Emigration from Hungary to Canada," (81) and in " Hungarian Activities in Western Pennsylvania.'' (82) While Roucek tended to mix the Slovaks together with the Czechs, Marchbin mixed them with the Magyars, since he dealt with an earlier period. The latter did, however, mention the problems that divided the Slovaks from the Magyars while Roucek tried to cover up the differences between Czechs and Slovaks. In any case, both sociologists were good representatives of the dearth of American ethnic studies until the 1960s. In the decade of Vietnam and the Black Revolution , certain American scholars finally came to the reaJization that ethnicity was here to stay. Nathan Glazer and Daniel P . Moynihan said as much in their Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroe's, Puerto Ricans, Jews , Italians and Irish of New York City. (83) Influenced by these and other sociological works, a few historians set out to systematically collect SLOVAKIA 83 materials pertaining to immigrant history and to write books and articles about Southeastern Europeans who had for so long been neglected by American scholars . Timothy L. Smith helped establish the Immigrant Archives of the University of Minnesota in 1963 and he also urged fellow-historians in "New Approaches to the History of Immigration in Tw~ntieth-C~ntury America" (84) to study the longneglected peoples of Souther.n and Eastern Europe . While he seemed to be going against the tide in stressing the assimilation of these people in this and in subsequent articles ,(85) he did study the Slovaks, among others, and he did bring the attention of America's scholars to this neglected area of historical inquiry. His colleague Victor R. Greene, meanwhile , focused on the Poles and Lithuanians and peripherally on the Slovaks in Slavs on Strike: Immigrant Labor in Pennsylvania Anthracite, (86) the first major work about these peoples since the 1920s! If one were to fault either of these scholars , it would be for their preoccupation with the history of several ethnic groups at once while neglecting to study any one of them in any great detail. Smith always speaks of several ethnic groups in his articles and too often assumes that they are all alike in their reaction to such American institutions as the public schools.(87) Greene, similarly, always speaks of the "Slavs" when, in reality, he is dealing only with the Poles and a few Lithuanians , and the latter are not Slavs. This practice is apparent in most of his articles and it often leads him to make erroneous conclusions about non-Poles.(88) The present writer sees in Smith 's and Greene 's articles a bit of the bias of the American historical profession . It is all right for Kenneth Lockridge or John Demos or Philip Grev en to devote entire monographs to tiny English settlements in New England(89) but somehow it is not all right for Timothy Smith or Victor Greene to study only the Slovaks, or Poles, or Croats, or other Southeastern Europeans. The assumption exists among most members of the profession that White Anglo-Saxon peoples are more important than other ethnic groups and , therefore , deserve more attention while the Slavs or even the Southeastern Europeans must be treated as a whole because individually they are not very important . Trying to overcome such discrimination should be one of the objectives of a future generation of historians. CONCLUSION It should be apparent, the refore, that the historiography of Slovak immigration to America has undergone many changes and that much of the story remains untold . Until very recently the best works on this 84 SLOVAKIA subject were those written by the pioneers themselves . Long before professional historians even bothered to study immigration, various ethnic leaders began to gather and read manuscript and printed materials of the past, they interviewed ''old timers " before oral history became fashionable and they made predictions about their communities that were uncannily accurate. Such ground-breaking efforts disprove Edward N. Saveth ' s charges that histories written by immigrants themselves are of little value because they are filled with filiopietism . (90) While the first generation did a commendable job in recording its people 's past, the second lagged behind and had to be aided by scholars in the Old World and, ultimately, by better-trained members of the third generation. Perhaps reacting to the pressures of ''Americanization,'' few American-born Slovaks bothered to write their own history and those who did so expended less effort at it than had their fathers. Members of the second generation produced no major monographs, only short articles that dealt with some particular aspect of their experience or convictions. Into this vacuum stepped Old World historians like Konstantin Culen who gave American Slovaks their first systematic history and various Marxist scholars who began to treat emigration as a major social problem. Finally , with the ethnic revival of the 1960s there came not only a new interest in immigration by Anglo-American historians like Timothy L. Smith but also a professional treatment of the subject by a new breed of "ethnic" historians such as Josef Barton and Mark Stolarik. The latter two deeply immersed themselves into the sources and began for the first time to reproduce the history of American Slovaks for an English-speaking audience , Barton's and Stolarik 's efforts have un"covered only the tip of the iceberg. In looking at social mobility, for instance, they have studied but the first two generations , and only Roman Catholics at that. The fate of the third and fourth generations remains unknown as does the behavior of the Lutherans, Greek Catholics and Calvinists. Did Slovak Protestants react to America differently from Catholics, as Max Weber would have predicted? If so , then perhaps their history should be studied separately from the majority Catholic group and the differences and similarities should then be compared and contrasted with other American religious and ethnic groups. The role of Slovaks in the American labor movement also remains untold. While the present writer touched upon this story in his dissertation , the total picture is so vast and the evidence is so great that one could devote an entire monograph to it. Attitudes towards manual SLOVAKIA 85 labor, the factory system, unions, strikes, socialism and so on need to be clarified and compared with other ethnic groups in order to rescue American labor history from its preoccupation with the history of unions as institutions and channel it back to the history of the workers themselves. What of those immig\ants who returned home? Slovaks had a return rate of 20 percent. Why did these people not remain in the " promised land?" How did they fare upon their return to the Old Country? Did they have any economic, social, or cultural impact upon their brethren back home? No one has yet dealt with this aspect of immigration. Slovak involvement in American politics also remains a mystery. Which political party did the earliest immigrants support and which do their descendants? Did they join the ' 'city machines' ' immediately and if so, why? Did they have "ward-heelers" of their own or did some other ethnic group perform this function for them? What influence, if any, has the "Slovak vote" had upon local, state and national politics? All of these questions remain unanswered. The whole subject of assimilation also needs more study. Using Milton Gordon's seven steps towards complete or "structural" assimilation,(91) an " index" of assimilation is needed to determine how far American Slovaks have proceeded along this path and to provide a way of comparing them with other ethnic groups. Those who have resisted assimilation should also be studied. What role did their fraternal-benefit societies play in this opposition? Did their concept of family , neighborhood and life in general also lead to rejection of assimilation? Are their values radically different from Anglo-American ones and, if so, are they healthy or dangerous to the host society? Finally , the present state of the community needs attention. Are American-Slovaks happy? Did this country fulfill their aspirations or leave them disappointed? Is there a "generation-gap" in attitudes towards the American way of life? How do Slovaks react to other ethnic groups, particularly blacks? Have they dispersed from their original communities into all parts of the city or have they congregated in certain suburbs and why? Are immigrants in certain regions or cities better off than in others and why? · These are just a few of the questions that need answering. And they need not apply only to Slovaks. The vast majority of Southern and Eastern European ethnic groups have for too long been ignored by American historians.(92) Until we know their stories as well as we do the Anglo-American one, we will not really understand this country. 86 SLOVAKIA FOOTNOTES (1) Obzor (Skalica, Slovakia), July 5 , 1873 and intermittently through July 5 , 1883 . (2) Tovarysstvo (Rufomberok , Slovakia) I (1893), 233-8. (3) Ibid . , III (1900), 293-300. (4) Ibid ., 301-5. (5) Kalendar J ednota, 1899 (Cleveland) , 135-6. (6) Sbornik Narodneho Slovenskeho Spolku (Pittsburgh), I (No. 2-3, 1915), 98-109 . (7) Kalendar Jednota, 1911 , 75-89. (8) Narodny Kalendar (Pittsburgh), 1927-30. (9) Pittsburgh, 1924. (10) Kalendar Jednota, 1906, 33-114 . (11) Kalendar Jednota, 1911, 90-5. (12) Kalendar pre Slovenskych Kalvinov, 1927 (Pittsburgh), 97-147 . (13) Cleveland , 1928. (14) Minneapolis, 1941. (15) Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, 83 (Sept.-Dec. 1972), 151-8. (16) St . Louis, 1955. (17) Cleveland , 1955 . (18) Narodny Kalendar, 1911, 66-77 . (19) Sbornik Narodneho Slovenskeho Spolku, I (No. 2-3, 1915), 90-7. (20) Kalendar pre Slovenskych Kalvinov, 1927, 57-80 . (21) Ibid ., 37-56. (22) Minneapolis, 1938. (23) Cleveland, 1965. (24) Sbornik Narodneho Slovensk eho Spolku, I (No . 2-3, 1915) , 20-39 . (25) Published posthumously in Cleveland, 1970. (26) New York, 1922 . (27) Narodny Kalendar, 1911 , 117-28. (28) Binghamton , New York, 1919. (29) Cleveland, 1930. (30) Cambridge, Mass., 1975 . (31) The Slovak Community of Cleveland (Cleveland, 1978), co-authored with Sister M. Martina Tybor. (32) See above. ' , (33) Sbornik Narodneho Slove nskeho Spolku, I (No . 2-:t. 1915), 9~19 . (34) " The Significance of Immigration in American History, " Th e American Journal of Sociology, 27 (1921), 71-85. It is revealing that this article appeared in a sociology journal and not in an historical one . (35) Narodny Kale ndar, 1926, 41-59 and 1972 , 60-7. SLOVAKIA 87 (36) A "Czechoslovak" is a Czech or Slovak who believes that these two peoples are really one nation and he downplays their cultural differences. (37) Jednota Annual Furdek (Cleveland), 8, (1969) , 3-23. (38) Slovakia (Middletown, Pa.), XXIll (1972) , 161-92. (39) Pittsburghsk<i dohoda (The Pittsburgh Agreement) , Bratislava , 1937. (40) 2 Volumes, Bratislava, 1942. (41) Winnipeg, 1954. (42) Cleveland , 1970. (43) Mimeographed author 's publication , New York, 1961. (44) " The Role of American Slovaks in the Creation of Czecho-Slovakia, 1914-1918," Slovak Studies VIII _(Rome , 1?68). 7-84 . (45) Jednota Annual Furdek, X (~971), 99-105 . (46) See above. (47) See above. (48) Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, 1974 . (49) See above . (50) New York, 1957. (51) Stefan Furdek a slovenske prist'ahovalectuo (Stefan Furdek and Slovak Immigration). Cleveland, 1955; and Matus Jankola, knaz a n<irodouec (Matus Jankola, Priest and Patiot), Danville, Pa . , 1959. (52) Cleveland, 1973. (53) See above and "Father Matthew Jankola, 1872-1916," Slovak Studies, IX (1969) . 75-94. (54) Ekonomicky casopis, 4 (1956), 171-91. (55) Bratislava, 1958. (56) Geograficky casopis, XIII (1961), 195-210. (57) In I.:udovit Holotik (Ed.), Prispeuky k dejin<im uychodneho Slouenska (Contributions to the History of Eastern Slovakia). Bratislava, 1964, 220-32 . (58) Geograficky casopis, 19 (1967). 3-28 . (59) In Josef Polisensky (Ed.), Zaciatky ceskej a slouenskej emigr<icie do USA (The Beginnings of Czech and Slovak Immigration to the U.S.A.) (Bratislava, 1970), 49-96 . (60) Noue obzory (Kosice, Slovakia), Ill (1961), 221-47. (61) In Polisensky , op. cit. , 186-96. (62) Bratislava, 1969. (63) Martin, Slovakia, 1975. (64) In Polisensky, op. cit., 197-207. (65) Histoire sociale/Social History, VII (May , 1974) , 111-20. (66) Boston, 1941. (67) New York, 1970. (68) New York , 1971 . (69) Santa Monica, Calif., 1973. 88 SLOVAKIA (70) New York , 1906. (71) 14 (1908-9). 329-51. (72) 20 (1914), 145-69. (73) Reports of the Immigration Commission, 42 Volumes (Washington, 61st Congress, Senate, 1911). (74) See Maldwyn Jones , American Immigration (Chicago, 1960), 177-82 and Oscar Handlin 's Introduction to the R eports of the Immigration Commission, Volume I (Arno Press Reprint, New York , 1970) , 1-XLVI. (75) 2 volumes, New York, 1904. (76) New York, 1912 . (77) New York, 1910. (78) New York, 1906. (79) New York, 1921. (80) American Journal of Sociology, (1933-4), 611-25 . (81) Slavic Review, Xfil (1934), 127-38. (82) The Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, 23 (1940) , 163-74. (83) New York , 1963. (84) American Historical Review, 71 (July, 1966), 1265-79. (85) See for example " Immigrant Social Aspirations and American Education, 18801930," American Quarterly, XXI (Fall , 1969). 523-43; and "Lay Initiative in the Religious Life of American Immigrants, " in Tamara Hareven (Ed .), Anonymous Americans: Explorations in Nineteenth-Century Social History (Englewood Cliffs, N.J. , 1971) , 214-49. (86) Notre Dame, 1968. (87) "Immigrant Social Aspirations, " op cit. (88) See for example his ''For God and Country: The Origins of Slavic SelfConsciousness in America," Church History, 35 (December, 1966), 1-15 and " Slavic American Nationalism, 1870-1918," in Anna Cienciala (Ed.) , American Contributions to the Seventh International Congress of Slavists, Warsaw , August 21-7, 1973, Vol. ill: H istory (The Hague , 1973) , 197-215 . (89) Ke nneth Lockridge, A New England To wn: The First Hundred Years (New York, 1970); John Demos , A L(ttle Commonweafth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony (New York , 1970) ; and Philip Greven, Four Generations: Population, Land and Family in Colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Ithaca, 1970). (90) American Historian s and European Immigration, 1875-1925 (New York, 1948) . (91) Assimilation in American Life : The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins (New York, 1964) . \ (92) For an excellent analysis of the present state of immigration historiography see Rudolph J . Vecoli, " European Americans : From Immigrants to Ethnics, " in William H . Cartwright and Richard L. Watson (Eds.), The R einterpretation of American History and Culture (Washington , 1973) , 81-112 .  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource From Field to Factory: The Historiography of Slovak Immigration to the United States Description An account of the resource M. Mark Stolarik Slovakia, Vol. 28 (No. 51-52), 1978-79 pp. 66-88 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stolarik, M. Mark, 1943- Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978-79 LCNAF https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/f30c64a4bd4a22b37d12baac6a29f30f.pdf e73e7263a4953f406560710ee0c95f84 PDF Text Text �SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civi<: fedetation of Americans of Slovak descent. The chief purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the S lovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and independence. As Americans, members of the Slovak League of America firrnly beliP. ve that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given r ight to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, S lovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. THE SLOV AK LEAGUE OF AMERICA P . O. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOT A PRESS Mlddletown, Pa. � �SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civi<: fedetation of Americans of Slovak descent. The chief purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the S lovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and independence. As Americans, members of the Slovak League of America firrnly beliP. ve that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given r ight to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, S lovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. THE SLOV AK LEAGUE OF AMERICA P . O. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOT A PRESS Mlddletown, Pa. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1951, Vol. 1 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1951 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 1 (No. 1), May 1951.</li> <li>Issue 2 (No. 2), December 1951.</li> </ul> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <ul><li><a href="https://n2t.net/ark:/13960/s261hfmshm7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>ark:/13960/s261hfmshm7</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://n2t.net/ark:/13960/s21tk2wkzj4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>ark:/13960/s21tk2wkzj4</span></a></li> </ul> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 1951 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/b72760b77ff4568a403a0d8dea2446bc.pdf bf73774357287baf814b134699c23b33 PDF Text Text �8LOYAK1A is published periodiéally by the Slovak L cague of America, a cnlturnl and eh ·i(' federnti011 oť Ame1·irans of Slovak des<·ent. 'ľhe ('hief pm·posc of SLOYAKIA is to lJťomote a better understanding and apprec·iation of the Slovak nation and its lon g sh-ug-gle foľ freeclom and incle penden('e. As Americ·ans, members of the 81ovak League of America firmly believe t hat the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given ľight to freedom and independence. 'Phe_\. aľe dedicatecl to the cause of the J\merican \\'U_\' of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose thľ plague oť Commnnism an d al! otlwr totalitarian political s_vstems. _\'t'H ľ Snbsc·ri ption to Slovakia $1.00 J)ťľ in thf' r. S. J\. - $2.00 elsewher e. Selld subscriptious to: SLOYAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PR ESS Middletown, Pa. � �8LOYAK1A is published periodiéally by the Slovak L cague of America, a cnlturnl and eh ·i(' federnti011 oť Ame1·irans of Slovak des<·ent. 'ľhe ('hief pm·posc of SLOYAKIA is to lJťomote a better understanding and apprec·iation of the Slovak nation and its lon g sh-ug-gle foľ freeclom and incle penden('e. As Americ·ans, members of the 81ovak League of America firmly believe t hat the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given ľight to freedom and independence. 'Phe_\. aľe dedicatecl to the cause of the J\merican \\'U_\' of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose thľ plague oť Commnnism an d al! otlwr totalitarian political s_vstems. _\'t'H ľ Snbsc·ri ption to Slovakia $1.00 J)ťľ in thf' r. S. J\. - $2.00 elsewher e. Selld subscriptious to: SLOYAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PR ESS Middletown, Pa. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1951, Vol. 1 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1951 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 1 (No. 1), May 1951.</li> <li>Issue 2 (No. 2), December 1951.</li> </ul> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context <ul><li><a href="https://n2t.net/ark:/13960/s261hfmshm7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>ark:/13960/s261hfmshm7</span></a></li> <li><a href="https://n2t.net/ark:/13960/s21tk2wkzj4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span>ark:/13960/s21tk2wkzj4</span></a></li> </ul> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 1951 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/564297e124c51acbf8146700e779245b.pdf c8902b44b3741b7f99478e086393dbdd PDF Text Text MARCH- JUNE, 1960 VOL. X IN THIS ISSUE: ST. GERMAIN AND MUNICH SLOV ANICS LN AMERICAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS THE BIRTH OF A SATELLITE MOSCOW'S SMOKE SCREEN IN SLOVAKIA STiA'illS'IIICS ANID POLITICS WELSON AND T. G. MASARYK WAS CZECH THE VEHICLE OF SLOVAK LITERATURE ? BRITISH POLICY AND SLOVAKIA - 1,939- 1945 SLOVAKIA UNDER COMMUNISM NEW BOOKS WHO SAID IT - 6, 17, 20, 49, 61 , 73 • • • Edited and compi led by PH ILIP A. HROBAK SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. • • • Published by TH E SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMER ICA �RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAKIA AND ITS PEOPLE, Oddo; $6.00. SLOVAKIA NATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF CENTRAL EUROPE, Kirschbaum: $5.00. THIS IS SLOVAKIA, Hrusovsky; $1.00. THE SLOVAKS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROM SLOVAK HISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper): $2.00 (cloth cover). THE DELIVERANCE OF SISTER CECILIA, $3.75. THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA, Zubek; $3.50. FALSE FREEDOM, Delaney; $2.00. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. ''CZECHOSLOVAKIA'' - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. UNCONQUERABLES, Pauco; $3.50 "CUDOViT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J. Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00. ♦ ♦ ♦ SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, h::ird struggle for freedom and independence. $1.00 per annum in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � MARCH- JUNE, 1960 VOL. X IN THIS ISSUE: ST. GERMAIN AND MUNICH SLOV ANICS LN AMERICAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS THE BIRTH OF A SATELLITE MOSCOW'S SMOKE SCREEN IN SLOVAKIA STiA'illS'IIICS ANID POLITICS WELSON AND T. G. MASARYK WAS CZECH THE VEHICLE OF SLOVAK LITERATURE ? BRITISH POLICY AND SLOVAKIA - 1,939- 1945 SLOVAKIA UNDER COMMUNISM NEW BOOKS WHO SAID IT - 6, 17, 20, 49, 61 , 73 • • • Edited and compi led by PH ILIP A. HROBAK SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. • • • Published by TH E SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMER ICA �RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAKIA AND ITS PEOPLE, Oddo; $6.00. SLOVAKIA NATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF CENTRAL EUROPE, Kirschbaum: $5.00. THIS IS SLOVAKIA, Hrusovsky; $1.00. THE SLOVAKS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROM SLOVAK HISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper): $2.00 (cloth cover). THE DELIVERANCE OF SISTER CECILIA, $3.75. THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA, Zubek; $3.50. FALSE FREEDOM, Delaney; $2.00. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. ''CZECHOSLOVAKIA'' - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. UNCONQUERABLES, Pauco; $3.50 "CUDOViT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J. Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00. ♦ ♦ ♦ SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, h::ird struggle for freedom and independence. $1.00 per annum in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1960, Vol. 10 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 6 [sic] (No. 31), March-June 1960.</li> <li>Issue 7 [sic] (No. 32), September-December 1960.</li> </ul> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document MARCH- JUNE, 1960 VOL. X IN THIS ISSUE: ST. GERMAIN AND MUNICH SLOV ANICS LN AMERICAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS THE BIRTH OF A SATELLITE MOSCOW'S SMOKE SCREEN IN SLOVAKIA STiA'illS'IIICS ANID POLITICS WELSON AND T. G. MASARYK WAS CZECH THE VEHICLE OF SLOVAK LITERATURE ? BRITISH POLICY AND SLOVAKIA - 1,939- 1945 SLOVAKIA UNDER COMMUNISM NEW BOOKS WHO SAID IT - 6, 17, 20, 49, 61 , 73 • • • Edited and compi led by PH ILIP A. HROBAK SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. • • • Published by TH E SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMER ICA RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAKIA AND ITS PEOPLE, Oddo; $6.00. SLOVAKIA NATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF CENTRAL EUROPE, Kirschbaum: $5.00. THIS IS SLOVAKIA, Hrusovsky; $1.00. THE SLOVAKS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROM SLOVAK HISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper): $2.00 (cloth cover). THE DELIVERANCE OF SISTER CECILIA, $3.75. THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA, Zubek; $3.50. FALSE FREEDOM, Delaney; $2.00. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. ''CZECHOSLOVAKIA'' - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. UNCONQUERABLES, Pauco; $3.50 "CUDOViT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J. Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00. ♦ ♦ ♦ SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, h::ird struggle for freedom and independence. $1.00 per annum in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 10, No. 6 (31) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March-June 1960 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/c9ed2e91498017d25650811bd9236dcb.pdf 8dea548c4a3cbc31b7702391beb76524 PDF Text Text VOL. X SEPTEMBER- DECEMBER, l lr IN THIS ISSUE : J. G. KOHL AND 111-IE SLOVAKS WAS T. G. MASARYK OF SLOVAK OR:IGIN? MAGYAR EXILES AND SLOVA1K,IA CHUR:CHES IN A VISE NEJW S"DRICTURiES ON BBNES CONTEJMiPORARY TENDEJNOIES EN SLOVAK PHILOLOGY LET'S PUT SLOVAK ·I N THE Ol.JiRmCULUM OASTLES OF SLOVAKIA: CACH1'ICE COMMUNIST TACTICAL "FLEXIBILITY " MASARYK'S ROLE IN CENTRAL EUROPE HUMAN RIGHTS AND EX]LES WHEJRE ALL ROADS BND ABOUT 1~fE AUTHORS BOOK RE\li]EWS WHO SAID IT - 6, 13, 24, 37, 64 • • • Edited and compiled by PHILIP A. HROBAK SLOVAKIA P. 0 . Box 150 Middletown, Pa . • • • Published by T H E SLOVAK LEAGU E OF AMERI CA �RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAK.IA AND ITS PEOPLE, Oddo; $6.00. NATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF CENTRAL SLOVAK.IA EUROPE, Kirschbaum; $5.00. THIS IS SLOVAKIA, Hrusovsky; $1.00. THE SLOVAKS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROl\l SLOVAK IIISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper); $2.00 (cloth cover). THE DELIVERANCE OF SISTER CECILIA, $3.75. THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA , Zubek; $3.50. FALSE FREEDOM., Delaney; $2.00. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. "CZECHOSLOVAKIA'' - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. UNCONQUERABLES, Pauco; $3.50 I;UDOViT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J . Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00. ♦ ♦ ♦ SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, harJ struggle for freedom and independence. $1.00 per annum in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. �SLO VAK IA Published by the Slovak League of Ame rica VOL. X NO. 7 (32 ) SE PTEMBER- DIECEM'BE'R, 1960 1 Accordi111g to tts new Oonsti'tu,. tion, the old Masarylk.JBenes Czecho-&lovak Republic (CSR) is now offieia,l,ey caliled the Czecho-&lovak Socialist Repulblic (CSSR). Weill, that haipless country was a socialistic state froon its inception. Masaeyk and Benes, and their con,t roHed proipa,gianda a,pparatus, told the world that CSR meant Czecho-Slovak Repulblic, but to the Ozechs it ailways did mean Czech Soc ial ist Republic. Adding one more S" to the aibbre'Via<ted furm reaiH,y changed nothirug, ex:cept perhaps to have CSSR read: OZE• liigion or ,go to the Saicraiments. Slovak teachers who attend Mass are blaclclisted and ultimately replaced. "'IlHEY NiEViER HAID IT SO GOOD" is continued to be used by the Czechs in reference to the Slovaks. Nothing has changed in this regard: Masa,cyk a,nd Benes used the e:,cpression before the Czech Reds took over. ]n eastern Slo,v akia, however, accordring to the communist dai1ly RRiA.VlDA, peoiple 'look in vain for chlildren's wear, ladies underthings, and furORD-SOVIET SOOiiA[.JSf!' REPUB- nitmre; chocofate candy, too, is LIC. The Slovaks have n-0 voice. ra,reLy found in, the stores. 11 AlN A'I10MIC HESEAIRCH CEINRED PRIAGll.JE blows hot and 'I1ER was recen1tlry set up by Czech cold on Israel. I1: used to f.Ull'nish a,tomic ®ecialists in Rez, a villa;ge just north of Praig,ue. 'I1he project wa's under the directi.on atomdc specialists. o,£ Russi-an Czech techniciws M"e being trained by the Soviet Russian engineer Roonanov. Thus far some eiighty lai,ge buildings hav-e been built; nearing coonpletion i s a radrio-chemical research institute which is 140 meters 1-ong. 1 Israel with weapons and m11.mitions; a[so toohnici,a ns. Then it held odif support for a while. Now the Czech Red'S have odifered Israeli authorities data on the Eichmann case to emlbarrass and discredit Gerunan,y and its people in the eyes of the world. Tlhe old Czech game of duplicity never ends. . WiHiAT H.AiPiPIIDNm to the so" " "' 'IlHlE BRI.ATISLA.1\7A RJAD[O, on catlled ''Council of Free CzechosloNovemlber 17, related about the vadcia"? Ax:cording to t,h e Czechs prdblem of gara,ges, revea'1ing that themsie1'ves, it foH apart soone there were no mor,e than 300 au- months a•go when adl but representos i,n Kosice, the second 1-ai,gest tatives of the Czech Nazis wandoned it. J. Lett.rich, Fr. Nemec,. city in Slovakia. R. Frastaoky, Fedor Hodza, Ste• • • 'IlHJE CZECH REDS in~st thait. phen Osusky, J . Cerny, J. Mrazek,. aill teachers in Slovakia break with A. Heidrich, A. Prochazlm, V. Ma-the Cathollic Ohurch and becoone I jer, aind V. Fedinec alleged[,y quit the chief propagators of atheism. 1the outfit because they were fed' Their childtren must not study re- wp wtllth Dr. Peter Zenkl's dicta<to- �2 SLOVAKIA rial condluct. After Dr. Hulbert Riiipka's death, Dr. Zenkil was regarded as No. 1 representaltive Olf the late Dr. Edward Benes' Czech National Socia,list ~Czech Nazi) Party. tics, 638,516 people owned regular radio sets in 1960, whJ1le 74,778 people had "wired" broadcasts. The population o,f Sloivakia is over the four mi1b!Jio·n m'a rk. DR. m'I1E)R ZElNlKIL s~gned the recerut memorandtliIIl Olf the OFC anent the forced eJQPU!lsion Olf the Sudeten Germans, a<Xording to which the Czechs under Zenkl declare that the "Gemna,n question" Olf Czecho.SloV'alcia is forever settled. The memo caused quite a stir in West Germany and a:lso aimong exiJe growps in the USA. Dr. Zemel happens to be the chairma,n Olf the Aissemfbliy oif Captive European Nlabions organization, so the memo Olf the OFC casts a darlk shadoiw over the latter. This is deeply resented by the represenltati<ves of the other exiQe growps oif AIOEN. The No. 1, Czech Nazi's days as chairman oif ACEN defrnitelry seem to be numlbered. "SIU'N[)!AJY NIEIE(I) NlOT BE ON SUINIDAIY," accordin,g to the Bratislav,a 'PRAOA' 'oif Novel!lllber 27. Czech Reds tel11 the Slovaks tha-t the work week wiU be shortened from 48 to 40 hours, BIUT quotas must be met. In other words : what can be done in. 48 hours, IDJUst be done in 40. When the chanige will cOIIIle, however, no one see<rns to know. "A da\Y Olf rest," says the Red mouthpiece,- "can be any day, no't necessarily Sunday, a,nd when the Party orders the people to work on Slunday, the(Y must work on Sunday." Obv<iouslry, the Reds wihl never quirt fighting religion. The vast madority oif Slovak.s are Catholic; they want to go to church on Sund!ay, but the Reds say: the Party comes first! OCTOOER 4, 1960, marked the bi..cen'tennial oif the birth oif the great Slovak ,patriot Alexander Cardinal Rudnay who wHl always be rememlbered :fior his expres,. sion: "I aim a Slovak, and I shall remaJn a Slovak even ilf I occwpy the chalir oif Peter!" Born in Svaty Kriz nad VahOIIIl, Slovakia, October 4, 1760, Cardinal Rudnaiy died Sepbemiber IB, 11831. THIE 60 BUSIES of Spisska Nova Ves, Slovakia, are equirprped with radio receivers, the "Praca" paper Olf Biratisl:a,va informs its readers. It adds, however, that soonebod\Y is qutite negligent, because the radios that function can be C01U,nited on the firugers Olf one hand. I!N SLOVAlIGA the people are bei'll!g heavily lectured on the ''conlfllict between science and reliigion." The Red;s under the tutetage oif Moscow must prove to the Slov~s thait ".r,elilgion is necessacy on,1,y for the weak, the strong do not need it." 'I1hat's 1ike tehlillJg the Slovaks they do not need s.clt! • • • .BRAYIERiBOOKS are ndt avail- alble for the people Olf Slovakia. Almeri-can cousins have been anS1Wering the caMs for more, but the Ozech Red regime began to stamp· the Heims "not allowed" and returned them to the senders. Now we learn tha.t the Redis decided to pr:init a111d sell prayerbooks to Slovaks in the USA to get more Almericam, $$$. Now they tell the Slovaks that the short• AOCORDIING TO od'lficial startis- a,g e oif prayerbook!s is caused by �SLOVAKIA American .iJmiperiaHsts. The Reds and are don't miss a trielk constantly thinking up new ones to deceive and coruf.use their slaves. • • • R.AID[O FREE EUROBE has re- organized ills "Czec'ho-Sllo,v ak" unirt in Munich, firing 18 emp}oyoos: Bena,, Koditun, Kuihanek, Eriban, Meloun, Schneider, Pejslmr, Suda, Stolick,a, Schott, Sklilbova, Vanek (-a,H Czechs); and Bel"ger-Belak, Kovac, Petrovic, Kr,uxliak, Sepiilk:o, and Steifaneik (Slovaks). Jit seems thart A,merican '"l1R'UTH DOULJAlRS" have caused a lot of people to stra,y from the truth, and we don't necessard1y mean any of those fired either. Let's see how man.y fomner ~ emploiyees spied for the Red Czech's? THIE OAIUSE of the latest wholesaJe dismissail has been zeatlously kept from the notice of America,n s who paiy the biUs for the muliti-miHion-dohlar RIAIDIO FRi0E EUROOE organization. Now we have it from our Munich source that the aibove were fired because they were among the 28 Slovak and Czech employees who had dared to protest agalinst the appointment of one Osiwa:ld Kositrlb1a as head of the Czecho-Sfovak section by the boss of RIFE's opera.ti'n,g center in Munich, Eric Hazeilhoif. When the smoke deared, Hazelhof was forced to resign, a-long with M. C. MaoNei4rl, the _pers0Tu11ell ,d irrector, anld David Penn, a politilcal conrsurlitant. The protest against Kosltrba charged that Kosrtroa• was not quaHfied• for the jolb, opposed to R'FIE's goals, and comrpromi'sed by strorug pro-COIIIllmundst contacts which da;ted bacik to the war and Dr. Benes' espiona,g•e 3 outfit. Kostr;ba, the protesrtors clalirned, was assocfated with L. Freund (Frejka), a communisit agent later executed by the Czech Reds Ln, the Slansiky trial (:1952), and wiith one Mr. Frenzel', a Bavarian deputy recentI,y arrested by the Bavarian poHce fur his connection with the Kostrlba gro,uip. lit is not a secrelt that wilthin the past four or five years more than a dozen of the R'FIE's Czech staff embarrassed its sponsor by defecting to the Ea,s t and then, vi.liif~n,g them from Radfo Pralgue. In 195:8 one F. Machacek jumped the curain. Two y,e ars earlier, the Frenth poHce had repo1'1ed· him as an enemy a,gent, but the RJFIE stubbomil y insisted on retairrin,g him as irts Czech represenltatirve in Paris. The reward for exiposiirug Czech Red a•g ents in RJFlE: dismissa'1. MBlions of "Truth Dol'lars" coJilected from Americans by the Cruisad-e For 'Freedom went to the crusaders for slavecy. wm Amerkans ever learn? The least we can do: r~ ques,t Congress to investilgate Radio Free ffiuwpe and the other acrtivities of the Free Europe Coanmi ttee. OZEOH REOS seem to enjoy havin1g their country caHed "the arsena,l of the communiist wor.ld." Wearpon.s and munitions are going to Cwba, Red China, Laos, and the Africa,n counrtries. Technicians a'lso·. The Czechs seem to be the "chosen people" of Moscow. Mlasaryrk, a·n d Benes certainrly worked •~mirades" with the Czechs from 1918 to 194'8, makd•n g their natlion as Red as the bloody emipire olf Moscow. Fo·r thiSJ the United Sta•tes honored T. G. Ma&aryk with a "Champion Olf Lilberty" postage stamp. What mockery! � VOL. X SEPTEMBER- DECEMBER, l lr IN THIS ISSUE : J. G. KOHL AND 111-IE SLOVAKS WAS T. G. MASARYK OF SLOVAK OR:IGIN? MAGYAR EXILES AND SLOVA1K,IA CHUR:CHES IN A VISE NEJW S"DRICTURiES ON BBNES CONTEJMiPORARY TENDEJNOIES EN SLOVAK PHILOLOGY LET'S PUT SLOVAK ·I N THE Ol.JiRmCULUM OASTLES OF SLOVAKIA: CACH1'ICE COMMUNIST TACTICAL "FLEXIBILITY " MASARYK'S ROLE IN CENTRAL EUROPE HUMAN RIGHTS AND EX]LES WHEJRE ALL ROADS BND ABOUT 1~fE AUTHORS BOOK RE\li]EWS WHO SAID IT - 6, 13, 24, 37, 64 • • • Edited and compiled by PHILIP A. HROBAK SLOVAKIA P. 0 . Box 150 Middletown, Pa . • • • Published by T H E SLOVAK LEAGU E OF AMERI CA �RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAK.IA AND ITS PEOPLE, Oddo; $6.00. NATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF CENTRAL SLOVAK.IA EUROPE, Kirschbaum; $5.00. THIS IS SLOVAKIA, Hrusovsky; $1.00. THE SLOVAKS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROl\l SLOVAK IIISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper); $2.00 (cloth cover). THE DELIVERANCE OF SISTER CECILIA, $3.75. THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA , Zubek; $3.50. FALSE FREEDOM., Delaney; $2.00. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. "CZECHOSLOVAKIA'' - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. UNCONQUERABLES, Pauco; $3.50 I;UDOViT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J . Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00. ♦ ♦ ♦ SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, harJ struggle for freedom and independence. $1.00 per annum in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. �SLO VAK IA Published by the Slovak League of Ame rica VOL. X NO. 7 (32 ) SE PTEMBER- DIECEM'BE'R, 1960 1 Accordi111g to tts new Oonsti'tu,. tion, the old Masarylk.JBenes Czecho-&lovak Republic (CSR) is now offieia,l,ey caliled the Czecho-&lovak Socialist Repulblic (CSSR). Weill, that haipless country was a socialistic state froon its inception. Masaeyk and Benes, and their con,t roHed proipa,gianda a,pparatus, told the world that CSR meant Czecho-Slovak Repulblic, but to the Ozechs it ailways did mean Czech Soc ial ist Republic. Adding one more S" to the aibbre'Via<ted furm reaiH,y changed nothirug, ex:cept perhaps to have CSSR read: OZE• liigion or ,go to the Saicraiments. Slovak teachers who attend Mass are blaclclisted and ultimately replaced. "'IlHEY NiEViER HAID IT SO GOOD" is continued to be used by the Czechs in reference to the Slovaks. Nothing has changed in this regard: Masa,cyk a,nd Benes used the e:,cpression before the Czech Reds took over. ]n eastern Slo,v akia, however, accordring to the communist dai1ly RRiA.VlDA, peoiple 'look in vain for chlildren's wear, ladies underthings, and furORD-SOVIET SOOiiA[.JSf!' REPUB- nitmre; chocofate candy, too, is LIC. The Slovaks have n-0 voice. ra,reLy found in, the stores. 11 AlN A'I10MIC HESEAIRCH CEINRED PRIAGll.JE blows hot and 'I1ER was recen1tlry set up by Czech cold on Israel. I1: used to f.Ull'nish a,tomic ®ecialists in Rez, a villa;ge just north of Praig,ue. 'I1he project wa's under the directi.on atomdc specialists. o,£ Russi-an Czech techniciws M"e being trained by the Soviet Russian engineer Roonanov. Thus far some eiighty lai,ge buildings hav-e been built; nearing coonpletion i s a radrio-chemical research institute which is 140 meters 1-ong. 1 Israel with weapons and m11.mitions; a[so toohnici,a ns. Then it held odif support for a while. Now the Czech Red'S have odifered Israeli authorities data on the Eichmann case to emlbarrass and discredit Gerunan,y and its people in the eyes of the world. Tlhe old Czech game of duplicity never ends. . WiHiAT H.AiPiPIIDNm to the so" " "' 'IlHlE BRI.ATISLA.1\7A RJAD[O, on catlled ''Council of Free CzechosloNovemlber 17, related about the vadcia"? Ax:cording to t,h e Czechs prdblem of gara,ges, revea'1ing that themsie1'ves, it foH apart soone there were no mor,e than 300 au- months a•go when adl but representos i,n Kosice, the second 1-ai,gest tatives of the Czech Nazis wandoned it. J. Lett.rich, Fr. Nemec,. city in Slovakia. R. Frastaoky, Fedor Hodza, Ste• • • 'IlHJE CZECH REDS in~st thait. phen Osusky, J . Cerny, J. Mrazek,. aill teachers in Slovakia break with A. Heidrich, A. Prochazlm, V. Ma-the Cathollic Ohurch and becoone I jer, aind V. Fedinec alleged[,y quit the chief propagators of atheism. 1the outfit because they were fed' Their childtren must not study re- wp wtllth Dr. Peter Zenkl's dicta<to- �2 SLOVAKIA rial condluct. After Dr. Hulbert Riiipka's death, Dr. Zenkil was regarded as No. 1 representaltive Olf the late Dr. Edward Benes' Czech National Socia,list ~Czech Nazi) Party. tics, 638,516 people owned regular radio sets in 1960, whJ1le 74,778 people had "wired" broadcasts. The population o,f Sloivakia is over the four mi1b!Jio·n m'a rk. DR. m'I1E)R ZElNlKIL s~gned the recerut memorandtliIIl Olf the OFC anent the forced eJQPU!lsion Olf the Sudeten Germans, a<Xording to which the Czechs under Zenkl declare that the "Gemna,n question" Olf Czecho.SloV'alcia is forever settled. The memo caused quite a stir in West Germany and a:lso aimong exiJe growps in the USA. Dr. Zemel happens to be the chairma,n Olf the Aissemfbliy oif Captive European Nlabions organization, so the memo Olf the OFC casts a darlk shadoiw over the latter. This is deeply resented by the represenltati<ves of the other exiQe growps oif AIOEN. The No. 1, Czech Nazi's days as chairman oif ACEN defrnitelry seem to be numlbered. "SIU'N[)!AJY NIEIE(I) NlOT BE ON SUINIDAIY," accordin,g to the Bratislav,a 'PRAOA' 'oif Novel!lllber 27. Czech Reds tel11 the Slovaks tha-t the work week wiU be shortened from 48 to 40 hours, BIUT quotas must be met. In other words : what can be done in. 48 hours, IDJUst be done in 40. When the chanige will cOIIIle, however, no one see<rns to know. "A da\Y Olf rest," says the Red mouthpiece,- "can be any day, no't necessarily Sunday, a,nd when the Party orders the people to work on Slunday, the(Y must work on Sunday." Obv<iouslry, the Reds wihl never quirt fighting religion. The vast madority oif Slovak.s are Catholic; they want to go to church on Sund!ay, but the Reds say: the Party comes first! OCTOOER 4, 1960, marked the bi..cen'tennial oif the birth oif the great Slovak ,patriot Alexander Cardinal Rudnay who wHl always be rememlbered :fior his expres,. sion: "I aim a Slovak, and I shall remaJn a Slovak even ilf I occwpy the chalir oif Peter!" Born in Svaty Kriz nad VahOIIIl, Slovakia, October 4, 1760, Cardinal Rudnaiy died Sepbemiber IB, 11831. THIE 60 BUSIES of Spisska Nova Ves, Slovakia, are equirprped with radio receivers, the "Praca" paper Olf Biratisl:a,va informs its readers. It adds, however, that soonebod\Y is qutite negligent, because the radios that function can be C01U,nited on the firugers Olf one hand. I!N SLOVAlIGA the people are bei'll!g heavily lectured on the ''conlfllict between science and reliigion." The Red;s under the tutetage oif Moscow must prove to the Slov~s thait ".r,elilgion is necessacy on,1,y for the weak, the strong do not need it." 'I1hat's 1ike tehlillJg the Slovaks they do not need s.clt! • • • .BRAYIERiBOOKS are ndt avail- alble for the people Olf Slovakia. Almeri-can cousins have been anS1Wering the caMs for more, but the Ozech Red regime began to stamp· the Heims "not allowed" and returned them to the senders. Now we learn tha.t the Redis decided to pr:init a111d sell prayerbooks to Slovaks in the USA to get more Almericam, $$$. Now they tell the Slovaks that the short• AOCORDIING TO od'lficial startis- a,g e oif prayerbook!s is caused by �SLOVAKIA American .iJmiperiaHsts. The Reds and are don't miss a trielk constantly thinking up new ones to deceive and coruf.use their slaves. • • • R.AID[O FREE EUROBE has re- organized ills "Czec'ho-Sllo,v ak" unirt in Munich, firing 18 emp}oyoos: Bena,, Koditun, Kuihanek, Eriban, Meloun, Schneider, Pejslmr, Suda, Stolick,a, Schott, Sklilbova, Vanek (-a,H Czechs); and Bel"ger-Belak, Kovac, Petrovic, Kr,uxliak, Sepiilk:o, and Steifaneik (Slovaks). Jit seems thart A,merican '"l1R'UTH DOULJAlRS" have caused a lot of people to stra,y from the truth, and we don't necessard1y mean any of those fired either. Let's see how man.y fomner ~ emploiyees spied for the Red Czech's? THIE OAIUSE of the latest wholesaJe dismissail has been zeatlously kept from the notice of America,n s who paiy the biUs for the muliti-miHion-dohlar RIAIDIO FRi0E EUROOE organization. Now we have it from our Munich source that the aibove were fired because they were among the 28 Slovak and Czech employees who had dared to protest agalinst the appointment of one Osiwa:ld Kositrlb1a as head of the Czecho-Sfovak section by the boss of RIFE's opera.ti'n,g center in Munich, Eric Hazeilhoif. When the smoke deared, Hazelhof was forced to resign, a-long with M. C. MaoNei4rl, the _pers0Tu11ell ,d irrector, anld David Penn, a politilcal conrsurlitant. The protest against Kosltrba charged that Kosrtroa• was not quaHfied• for the jolb, opposed to R'FIE's goals, and comrpromi'sed by strorug pro-COIIIllmundst contacts which da;ted bacik to the war and Dr. Benes' espiona,g•e 3 outfit. Kostr;ba, the protesrtors clalirned, was assocfated with L. Freund (Frejka), a communisit agent later executed by the Czech Reds Ln, the Slansiky trial (:1952), and wiith one Mr. Frenzel', a Bavarian deputy recentI,y arrested by the Bavarian poHce fur his connection with the Kostrlba gro,uip. lit is not a secrelt that wilthin the past four or five years more than a dozen of the R'FIE's Czech staff embarrassed its sponsor by defecting to the Ea,s t and then, vi.liif~n,g them from Radfo Pralgue. In 195:8 one F. Machacek jumped the curain. Two y,e ars earlier, the Frenth poHce had repo1'1ed· him as an enemy a,gent, but the RJFIE stubbomil y insisted on retairrin,g him as irts Czech represenltatirve in Paris. The reward for exiposiirug Czech Red a•g ents in RJFlE: dismissa'1. MBlions of "Truth Dol'lars" coJilected from Americans by the Cruisad-e For 'Freedom went to the crusaders for slavecy. wm Amerkans ever learn? The least we can do: r~ ques,t Congress to investilgate Radio Free ffiuwpe and the other acrtivities of the Free Europe Coanmi ttee. OZEOH REOS seem to enjoy havin1g their country caHed "the arsena,l of the communiist wor.ld." Wearpon.s and munitions are going to Cwba, Red China, Laos, and the Africa,n counrtries. Technicians a'lso·. The Czechs seem to be the "chosen people" of Moscow. Mlasaryrk, a·n d Benes certainrly worked •~mirades" with the Czechs from 1918 to 194'8, makd•n g their natlion as Red as the bloody emipire olf Moscow. Fo·r thiSJ the United Sta•tes honored T. G. Ma&aryk with a "Champion Olf Lilberty" postage stamp. What mockery! � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1960, Vol. 10 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 6 [sic] (No. 31), March-June 1960.</li> <li>Issue 7 [sic] (No. 32), September-December 1960.</li> </ul> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document VOL. X SEPTEMBER- DECEMBER, l lr IN THIS ISSUE : J. G. KOHL AND 111-IE SLOVAKS WAS T. G. MASARYK OF SLOVAK OR:IGIN? MAGYAR EXILES AND SLOVA1K,IA CHUR:CHES IN A VISE NEJW S"DRICTURiES ON BBNES CONTEJMiPORARY TENDEJNOIES EN SLOVAK PHILOLOGY LET'S PUT SLOVAK ·I N THE Ol.JiRmCULUM OASTLES OF SLOVAKIA: CACH1'ICE COMMUNIST TACTICAL "FLEXIBILITY " MASARYK'S ROLE IN CENTRAL EUROPE HUMAN RIGHTS AND EX]LES WHEJRE ALL ROADS BND ABOUT 1~fE AUTHORS BOOK RE\li]EWS WHO SAID IT - 6, 13, 24, 37, 64 • • • Edited and compiled by PHILIP A. HROBAK SLOVAKIA P. 0 . Box 150 Middletown, Pa . • • • Published by T H E SLOVAK LEAGU E OF AMERI CA RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAK.IA AND ITS PEOPLE, Oddo; $6.00. NATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF CENTRAL SLOVAK.IA EUROPE, Kirschbaum; $5.00. THIS IS SLOVAKIA, Hrusovsky; $1.00. THE SLOVAKS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROl\l SLOVAK IIISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper); $2.00 (cloth cover). THE DELIVERANCE OF SISTER CECILIA, $3.75. THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA , Zubek; $3.50. FALSE FREEDOM., Delaney; $2.00. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. "CZECHOSLOVAKIA'' - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. UNCONQUERABLES, Pauco; $3.50 I;UDOViT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J . Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00. ♦ ♦ ♦ SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, harJ struggle for freedom and independence. $1.00 per annum in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. SLO VAK IA Published by the Slovak League of Ame rica VOL. X NO. 7 (32 ) SE PTEMBER- DIECEM'BE'R, 1960 1 Accordi111g to tts new Oonsti'tu,. tion, the old Masarylk.JBenes Czecho-&lovak Republic (CSR) is now offieia,l,ey caliled the Czecho-&lovak Socialist Repulblic (CSSR). Weill, that haipless country was a socialistic state froon its inception. Masaeyk and Benes, and their con,t roHed proipa,gianda a,pparatus, told the world that CSR meant Czecho-Slovak Repulblic, but to the Ozechs it ailways did mean Czech Soc ial ist Republic. Adding one more S" to the aibbre'Via<ted furm reaiH,y changed nothirug, ex:cept perhaps to have CSSR read: OZE• liigion or ,go to the Saicraiments. Slovak teachers who attend Mass are blaclclisted and ultimately replaced. "'IlHEY NiEViER HAID IT SO GOOD" is continued to be used by the Czechs in reference to the Slovaks. Nothing has changed in this regard: Masa,cyk a,nd Benes used the e:,cpression before the Czech Reds took over. ]n eastern Slo,v akia, however, accordring to the communist dai1ly RRiA.VlDA, peoiple 'look in vain for chlildren's wear, ladies underthings, and furORD-SOVIET SOOiiA[.JSf!' REPUB- nitmre; chocofate candy, too, is LIC. The Slovaks have n-0 voice. ra,reLy found in, the stores. 11 AlN A'I10MIC HESEAIRCH CEINRED PRIAGll.JE blows hot and 'I1ER was recen1tlry set up by Czech cold on Israel. I1: used to f.Ull'nish a,tomic ®ecialists in Rez, a villa;ge just north of Praig,ue. 'I1he project wa's under the directi.on atomdc specialists. o,£ Russi-an Czech techniciws M"e being trained by the Soviet Russian engineer Roonanov. Thus far some eiighty lai,ge buildings hav-e been built; nearing coonpletion i s a radrio-chemical research institute which is 140 meters 1-ong. 1 Israel with weapons and m11.mitions; a[so toohnici,a ns. Then it held odif support for a while. Now the Czech Red'S have odifered Israeli authorities data on the Eichmann case to emlbarrass and discredit Gerunan,y and its people in the eyes of the world. Tlhe old Czech game of duplicity never ends. . WiHiAT H.AiPiPIIDNm to the so" " "' 'IlHlE BRI.ATISLA.1\7A RJAD[O, on catlled ''Council of Free CzechosloNovemlber 17, related about the vadcia"? Ax:cording to t,h e Czechs prdblem of gara,ges, revea'1ing that themsie1'ves, it foH apart soone there were no mor,e than 300 au- months a•go when adl but representos i,n Kosice, the second 1-ai,gest tatives of the Czech Nazis wandoned it. J. Lett.rich, Fr. Nemec,. city in Slovakia. R. Frastaoky, Fedor Hodza, Ste• • • 'IlHJE CZECH REDS in~st thait. phen Osusky, J . Cerny, J. Mrazek,. aill teachers in Slovakia break with A. Heidrich, A. Prochazlm, V. Ma-the Cathollic Ohurch and becoone I jer, aind V. Fedinec alleged[,y quit the chief propagators of atheism. 1the outfit because they were fed' Their childtren must not study re- wp wtllth Dr. Peter Zenkl's dicta<to- 2 SLOVAKIA rial condluct. After Dr. Hulbert Riiipka's death, Dr. Zenkil was regarded as No. 1 representaltive Olf the late Dr. Edward Benes' Czech National Socia,list ~Czech Nazi) Party. tics, 638,516 people owned regular radio sets in 1960, whJ1le 74,778 people had "wired" broadcasts. The population o,f Sloivakia is over the four mi1b!Jio·n m'a rk. DR. m'I1E)R ZElNlKIL s~gned the recerut memorandtliIIl Olf the OFC anent the forced eJQPU!lsion Olf the Sudeten Germans, a<Xording to which the Czechs under Zenkl declare that the "Gemna,n question" Olf Czecho.SloV'alcia is forever settled. The memo caused quite a stir in West Germany and a:lso aimong exiJe growps in the USA. Dr. Zemel happens to be the chairma,n Olf the Aissemfbliy oif Captive European Nlabions organization, so the memo Olf the OFC casts a darlk shadoiw over the latter. This is deeply resented by the represenltati<ves of the other exiQe growps oif AIOEN. The No. 1, Czech Nazi's days as chairman oif ACEN defrnitelry seem to be numlbered. "SIU'N[)!AJY NIEIE(I) NlOT BE ON SUINIDAIY," accordin,g to the Bratislav,a 'PRAOA' 'oif Novel!lllber 27. Czech Reds tel11 the Slovaks tha-t the work week wiU be shortened from 48 to 40 hours, BIUT quotas must be met. In other words : what can be done in. 48 hours, IDJUst be done in 40. When the chanige will cOIIIle, however, no one see<rns to know. "A da\Y Olf rest," says the Red mouthpiece,- "can be any day, no't necessarily Sunday, a,nd when the Party orders the people to work on Slunday, the(Y must work on Sunday." Obv<iouslry, the Reds wihl never quirt fighting religion. The vast madority oif Slovak.s are Catholic; they want to go to church on Sund!ay, but the Reds say: the Party comes first! OCTOOER 4, 1960, marked the bi..cen'tennial oif the birth oif the great Slovak ,patriot Alexander Cardinal Rudnay who wHl always be rememlbered :fior his expres,. sion: "I aim a Slovak, and I shall remaJn a Slovak even ilf I occwpy the chalir oif Peter!" Born in Svaty Kriz nad VahOIIIl, Slovakia, October 4, 1760, Cardinal Rudnaiy died Sepbemiber IB, 11831. THIE 60 BUSIES of Spisska Nova Ves, Slovakia, are equirprped with radio receivers, the "Praca" paper Olf Biratisl:a,va informs its readers. It adds, however, that soonebod\Y is qutite negligent, because the radios that function can be C01U,nited on the firugers Olf one hand. I!N SLOVAlIGA the people are bei'll!g heavily lectured on the ''conlfllict between science and reliigion." The Red;s under the tutetage oif Moscow must prove to the Slov~s thait ".r,elilgion is necessacy on,1,y for the weak, the strong do not need it." 'I1hat's 1ike tehlillJg the Slovaks they do not need s.clt! • • • .BRAYIERiBOOKS are ndt avail- alble for the people Olf Slovakia. Almeri-can cousins have been anS1Wering the caMs for more, but the Ozech Red regime began to stamp· the Heims "not allowed" and returned them to the senders. Now we learn tha.t the Redis decided to pr:init a111d sell prayerbooks to Slovaks in the USA to get more Almericam, $$$. Now they tell the Slovaks that the short• AOCORDIING TO od'lficial startis- a,g e oif prayerbook!s is caused by SLOVAKIA American .iJmiperiaHsts. The Reds and are don't miss a trielk constantly thinking up new ones to deceive and coruf.use their slaves. • • • R.AID[O FREE EUROBE has re- organized ills "Czec'ho-Sllo,v ak" unirt in Munich, firing 18 emp}oyoos: Bena,, Koditun, Kuihanek, Eriban, Meloun, Schneider, Pejslmr, Suda, Stolick,a, Schott, Sklilbova, Vanek (-a,H Czechs); and Bel"ger-Belak, Kovac, Petrovic, Kr,uxliak, Sepiilk:o, and Steifaneik (Slovaks). Jit seems thart A,merican '"l1R'UTH DOULJAlRS" have caused a lot of people to stra,y from the truth, and we don't necessard1y mean any of those fired either. Let's see how man.y fomner ~ emploiyees spied for the Red Czech's? THIE OAIUSE of the latest wholesaJe dismissail has been zeatlously kept from the notice of America,n s who paiy the biUs for the muliti-miHion-dohlar RIAIDIO FRi0E EUROOE organization. Now we have it from our Munich source that the aibove were fired because they were among the 28 Slovak and Czech employees who had dared to protest agalinst the appointment of one Osiwa:ld Kositrlb1a as head of the Czecho-Sfovak section by the boss of RIFE's opera.ti'n,g center in Munich, Eric Hazeilhoif. When the smoke deared, Hazelhof was forced to resign, a-long with M. C. MaoNei4rl, the _pers0Tu11ell ,d irrector, anld David Penn, a politilcal conrsurlitant. The protest against Kosltrba charged that Kosrtroa• was not quaHfied• for the jolb, opposed to R'FIE's goals, and comrpromi'sed by strorug pro-COIIIllmundst contacts which da;ted bacik to the war and Dr. Benes' espiona,g•e 3 outfit. Kostr;ba, the protesrtors clalirned, was assocfated with L. Freund (Frejka), a communisit agent later executed by the Czech Reds Ln, the Slansiky trial (:1952), and wiith one Mr. Frenzel', a Bavarian deputy recentI,y arrested by the Bavarian poHce fur his connection with the Kostrlba gro,uip. lit is not a secrelt that wilthin the past four or five years more than a dozen of the R'FIE's Czech staff embarrassed its sponsor by defecting to the Ea,s t and then, vi.liif~n,g them from Radfo Pralgue. In 195:8 one F. Machacek jumped the curain. Two y,e ars earlier, the Frenth poHce had repo1'1ed· him as an enemy a,gent, but the RJFIE stubbomil y insisted on retairrin,g him as irts Czech represenltatirve in Paris. The reward for exiposiirug Czech Red a•g ents in RJFlE: dismissa'1. MBlions of "Truth Dol'lars" coJilected from Americans by the Cruisad-e For 'Freedom went to the crusaders for slavecy. wm Amerkans ever learn? The least we can do: r~ ques,t Congress to investilgate Radio Free ffiuwpe and the other acrtivities of the Free Europe Coanmi ttee. OZEOH REOS seem to enjoy havin1g their country caHed "the arsena,l of the communiist wor.ld." Wearpon.s and munitions are going to Cwba, Red China, Laos, and the Africa,n counrtries. Technicians a'lso·. The Czechs seem to be the "chosen people" of Moscow. Mlasaryrk, a·n d Benes certainrly worked •~mirades" with the Czechs from 1918 to 194'8, makd•n g their natlion as Red as the bloody emipire olf Moscow. Fo·r thiSJ the United Sta•tes honored T. G. Ma&aryk with a "Champion Olf Lilberty" postage stamp. What mockery!  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 10, No. 7 (32) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September-December 1960 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/666209bbbd04fcb300b59526ef1a4c71.pdf 86c23180fa7426083e3e79db147a35fe PDF Text Text MARCH-JUNE, 1961 VOL. XI NO . 1 (33 ) IN THIS ISSUE: P.RAGUE: RED ES-Pl'ONAGE CIDNffER SLOV,AKIA UNDER CO,YIM U NI-S-M MISCONClDPTIONS OF AMERI CA.:>! SLAVISTS ABOUT SLOVAK Ll'TER,A T U,RE CO.M1MUN-LST ILLUSION AND DElMOCRATIC REALITY SOVIET RUSSIA~ PUP.PETS 'l' HE I◄'A1ILURE OF OOYIM'UNLST SCHOO,L S A POLI-CY OF GENOC1'DE A STUDY I~ SLAVIC- IRA.:--:IA,N ARCHITECTURAL TRADITIO>,T BOOK REVIEVl·S • • • Edited and compiled by PHIL·IP A. HROBAK SLOVAKIA P. 0 . Box 150 Middletown. Pa . • • • Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA �RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAKIA AND ITS PEOPLE, Oddo; $6.00. SLOVAKIA NATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF CENTRAL EUROPE, Kirschb,mm; $5.00. THIS IS SLOVAKIA, Hrusovsky; $1.00. THE SLOVAKS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROM SLOVAK HISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper); $2.00 (cloth cover). THE DELIVERANCE OF SISTER CECILIA, $3.75. THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA, Zubek; $3.50. FALSE FREEDOM, Delaney; $2.00. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. "CZECHOSLOVAKIA'' - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. UiNIOONQUIDRAiBI.JES, Pauco; $2.00 I;UDOViT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J. Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00 . • • • SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, hard struggle for freedom and independence. Sl.00 per annum in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � MARCH-JUNE, 1961 VOL. XI NO . 1 (33 ) IN THIS ISSUE: P.RAGUE: RED ES-Pl'ONAGE CIDNffER SLOV,AKIA UNDER CO,YIM U NI-S-M MISCONClDPTIONS OF AMERI CA.:>! SLAVISTS ABOUT SLOVAK Ll'TER,A T U,RE CO.M1MUN-LST ILLUSION AND DElMOCRATIC REALITY SOVIET RUSSIA~ PUP.PETS 'l' HE I◄'A1ILURE OF OOYIM'UNLST SCHOO,L S A POLI-CY OF GENOC1'DE A STUDY I~ SLAVIC- IRA.:--:IA,N ARCHITECTURAL TRADITIO>,T BOOK REVIEVl·S • • • Edited and compiled by PHIL·IP A. HROBAK SLOVAKIA P. 0 . Box 150 Middletown. Pa . • • • Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA �RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAKIA AND ITS PEOPLE, Oddo; $6.00. SLOVAKIA NATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF CENTRAL EUROPE, Kirschb,mm; $5.00. THIS IS SLOVAKIA, Hrusovsky; $1.00. THE SLOVAKS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROM SLOVAK HISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper); $2.00 (cloth cover). THE DELIVERANCE OF SISTER CECILIA, $3.75. THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA, Zubek; $3.50. FALSE FREEDOM, Delaney; $2.00. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. "CZECHOSLOVAKIA'' - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. UiNIOONQUIDRAiBI.JES, Pauco; $2.00 I;UDOViT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J. Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00 . • • • SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, hard struggle for freedom and independence. Sl.00 per annum in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1961, Vol. 11 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 1 (No. 33), March-June 1961.</li> <li>Issue 2 (No. 34), September-December June 1961.</li> </ul> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document MARCH-JUNE, 1961 VOL. XI NO . 1 (33 ) IN THIS ISSUE: P.RAGUE: RED ES-Pl'ONAGE CIDNffER SLOV,AKIA UNDER CO,YIM U NI-S-M MISCONClDPTIONS OF AMERI CA.:>! SLAVISTS ABOUT SLOVAK Ll'TER,A T U,RE CO.M1MUN-LST ILLUSION AND DElMOCRATIC REALITY SOVIET RUSSIA~ PUP.PETS 'l' HE I◄'A1ILURE OF OOYIM'UNLST SCHOO,L S A POLI-CY OF GENOC1'DE A STUDY I~ SLAVIC- IRA.:--:IA,N ARCHITECTURAL TRADITIO>,T BOOK REVIEVl·S • • • Edited and compiled by PHIL·IP A. HROBAK SLOVAKIA P. 0 . Box 150 Middletown. Pa . • • • Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAKIA AND ITS PEOPLE, Oddo; $6.00. SLOVAKIA NATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF CENTRAL EUROPE, Kirschb,mm; $5.00. THIS IS SLOVAKIA, Hrusovsky; $1.00. THE SLOVAKS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROM SLOVAK HISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper); $2.00 (cloth cover). THE DELIVERANCE OF SISTER CECILIA, $3.75. THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA, Zubek; $3.50. FALSE FREEDOM, Delaney; $2.00. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. "CZECHOSLOVAKIA'' - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. UiNIOONQUIDRAiBI.JES, Pauco; $2.00 I;UDOViT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J. Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00 . • • • SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, hard struggle for freedom and independence. Sl.00 per annum in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 11, No. 1 (33) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March-June 1961 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/0d4a65c0fd5e264f1465f40f7fc98746.pdf fa37bec518cac491a7ef0ac45053a48b PDF Text Text VOL. XI SEPTEMBER- DECEMBER, 1961 NO. 2 (34) IN THIS ISSUE: DR. JOZEF TISO IN MEMORIAM ASSEMBLY OF CAP T IVE EUROPEAN NATIONS HUNGARIAN EXILES AND SLOVAK INDEPENDENCE BENES AND MOSCOW CZECHO-SLOVAKIA YESTERDAY AND TODAY SLOVAKIA AND CENTRAL EUROPE SELF-DETERMINATION FOR ALL THE TROUBLEMAK E R EURO PE AN FEDER A LISTS WELCOME KIRSCHBAUM ' S BOOK CASTL ES OF SLOV A KIA: KREMNICA SUDET E N GERMAN DAYS: MAY 19- 22, 1961 NEWS ITEMS: 26, 51, 57, 64, 80 • • • Edited and compiled by PHILIP A. I-IROBAK SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa . • • • Publis hed by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA �RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAKIA AND ITS PEOPIJE, Oddo; $6.00. SLOVAKIA - NATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF OENTRAL EUROPE, K.irsehba-um; $5.00. THIS IS SLOVAKIA, Hrusovsky; $1.00. THE SLOVAKS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROM SLOVAK HISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper); $2.00 (cloth cover). THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA, Zubek; $3.50. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. "CZECHOSLOVAKIA" - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. UNOONQUERJAIBDES, Pauco; $2.00 L'UDOViT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J. Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00. ♦ ♦ ♦ SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, hard struggle for freedom and independence. $1.00 per annum in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � VOL. XI SEPTEMBER- DECEMBER, 1961 NO. 2 (34) IN THIS ISSUE: DR. JOZEF TISO IN MEMORIAM ASSEMBLY OF CAP T IVE EUROPEAN NATIONS HUNGARIAN EXILES AND SLOVAK INDEPENDENCE BENES AND MOSCOW CZECHO-SLOVAKIA YESTERDAY AND TODAY SLOVAKIA AND CENTRAL EUROPE SELF-DETERMINATION FOR ALL THE TROUBLEMAK E R EURO PE AN FEDER A LISTS WELCOME KIRSCHBAUM ' S BOOK CASTL ES OF SLOV A KIA: KREMNICA SUDET E N GERMAN DAYS: MAY 19- 22, 1961 NEWS ITEMS: 26, 51, 57, 64, 80 • • • Edited and compiled by PHILIP A. I-IROBAK SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa . • • • Publis hed by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA �RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAKIA AND ITS PEOPIJE, Oddo; $6.00. SLOVAKIA - NATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF OENTRAL EUROPE, K.irsehba-um; $5.00. THIS IS SLOVAKIA, Hrusovsky; $1.00. THE SLOVAKS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROM SLOVAK HISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper); $2.00 (cloth cover). THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA, Zubek; $3.50. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. "CZECHOSLOVAKIA" - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. UNOONQUERJAIBDES, Pauco; $2.00 L'UDOViT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J. Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00. ♦ ♦ ♦ SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, hard struggle for freedom and independence. $1.00 per annum in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1961, Vol. 11 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 1 (No. 33), March-June 1961.</li> <li>Issue 2 (No. 34), September-December June 1961.</li> </ul> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document VOL. XI SEPTEMBER- DECEMBER, 1961 NO. 2 (34) IN THIS ISSUE: DR. JOZEF TISO IN MEMORIAM ASSEMBLY OF CAP T IVE EUROPEAN NATIONS HUNGARIAN EXILES AND SLOVAK INDEPENDENCE BENES AND MOSCOW CZECHO-SLOVAKIA YESTERDAY AND TODAY SLOVAKIA AND CENTRAL EUROPE SELF-DETERMINATION FOR ALL THE TROUBLEMAK E R EURO PE AN FEDER A LISTS WELCOME KIRSCHBAUM ' S BOOK CASTL ES OF SLOV A KIA: KREMNICA SUDET E N GERMAN DAYS: MAY 19- 22, 1961 NEWS ITEMS: 26, 51, 57, 64, 80 • • • Edited and compiled by PHILIP A. I-IROBAK SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa . • • • Publis hed by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAKIA AND ITS PEOPIJE, Oddo; $6.00. SLOVAKIA - NATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF OENTRAL EUROPE, K.irsehba-um; $5.00. THIS IS SLOVAKIA, Hrusovsky; $1.00. THE SLOVAKS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROM SLOVAK HISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper); $2.00 (cloth cover). THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA, Zubek; $3.50. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. "CZECHOSLOVAKIA" - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. UNOONQUERJAIBDES, Pauco; $2.00 L'UDOViT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J. Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00. ♦ ♦ ♦ SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, hard struggle for freedom and independence. $1.00 per annum in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 11, No. 2 (34) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September-December 1961 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/f26f3c89543bf66337a858600f069c2e.pdf 5afc7753ccac4537f81e723c1d19e869 PDF Text Text VOL. XII MARCH-JUNE, 1962 NO. 1 (35) IN TIDS ISSUE: THE ORilGIN AN1D DEVE1LOPMENT OF THE SLOVAK LANGUAGE EXPELLEE,S AND THE EUROPEAN IDIEA MISCON,CEPTIONS OF AMERICAN S,LAVISTS ON THE SLOVAK LANGUAGE DEFENSE ALON,E IS NOT ENOUGH CZECH GROUPS IN EXILE EXIT CZiECHO-S1LOVAKIA'S "BERIA" A "LUMUMBA UNIVERSITY" IN ~RAGUE MAJORHY QUITS "COUNCIL OF FRE1E CZECHOSLOVAKIA" CZ/BCH RE,DS BOOST RED AIMS IN CUBA BOOK REVIEWS NEWS ITE!MS: 17, 24, 49, 64, 67, 80 • • • Edited and compiled by PHILIP A . HROBAK SLOV _AKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown. Pa • • • • Pwblished by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA �RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAKIA AND ITS PEOPLE, Oddo; $6.00. SLOVAKIA - NATION AT THE CRiOSS!ROADS OF CENTRAL EUROPE, Kirschbaum; $5.00. THIS IS SLOVAKIA, Hrusovsky; $1.00. THE SLOVA.KS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROM SLOVAK HISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper); $2.00 (cloth cover). THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA, Zubek; $3.50. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. "CZECHOSLOVAKIA" - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. lJNIOONQUERABLES, Pauco; $2.00 UUDOVlT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J. Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00. ♦ ♦ ♦ SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, hard struggle for freedom and independence. $1.00 per annum in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Prm ted in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � VOL. XII MARCH-JUNE, 1962 NO. 1 (35) IN TIDS ISSUE: THE ORilGIN AN1D DEVE1LOPMENT OF THE SLOVAK LANGUAGE EXPELLEE,S AND THE EUROPEAN IDIEA MISCON,CEPTIONS OF AMERICAN S,LAVISTS ON THE SLOVAK LANGUAGE DEFENSE ALON,E IS NOT ENOUGH CZECH GROUPS IN EXILE EXIT CZiECHO-S1LOVAKIA'S "BERIA" A "LUMUMBA UNIVERSITY" IN ~RAGUE MAJORHY QUITS "COUNCIL OF FRE1E CZECHOSLOVAKIA" CZ/BCH RE,DS BOOST RED AIMS IN CUBA BOOK REVIEWS NEWS ITE!MS: 17, 24, 49, 64, 67, 80 • • • Edited and compiled by PHILIP A . HROBAK SLOV _AKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown. Pa • • • • Pwblished by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA �RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAKIA AND ITS PEOPLE, Oddo; $6.00. SLOVAKIA - NATION AT THE CRiOSS!ROADS OF CENTRAL EUROPE, Kirschbaum; $5.00. THIS IS SLOVAKIA, Hrusovsky; $1.00. THE SLOVA.KS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROM SLOVAK HISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper); $2.00 (cloth cover). THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA, Zubek; $3.50. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. "CZECHOSLOVAKIA" - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. lJNIOONQUERABLES, Pauco; $2.00 UUDOVlT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J. Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00. ♦ ♦ ♦ SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, hard struggle for freedom and independence. $1.00 per annum in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Prm ted in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1962, Vol. 12 Description An account of the resource Issue 1 (No. 35), March-June 1962. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document VOL. XII MARCH-JUNE, 1962 NO. 1 (35) IN TIDS ISSUE: THE ORilGIN AN1D DEVE1LOPMENT OF THE SLOVAK LANGUAGE EXPELLEE,S AND THE EUROPEAN IDIEA MISCON,CEPTIONS OF AMERICAN S,LAVISTS ON THE SLOVAK LANGUAGE DEFENSE ALON,E IS NOT ENOUGH CZECH GROUPS IN EXILE EXIT CZiECHO-S1LOVAKIA'S "BERIA" A "LUMUMBA UNIVERSITY" IN ~RAGUE MAJORHY QUITS "COUNCIL OF FRE1E CZECHOSLOVAKIA" CZ/BCH RE,DS BOOST RED AIMS IN CUBA BOOK REVIEWS NEWS ITE!MS: 17, 24, 49, 64, 67, 80 • • • Edited and compiled by PHILIP A . HROBAK SLOV _AKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown. Pa • • • • Pwblished by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAKIA AND ITS PEOPLE, Oddo; $6.00. SLOVAKIA - NATION AT THE CRiOSS!ROADS OF CENTRAL EUROPE, Kirschbaum; $5.00. THIS IS SLOVAKIA, Hrusovsky; $1.00. THE SLOVA.KS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROM SLOVAK HISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper); $2.00 (cloth cover). THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA, Zubek; $3.50. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. "CZECHOSLOVAKIA" - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. lJNIOONQUERABLES, Pauco; $2.00 UUDOVlT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J. Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00. ♦ ♦ ♦ SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, hard struggle for freedom and independence. $1.00 per annum in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P. 0. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Prm ted in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 12, No. 1 (35) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March-June 1962 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/562a6f327343acfaed35e21ca845f7c7.pdf f5967ce27e0b557cc3bf75ba1956eb56 PDF Text Text SLO V VOL. XIII MARCH, 1963 NO 1 36) IN Tms ISSUE: How Christian-ity Came to the Slovaks The Meaning of the Cyrilo-Methodian Jubilee Where Did St. Methodius Die? The Paintings in the Basilica of St. Clement American Slovaks and SS. Cyril and Methodius The La'nguage of Sts. Cyril and Methodius The Slovanic Church and Slovanic Literature SS. Cyril and Methodius: Their First Trip to Rome A Hundred Years of the Matica Slovenska The Matica ·s 1ovenska in America Prague Between Moscow and Berlin Czech Reds Have School T.rouble A Policy of Genocide Czech Communism and Slovak Resentment Book Review News Items: 12, 16, 96 Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ·r •1co pl IL p . H �RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAKIA AND ITS PEOPLE, Oddo; $6.00. SLOVAKIA - NATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF CfilNTRAL EUROPE, Kirschbaum; $5.00. THE SLOVAKS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROM SLOVAK HISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper); $2.00 (cloth cover). THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA, Zubek; $3.50. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. "CZECHOSLOVAKIA" - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. UNCONQUERABLES, Pauco; $2.00 L'UDOviT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J. Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00. ♦ ♦ ♦ SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better under· standing and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, hard struggle for freedom and independence. $1.00 per annum in the U. S. A . - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P.O. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U.S.A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � SLO V VOL. XIII MARCH, 1963 NO 1 36) IN Tms ISSUE: How Christian-ity Came to the Slovaks The Meaning of the Cyrilo-Methodian Jubilee Where Did St. Methodius Die? The Paintings in the Basilica of St. Clement American Slovaks and SS. Cyril and Methodius The La'nguage of Sts. Cyril and Methodius The Slovanic Church and Slovanic Literature SS. Cyril and Methodius: Their First Trip to Rome A Hundred Years of the Matica Slovenska The Matica ·s 1ovenska in America Prague Between Moscow and Berlin Czech Reds Have School T.rouble A Policy of Genocide Czech Communism and Slovak Resentment Book Review News Items: 12, 16, 96 Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ·r •1co pl IL p . H �RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAKIA AND ITS PEOPLE, Oddo; $6.00. SLOVAKIA - NATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF CfilNTRAL EUROPE, Kirschbaum; $5.00. THE SLOVAKS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROM SLOVAK HISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper); $2.00 (cloth cover). THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA, Zubek; $3.50. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. "CZECHOSLOVAKIA" - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. UNCONQUERABLES, Pauco; $2.00 L'UDOviT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J. Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00. ♦ ♦ ♦ SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better under· standing and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, hard struggle for freedom and independence. $1.00 per annum in the U. S. A . - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P.O. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U.S.A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1963, Vol. 13 Description An account of the resource Issue 1 (No. 36), March 1963. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLO V VOL. XIII MARCH, 1963 NO 1 36) IN Tms ISSUE: How Christian-ity Came to the Slovaks The Meaning of the Cyrilo-Methodian Jubilee Where Did St. Methodius Die? The Paintings in the Basilica of St. Clement American Slovaks and SS. Cyril and Methodius The La'nguage of Sts. Cyril and Methodius The Slovanic Church and Slovanic Literature SS. Cyril and Methodius: Their First Trip to Rome A Hundred Years of the Matica Slovenska The Matica ·s 1ovenska in America Prague Between Moscow and Berlin Czech Reds Have School T.rouble A Policy of Genocide Czech Communism and Slovak Resentment Book Review News Items: 12, 16, 96 Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ·r •1co pl IL p . H RECOMMENDED BOOKS: SLOVAKIA AND ITS PEOPLE, Oddo; $6.00. SLOVAKIA - NATION AT THE CROSSROADS OF CfilNTRAL EUROPE, Kirschbaum; $5.00. THE SLOVAKS, Yurchak; paper cover $2.00; cloth $3.00. SKETCHES FROM SLOVAK HISTORY, Skultety; $1.00 (paper); $2.00 (cloth cover). THE CHURCH OF SILENCE IN SLOVAKIA, Zubek; $3.50. SLOVAKIA'S ROAD TO STATEHOOD, Woytko; $1.50. "CZECHOSLOVAKIA" - History Made to Order, Hrobak; 50c. UNCONQUERABLES, Pauco; $2.00 L'UDOviT STUR AND HIS PLACE IN THE SLAVIC WORLD, Prof. J. Kirschbaum; 25c. ANTHOLOGY OF SLOVAK POETRY, Kramoris; $2.00. ♦ ♦ ♦ SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The main purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better under· standing and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long, hard struggle for freedom and independence. $1.00 per annum in the U. S. A . - $2.00 elsewhere. SLOVAKIA P.O. Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U.S.A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 13, No. 1 (36) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 1963 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/1726a68a7188b2a45786f7eddc0c10ab.pdf 23225b02dd1458d49b67012c8cae6b5f PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA VOL. XIV 1964 A N DR EJ HLI N KA1 S CENT EN N I A l NO. 37 �The Slovak League of America - is an AMERICAN INSTITUTION; it was organized May 26, 1907, at Cleveland, 0 ., by the Rev. Stephen Furdek ; - is a CULTURAL and CIVIC organization of Americans of Slovak descent; is interested primarily in promoting t he welfare and security of t he United States of America; represents an overwhelming majority of organized Americans of Slovak descent; actively affiliated with it are the largest Slovak fratemals, religious organizations, Slovak Clubs and Slovak civic organizations in the United States; is dedicated to American Democracy, the American way of life, and encourages Americans of Slovak d~scent to be loyal and alert citizens of America; it urges and aids Slovak emigrants to become U. S. citizens by publishing appropriate manuals and brochures in Slovak and English; is dedicated to works of charity, materially and morally aids Slovaks, here and abroad, who may be in need of such aid; it suppor ts the American Red Cross, Red F eather Campaigns and other American charitable projects; wants to help Americans of Slovak descent in American political life, in business or professions, in social standing, and along educational lines; through its Ladies Auxiliary, the "VCIELKY" (Bees), sponsors Slovak cultural displays, concerts, lectures, art exhibits, folk festivals, social evenings, etc. Our aim is to have a "Hive" o_f our "Vcielky" in every large Slovak community; promotes a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation, its history, culture, traditions, achievements and its long, hard struggle for freedom and independence; firmly believes in the American principle of self-determination of all nations, the inherent and God-given right of every nation, whether large or small, to freedom and � SLOVAKIA VOL. XIV 1964 A N DR EJ HLI N KA1 S CENT EN N I A l NO. 37 �The Slovak League of America - is an AMERICAN INSTITUTION; it was organized May 26, 1907, at Cleveland, 0 ., by the Rev. Stephen Furdek ; - is a CULTURAL and CIVIC organization of Americans of Slovak descent; is interested primarily in promoting t he welfare and security of t he United States of America; represents an overwhelming majority of organized Americans of Slovak descent; actively affiliated with it are the largest Slovak fratemals, religious organizations, Slovak Clubs and Slovak civic organizations in the United States; is dedicated to American Democracy, the American way of life, and encourages Americans of Slovak d~scent to be loyal and alert citizens of America; it urges and aids Slovak emigrants to become U. S. citizens by publishing appropriate manuals and brochures in Slovak and English; is dedicated to works of charity, materially and morally aids Slovaks, here and abroad, who may be in need of such aid; it suppor ts the American Red Cross, Red F eather Campaigns and other American charitable projects; wants to help Americans of Slovak descent in American political life, in business or professions, in social standing, and along educational lines; through its Ladies Auxiliary, the "VCIELKY" (Bees), sponsors Slovak cultural displays, concerts, lectures, art exhibits, folk festivals, social evenings, etc. Our aim is to have a "Hive" o_f our "Vcielky" in every large Slovak community; promotes a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation, its history, culture, traditions, achievements and its long, hard struggle for freedom and independence; firmly believes in the American principle of self-determination of all nations, the inherent and God-given right of every nation, whether large or small, to freedom and � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1964, Vol. 14 Description An account of the resource Vol. 14 (No. 37), 1964. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA VOL. XIV 1964 A N DR EJ HLI N KA1 S CENT EN N I A l NO. 37 The Slovak League of America - is an AMERICAN INSTITUTION; it was organized May 26, 1907, at Cleveland, 0 ., by the Rev. Stephen Furdek ; - is a CULTURAL and CIVIC organization of Americans of Slovak descent; is interested primarily in promoting t he welfare and security of t he United States of America; represents an overwhelming majority of organized Americans of Slovak descent; actively affiliated with it are the largest Slovak fratemals, religious organizations, Slovak Clubs and Slovak civic organizations in the United States; is dedicated to American Democracy, the American way of life, and encourages Americans of Slovak d~scent to be loyal and alert citizens of America; it urges and aids Slovak emigrants to become U. S. citizens by publishing appropriate manuals and brochures in Slovak and English; is dedicated to works of charity, materially and morally aids Slovaks, here and abroad, who may be in need of such aid; it suppor ts the American Red Cross, Red F eather Campaigns and other American charitable projects; wants to help Americans of Slovak descent in American political life, in business or professions, in social standing, and along educational lines; through its Ladies Auxiliary, the "VCIELKY" (Bees), sponsors Slovak cultural displays, concerts, lectures, art exhibits, folk festivals, social evenings, etc. Our aim is to have a "Hive" o_f our "Vcielky" in every large Slovak community; promotes a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation, its history, culture, traditions, achievements and its long, hard struggle for freedom and independence; firmly believes in the American principle of self-determination of all nations, the inherent and God-given right of every nation, whether large or small, to freedom and  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 14 (No. 37) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/e090470d84ce425eb0898525a976f562.pdf 4f528daec707a3d607df564ed0ff81bb PDF Text Text VOL. XV 1965 NO. 38 IN THIS ISSUE: Early Beginnings of the Slovaks in America - James J. Zatko - 1 T he Oldest Slovak Newspaper in the U.S.A. - William Kona - 38 The White. House and the Slovaks - Sister M. Evangela - 51 Slovaks Have Arrived! - Joseph C. Krajsa -:- 64 Father Andrew Hlinlca - Joseph N. Misany - 68 Twenty Years of Czech and Communist Rule in Slovakia J. M. Kirschbaum 78 Censorship Poli cies in Czecho-Slovakia - Eugene Urban - 93 T he Handmaid of Ideology - F. Vnuk - 134 Is Czecho-Slovakia Breaking Up? - 140 An American Historian and the Slovaks - Joseph C. Krajsa - 146 A Delicate Subject - Mary A. Hlocky - 147 Who's Who Among Slovaks in U.S.A. and Canada - 150 Book Reviews - 152 Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGU E OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Av.e nue Middletown, Pennsylvania Editor: Dr. Joseph Pauco �Officers of the Slovak League of America ·easurer VIBE3E3E3E3E3E 3E3E3E3E3E3E3E 3&!~ Edwar< Execut Paul J fi National Czech~ Slovak ~ il ~ Museum~ Library ~ ~ Iowa Cedar Rapids, rn rn ~ rn rn rn rn F SLOV. ce-Pr es. Hletko, ndrejko rn rn rn rn rn Presented by: ~ ~.~ J). /Jn_A~ ,.~-(} - rn rn rn rn Date: ~A , • / ·#/~ 9 9';t- rn rn rn rn rn m m ,TION ~IBE3E3E3E3E3 E3E3E3E3E3E3E 3Bm~ v. SLOVAK NEWSPAPERS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) JEDNOTA Middletown, Pa. SLOVENSKA OBRANA Scranton, Pa. ZENSKA JEDNOTA Cleveland, Ohio BRATSTVO Wilkes-Barre, Pa. SVORNOST Braddock, Pa. ZORNICKA Wilkes-Barre, Pa. KATOLfCKY SOKOL Passaic, N. J . SLOVAK V AMERIKE Middletown, Pa. Join the Local Assembly in your town or contact the Secretary of the Slovak League. Membership dues are only $1.50 per year. � VOL. XV 1965 NO. 38 IN THIS ISSUE: Early Beginnings of the Slovaks in America - James J. Zatko - 1 T he Oldest Slovak Newspaper in the U.S.A. - William Kona - 38 The White. House and the Slovaks - Sister M. Evangela - 51 Slovaks Have Arrived! - Joseph C. Krajsa -:- 64 Father Andrew Hlinlca - Joseph N. Misany - 68 Twenty Years of Czech and Communist Rule in Slovakia J. M. Kirschbaum 78 Censorship Poli cies in Czecho-Slovakia - Eugene Urban - 93 T he Handmaid of Ideology - F. Vnuk - 134 Is Czecho-Slovakia Breaking Up? - 140 An American Historian and the Slovaks - Joseph C. Krajsa - 146 A Delicate Subject - Mary A. Hlocky - 147 Who's Who Among Slovaks in U.S.A. and Canada - 150 Book Reviews - 152 Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGU E OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Av.e nue Middletown, Pennsylvania Editor: Dr. Joseph Pauco �Officers of the Slovak League of America ·easurer VIBE3E3E3E3E3E 3E3E3E3E3E3E3E 3&!~ Edwar< Execut Paul J fi National Czech~ Slovak ~ il ~ Museum~ Library ~ ~ Iowa Cedar Rapids, rn rn ~ rn rn rn rn F SLOV. ce-Pr es. Hletko, ndrejko rn rn rn rn rn Presented by: ~ ~.~ J). /Jn_A~ ,.~-(} - rn rn rn rn Date: ~A , • / ·#/~ 9 9';t- rn rn rn rn rn m m ,TION ~IBE3E3E3E3E3 E3E3E3E3E3E3E 3Bm~ v. SLOVAK NEWSPAPERS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) JEDNOTA Middletown, Pa. SLOVENSKA OBRANA Scranton, Pa. ZENSKA JEDNOTA Cleveland, Ohio BRATSTVO Wilkes-Barre, Pa. SVORNOST Braddock, Pa. ZORNICKA Wilkes-Barre, Pa. KATOLfCKY SOKOL Passaic, N. J . SLOVAK V AMERIKE Middletown, Pa. Join the Local Assembly in your town or contact the Secretary of the Slovak League. Membership dues are only $1.50 per year. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1965, Vol. 15 Description An account of the resource Vol. 15 (No. 38), 1965. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document VOL. XV 1965 NO. 38 IN THIS ISSUE: Early Beginnings of the Slovaks in America - James J. Zatko - 1 T he Oldest Slovak Newspaper in the U.S.A. - William Kona - 38 The White. House and the Slovaks - Sister M. Evangela - 51 Slovaks Have Arrived! - Joseph C. Krajsa -:- 64 Father Andrew Hlinlca - Joseph N. Misany - 68 Twenty Years of Czech and Communist Rule in Slovakia J. M. Kirschbaum 78 Censorship Poli cies in Czecho-Slovakia - Eugene Urban - 93 T he Handmaid of Ideology - F. Vnuk - 134 Is Czecho-Slovakia Breaking Up? - 140 An American Historian and the Slovaks - Joseph C. Krajsa - 146 A Delicate Subject - Mary A. Hlocky - 147 Who's Who Among Slovaks in U.S.A. and Canada - 150 Book Reviews - 152 Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGU E OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Av.e nue Middletown, Pennsylvania Editor: Dr. Joseph Pauco Officers of the Slovak League of America ·easurer VIBE3E3E3E3E3E 3E3E3E3E3E3E3E 3&!~ Edwar< Execut Paul J fi National Czech~ Slovak ~ il ~ Museum~ Library ~ ~ Iowa Cedar Rapids, rn rn ~ rn rn rn rn F SLOV. ce-Pr es. Hletko, ndrejko rn rn rn rn rn Presented by: ~ ~.~ J). /Jn_A~ ,.~-(} - rn rn rn rn Date: ~A , • / ·#/~ 9 9';t- rn rn rn rn rn m m ,TION ~IBE3E3E3E3E3 E3E3E3E3E3E3E 3Bm~ v. SLOVAK NEWSPAPERS (Affiliated with the Slovak League of America) JEDNOTA Middletown, Pa. SLOVENSKA OBRANA Scranton, Pa. ZENSKA JEDNOTA Cleveland, Ohio BRATSTVO Wilkes-Barre, Pa. SVORNOST Braddock, Pa. ZORNICKA Wilkes-Barre, Pa. KATOLfCKY SOKOL Passaic, N. J . SLOVAK V AMERIKE Middletown, Pa. Join the Local Assembly in your town or contact the Secretary of the Slovak League. Membership dues are only $1.50 per year.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 15 (No. 38) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/3c67b573458ddcd07dfab57a20eae2ac.pdf 09d01fafd5281065eaf92974b3355566 PDF Text Text � � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1966, Vol. 16 Description An account of the resource Vol. 16 (No. 39), 1966. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 16 (No. 39) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/a78e714cca0cdd112ee1d3f2ec76c6d9.pdf b440d6b5898cd1f993452bcda3640610 PDF Text Text � � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1967, Vol. 17 Description An account of the resource Special Issue: Sixty Years of the Slovak League of America Vol. 17 (No. 40), 1967. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 17 (No. 40) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/701e2787d3ae995612706e54debec545.pdf 7fe0a36c9d1cd6069ebf3c75b224853c PDF Text Text � � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1968, Vol. 18 Description An account of the resource Vol. 18 (No. 41), 1968. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 18 (No. 41) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/13548bcd6c5c653042b2c1f58d0270cf.pdf 22adbb831ed1d0eb66c80084966bfd6c PDF Text Text �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XIX • 1969 • NO. 42 Editor DR. JOSEPH PAU0 O LIBRARY Maranatha Baptist Bible College Watertown, Wisconsin Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �P rinted by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U .S.A. � �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XIX • 1969 • NO. 42 Editor DR. JOSEPH PAU0 O LIBRARY Maranatha Baptist Bible College Watertown, Wisconsin Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �P rinted by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U .S.A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1969, Vol. 19 Description An account of the resource Vol. 19 (No. 42), 1969. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA VOLUME XIX • 1969 • NO. 42 Editor DR. JOSEPH PAU0 O LIBRARY Maranatha Baptist Bible College Watertown, Wisconsin Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 P rinted by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U .S.A.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 19 (No. 42) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/d2f1074990e473eae739664a31c6a0d8.pdf f041675c17e416258fa64db1b4bc60ee PDF Text Text �SLOVAK.I A is publishecl periodically by the S lonlk Lcaguc of America, a cultui-al and ciYic fedeľati on of Americans of S lovak descent. 'ľhc chief pnrpose of S LOVAKl A is to pľomote a bettcľ nnderstanding and appreciation of the S lovak n ation and its long shngglc for freeclom and ii 1depenclence. As Ameľic·ans, mcmbers of the Slovak Leagnc o:f Ameľica fiľmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inheľent and Gocl-given ľight to freeclorn and independence. 'J 'he,v aľe cleclicated to the cause of the Ameľi<:an way of life, Slovak freeclom ,mel world peace a:1cl are cletermined to oppose the plag-nc of Communism and all othrľ tota litaľi an political systems. Subsc·ľiptio:1 to SloYaki a $1.00 per year in thr F. S . A. - $2.00 else\\·her e. Sencl subscri ptions to : S LO V AKIA Box 150 Mi clcllctown, Pa. --------------------------------Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � �SLOVAK.I A is publishecl periodically by the S lonlk Lcaguc of America, a cultui-al and ciYic fedeľati on of Americans of S lovak descent. 'ľhc chief pnrpose of S LOVAKl A is to pľomote a bettcľ nnderstanding and appreciation of the S lovak n ation and its long shngglc for freeclom and ii 1depenclence. As Ameľic·ans, mcmbers of the Slovak Leagnc o:f Ameľica fiľmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inheľent and Gocl-given ľight to freeclorn and independence. 'J 'he,v aľe cleclicated to the cause of the Ameľi<:an way of life, Slovak freeclom ,mel world peace a:1cl are cletermined to oppose the plag-nc of Communism and all othrľ tota litaľi an political systems. Subsc·ľiptio:1 to SloYaki a $1.00 per year in thr F. S . A. - $2.00 else\\·her e. Sencl subscri ptions to : S LO V AKIA Box 150 Mi clcllctown, Pa. --------------------------------Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1952, Vol. 2 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1952 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 1 (No. 3), March 1952.</li> <li>Issue 2 (No. 4), August 1952.</li> <li>Issue 3 (No. 5), December 1952.</li> </ul> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 2, No. 1 (3) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 1952 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/51cbb0acbe81cc1074aad64f2bda6191.pdf 3cb71a143f67bad10f423d4eccf3d1ef PDF Text Text �A I' SLOVAKl A is publishetl periodi<:ally by the Slornk Lcag-ue of _\merica, a cultural aml ťiYit ľecleľatio11 of Arneľ­ ic:ans of Sloqtk des<:ent. 'ľhť ľhieľ purpose oľ 8 LOYAK1A is to pľomotť a bcttcľ unclerstancling and a ppľľc-intio11 oľ the ~loYak 11atio11 and its long; :-;tľllg-glť f'oľ ťľeedom and independe11ec. As Arneľic·am;, 1nembPľs of the 3loY.d-: L eague oľ .\ 111eľ i <.:a fiľlnl _Y belieYe that the f-;lornk natio11, just as nll 11atiorn,, has mi inherť11t a11d Gocl-giYe11 right to freeclom and indepenclence. The:v a ľť declieated to thť rnnsť oť the Ameľiean \\'H,Y of' hfe, HloYak fľeedorn nnd \\'Oľld peac·e and are clctcnn.incd to oppose tlw plague of C'ommunisrn and al \ otheľ totnlitaľiai1 politic·nl systems. _\.C'Hľ Subs('ľiption to Slon1kia $1.00 peľ in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewheľť. Sen cl subscľi1itio11s to: SL O Y AK I ~\ Box 150 Middlcto\\'n, Pa. --------------------------------Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � �A I' SLOVAKl A is publishetl periodi<:ally by the Slornk Lcag-ue of _\merica, a cultural aml ťiYit ľecleľatio11 of Arneľ­ ic:ans of Sloqtk des<:ent. 'ľhť ľhieľ purpose oľ 8 LOYAK1A is to pľomotť a bcttcľ unclerstancling and a ppľľc-intio11 oľ the ~loYak 11atio11 and its long; :-;tľllg-glť f'oľ ťľeedom and independe11ec. As Arneľic·am;, 1nembPľs of the 3loY.d-: L eague oľ .\ 111eľ i <.:a fiľlnl _Y belieYe that the f-;lornk natio11, just as nll 11atiorn,, has mi inherť11t a11d Gocl-giYe11 right to freeclom and indepenclence. The:v a ľť declieated to thť rnnsť oť the Ameľiean \\'H,Y of' hfe, HloYak fľeedorn nnd \\'Oľld peac·e and are clctcnn.incd to oppose tlw plague of C'ommunisrn and al \ otheľ totnlitaľiai1 politic·nl systems. _\.C'Hľ Subs('ľiption to Slon1kia $1.00 peľ in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewheľť. Sen cl subscľi1itio11s to: SL O Y AK I ~\ Box 150 Middlcto\\'n, Pa. --------------------------------Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1952, Vol. 2 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1952 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 1 (No. 3), March 1952.</li> <li>Issue 2 (No. 4), August 1952.</li> <li>Issue 3 (No. 5), December 1952.</li> </ul> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 2, No. 2 (4) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 1952 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/4c7f3780847a7cdbce96718eb7a6328c.pdf 5f17683da3998d3f9912c3a122735e3e PDF Text Text �S LU \ľ AKl A is publisbcd periodica lly by the Slovak League of Arneľica, a eultural and civie federation of Amer1eans of Slovak de::;cent. 1'he chief puľpose of 8 LOV AKl A 1s to promote a better understanding and appreciation oľ thc Slovak nation an d its long shuggle ľoľ Íľeedorn and in dependence. As Arneľicans, memhcľs of the Blovak L eaguc oľ ..\merica firmly bch eve that thc Slon.1k nation, just as all nations, has an inhcrent and Gocl-given right to ľľeedom and independence. 'ľhey ,ne clccli<:atcd to the cause of the Amcrie;an wa)' of life, Slovak freedom and world peac-e a11cl are determ:ined to oppose the plague of C01m11unisrn and all othrľ totnlitaľia11 political systems. yeaľ Subsniption to SloYakia $1.00 peľ in the U. S. J\. - $2.00 elsewhere. 8end subscriptions to: S L OVAKIA Box 150 Micl<lletown, Pa. Printed in t he U. S. A. JEDNOTA P RESS Middletown, Pa. � �S LU \ľ AKl A is publisbcd periodica lly by the Slovak League of Arneľica, a eultural and civie federation of Amer1eans of Slovak de::;cent. 1'he chief puľpose of 8 LOV AKl A 1s to promote a better understanding and appreciation oľ thc Slovak nation an d its long shuggle ľoľ Íľeedorn and in dependence. As Arneľicans, memhcľs of the Blovak L eaguc oľ ..\merica firmly bch eve that thc Slon.1k nation, just as all nations, has an inhcrent and Gocl-given right to ľľeedom and independence. 'ľhey ,ne clccli<:atcd to the cause of the Amcrie;an wa)' of life, Slovak freedom and world peac-e a11cl are determ:ined to oppose the plague of C01m11unisrn and all othrľ totnlitaľia11 political systems. yeaľ Subsniption to SloYakia $1.00 peľ in the U. S. J\. - $2.00 elsewhere. 8end subscriptions to: S L OVAKIA Box 150 Micl<lletown, Pa. Printed in t he U. S. A. JEDNOTA P RESS Middletown, Pa. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1952, Vol. 2 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1952 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 1 (No. 3), March 1952.</li> <li>Issue 2 (No. 4), August 1952.</li> <li>Issue 3 (No. 5), December 1952.</li> </ul> Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 2, No. 3 (5) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 1952 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/7fb64a41061ac2631958dd4902c3c91c.pdf 35b680f0f00892678e8cfe170963b625 PDF Text Text �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XX • 1970 • NO. 43 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. LIBRARY Maranatha Baptist Bible College Watertown, Wisconsin ., Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. � �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XX • 1970 • NO. 43 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. LIBRARY Maranatha Baptist Bible College Watertown, Wisconsin ., Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1970, Vol. 20 Description An account of the resource Vol. 20 (No. 43), 1970. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA VOLUME XX • 1970 • NO. 43 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. LIBRARY Maranatha Baptist Bible College Watertown, Wisconsin ., Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 20 (No. 43) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/568490385330d47fb80d9209df65be2c.pdf d59a318ed00651d7d7febfea970b382e PDF Text Text �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXI • 1971 • NO. 44 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA JIJ Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. � �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXI • 1971 • NO. 44 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA JIJ Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1971, Vol. 21 Description An account of the resource Vol. 21 (No. 44), 1971. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXI • 1971 • NO. 44 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA JIJ Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 21 (No. 44) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/de3e24b2737590f66339f43803fa0a29.pdf 474a49aa5b7f00c90fb8c8693d9692e6 PDF Text Text �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXII • 1972 • NO. 45 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. � �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXII • 1972 • NO. 45 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1972, Vol. 22 Description An account of the resource Vol. 22 (No. 45), 1972. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXII • 1972 • NO. 45 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 22 (No. 45) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1972 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/51c144843ab1fd6e3714598095f41efa.pdf 8f723c282c925d723462bda5c3268e96 PDF Text Text �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXIII • 1973 • N0.46 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. LIBRARY Maranatha Bapti. t .t5ible College W a tert isconsin Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNCYI'A PRINTEJRY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. � �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXIII • 1973 • N0.46 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. LIBRARY Maranatha Bapti. t .t5ible College W a tert isconsin Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNCYI'A PRINTEJRY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1973, Vol. 23 Description An account of the resource Vol. 23 (No. 46), 1973. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXIII • 1973 • N0.46 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. LIBRARY Maranatha Bapti. t .t5ible College W a tert isconsin Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Printed by JEDNCYI'A PRINTEJRY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U. S. A.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 23 (No. 46) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/c30f945dcf2daf44efdb7612fa4a4bf6.pdf bdd1e80a5e2b6d03615aa8421a4c8c36 PDF Text Text Editor JOSEPH PAU C 0, Ph.D. Published by: THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Volume XXIV Number 47 �SLOVAKIA • VOLUME XXIV 1974 • NO. 47 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. . Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U.S. A. �s SLOVAKIA Contents Ma:i:imilian Hell, S. J. - Stephen Sencik, S. J. - 5 Anthony X. Suther- Tiso's Formative Years and Early Political Career - land, Ph.D. - 24 Sr. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. - Philip A . Hrobak - 36 Andrew Pier, The 35th Anniversary of Slovak Independence Day - O.S.B. - 51 American Sl.ovaks Lost a Great Man - Stephen B. Roman - Slovak Destiny - Joseph C. Krajsa - 54 57 Slovak League of America and Slovak World Congress - Behuncik - Edward J. 60 Slovaks Abr,oad and Their Role in Slovakia's Struggle for Freedom - J. M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D. Slovak Pioneers in America Slovaks in Blandburg - 63 Joseph Pauco, Ph.D. - Andrew Pier, O.S.B. - · 80 . . • Michael O'Pake, Esq. - Slovak Heritage - The Youth Conference - Tanzone - 67 84 Slovak League of America - Daniel F. 88 Some Personal Observations • on the 1973 Slovak League of America Conference - Susan Pojer, B.A. 92 One Species, Many Cultures - Michael Novak - 96 The Artful Dodgers: Directors of Ethnic Studies Programs Fenchak - Paul 112 Survey Research and Ethnic Studies Great Slovak Talent - Steven I. Miller, Ph.D. 120 130 The Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius and the Preservation of Slovak Culture in America - William Wagner 132 156 Famous Slovak Inve'ntors - Slovak Background of Events Through the Soviet Takeover in 1968 Jane Noonan - 162 The Slovak Arts in Perspective Slovak som ja - Marlene Bartos - Stephen John Knoblock - Noted Slovak Jubilarians - J. M. Kirschbaum - 210 Current Issues - As the Others See It - 213 Who's Who Among American Slovaks Book Reviews - 217 Our Contributors - 232 169 177 215 Francis Vnuk - 181 �SLOVAKIA Annual S L O V A K I A is published by the Slovak League of America, 313 Ridge Avenue, Middletown, Pa. 17057. Subscription $4.00. Editor: Joseph Pa u co, Ph .D. Editorial Board: Draga Divinska, Louis Kandra , Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D., Susan Mikula, M.A., Joseph A. Mikus, Ph .D., Fr. Andrew Pier, O.S.B., M.A. , Daniel F. Tanzone, M.A., Sister Martina Tybor, SS.C.M., M.A. � Editor JOSEPH PAU C 0, Ph.D. Published by: THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Volume XXIV Number 47 �SLOVAKIA • VOLUME XXIV 1974 • NO. 47 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. . Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U.S. A. �s SLOVAKIA Contents Ma:i:imilian Hell, S. J. - Stephen Sencik, S. J. - 5 Anthony X. Suther- Tiso's Formative Years and Early Political Career - land, Ph.D. - 24 Sr. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. - Philip A . Hrobak - 36 Andrew Pier, The 35th Anniversary of Slovak Independence Day - O.S.B. - 51 American Sl.ovaks Lost a Great Man - Stephen B. Roman - Slovak Destiny - Joseph C. Krajsa - 54 57 Slovak League of America and Slovak World Congress - Behuncik - Edward J. 60 Slovaks Abr,oad and Their Role in Slovakia's Struggle for Freedom - J. M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D. Slovak Pioneers in America Slovaks in Blandburg - 63 Joseph Pauco, Ph.D. - Andrew Pier, O.S.B. - · 80 . . • Michael O'Pake, Esq. - Slovak Heritage - The Youth Conference - Tanzone - 67 84 Slovak League of America - Daniel F. 88 Some Personal Observations • on the 1973 Slovak League of America Conference - Susan Pojer, B.A. 92 One Species, Many Cultures - Michael Novak - 96 The Artful Dodgers: Directors of Ethnic Studies Programs Fenchak - Paul 112 Survey Research and Ethnic Studies Great Slovak Talent - Steven I. Miller, Ph.D. 120 130 The Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius and the Preservation of Slovak Culture in America - William Wagner 132 156 Famous Slovak Inve'ntors - Slovak Background of Events Through the Soviet Takeover in 1968 Jane Noonan - 162 The Slovak Arts in Perspective Slovak som ja - Marlene Bartos - Stephen John Knoblock - Noted Slovak Jubilarians - J. M. Kirschbaum - 210 Current Issues - As the Others See It - 213 Who's Who Among American Slovaks Book Reviews - 217 Our Contributors - 232 169 177 215 Francis Vnuk - 181 �SLOVAKIA Annual S L O V A K I A is published by the Slovak League of America, 313 Ridge Avenue, Middletown, Pa. 17057. Subscription $4.00. Editor: Joseph Pa u co, Ph .D. Editorial Board: Draga Divinska, Louis Kandra , Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D., Susan Mikula, M.A., Joseph A. Mikus, Ph .D., Fr. Andrew Pier, O.S.B., M.A. , Daniel F. Tanzone, M.A., Sister Martina Tybor, SS.C.M., M.A. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1974, Vol. 24 Description An account of the resource Vol. 24 (No. 47), 1974. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Editor JOSEPH PAU C 0, Ph.D. Published by: THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Volume XXIV Number 47 SLOVAKIA • VOLUME XXIV 1974 • NO. 47 Editor JOSEPH PAUCO, Ph.D. . Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY, Middletown, Pennsylvania, U.S. A. s SLOVAKIA Contents Ma:i:imilian Hell, S. J. - Stephen Sencik, S. J. - 5 Anthony X. Suther- Tiso's Formative Years and Early Political Career - land, Ph.D. - 24 Sr. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. - Philip A . Hrobak - 36 Andrew Pier, The 35th Anniversary of Slovak Independence Day - O.S.B. - 51 American Sl.ovaks Lost a Great Man - Stephen B. Roman - Slovak Destiny - Joseph C. Krajsa - 54 57 Slovak League of America and Slovak World Congress - Behuncik - Edward J. 60 Slovaks Abr,oad and Their Role in Slovakia's Struggle for Freedom - J. M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D. Slovak Pioneers in America Slovaks in Blandburg - 63 Joseph Pauco, Ph.D. - Andrew Pier, O.S.B. - · 80 . . • Michael O'Pake, Esq. - Slovak Heritage - The Youth Conference - Tanzone - 67 84 Slovak League of America - Daniel F. 88 Some Personal Observations • on the 1973 Slovak League of America Conference - Susan Pojer, B.A. 92 One Species, Many Cultures - Michael Novak - 96 The Artful Dodgers: Directors of Ethnic Studies Programs Fenchak - Paul 112 Survey Research and Ethnic Studies Great Slovak Talent - Steven I. Miller, Ph.D. 120 130 The Sisters of SS. Cyril and Methodius and the Preservation of Slovak Culture in America - William Wagner 132 156 Famous Slovak Inve'ntors - Slovak Background of Events Through the Soviet Takeover in 1968 Jane Noonan - 162 The Slovak Arts in Perspective Slovak som ja - Marlene Bartos - Stephen John Knoblock - Noted Slovak Jubilarians - J. M. Kirschbaum - 210 Current Issues - As the Others See It - 213 Who's Who Among American Slovaks Book Reviews - 217 Our Contributors - 232 169 177 215 Francis Vnuk - 181 SLOVAKIA Annual S L O V A K I A is published by the Slovak League of America, 313 Ridge Avenue, Middletown, Pa. 17057. Subscription $4.00. Editor: Joseph Pa u co, Ph .D. Editorial Board: Draga Divinska, Louis Kandra , Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Ph.D., Susan Mikula, M.A., Joseph A. Mikus, Ph .D., Fr. Andrew Pier, O.S.B., M.A. , Daniel F. Tanzone, M.A., Sister Martina Tybor, SS.C.M., M.A.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 24 (No. 47) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/734da316e42e6264501f7cb440a5134b.pdf 6948b17707269467d8b0ad0619d4b1b7 PDF Text Text �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXV •• 1975 • NO. 48 Editor JOSEPH PA UCO _. Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �PRINTED BY JEDNOTA PRESS, MIDD•LETOWN, PA. 17057, U.S.A. �3 SLOVAKIA Contents Dr. Joseph Tiso in the Light of Nazi Documents Grebert - 5 Good Times and Love - Sonya Jason - 18 70th Anniversary of the Slovak People's Party Ph.D. - Joseph Pauco , 28 Dark Hours of the Church in Slovakia - - Dr. Arved Theodoric Zubek, O.F.M. 36 Good Slovak Republic - Konstantin Culen - 41 Juraj Fandly : An Introduction to His Life and Work - X. Sutherland, Ph.D. - 59 Slovak Fraternal Organizations 68 Daniel F. Tanzone - Praised-be in the Coal Region - - Anthony Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS .C.M . 71 Visible Signs of Slovak Culture in Cleveland, Ohio Pier, O.S.B. - Andrew V. 73 Slovak Piano Composition - Antonia Maza.nova - 80 Incarnation and Resurrection in the Last Poems of Milos K. Mlynarovic - Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS.C.M. - The Slovak Dilemma in Austria-Hungary - 99 Gabor Vermes - 105 Centennial of Slovak Health Spas in the Tatra Mountains Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B. - Slovak Contributions to the American Cultural Mosaic F. Tanzone - St. Cyril in Love - Rev. 117 Daniel 119 Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS.C.M. - f.udovit Stur and Slovak Cultural Nationalism Sutherland, Ph.D. 134 Anthony X. Before Life's Stirring . . . and Beyond the Grave Scientific Literature by Slovaks Abroad - 128 148 J. M. Kirschbaum - History and Tradition of Wooden Houses of Slovakia Fialkovic 160 Paul 151 �SLOVAKIA 4 Milan Rastislav Stefanik and the Tragedy of the Slovak People Robert Pojer - 168 Slovakia Before the Czechs As Others See it Book Reviews - John Berta - 190 194 Slovak American Bicentennial Commission Who 's Who Among Slovak Americans Our Contributors - 180 208 206 207 � �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXV •• 1975 • NO. 48 Editor JOSEPH PA UCO _. Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 �PRINTED BY JEDNOTA PRESS, MIDD•LETOWN, PA. 17057, U.S.A. �3 SLOVAKIA Contents Dr. Joseph Tiso in the Light of Nazi Documents Grebert - 5 Good Times and Love - Sonya Jason - 18 70th Anniversary of the Slovak People's Party Ph.D. - Joseph Pauco , 28 Dark Hours of the Church in Slovakia - - Dr. Arved Theodoric Zubek, O.F.M. 36 Good Slovak Republic - Konstantin Culen - 41 Juraj Fandly : An Introduction to His Life and Work - X. Sutherland, Ph.D. - 59 Slovak Fraternal Organizations 68 Daniel F. Tanzone - Praised-be in the Coal Region - - Anthony Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS .C.M . 71 Visible Signs of Slovak Culture in Cleveland, Ohio Pier, O.S.B. - Andrew V. 73 Slovak Piano Composition - Antonia Maza.nova - 80 Incarnation and Resurrection in the Last Poems of Milos K. Mlynarovic - Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS.C.M. - The Slovak Dilemma in Austria-Hungary - 99 Gabor Vermes - 105 Centennial of Slovak Health Spas in the Tatra Mountains Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B. - Slovak Contributions to the American Cultural Mosaic F. Tanzone - St. Cyril in Love - Rev. 117 Daniel 119 Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS.C.M. - f.udovit Stur and Slovak Cultural Nationalism Sutherland, Ph.D. 134 Anthony X. Before Life's Stirring . . . and Beyond the Grave Scientific Literature by Slovaks Abroad - 128 148 J. M. Kirschbaum - History and Tradition of Wooden Houses of Slovakia Fialkovic 160 Paul 151 �SLOVAKIA 4 Milan Rastislav Stefanik and the Tragedy of the Slovak People Robert Pojer - 168 Slovakia Before the Czechs As Others See it Book Reviews - John Berta - 190 194 Slovak American Bicentennial Commission Who 's Who Among Slovak Americans Our Contributors - 180 208 206 207 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1975, Vol. 25 Description An account of the resource Vol. 25 (No. 48), 1975. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXV •• 1975 • NO. 48 Editor JOSEPH PA UCO _. Ph.D. Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA 313 Ridge Avenue • Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 PRINTED BY JEDNOTA PRESS, MIDD•LETOWN, PA. 17057, U.S.A. 3 SLOVAKIA Contents Dr. Joseph Tiso in the Light of Nazi Documents Grebert - 5 Good Times and Love - Sonya Jason - 18 70th Anniversary of the Slovak People's Party Ph.D. - Joseph Pauco , 28 Dark Hours of the Church in Slovakia - - Dr. Arved Theodoric Zubek, O.F.M. 36 Good Slovak Republic - Konstantin Culen - 41 Juraj Fandly : An Introduction to His Life and Work - X. Sutherland, Ph.D. - 59 Slovak Fraternal Organizations 68 Daniel F. Tanzone - Praised-be in the Coal Region - - Anthony Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS .C.M . 71 Visible Signs of Slovak Culture in Cleveland, Ohio Pier, O.S.B. - Andrew V. 73 Slovak Piano Composition - Antonia Maza.nova - 80 Incarnation and Resurrection in the Last Poems of Milos K. Mlynarovic - Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS.C.M. - The Slovak Dilemma in Austria-Hungary - 99 Gabor Vermes - 105 Centennial of Slovak Health Spas in the Tatra Mountains Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B. - Slovak Contributions to the American Cultural Mosaic F. Tanzone - St. Cyril in Love - Rev. 117 Daniel 119 Sister M. Pamela Smith, SS.C.M. - f.udovit Stur and Slovak Cultural Nationalism Sutherland, Ph.D. 134 Anthony X. Before Life's Stirring . . . and Beyond the Grave Scientific Literature by Slovaks Abroad - 128 148 J. M. Kirschbaum - History and Tradition of Wooden Houses of Slovakia Fialkovic 160 Paul 151 SLOVAKIA 4 Milan Rastislav Stefanik and the Tragedy of the Slovak People Robert Pojer - 168 Slovakia Before the Czechs As Others See it Book Reviews - John Berta - 190 194 Slovak American Bicentennial Commission Who 's Who Among Slovak Americans Our Contributors - 180 208 206 207  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 25 (No. 48) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/45659504571e73709d3af12ade8f38d4.pdf aa5bcb2f509bdab5c3ada93a826da2b6 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 1976 �(il( ill! l!E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E fl" !B IIIIII IIIIII N at io na l 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3!B r.h Cz e~ & Sl ov ak . b ra ry M us eu m & Li Ce da r Ra p id s, III III III Io wa Pr es en te d by : ~ fflW IIIIII IIIIII III III III A~A- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ID ID ID ID D at e: ~ ~ /9 9 ~ LI IIE 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E ~ 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 31 l~ the nia l Me da l sponsored by vak Am eri ca n Bic en ten lic Slo tho Ca R st VE Fir CO T the ON (FR ission ffJnded by mm Co l nia ten en Bic n Slovak Am eri ca tio n.) Slovak Ladies As so cia �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXVI 1976 MICHAEL NOVAK Editor DANIEL F. TANZONE Associate Editor EDITORIAL BOARD: Draga Divinska Joseph M. Kirschbaum Joseph C. Krajsa Susan Mikula Joseph A. Mikus Reverend Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B. Mark Stolarik Sister M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. A Political Science and Historical Annual Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Mailing Address: SLOVAKIA 17 Porach Street Yonkers, New York 10701 N0.49 �Printed By JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown, Pennsylva11_ia 17057 �SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents In Memoriam - Edward J. Behuncik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 In Memoriam: Dr. Joseph Pauco - F. Vnuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Foreword - Edward J. Behuncik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Editor's Note - Dr. Michael Novak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Resolution by the Bicentennial Conference of the Slovak League of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Immigration and Eastern Slovak Nationalism M . Mark Stolarik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Materialism and Morality: Slavic-American Immigrants and Education, 1890-1940 - John Bodnar ...... .. . . .... .. . 21 Slovak and Ruthenian Easter Eggs - Andrew Cincura . . . . . . . . . . 40 John J. Kubasek, Priest and Patriot - DanielF. Tanzone ... .... . 69 The Ideas of the Hlasist Movement - Anthony X. Sutherland 76 Selections from An Anthology of Slovak Literature Introductory Remarks by Andrew Cincura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Slovakia on My Map - Margaret Matus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Book Reviews Prof. Joseph M. Kirschbaum ............................ Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B . ................................. Andrew Cincura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Owen V. Johnson . . ....... . ................. . .... . . . . .. 111 117 122 126 Our Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover ��SLOVAKIA 5 Jn McmPriam .i. (1914-1975) This Bicentennial issue of Slovakia marks the first time since 1964 that its editor is not Dr. Joseph Pauco. Our late dedicated and devoted Secretary-Treasurer of the Slovak League of America, Dr. Pauco took over the editorship of Slovakia upon the death of our former League President, Philip A. Hrobak. Having served his people and his generation with unusual dedication, Dr. Pauco laid down his pen on November 18, 1975 at a time when we thought he was in the full tide of a buoyant, very active life, holding much promise and hope of continued fruitful service. His is a rare example of a life truly lived for God and country - ZA BOHA A NAROD!! Steadfast in his beliefs , he was ever the uncompromising opponent of injustice and tyranny, especially the atheistic tyranny of Communism - with an unusual wrath against those whom he deemed godless invaders and oppressors. An unshrinking patriot, the success of his efforts can, to a large extent, be measured by the slanderous attacks he suffered at times from diverse national and international sources. But always maintaining his hold on the ideal, he continued by his spoken, and more significantly by his written , word to give of his many talents to both his native and adopted countries and to Slovaks everywhere. His many published works relating to Slovak history and particularly Slovak American history have earned him a place of distinction among Slovakia's many gifted writers and authors. The pledge made at his graveside bears reaffirmation: ' ' Dear Doctor, we, whom you left behind, pledge to carry on ... ZA BOHA A NAROD ." EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President, Slovak League of America �SLOVAKIA 6 ln iMemPriam . V DR. JOZEF PAUCO Editor of Slovakia from 1964 to 1975 After eleven years the masthead of Slovakia no longer bears the name of Dr. Jozef Pauco as its editor. He died on November 18th, 1975 after a short illness. Everybody who knew him - either personally or through his literary, journalistic and editorial work - would agree that the Slovak cause lost in him its most worthy defender. Dr. Jozef Pauco will certainly be remembered as one of the greatest names in the history of Slovak journalism. He selflessly dedicated the great talent of his pen to the services of his nation. From the earliest writing of his student days to the last series of his articles, studies , commentaries and editorials he faithfully followed a firm and unchanging line: to win for his nation those rights and liberties which were its due. During the years of Slovak independence (1939-45) Dr. Pauco was the Editor-in-Chief of the largest Slovak daily, Slovak. With the fall of the Slovak Republic he went into exile in order to fight for the restoration of Slovak independence. His skillful journalistic pen proved to be an effective weapon in this struggle. In 1950 he emigrated to the U.S.A. where he became the Assistant Editor of Jednota, the official organ of the First Catholic Slovak Union of the United States and Canada. But Dr. Pauco's energy and enthusiasm could not be exhausted in one job. Soon he was putting into action new plans and ideas. He was acutely aware that the Slovak cause needed patient explanation and elucidation in the political, academic and opinion-making circles of the Western World, particularly in the U.S. The enemies of the Slovak nation systematically - and regrettably with great measure of success - presented the Slovak struggle for independence as something subversive, dishonest and outr~eous. Dr. Jozef Pauco was one of those Slovak patriots who took upon themselves the task of changing this unsatisfactory state of affairs . They set out to expose falsehood , to defend the truth, to convince people that there was nothing subversive or unnatural in a nation's struggle for its independence . To promote and disseminate these ideas Dr. Pauco and his circle of friends launched a number of journals in the English language in which they tried to represent the political situation of Slovakia in its proper �SLOVAKIA 7 context and in its true light. Dr. Pauco, as the Secretary-General of the Slovak National Council Abroad, was the editor of the monthly, Bulletin of the Slovak National Council (appeared in 1953-58), and at the same time assisted P. A. Hrobak in editing another informative journal in the English language, Slovak Newsletter. The revue Slovakia "<as a far more ambitious and more durable project. It started its existence in 1950 when the Slovak League of America - prompted by its Secretary, Dr. Frantisek Hrusovsky decided to publish an English magazine dealing with Slovak cultural, political, historical and social affairs. The objectives of this magazine were stated thus: ''The chief purpose of Slovakia is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and independence.'' Initially the magazine was published quarterly but in the past 15 years it has been appearing as an annual publication. The first editor of Slovakia was Phillip A. Hrobak. Pauco's collaboration with this magazine started from the beginning. He provided not only editorial help but was also one of the most regular contributors. From 1964 (after the death of P. A. Hrobak) Dr. Jozef Pauco who in the meantime had been elected the Secretary of the Slovak League of America - took over the editorship. In the following eleven years he carried out this function expertly and efficiently. He tried hard and successfully to make Slovakia into a respected and representative revue. He gave Slovakia a new, more contemporary style. Prior to his editorship the content of Slovakia was largely made up of articles published originally in Slovak and intended primarily for the Slovak public. Dr. Pauco gradually changed that. He used to approach Slovak men of letters, Slovak historians and politicians with requests for specially written contributions. In this way there appeared in Slovakia many valuable essays and reviews in which various aspects of Slovak history, culture, politics, emigration, etc. were presented in an informative manner with the emphasis on those essentials in which a non-Slovak reader would be and should be interested. The imprint left by Pauco's dedicated and professional work is indelible and lasting. In compiling each issue of Slovakia Dr. Pauco tried to maintain an even balance. The variety of topics and the wide range of contributors from every corner of the world are an eloquent testimony to these efforts. No aspect of Slovak life, both past and present, was left untouched. From the study of the past issues of Slovakia the reader can obtain an undistorted picture of Slovaks, their country and their aspirations. In presenting this picture Dr. Pauco wanted to show to the free and freedom-loving people in the West the eventful history, the cultural riches and the political maturity of the Slovak nation. And in all this there was an implicit plea not so much for sympathy as for understanding. As an exiled son of a nation forcibly deprived of its in- �8 SLOVAKIA dependence, Dr. Jozef Pauco was valiantly striving to procure justice for his enslaved countrymen. The whole nation will gratefully remember his sacrifice and his devoted service. May he rest in peace! F. VNUK Australia �SLOVAKIA 9 Foreword As part of the Bicentennial programs of the Slovak League of America, we are happy to publish this special issue of our annual publication. After we suffered the loss of our long time editor, Dr. Joseph Pauco, who died on November 18, 1975, we fortunately obtained the services of Michael Novak, Slovak American author and lay theologian, as acting editor-in-chief. Into new hands is now committed the guidance and issuance of our Slovakia with all its heritage of things attained, with all its hopes of things to come. The hands of our current generation of Slovak Americans are new but they are firm and strong. Michael Novak brings to his task an equipment rare in fullness and rich in promise. The elders of our Slovak ethnics are cognizant that we are the passing instruments of a process that transcends our fleeting hour. We know that on each new generation this duty to take over the torch rests afresh. I am confident that the works compiled herein will mark the 1976 issue of Slovakia as an outstanding contribution by youthful Slovak Americans to the ethnic bicentennial and to the growing influence of the Slovak League and our affiliated organizations in the expended ethnic identification in America's pluralistic society. Accordingly, I am delighted, as President of the Slovak League, to express my official as well as personal gratitude to Dr. Novak and to the contributors whose works appear herein. To all to whom these lines appear, I wish you many moments of joyous, serious and rewarding reading and contemplative cogitation. EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President �10 SLOVAKIA Editor's Note The untimely death of Joseph Pauco left a vacancy, hard to fill , in the editorship of Slovakia. After his arrival in America, Pauco served the aspirations of the Slovak people long and well. We stand in his debt, dedicating this issue to him. Yet, characteristically, life springs from death. In the vacuum he left, while the present editor stood confused and in need of help, younger talents sprang up to offer their assistance. Mark Stolarik and John Bodnar bring to Slovakia a taste of the new scholarship, which is slowly but deeply revising the picture of immigration held by American historians. Other young colleagues of theirs will, we hope, join us in the future and make of Slovakia one of the best outlets of the new scholarship . Andrew Cincura and Owen V. Johnson add depth and balance to this volume. The new anthology by Cincura will be a major event in Slovak life in English-speaking lands, an indispensable and herculean effort; we are pleased to offer the readers of Slovakia a foretaste of his large new book. Professor Johnson ' s cool, objective tone witnesses to a new level of maturity and frank, open disagreement proper to the world of high scholarship. In 1976, the United States is 200 years old. But the great migration from Eastern Slovakia to the U.S. is barely 100 years old. One hundred years! It is time, now, for a new chapter to be opened in SlovakAmerican life - a new level of scholarship, a new tone of voice, a new depth and energy, a new generation to pick up the long struggle of the brave, suffering peoples of the past. Slovaks do not stand alone at the present moment. On all sides , many other ethnic peoples - and all those millions of Americans of mixed ethnic ancestry - are struggling to gain a clearer idea of their own identity and of America's . Scholarship is desperately needed, as are repositories of letters, diaries, legal records, old newspapers, and material of all sorts that scholars might study. And we need writers, novelists, poets, dramatists, moviemakers, song-writers, reporters, journalists of all sorts . And political sophistication and clout. Who were our grandparents? Why did tn(!y come to America - or, for later migrants, why did they stay longer in Slovakia? In order to enter our future intelligently, we need · to understand our special history . This issue, then, having anchored itself in a remembrance of things past , looks toward the future. MICHAEL NOV AK May 28, 1976 �SLOVAKIA 11 RESOLUTION UNANIMOUSLY ADOPTED BYTHE BICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION CONFERENCE OFTHE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA MARCH 27, 1976 On the occasion of the annual conference of the Slovak League of America held in the historic City of Philadelphia during this last weekend of March in our nation's bicentennial year, the officers and delegates lawfully assembled in the shadows of Independence Hall solemnly and unanimously reiterate our unswerving, permanent and loyal commitment and dedication to the basic moral and ethical principles herein enumerated: 1. Preservation and expansion of the moral truths enunciated in the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights of the United States and in the Charter of the United Nations. 2. Condemnation of all forms of tyranny and totalitarian political systems , especially the atheistic philosophy of materialistic communism. 3. Conviction that the peaceful cooperation between countries based upon the principles enunciated in the Charter of the United Nations is in harmony with the aspirations and hopes of all peace-loving peoples and the basis of international peace . 4. Conviction that peace in Europe - and thus peace in the world - can never be complete until everywhere in Europe men can choose, in peace and freedom, how their countries will be governed. 5. Reaffirmation of our faith in fundamental human rights , in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the rights of men and women and of nations , large and small, to enjoy free government of the people , by the people and for the people. In accordance with the above as well as with the principles set forth in the Constitution and By-Laws of the Slovak League of America, we declare that: A. We, Slovak Americans of second, third and fourth United States generations , seek and will continue to seek our equitable share in the fruits and advantages which belong to us as much as they belong �12 SLOVAKIA to any other ethnic group making up the great mosaic which is these United States of America. B. We will continue to make our special contributions to these United States of America as our native or adopted country goes forward in its third century of growth and progress. C. We will continue to cherish our eleven hundred year old Christian tradition with our own Slovak language, songs, dances, arts and cultural specialties which set us apart as a special unit of the great Slav family of peoples. D. We will, by exercising our ethnic qualities, emulate our Slovak forbear Major Polerecky who, on behalf of the General of the Armies, George Washington, accepted the sword of surrender from General Cornwallis at Yorktown and our contemporary Slovak American, Captain Eugene Ceman, one of the first humans to land on and explore the moon. E. The eventual liberation of our brethren and kinsfolk in subjugated Slovakia, and, in the ecumenical spirit of the day, all mankind, from the tyranny and yoke of atheistic materialism of godless communism must and will be our continuous goal. NOW, THEREFORE, to give action to our hopes and aspirations, we respectfully submit that to effectuate the above declared ideals, we must, individually and collectively, through our chosen authorities of state and nation, seek assistance in remaking this world in which we live - now - today - this day and this week. We agree to continue to be inspired by our prayers and deliberations here at historic independence Hall being cognizant and especially appreciative of the great rights and privileges we enjoy as citizens of the greatest democracy in the history of mankind. Further, we authorize our League president and executive secretary to take such other action as they believe will be in the best interests and of assistance in bringing the above sentiments to the attention of such authorities and officials as they believe will bring to fruition our aspirations herein set forth. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, these resolutions have been unanimously adopted at our Bicentennial Conference here at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, this 27th day of March, 1976. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Edward J. Behuncik, President John A. Holy, Executive Secretary \ � SLOVAKIA 1976 �(il( ill! l!E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E fl" !B IIIIII IIIIII N at io na l 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3!B r.h Cz e~ & Sl ov ak . b ra ry M us eu m & Li Ce da r Ra p id s, III III III Io wa Pr es en te d by : ~ fflW IIIIII IIIIII III III III A~A- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ID ID ID ID D at e: ~ ~ /9 9 ~ LI IIE 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E ~ 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 31 l~ the nia l Me da l sponsored by vak Am eri ca n Bic en ten lic Slo tho Ca R st VE Fir CO T the ON (FR ission ffJnded by mm Co l nia ten en Bic n Slovak Am eri ca tio n.) Slovak Ladies As so cia �SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXVI 1976 MICHAEL NOVAK Editor DANIEL F. TANZONE Associate Editor EDITORIAL BOARD: Draga Divinska Joseph M. Kirschbaum Joseph C. Krajsa Susan Mikula Joseph A. Mikus Reverend Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B. Mark Stolarik Sister M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. A Political Science and Historical Annual Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Mailing Address: SLOVAKIA 17 Porach Street Yonkers, New York 10701 N0.49 �Printed By JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown, Pennsylva11_ia 17057 �SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents In Memoriam - Edward J. Behuncik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 In Memoriam: Dr. Joseph Pauco - F. Vnuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Foreword - Edward J. Behuncik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Editor's Note - Dr. Michael Novak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Resolution by the Bicentennial Conference of the Slovak League of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Immigration and Eastern Slovak Nationalism M . Mark Stolarik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Materialism and Morality: Slavic-American Immigrants and Education, 1890-1940 - John Bodnar ...... .. . . .... .. . 21 Slovak and Ruthenian Easter Eggs - Andrew Cincura . . . . . . . . . . 40 John J. Kubasek, Priest and Patriot - DanielF. Tanzone ... .... . 69 The Ideas of the Hlasist Movement - Anthony X. Sutherland 76 Selections from An Anthology of Slovak Literature Introductory Remarks by Andrew Cincura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Slovakia on My Map - Margaret Matus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Book Reviews Prof. Joseph M. Kirschbaum ............................ Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B . ................................. Andrew Cincura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Owen V. Johnson . . ....... . ................. . .... . . . . .. 111 117 122 126 Our Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover ��SLOVAKIA 5 Jn McmPriam .i. (1914-1975) This Bicentennial issue of Slovakia marks the first time since 1964 that its editor is not Dr. Joseph Pauco. Our late dedicated and devoted Secretary-Treasurer of the Slovak League of America, Dr. Pauco took over the editorship of Slovakia upon the death of our former League President, Philip A. Hrobak. Having served his people and his generation with unusual dedication, Dr. Pauco laid down his pen on November 18, 1975 at a time when we thought he was in the full tide of a buoyant, very active life, holding much promise and hope of continued fruitful service. His is a rare example of a life truly lived for God and country - ZA BOHA A NAROD!! Steadfast in his beliefs , he was ever the uncompromising opponent of injustice and tyranny, especially the atheistic tyranny of Communism - with an unusual wrath against those whom he deemed godless invaders and oppressors. An unshrinking patriot, the success of his efforts can, to a large extent, be measured by the slanderous attacks he suffered at times from diverse national and international sources. But always maintaining his hold on the ideal, he continued by his spoken, and more significantly by his written , word to give of his many talents to both his native and adopted countries and to Slovaks everywhere. His many published works relating to Slovak history and particularly Slovak American history have earned him a place of distinction among Slovakia's many gifted writers and authors. The pledge made at his graveside bears reaffirmation: ' ' Dear Doctor, we, whom you left behind, pledge to carry on ... ZA BOHA A NAROD ." EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President, Slovak League of America �SLOVAKIA 6 ln iMemPriam . V DR. JOZEF PAUCO Editor of Slovakia from 1964 to 1975 After eleven years the masthead of Slovakia no longer bears the name of Dr. Jozef Pauco as its editor. He died on November 18th, 1975 after a short illness. Everybody who knew him - either personally or through his literary, journalistic and editorial work - would agree that the Slovak cause lost in him its most worthy defender. Dr. Jozef Pauco will certainly be remembered as one of the greatest names in the history of Slovak journalism. He selflessly dedicated the great talent of his pen to the services of his nation. From the earliest writing of his student days to the last series of his articles, studies , commentaries and editorials he faithfully followed a firm and unchanging line: to win for his nation those rights and liberties which were its due. During the years of Slovak independence (1939-45) Dr. Pauco was the Editor-in-Chief of the largest Slovak daily, Slovak. With the fall of the Slovak Republic he went into exile in order to fight for the restoration of Slovak independence. His skillful journalistic pen proved to be an effective weapon in this struggle. In 1950 he emigrated to the U.S.A. where he became the Assistant Editor of Jednota, the official organ of the First Catholic Slovak Union of the United States and Canada. But Dr. Pauco's energy and enthusiasm could not be exhausted in one job. Soon he was putting into action new plans and ideas. He was acutely aware that the Slovak cause needed patient explanation and elucidation in the political, academic and opinion-making circles of the Western World, particularly in the U.S. The enemies of the Slovak nation systematically - and regrettably with great measure of success - presented the Slovak struggle for independence as something subversive, dishonest and outr~eous. Dr. Jozef Pauco was one of those Slovak patriots who took upon themselves the task of changing this unsatisfactory state of affairs . They set out to expose falsehood , to defend the truth, to convince people that there was nothing subversive or unnatural in a nation's struggle for its independence . To promote and disseminate these ideas Dr. Pauco and his circle of friends launched a number of journals in the English language in which they tried to represent the political situation of Slovakia in its proper �SLOVAKIA 7 context and in its true light. Dr. Pauco, as the Secretary-General of the Slovak National Council Abroad, was the editor of the monthly, Bulletin of the Slovak National Council (appeared in 1953-58), and at the same time assisted P. A. Hrobak in editing another informative journal in the English language, Slovak Newsletter. The revue Slovakia "<as a far more ambitious and more durable project. It started its existence in 1950 when the Slovak League of America - prompted by its Secretary, Dr. Frantisek Hrusovsky decided to publish an English magazine dealing with Slovak cultural, political, historical and social affairs. The objectives of this magazine were stated thus: ''The chief purpose of Slovakia is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and independence.'' Initially the magazine was published quarterly but in the past 15 years it has been appearing as an annual publication. The first editor of Slovakia was Phillip A. Hrobak. Pauco's collaboration with this magazine started from the beginning. He provided not only editorial help but was also one of the most regular contributors. From 1964 (after the death of P. A. Hrobak) Dr. Jozef Pauco who in the meantime had been elected the Secretary of the Slovak League of America - took over the editorship. In the following eleven years he carried out this function expertly and efficiently. He tried hard and successfully to make Slovakia into a respected and representative revue. He gave Slovakia a new, more contemporary style. Prior to his editorship the content of Slovakia was largely made up of articles published originally in Slovak and intended primarily for the Slovak public. Dr. Pauco gradually changed that. He used to approach Slovak men of letters, Slovak historians and politicians with requests for specially written contributions. In this way there appeared in Slovakia many valuable essays and reviews in which various aspects of Slovak history, culture, politics, emigration, etc. were presented in an informative manner with the emphasis on those essentials in which a non-Slovak reader would be and should be interested. The imprint left by Pauco's dedicated and professional work is indelible and lasting. In compiling each issue of Slovakia Dr. Pauco tried to maintain an even balance. The variety of topics and the wide range of contributors from every corner of the world are an eloquent testimony to these efforts. No aspect of Slovak life, both past and present, was left untouched. From the study of the past issues of Slovakia the reader can obtain an undistorted picture of Slovaks, their country and their aspirations. In presenting this picture Dr. Pauco wanted to show to the free and freedom-loving people in the West the eventful history, the cultural riches and the political maturity of the Slovak nation. And in all this there was an implicit plea not so much for sympathy as for understanding. As an exiled son of a nation forcibly deprived of its in- �8 SLOVAKIA dependence, Dr. Jozef Pauco was valiantly striving to procure justice for his enslaved countrymen. The whole nation will gratefully remember his sacrifice and his devoted service. May he rest in peace! F. VNUK Australia �SLOVAKIA 9 Foreword As part of the Bicentennial programs of the Slovak League of America, we are happy to publish this special issue of our annual publication. After we suffered the loss of our long time editor, Dr. Joseph Pauco, who died on November 18, 1975, we fortunately obtained the services of Michael Novak, Slovak American author and lay theologian, as acting editor-in-chief. Into new hands is now committed the guidance and issuance of our Slovakia with all its heritage of things attained, with all its hopes of things to come. The hands of our current generation of Slovak Americans are new but they are firm and strong. Michael Novak brings to his task an equipment rare in fullness and rich in promise. The elders of our Slovak ethnics are cognizant that we are the passing instruments of a process that transcends our fleeting hour. We know that on each new generation this duty to take over the torch rests afresh. I am confident that the works compiled herein will mark the 1976 issue of Slovakia as an outstanding contribution by youthful Slovak Americans to the ethnic bicentennial and to the growing influence of the Slovak League and our affiliated organizations in the expended ethnic identification in America's pluralistic society. Accordingly, I am delighted, as President of the Slovak League, to express my official as well as personal gratitude to Dr. Novak and to the contributors whose works appear herein. To all to whom these lines appear, I wish you many moments of joyous, serious and rewarding reading and contemplative cogitation. EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President �10 SLOVAKIA Editor's Note The untimely death of Joseph Pauco left a vacancy, hard to fill , in the editorship of Slovakia. After his arrival in America, Pauco served the aspirations of the Slovak people long and well. We stand in his debt, dedicating this issue to him. Yet, characteristically, life springs from death. In the vacuum he left, while the present editor stood confused and in need of help, younger talents sprang up to offer their assistance. Mark Stolarik and John Bodnar bring to Slovakia a taste of the new scholarship, which is slowly but deeply revising the picture of immigration held by American historians. Other young colleagues of theirs will, we hope, join us in the future and make of Slovakia one of the best outlets of the new scholarship . Andrew Cincura and Owen V. Johnson add depth and balance to this volume. The new anthology by Cincura will be a major event in Slovak life in English-speaking lands, an indispensable and herculean effort; we are pleased to offer the readers of Slovakia a foretaste of his large new book. Professor Johnson ' s cool, objective tone witnesses to a new level of maturity and frank, open disagreement proper to the world of high scholarship. In 1976, the United States is 200 years old. But the great migration from Eastern Slovakia to the U.S. is barely 100 years old. One hundred years! It is time, now, for a new chapter to be opened in SlovakAmerican life - a new level of scholarship, a new tone of voice, a new depth and energy, a new generation to pick up the long struggle of the brave, suffering peoples of the past. Slovaks do not stand alone at the present moment. On all sides , many other ethnic peoples - and all those millions of Americans of mixed ethnic ancestry - are struggling to gain a clearer idea of their own identity and of America's . Scholarship is desperately needed, as are repositories of letters, diaries, legal records, old newspapers, and material of all sorts that scholars might study. And we need writers, novelists, poets, dramatists, moviemakers, song-writers, reporters, journalists of all sorts . And political sophistication and clout. Who were our grandparents? Why did tn(!y come to America - or, for later migrants, why did they stay longer in Slovakia? In order to enter our future intelligently, we need · to understand our special history . This issue, then, having anchored itself in a remembrance of things past , looks toward the future. MICHAEL NOV AK May 28, 1976 �SLOVAKIA 11 RESOLUTION UNANIMOUSLY ADOPTED BYTHE BICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION CONFERENCE OFTHE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA MARCH 27, 1976 On the occasion of the annual conference of the Slovak League of America held in the historic City of Philadelphia during this last weekend of March in our nation's bicentennial year, the officers and delegates lawfully assembled in the shadows of Independence Hall solemnly and unanimously reiterate our unswerving, permanent and loyal commitment and dedication to the basic moral and ethical principles herein enumerated: 1. Preservation and expansion of the moral truths enunciated in the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights of the United States and in the Charter of the United Nations. 2. Condemnation of all forms of tyranny and totalitarian political systems , especially the atheistic philosophy of materialistic communism. 3. Conviction that the peaceful cooperation between countries based upon the principles enunciated in the Charter of the United Nations is in harmony with the aspirations and hopes of all peace-loving peoples and the basis of international peace . 4. Conviction that peace in Europe - and thus peace in the world - can never be complete until everywhere in Europe men can choose, in peace and freedom, how their countries will be governed. 5. Reaffirmation of our faith in fundamental human rights , in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the rights of men and women and of nations , large and small, to enjoy free government of the people , by the people and for the people. In accordance with the above as well as with the principles set forth in the Constitution and By-Laws of the Slovak League of America, we declare that: A. We, Slovak Americans of second, third and fourth United States generations , seek and will continue to seek our equitable share in the fruits and advantages which belong to us as much as they belong �12 SLOVAKIA to any other ethnic group making up the great mosaic which is these United States of America. B. We will continue to make our special contributions to these United States of America as our native or adopted country goes forward in its third century of growth and progress. C. We will continue to cherish our eleven hundred year old Christian tradition with our own Slovak language, songs, dances, arts and cultural specialties which set us apart as a special unit of the great Slav family of peoples. D. We will, by exercising our ethnic qualities, emulate our Slovak forbear Major Polerecky who, on behalf of the General of the Armies, George Washington, accepted the sword of surrender from General Cornwallis at Yorktown and our contemporary Slovak American, Captain Eugene Ceman, one of the first humans to land on and explore the moon. E. The eventual liberation of our brethren and kinsfolk in subjugated Slovakia, and, in the ecumenical spirit of the day, all mankind, from the tyranny and yoke of atheistic materialism of godless communism must and will be our continuous goal. NOW, THEREFORE, to give action to our hopes and aspirations, we respectfully submit that to effectuate the above declared ideals, we must, individually and collectively, through our chosen authorities of state and nation, seek assistance in remaking this world in which we live - now - today - this day and this week. We agree to continue to be inspired by our prayers and deliberations here at historic independence Hall being cognizant and especially appreciative of the great rights and privileges we enjoy as citizens of the greatest democracy in the history of mankind. Further, we authorize our League president and executive secretary to take such other action as they believe will be in the best interests and of assistance in bringing the above sentiments to the attention of such authorities and officials as they believe will bring to fruition our aspirations herein set forth. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, these resolutions have been unanimously adopted at our Bicentennial Conference here at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, this 27th day of March, 1976. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Edward J. Behuncik, President John A. Holy, Executive Secretary \ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1976, Vol. 26 Description An account of the resource Vol. 26 (No. 49), 1976. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 1976 (il( ill! l!E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E fl" !B IIIIII IIIIII N at io na l 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3!B r.h Cz e~ & Sl ov ak . b ra ry M us eu m & Li Ce da r Ra p id s, III III III Io wa Pr es en te d by : ~ fflW IIIIII IIIIII III III III A~A- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ID ID ID ID D at e: ~ ~ /9 9 ~ LI IIE 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E ~ 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 3E 31 l~ the nia l Me da l sponsored by vak Am eri ca n Bic en ten lic Slo tho Ca R st VE Fir CO T the ON (FR ission ffJnded by mm Co l nia ten en Bic n Slovak Am eri ca tio n.) Slovak Ladies As so cia SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXVI 1976 MICHAEL NOVAK Editor DANIEL F. TANZONE Associate Editor EDITORIAL BOARD: Draga Divinska Joseph M. Kirschbaum Joseph C. Krajsa Susan Mikula Joseph A. Mikus Reverend Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B. Mark Stolarik Sister M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. A Political Science and Historical Annual Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Mailing Address: SLOVAKIA 17 Porach Street Yonkers, New York 10701 N0.49 Printed By JEDNOTA PRINTERY Middletown, Pennsylva11_ia 17057 SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents In Memoriam - Edward J. Behuncik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 In Memoriam: Dr. Joseph Pauco - F. Vnuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Foreword - Edward J. Behuncik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Editor's Note - Dr. Michael Novak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Resolution by the Bicentennial Conference of the Slovak League of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Immigration and Eastern Slovak Nationalism M . Mark Stolarik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Materialism and Morality: Slavic-American Immigrants and Education, 1890-1940 - John Bodnar ...... .. . . .... .. . 21 Slovak and Ruthenian Easter Eggs - Andrew Cincura . . . . . . . . . . 40 John J. Kubasek, Priest and Patriot - DanielF. Tanzone ... .... . 69 The Ideas of the Hlasist Movement - Anthony X. Sutherland 76 Selections from An Anthology of Slovak Literature Introductory Remarks by Andrew Cincura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Slovakia on My Map - Margaret Matus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Book Reviews Prof. Joseph M. Kirschbaum ............................ Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B . ................................. Andrew Cincura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Owen V. Johnson . . ....... . ................. . .... . . . . .. 111 117 122 126 Our Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back Cover SLOVAKIA 5 Jn McmPriam .i. (1914-1975) This Bicentennial issue of Slovakia marks the first time since 1964 that its editor is not Dr. Joseph Pauco. Our late dedicated and devoted Secretary-Treasurer of the Slovak League of America, Dr. Pauco took over the editorship of Slovakia upon the death of our former League President, Philip A. Hrobak. Having served his people and his generation with unusual dedication, Dr. Pauco laid down his pen on November 18, 1975 at a time when we thought he was in the full tide of a buoyant, very active life, holding much promise and hope of continued fruitful service. His is a rare example of a life truly lived for God and country - ZA BOHA A NAROD!! Steadfast in his beliefs , he was ever the uncompromising opponent of injustice and tyranny, especially the atheistic tyranny of Communism - with an unusual wrath against those whom he deemed godless invaders and oppressors. An unshrinking patriot, the success of his efforts can, to a large extent, be measured by the slanderous attacks he suffered at times from diverse national and international sources. But always maintaining his hold on the ideal, he continued by his spoken, and more significantly by his written , word to give of his many talents to both his native and adopted countries and to Slovaks everywhere. His many published works relating to Slovak history and particularly Slovak American history have earned him a place of distinction among Slovakia's many gifted writers and authors. The pledge made at his graveside bears reaffirmation: ' ' Dear Doctor, we, whom you left behind, pledge to carry on ... ZA BOHA A NAROD ." EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President, Slovak League of America SLOVAKIA 6 ln iMemPriam . V DR. JOZEF PAUCO Editor of Slovakia from 1964 to 1975 After eleven years the masthead of Slovakia no longer bears the name of Dr. Jozef Pauco as its editor. He died on November 18th, 1975 after a short illness. Everybody who knew him - either personally or through his literary, journalistic and editorial work - would agree that the Slovak cause lost in him its most worthy defender. Dr. Jozef Pauco will certainly be remembered as one of the greatest names in the history of Slovak journalism. He selflessly dedicated the great talent of his pen to the services of his nation. From the earliest writing of his student days to the last series of his articles, studies , commentaries and editorials he faithfully followed a firm and unchanging line: to win for his nation those rights and liberties which were its due. During the years of Slovak independence (1939-45) Dr. Pauco was the Editor-in-Chief of the largest Slovak daily, Slovak. With the fall of the Slovak Republic he went into exile in order to fight for the restoration of Slovak independence. His skillful journalistic pen proved to be an effective weapon in this struggle. In 1950 he emigrated to the U.S.A. where he became the Assistant Editor of Jednota, the official organ of the First Catholic Slovak Union of the United States and Canada. But Dr. Pauco's energy and enthusiasm could not be exhausted in one job. Soon he was putting into action new plans and ideas. He was acutely aware that the Slovak cause needed patient explanation and elucidation in the political, academic and opinion-making circles of the Western World, particularly in the U.S. The enemies of the Slovak nation systematically - and regrettably with great measure of success - presented the Slovak struggle for independence as something subversive, dishonest and outr~eous. Dr. Jozef Pauco was one of those Slovak patriots who took upon themselves the task of changing this unsatisfactory state of affairs . They set out to expose falsehood , to defend the truth, to convince people that there was nothing subversive or unnatural in a nation's struggle for its independence . To promote and disseminate these ideas Dr. Pauco and his circle of friends launched a number of journals in the English language in which they tried to represent the political situation of Slovakia in its proper SLOVAKIA 7 context and in its true light. Dr. Pauco, as the Secretary-General of the Slovak National Council Abroad, was the editor of the monthly, Bulletin of the Slovak National Council (appeared in 1953-58), and at the same time assisted P. A. Hrobak in editing another informative journal in the English language, Slovak Newsletter. The revue Slovakia "<as a far more ambitious and more durable project. It started its existence in 1950 when the Slovak League of America - prompted by its Secretary, Dr. Frantisek Hrusovsky decided to publish an English magazine dealing with Slovak cultural, political, historical and social affairs. The objectives of this magazine were stated thus: ''The chief purpose of Slovakia is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and independence.'' Initially the magazine was published quarterly but in the past 15 years it has been appearing as an annual publication. The first editor of Slovakia was Phillip A. Hrobak. Pauco's collaboration with this magazine started from the beginning. He provided not only editorial help but was also one of the most regular contributors. From 1964 (after the death of P. A. Hrobak) Dr. Jozef Pauco who in the meantime had been elected the Secretary of the Slovak League of America - took over the editorship. In the following eleven years he carried out this function expertly and efficiently. He tried hard and successfully to make Slovakia into a respected and representative revue. He gave Slovakia a new, more contemporary style. Prior to his editorship the content of Slovakia was largely made up of articles published originally in Slovak and intended primarily for the Slovak public. Dr. Pauco gradually changed that. He used to approach Slovak men of letters, Slovak historians and politicians with requests for specially written contributions. In this way there appeared in Slovakia many valuable essays and reviews in which various aspects of Slovak history, culture, politics, emigration, etc. were presented in an informative manner with the emphasis on those essentials in which a non-Slovak reader would be and should be interested. The imprint left by Pauco's dedicated and professional work is indelible and lasting. In compiling each issue of Slovakia Dr. Pauco tried to maintain an even balance. The variety of topics and the wide range of contributors from every corner of the world are an eloquent testimony to these efforts. No aspect of Slovak life, both past and present, was left untouched. From the study of the past issues of Slovakia the reader can obtain an undistorted picture of Slovaks, their country and their aspirations. In presenting this picture Dr. Pauco wanted to show to the free and freedom-loving people in the West the eventful history, the cultural riches and the political maturity of the Slovak nation. And in all this there was an implicit plea not so much for sympathy as for understanding. As an exiled son of a nation forcibly deprived of its in- 8 SLOVAKIA dependence, Dr. Jozef Pauco was valiantly striving to procure justice for his enslaved countrymen. The whole nation will gratefully remember his sacrifice and his devoted service. May he rest in peace! F. VNUK Australia SLOVAKIA 9 Foreword As part of the Bicentennial programs of the Slovak League of America, we are happy to publish this special issue of our annual publication. After we suffered the loss of our long time editor, Dr. Joseph Pauco, who died on November 18, 1975, we fortunately obtained the services of Michael Novak, Slovak American author and lay theologian, as acting editor-in-chief. Into new hands is now committed the guidance and issuance of our Slovakia with all its heritage of things attained, with all its hopes of things to come. The hands of our current generation of Slovak Americans are new but they are firm and strong. Michael Novak brings to his task an equipment rare in fullness and rich in promise. The elders of our Slovak ethnics are cognizant that we are the passing instruments of a process that transcends our fleeting hour. We know that on each new generation this duty to take over the torch rests afresh. I am confident that the works compiled herein will mark the 1976 issue of Slovakia as an outstanding contribution by youthful Slovak Americans to the ethnic bicentennial and to the growing influence of the Slovak League and our affiliated organizations in the expended ethnic identification in America's pluralistic society. Accordingly, I am delighted, as President of the Slovak League, to express my official as well as personal gratitude to Dr. Novak and to the contributors whose works appear herein. To all to whom these lines appear, I wish you many moments of joyous, serious and rewarding reading and contemplative cogitation. EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President 10 SLOVAKIA Editor's Note The untimely death of Joseph Pauco left a vacancy, hard to fill , in the editorship of Slovakia. After his arrival in America, Pauco served the aspirations of the Slovak people long and well. We stand in his debt, dedicating this issue to him. Yet, characteristically, life springs from death. In the vacuum he left, while the present editor stood confused and in need of help, younger talents sprang up to offer their assistance. Mark Stolarik and John Bodnar bring to Slovakia a taste of the new scholarship, which is slowly but deeply revising the picture of immigration held by American historians. Other young colleagues of theirs will, we hope, join us in the future and make of Slovakia one of the best outlets of the new scholarship . Andrew Cincura and Owen V. Johnson add depth and balance to this volume. The new anthology by Cincura will be a major event in Slovak life in English-speaking lands, an indispensable and herculean effort; we are pleased to offer the readers of Slovakia a foretaste of his large new book. Professor Johnson ' s cool, objective tone witnesses to a new level of maturity and frank, open disagreement proper to the world of high scholarship. In 1976, the United States is 200 years old. But the great migration from Eastern Slovakia to the U.S. is barely 100 years old. One hundred years! It is time, now, for a new chapter to be opened in SlovakAmerican life - a new level of scholarship, a new tone of voice, a new depth and energy, a new generation to pick up the long struggle of the brave, suffering peoples of the past. Slovaks do not stand alone at the present moment. On all sides , many other ethnic peoples - and all those millions of Americans of mixed ethnic ancestry - are struggling to gain a clearer idea of their own identity and of America's . Scholarship is desperately needed, as are repositories of letters, diaries, legal records, old newspapers, and material of all sorts that scholars might study. And we need writers, novelists, poets, dramatists, moviemakers, song-writers, reporters, journalists of all sorts . And political sophistication and clout. Who were our grandparents? Why did tn(!y come to America - or, for later migrants, why did they stay longer in Slovakia? In order to enter our future intelligently, we need · to understand our special history . This issue, then, having anchored itself in a remembrance of things past , looks toward the future. MICHAEL NOV AK May 28, 1976 SLOVAKIA 11 RESOLUTION UNANIMOUSLY ADOPTED BYTHE BICENTENNIAL CELEBRATION CONFERENCE OFTHE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA MARCH 27, 1976 On the occasion of the annual conference of the Slovak League of America held in the historic City of Philadelphia during this last weekend of March in our nation's bicentennial year, the officers and delegates lawfully assembled in the shadows of Independence Hall solemnly and unanimously reiterate our unswerving, permanent and loyal commitment and dedication to the basic moral and ethical principles herein enumerated: 1. Preservation and expansion of the moral truths enunciated in the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights of the United States and in the Charter of the United Nations. 2. Condemnation of all forms of tyranny and totalitarian political systems , especially the atheistic philosophy of materialistic communism. 3. Conviction that the peaceful cooperation between countries based upon the principles enunciated in the Charter of the United Nations is in harmony with the aspirations and hopes of all peace-loving peoples and the basis of international peace . 4. Conviction that peace in Europe - and thus peace in the world - can never be complete until everywhere in Europe men can choose, in peace and freedom, how their countries will be governed. 5. Reaffirmation of our faith in fundamental human rights , in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the rights of men and women and of nations , large and small, to enjoy free government of the people , by the people and for the people. In accordance with the above as well as with the principles set forth in the Constitution and By-Laws of the Slovak League of America, we declare that: A. We, Slovak Americans of second, third and fourth United States generations , seek and will continue to seek our equitable share in the fruits and advantages which belong to us as much as they belong 12 SLOVAKIA to any other ethnic group making up the great mosaic which is these United States of America. B. We will continue to make our special contributions to these United States of America as our native or adopted country goes forward in its third century of growth and progress. C. We will continue to cherish our eleven hundred year old Christian tradition with our own Slovak language, songs, dances, arts and cultural specialties which set us apart as a special unit of the great Slav family of peoples. D. We will, by exercising our ethnic qualities, emulate our Slovak forbear Major Polerecky who, on behalf of the General of the Armies, George Washington, accepted the sword of surrender from General Cornwallis at Yorktown and our contemporary Slovak American, Captain Eugene Ceman, one of the first humans to land on and explore the moon. E. The eventual liberation of our brethren and kinsfolk in subjugated Slovakia, and, in the ecumenical spirit of the day, all mankind, from the tyranny and yoke of atheistic materialism of godless communism must and will be our continuous goal. NOW, THEREFORE, to give action to our hopes and aspirations, we respectfully submit that to effectuate the above declared ideals, we must, individually and collectively, through our chosen authorities of state and nation, seek assistance in remaking this world in which we live - now - today - this day and this week. We agree to continue to be inspired by our prayers and deliberations here at historic independence Hall being cognizant and especially appreciative of the great rights and privileges we enjoy as citizens of the greatest democracy in the history of mankind. Further, we authorize our League president and executive secretary to take such other action as they believe will be in the best interests and of assistance in bringing the above sentiments to the attention of such authorities and officials as they believe will bring to fruition our aspirations herein set forth. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, these resolutions have been unanimously adopted at our Bicentennial Conference here at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, this 27th day of March, 1976. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Edward J. Behuncik, President John A. Holy, Executive Secretary \  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 26 (No. 49) Description An account of the resource includes In Memoriam (Edward J. Behuncik); In Memoriam: Dr. Joseph Paučo (F. Vnuk); Foreword (Edward J. Behuncik); Editor's Note (Michael Novak), Resolution by the Bicentennial Conference of the Slovak League of America Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vnuk, František, 1926- Behuncik, Edward J. Novak, Michael, 1933-2017 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1976 LCNAF+dates name SNK https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/925e1172817fcf3aae8ab06168d7f2c3.pdf aa810d47743180d2874305b37a9043da PDF Text Text ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXVII 19n MICHAEL NOVAK Editor EDITORIAL BOARD: Draga Divinska Joseph M. Kirschbaum Joseph C. Krajsa Susan Mikula Joseph A. Mikus Rev. Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B. Mark Stolarik Daniel F. Tanzone Sister M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. A Political Science and Historical Annual Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Mailing Address: SLOVAKIA 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, N.J. 07424 N0.50 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY P.O . Box 150 Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A. �SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents From the Editor - Michael Novak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Remarks by Edward J . Behuncik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 THE MASSACRE AT LATIIMER MINES September 10, 1897 - Three Accounts The Lattimer Massacre and Its Sources George A . Turner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 The Lattimer Massacre - Konstantin Culen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 The Lattimer Massacre and Trial Harry B . Schooley, m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Immigration, Education, and the Social Mobility of Slovaks , 1870-1930 - M. Mark Stolarik ..... . . . . .. . . . .. . . 80 Preludes to "Charter ' 77 " - TheodoricJ. Zubek, O.F.M. .. ... .. . 91 A Call for Courage - Hana Ponickti Introduction by J.M. Kirschbaum .. . . .. ... . .. .. .. .. . . .... . 107 The Nationalist Movements of the Austrian Slavs in 1848: A Comparative Sociological Profile Stanley Z. Pech .................. . .. . ...... .. ...... . ... . 113 A Slovak-American Perspective in a Changing Society Alexander J . Rudinsky .............. . ............. . ..... 136 Book Review - J. M. Kirschbaum .. . ..... .. .. . . . .. . . ......... 144 Our Contributors . . . ..... . . . . ... ......... .. . . ... ...... . .... . 147 ��SLOVAKIA 5 From the Editor One of the most significant events in Slovak American history was the massacre at Lattimer Mines, outside Hazleton, Pennsylvania, which occurred on September 10, 1897. The strike of that summer, led by Slavic laborers, including many Slovaks, was a turning point in the history of the United Mine Workers. No historian has ever recorded the full account of the events of September 10th, although Victor Greene's important and pioneering work, The Slavic Community on Strike (Notre Dame University Press) did lay bare the larger context and Edward Pinkowski' s pamphlet (Philadelphia: The Sunshine Press) kept the story alive. The most thorough work on the massacre has been prepared by Professor George A. Turner of Bloomsburg State College in a series of articles and Slovakia is honored to carry in full one of his comprehensive studies on the subject. His is an authoritative voice in the field. Years ago, Konstantin Culen devoted chapters 5 through 9 of his History of the Slovaks in America (Dejiny Slovakov v Amerike), vol. 1, (Nakladatefstvo Slovenskej Ligy v Bratislave, 1942), to this tragic event. In the strong, fluent, and authentic translation by the indefatigable and perceptive Sister M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M., of the Jankola Library in Danville, Pennsylvania, we are privileged to make these pages available in English for the first time. Culen's work is significant because it records not only the facts but also the interpretation given to the massacre in the Slovak-American communities of that time. A third paper on Lattimer is also included. Professor Schooley wrote this essay twelve years ago, as an undergraduate, and was at first reluctant to allow its publication. On some matters of fact and detail, there are errors in the text; Professor Turner's thorough knowledge and research is here the more basic document. But our younger readers can take heart from Schooley's work; his documentation and vivid interpretation helped to create interest in this event within the local historical societies and libraries of the region, when older scholars had forgotten it. There are many other treasures in this volume, demonstrating some of the range of interests of our writers and readers. The report on "Charter 77" is especially important. We are also pleased to have Dr. Kirschbaum's review of Professor Skilling's important book. Meanwhile, manuscripts for next year's edition are already arriving. Manuscripts may be sent to the editor at any time, but preferably before June 1, 1978. My warmest thanks and appreciation go to Messrs. Edward Behuncik and John Holy, Officers of the Slovak League of America, for �6 SLOVAKIA their support; to Joseph C. Krajsa, Editor of Jednota , and his coworkers at the Jednota Printery; and to my colleagues, Daniel F. Tanzone and Sister M. Martina Tybor, for their generous assistance. MICHAEL NOV AK, Editor Department of Religion Syracuse University Syracuse , New York 13210 �SLOVAKIA 7 Remarks by Edward J. Behuncik Made at the 70th Anniversary Slovak League of America Banquet Hotel Cleveland Sheraton Cleveland, Ohio Sunday, May 15, 1977 As today's successor to our esteemed founder , Father Stefan Furdek, I am delighted to have this opportunity to greet all of you. Before making my brief remarks, I take this occasion publicly to extend my official as well as personal thanks to all you fine Ohio Slovaks who worked so diligently in preparing this anniversary celebration. Thank you one and all. Now, with apologies to the immortal Abraham Lincoln , I proceed with my remarks. Three score and ten years ago, our forefathers brought forth on this continent, a new federation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that Slovaks are coequal with all men. Now we are engaged in a great moral war, testing whether that federation, or any federation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met at the founding site of our federation. We have come to rededicate ourselves and to pay tribute to those who gave of their lives and honor that this federation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot rededicate - we cannot glorify we cannot hallow this site. The brave Slovaks - living and dead - who struggled here for Slovak ethnicity, have consecrated our cause far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long rememb er what we say here, but it can never forget what Father Stefan Furdek and his associates did here . It is for us , the living , rather to be rededicated here to the unfinished work which they who struggled and sacrificed have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here rededicated to the great task remaining before us - that from our honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they lived and died - For God and Nation - Za Boha a Na.rod; that we here highly resolve that these our founders and predecessors shall not have sacrificed in vain - that this federation - The Slovak League of America - under God , shall in this age of American ethnicity have rebirth of freedom and of increased leadership and productivity so that government of the Slovak people, by the Slovak people, for the Slovak people be established in a free �8 SLOVAKIA Slovakia, and that in this manner we help to make certain that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. Thank you. � ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXVII 19n MICHAEL NOVAK Editor EDITORIAL BOARD: Draga Divinska Joseph M. Kirschbaum Joseph C. Krajsa Susan Mikula Joseph A. Mikus Rev. Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B. Mark Stolarik Daniel F. Tanzone Sister M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. A Political Science and Historical Annual Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Mailing Address: SLOVAKIA 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, N.J. 07424 N0.50 �Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY P.O . Box 150 Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A. �SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents From the Editor - Michael Novak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Remarks by Edward J . Behuncik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 THE MASSACRE AT LATIIMER MINES September 10, 1897 - Three Accounts The Lattimer Massacre and Its Sources George A . Turner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 The Lattimer Massacre - Konstantin Culen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 The Lattimer Massacre and Trial Harry B . Schooley, m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Immigration, Education, and the Social Mobility of Slovaks , 1870-1930 - M. Mark Stolarik ..... . . . . .. . . . .. . . 80 Preludes to "Charter ' 77 " - TheodoricJ. Zubek, O.F.M. .. ... .. . 91 A Call for Courage - Hana Ponickti Introduction by J.M. Kirschbaum .. . . .. ... . .. .. .. .. . . .... . 107 The Nationalist Movements of the Austrian Slavs in 1848: A Comparative Sociological Profile Stanley Z. Pech .................. . .. . ...... .. ...... . ... . 113 A Slovak-American Perspective in a Changing Society Alexander J . Rudinsky .............. . ............. . ..... 136 Book Review - J. M. Kirschbaum .. . ..... .. .. . . . .. . . ......... 144 Our Contributors . . . ..... . . . . ... ......... .. . . ... ...... . .... . 147 ��SLOVAKIA 5 From the Editor One of the most significant events in Slovak American history was the massacre at Lattimer Mines, outside Hazleton, Pennsylvania, which occurred on September 10, 1897. The strike of that summer, led by Slavic laborers, including many Slovaks, was a turning point in the history of the United Mine Workers. No historian has ever recorded the full account of the events of September 10th, although Victor Greene's important and pioneering work, The Slavic Community on Strike (Notre Dame University Press) did lay bare the larger context and Edward Pinkowski' s pamphlet (Philadelphia: The Sunshine Press) kept the story alive. The most thorough work on the massacre has been prepared by Professor George A. Turner of Bloomsburg State College in a series of articles and Slovakia is honored to carry in full one of his comprehensive studies on the subject. His is an authoritative voice in the field. Years ago, Konstantin Culen devoted chapters 5 through 9 of his History of the Slovaks in America (Dejiny Slovakov v Amerike), vol. 1, (Nakladatefstvo Slovenskej Ligy v Bratislave, 1942), to this tragic event. In the strong, fluent, and authentic translation by the indefatigable and perceptive Sister M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M., of the Jankola Library in Danville, Pennsylvania, we are privileged to make these pages available in English for the first time. Culen's work is significant because it records not only the facts but also the interpretation given to the massacre in the Slovak-American communities of that time. A third paper on Lattimer is also included. Professor Schooley wrote this essay twelve years ago, as an undergraduate, and was at first reluctant to allow its publication. On some matters of fact and detail, there are errors in the text; Professor Turner's thorough knowledge and research is here the more basic document. But our younger readers can take heart from Schooley's work; his documentation and vivid interpretation helped to create interest in this event within the local historical societies and libraries of the region, when older scholars had forgotten it. There are many other treasures in this volume, demonstrating some of the range of interests of our writers and readers. The report on "Charter 77" is especially important. We are also pleased to have Dr. Kirschbaum's review of Professor Skilling's important book. Meanwhile, manuscripts for next year's edition are already arriving. Manuscripts may be sent to the editor at any time, but preferably before June 1, 1978. My warmest thanks and appreciation go to Messrs. Edward Behuncik and John Holy, Officers of the Slovak League of America, for �6 SLOVAKIA their support; to Joseph C. Krajsa, Editor of Jednota , and his coworkers at the Jednota Printery; and to my colleagues, Daniel F. Tanzone and Sister M. Martina Tybor, for their generous assistance. MICHAEL NOV AK, Editor Department of Religion Syracuse University Syracuse , New York 13210 �SLOVAKIA 7 Remarks by Edward J. Behuncik Made at the 70th Anniversary Slovak League of America Banquet Hotel Cleveland Sheraton Cleveland, Ohio Sunday, May 15, 1977 As today's successor to our esteemed founder , Father Stefan Furdek, I am delighted to have this opportunity to greet all of you. Before making my brief remarks, I take this occasion publicly to extend my official as well as personal thanks to all you fine Ohio Slovaks who worked so diligently in preparing this anniversary celebration. Thank you one and all. Now, with apologies to the immortal Abraham Lincoln , I proceed with my remarks. Three score and ten years ago, our forefathers brought forth on this continent, a new federation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that Slovaks are coequal with all men. Now we are engaged in a great moral war, testing whether that federation, or any federation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met at the founding site of our federation. We have come to rededicate ourselves and to pay tribute to those who gave of their lives and honor that this federation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot rededicate - we cannot glorify we cannot hallow this site. The brave Slovaks - living and dead - who struggled here for Slovak ethnicity, have consecrated our cause far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long rememb er what we say here, but it can never forget what Father Stefan Furdek and his associates did here . It is for us , the living , rather to be rededicated here to the unfinished work which they who struggled and sacrificed have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here rededicated to the great task remaining before us - that from our honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they lived and died - For God and Nation - Za Boha a Na.rod; that we here highly resolve that these our founders and predecessors shall not have sacrificed in vain - that this federation - The Slovak League of America - under God , shall in this age of American ethnicity have rebirth of freedom and of increased leadership and productivity so that government of the Slovak people, by the Slovak people, for the Slovak people be established in a free �8 SLOVAKIA Slovakia, and that in this manner we help to make certain that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. Thank you. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1977, Vol. 27 Description An account of the resource Vol. 27 (No. 50), 1977. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXVII 19n MICHAEL NOVAK Editor EDITORIAL BOARD: Draga Divinska Joseph M. Kirschbaum Joseph C. Krajsa Susan Mikula Joseph A. Mikus Rev. Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B. Mark Stolarik Daniel F. Tanzone Sister M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. A Political Science and Historical Annual Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Mailing Address: SLOVAKIA 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, N.J. 07424 N0.50 Printed by JEDNOTA PRINTERY P.O . Box 150 Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A. SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents From the Editor - Michael Novak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Remarks by Edward J . Behuncik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 THE MASSACRE AT LATIIMER MINES September 10, 1897 - Three Accounts The Lattimer Massacre and Its Sources George A . Turner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 The Lattimer Massacre - Konstantin Culen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 The Lattimer Massacre and Trial Harry B . Schooley, m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Immigration, Education, and the Social Mobility of Slovaks , 1870-1930 - M. Mark Stolarik ..... . . . . .. . . . .. . . 80 Preludes to "Charter ' 77 " - TheodoricJ. Zubek, O.F.M. .. ... .. . 91 A Call for Courage - Hana Ponickti Introduction by J.M. Kirschbaum .. . . .. ... . .. .. .. .. . . .... . 107 The Nationalist Movements of the Austrian Slavs in 1848: A Comparative Sociological Profile Stanley Z. Pech .................. . .. . ...... .. ...... . ... . 113 A Slovak-American Perspective in a Changing Society Alexander J . Rudinsky .............. . ............. . ..... 136 Book Review - J. M. Kirschbaum .. . ..... .. .. . . . .. . . ......... 144 Our Contributors . . . ..... . . . . ... ......... .. . . ... ...... . .... . 147 SLOVAKIA 5 From the Editor One of the most significant events in Slovak American history was the massacre at Lattimer Mines, outside Hazleton, Pennsylvania, which occurred on September 10, 1897. The strike of that summer, led by Slavic laborers, including many Slovaks, was a turning point in the history of the United Mine Workers. No historian has ever recorded the full account of the events of September 10th, although Victor Greene's important and pioneering work, The Slavic Community on Strike (Notre Dame University Press) did lay bare the larger context and Edward Pinkowski' s pamphlet (Philadelphia: The Sunshine Press) kept the story alive. The most thorough work on the massacre has been prepared by Professor George A. Turner of Bloomsburg State College in a series of articles and Slovakia is honored to carry in full one of his comprehensive studies on the subject. His is an authoritative voice in the field. Years ago, Konstantin Culen devoted chapters 5 through 9 of his History of the Slovaks in America (Dejiny Slovakov v Amerike), vol. 1, (Nakladatefstvo Slovenskej Ligy v Bratislave, 1942), to this tragic event. In the strong, fluent, and authentic translation by the indefatigable and perceptive Sister M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M., of the Jankola Library in Danville, Pennsylvania, we are privileged to make these pages available in English for the first time. Culen's work is significant because it records not only the facts but also the interpretation given to the massacre in the Slovak-American communities of that time. A third paper on Lattimer is also included. Professor Schooley wrote this essay twelve years ago, as an undergraduate, and was at first reluctant to allow its publication. On some matters of fact and detail, there are errors in the text; Professor Turner's thorough knowledge and research is here the more basic document. But our younger readers can take heart from Schooley's work; his documentation and vivid interpretation helped to create interest in this event within the local historical societies and libraries of the region, when older scholars had forgotten it. There are many other treasures in this volume, demonstrating some of the range of interests of our writers and readers. The report on "Charter 77" is especially important. We are also pleased to have Dr. Kirschbaum's review of Professor Skilling's important book. Meanwhile, manuscripts for next year's edition are already arriving. Manuscripts may be sent to the editor at any time, but preferably before June 1, 1978. My warmest thanks and appreciation go to Messrs. Edward Behuncik and John Holy, Officers of the Slovak League of America, for 6 SLOVAKIA their support; to Joseph C. Krajsa, Editor of Jednota , and his coworkers at the Jednota Printery; and to my colleagues, Daniel F. Tanzone and Sister M. Martina Tybor, for their generous assistance. MICHAEL NOV AK, Editor Department of Religion Syracuse University Syracuse , New York 13210 SLOVAKIA 7 Remarks by Edward J. Behuncik Made at the 70th Anniversary Slovak League of America Banquet Hotel Cleveland Sheraton Cleveland, Ohio Sunday, May 15, 1977 As today's successor to our esteemed founder , Father Stefan Furdek, I am delighted to have this opportunity to greet all of you. Before making my brief remarks, I take this occasion publicly to extend my official as well as personal thanks to all you fine Ohio Slovaks who worked so diligently in preparing this anniversary celebration. Thank you one and all. Now, with apologies to the immortal Abraham Lincoln , I proceed with my remarks. Three score and ten years ago, our forefathers brought forth on this continent, a new federation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that Slovaks are coequal with all men. Now we are engaged in a great moral war, testing whether that federation, or any federation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met at the founding site of our federation. We have come to rededicate ourselves and to pay tribute to those who gave of their lives and honor that this federation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot rededicate - we cannot glorify we cannot hallow this site. The brave Slovaks - living and dead - who struggled here for Slovak ethnicity, have consecrated our cause far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long rememb er what we say here, but it can never forget what Father Stefan Furdek and his associates did here . It is for us , the living , rather to be rededicated here to the unfinished work which they who struggled and sacrificed have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here rededicated to the great task remaining before us - that from our honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they lived and died - For God and Nation - Za Boha a Na.rod; that we here highly resolve that these our founders and predecessors shall not have sacrificed in vain - that this federation - The Slovak League of America - under God , shall in this age of American ethnicity have rebirth of freedom and of increased leadership and productivity so that government of the Slovak people, by the Slovak people, for the Slovak people be established in a free 8 SLOVAKIA Slovakia, and that in this manner we help to make certain that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. Thank you.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 27 (No. 50) Description An account of the resource includes From the Editor (Michael Novak); Remarks by Edward J. Behuncik Made at the 70th Anniversary Slovak League of America Banquet Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Novak, Michael, 1933-2017 Behuncik, Edward J. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1977 LCNAF+dates name https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/373dcb5dcadbb689ab0d20fc92179869.pdf 21166dcc775a59692ccd3b141054bf7b PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 1978-79 Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE ( OF AMERICA ����SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXVIII 1978-1979 DOUBLE ISSUE NOS. 61-62 \ A Political, Science and Historical Annual Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE Of AMERICA MICHAEL NOVAK Executive Editor M. MARK STOLARIK Managing Editor, Book Review Editor EDITORIAL BOARD: Draga Divinska Joseph M. Kirschbaum Joseph C. Krajsa Susan Mikula Joseph A. Mikus Rev. Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B. Daniel F. Tanzone Sr. M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. BOARD OF ACADEMIC ADVISORS: David P. Daniel Thomas D. Marzik Owen V. Johnson Stanley Z. Pech M. Mark Mazurik, Chairman Mailing Address: SLOVAKIA 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, N.J. 07424 ��SLOVAKIA Table of Contents An Important Notice from the Editor MichaelNovak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 A Message from the President Edward J. Behunc) k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 A Challenge for Slovak Americans Luby Holy .. . . . ............ ...... .. .. .............. . ... 11 ARTICLES The Slovak State in Post-war Historiography YeshayahuJelinek . . ..... . ............. . ....... .. .. . .... 17 The Slovak Intelligentsia, 1918-1938 Owen V. Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 The Protestant Reformation and Slovak Ethnic Consciousness David P. Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 From Field to Factory: The Historiography of Slovak Immigration to the United States M. Mark Stolarik ............... . .... . . ... ............ .. 66 A Note for Researchers Stanley B. Kimball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 FICTION Reminiscences of a Slovak Miner George P. Resick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 The Man Who Made Good in America Thomas Bell ...... . ... ... ..... .... .. . . ................. 107 �SLOVAKIA '' Baked Blockheads' ' Frantisek Hetko .... . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . ... . ... . 113 The Sorrows of Marienka V. S. Koban .. ........ ............... . .. . ........ . . . .... 119 Success Story Alvena Seckar ...... . . . ... . . . ......... ... .. .. ... ........ 133 The New Spring Eudo Ondrejov . .. . ... . . .......... . .... . ..... . .......... 140 BOOK REVIEWS The Guns of Lattimer Paul Wilkes .. . . .. . . . . .. ...... . . . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . ..... 145 The Czechs in America; Slovaks in America June Granatir Alexander . .. . . ... . .......... . .. .. .. . . . . . . . 147 The Hussite Movement and the Reformation in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia (1350-1650) Peter Brock ..... . . ......... . . . .. . . . .. ....... . ... .. ..... 152 \ Our Contributors ... . .. .. . .. . . ... .... . ... ·. . . . . . . . . . .. ....... 155 �An Important Notice From The Editor With this double issue, representing both 1978 and 1979, SLOVAKIA hopes to establish a new schedule for annual publication. In order to have each issue out by midyear, our deadline for new manuscripts and book reviews will be set at December 31 of the preceding year. For the 1980 issue, we are particularly anxious to publish manuscripts assessing the illfated Slovak Republic, just past forty years after its birth. Manuscripts on this or other appropriate subjects must reach the editors by December 31 , 1979. Mark Stolarik, Executive Director of The Balch Institute, (18 South 7th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106) has agreed to assist me as managing editor of SLOVAKIA. All manuscripts should be mailed to him in triplicate, with a stamped, self-addressed return envelope. This procedure will facilitate consultation with our distinguished board of advisors . I once again express my gratitude to all whose labors made this double issue possible , without whose generous collaboration my task would be insuperable . MICHAEL NOV AK Editor ��A Messag·~ from the President Again, the Slovak League of America is honored to have this issue of SLOVAKIA edited by Dr. Michael Novak, our fellow Slovak American, nationally syndicated columnist, leader and professor of religion. With each issue, under his editorship, our renowned publication makes greater strides toward higher literary achievement as it outgrows its parochial outlook. We are all grateful to Michael Novak for his valuable help in this respect. This issue is the first to contain mention of the Slovak League of America Heritage Foundation, Ltd. I particularly recommend study of the excellent article on the Foundation appearing herein by Miss Luby Holy. I am certain that it will serve as an inspiration and incentive to all of you. I hope it will also result in your own active participation in our efforts to raise substantial funds for the preservation, promotion and perpetuation of our centuries-old, rich heritage of Slovak culture, arts, language and traditions. It is my earnest desire that when we close out our Slovak Heritage Drive in 1982, on the occasion of the League's 75th or diamond jubilee, we will have a well financed Foundation firmly established. This will permit our undertaking the many worthy projects yet to be fulfilled by the young generation of educated, dedicated and productive Slovak Americans, all proud of their ethnic origins. So long as the Slovak League of America, with its diverse affiliates (that is, the Slovak League of America Scholarship Fund, Inc., the American Fund for Slovak Refugees, Inc. and the Slovak League of America Heritage Foundation, Ltd.) continues, with your support, as the central cultural and civic body of the organized Slovak Americans, we can and will be able to say, as the songwriter expresses it in "Hej Slovaci": "Zije, zije duch Slovensky bude zit' na veky." ("The Slovak spirit lives, it lives, it will live forever.") EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President ��SLOVAKIA 11 A Challenge for Slovak Americans \ ' LUBYHOLY On November 13, 1977, the Slovak League of America Executive Board met in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for no ordinary conclave. Matters discussed and implemented during this session would, in- the future, have far reaching effects for those of Slovak heritage living in the free world. For the second time in the twentieth century, a major comprehensive fund drive to benefit the causes of Slovaks was inaugurated by the Slovak League of America. This drive, a broadly based campaign being conducted to create a financial base for the preservation, promotion and advancement of the rich Slovak culture, language, and heritage, became known as the Slovak Heritage Drive of the Slovak League of America Heritage Foundation, Ltd. The idea of conducting a wide scale fund-raising campaign to amass a financial reservoir for the purpose of preserving and advancing the Slovak heritage had been circulating among Slovaks for some time prior to the actual implementation of the Slovak Heritage Drive. Impetus was given to initiating this campaign during the 70th anniversary convention of the Slovak League of America in May, 1977, when Slovak World Congress President Stephen B. Roman in his keynote address suggested that the SLA start a new million dollar drive whose monies would be used to promote the Slovak heritage and aid the collective causes of all peoples of Slovak ancestry. As added incentive to institute such a reservoir, Mr. Roman offered to himself donate a quarter of a million dollars to the fund , if all other Slovaks of the free world would collectively contribute $750,000. Following this public pledge, Slovak League officials set about laying the necessary framework to make the Slovak Heritage Drive an active entity. After 6 months of preliminary legwork and consultations, the campaign was ready to be launched, and an Executive Board meeting was called to Pittsburgh to effectuate the Drive. During this November, 1977, conclave , the Slovak League of America Heritage Foundation, Ltd. (SLAHF, Ltd.) was established as a fund-managing and distributing unit of the Slovak League , which would specifically handle monies associated with the Slovak Heritage Drive. It was decided that the Foundation would initially be managed by the Board of Directors who comprised the Executive Board of the �12 SLOVAKIA Slovak League of America. This Board consisted of Edward J. Behuncik, President; John A. Holy, Secretary; and Board Members: Michael J . Zahorsky, President of the First Catholic Slovak Union; Louise M. Yash, President of the First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association; George J. Kostelnik, President of the Slovak Catholic Sokol; Irma A. Vrbancic, President of the Pennsylvania Catholic Slovak Ladies Union; Stephen J. Kavulic, President of the Pennsylvania Catholic Slovak Union; and Slovak League Executive Board members, Andrew F . Hudak and Dr. Joseph Mikula. Gregor Chren of Stratford, Connecticut, was added to the SLAHF , Ltd. Board as its Treasurer. The Foundation was later incorporated in the state of Connecticut as a non-profit, non-stock, charitable and cultural corporation, and achieved tax exempt status with the Internal Revenue Service. All contributions to the Fund would therefore be tax-deductible. The establishment of the Slovak Heritage Drive under the auspices of the SLAHF, Ltd. was meant to reinforce the credibility of national programs identified with the Drive , and to associate the Drive with the internationally respected Slovak League. Monies collected by the Slovak Heritage Drive would be allocated to: 1) Preserve and expand existing Slovak Cultural Institutions such as libraries, institutes, publications, etc.; 2) Initiate new projects and programs for the advancement of the Slovak culture and ethnicity in the United States and other countries ; 3) Publish books and informative pamphlets about the Slovak Nation and American Slovaks, including history, culture and national goals ; 4) Establish youth-oriented programs to encourage greater involvement of younger generations of Slovak Americans in our cultural activities, fraternal organizations, and Slovak 'Americ~ life in general; 5) Support projects and activities in other countries on behalf of the Slovak cause; and 6) Provide funds for situations which necessitate speedy actions and decisions in the interests of Slovaks in America and elsewhere. Thus organized, the SLAHF , Ltd . immediately set forth to accomplish its task. The first three donations, $100 from Andrew F. Hudak, $100 from John A. Holy and $250 from Edward J. Behuncik, were duly accepted and recorded by the Foundation on November 13, 1977. The Slovak Heritage Drive was officially underway. By January 6, 1978, the Slovak League of America Heritage Foundation, Ltd. deposited its first $1 ,000 of contributions into a new account at the People 's Savings Bank in Bridgeport, Connecticut. �SLOVAKIA 13 Governing Board members launched publicity campaigns for the Drive with the cooperation of the various Slovak American societies and organizations and members -of the Slovak American press such as the Jednota , Katolicky Sokol}. Slovak v Amerike , and Zenska Jednota publications, and momentum was gained. At the time of this writing (February, 1979) , approximately $19,000 has already been collected. Slovak Americans are becoming aware of the Slovak Heritage Drive 's importance and are contributing generously. Slovak League President Edward J. Behuncik and his wife Catherine , for instance , have set a fine example for others. Mr. and Mrs. Behuncik donated $5 ,000 to the Drive at the 1978 SLA Congress in Chicago in addition to their original $250 donation, and are at present the largest contributors to the Slovak Heritage Drive. To further the Drive ' s progress and to make more individuals and Slovak societies aware of the Fund and its goals, flyers and pamphlets are currently being printed. Mass mailings and an intensive publicity campaign is being planned for the coming months and years . The Slovak Heritage Drive is slated to continue until May, 1982, when the Slovak League of America celebrates its 75th anniversary. It is hoped that by this time , Slovaks in the free world will have amassed one million dollars for the fund , of which $750,000 will have come from contributions during the Drive's duration, and $250 ,000 from Mr. Roman. It has been said that the measure of dedication is that which one is willing to sacrifice. Fifty or sixty years ago, another generation of Slovak Americans was able to raise one million dollars in an heroic effort to save the Slovak nation. Surely in this age of affluence, today's Slovaks should be able to raise one million dollars for their cultural needs and self-preservation as a viable ethnic entity in the cultural mosiac that is America. The present generation of Slovak Americans has a task - indeed, an historical duty - to guarantee that its institutions of culture and its national life will not perish for want of material needs. In this duty, we must not fail. �� SLOVAKIA 1978-79 Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE ( OF AMERICA ����SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXVIII 1978-1979 DOUBLE ISSUE NOS. 61-62 \ A Political, Science and Historical Annual Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE Of AMERICA MICHAEL NOVAK Executive Editor M. MARK STOLARIK Managing Editor, Book Review Editor EDITORIAL BOARD: Draga Divinska Joseph M. Kirschbaum Joseph C. Krajsa Susan Mikula Joseph A. Mikus Rev. Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B. Daniel F. Tanzone Sr. M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. BOARD OF ACADEMIC ADVISORS: David P. Daniel Thomas D. Marzik Owen V. Johnson Stanley Z. Pech M. Mark Mazurik, Chairman Mailing Address: SLOVAKIA 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, N.J. 07424 ��SLOVAKIA Table of Contents An Important Notice from the Editor MichaelNovak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 A Message from the President Edward J. Behunc) k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 A Challenge for Slovak Americans Luby Holy .. . . . ............ ...... .. .. .............. . ... 11 ARTICLES The Slovak State in Post-war Historiography YeshayahuJelinek . . ..... . ............. . ....... .. .. . .... 17 The Slovak Intelligentsia, 1918-1938 Owen V. Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 The Protestant Reformation and Slovak Ethnic Consciousness David P. Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 From Field to Factory: The Historiography of Slovak Immigration to the United States M. Mark Stolarik ............... . .... . . ... ............ .. 66 A Note for Researchers Stanley B. Kimball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 FICTION Reminiscences of a Slovak Miner George P. Resick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 The Man Who Made Good in America Thomas Bell ...... . ... ... ..... .... .. . . ................. 107 �SLOVAKIA '' Baked Blockheads' ' Frantisek Hetko .... . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . ... . ... . 113 The Sorrows of Marienka V. S. Koban .. ........ ............... . .. . ........ . . . .... 119 Success Story Alvena Seckar ...... . . . ... . . . ......... ... .. .. ... ........ 133 The New Spring Eudo Ondrejov . .. . ... . . .......... . .... . ..... . .......... 140 BOOK REVIEWS The Guns of Lattimer Paul Wilkes .. . . .. . . . . .. ...... . . . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . ..... 145 The Czechs in America; Slovaks in America June Granatir Alexander . .. . . ... . .......... . .. .. .. . . . . . . . 147 The Hussite Movement and the Reformation in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia (1350-1650) Peter Brock ..... . . ......... . . . .. . . . .. ....... . ... .. ..... 152 \ Our Contributors ... . .. .. . .. . . ... .... . ... ·. . . . . . . . . . .. ....... 155 �An Important Notice From The Editor With this double issue, representing both 1978 and 1979, SLOVAKIA hopes to establish a new schedule for annual publication. In order to have each issue out by midyear, our deadline for new manuscripts and book reviews will be set at December 31 of the preceding year. For the 1980 issue, we are particularly anxious to publish manuscripts assessing the illfated Slovak Republic, just past forty years after its birth. Manuscripts on this or other appropriate subjects must reach the editors by December 31 , 1979. Mark Stolarik, Executive Director of The Balch Institute, (18 South 7th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106) has agreed to assist me as managing editor of SLOVAKIA. All manuscripts should be mailed to him in triplicate, with a stamped, self-addressed return envelope. This procedure will facilitate consultation with our distinguished board of advisors . I once again express my gratitude to all whose labors made this double issue possible , without whose generous collaboration my task would be insuperable . MICHAEL NOV AK Editor ��A Messag·~ from the President Again, the Slovak League of America is honored to have this issue of SLOVAKIA edited by Dr. Michael Novak, our fellow Slovak American, nationally syndicated columnist, leader and professor of religion. With each issue, under his editorship, our renowned publication makes greater strides toward higher literary achievement as it outgrows its parochial outlook. We are all grateful to Michael Novak for his valuable help in this respect. This issue is the first to contain mention of the Slovak League of America Heritage Foundation, Ltd. I particularly recommend study of the excellent article on the Foundation appearing herein by Miss Luby Holy. I am certain that it will serve as an inspiration and incentive to all of you. I hope it will also result in your own active participation in our efforts to raise substantial funds for the preservation, promotion and perpetuation of our centuries-old, rich heritage of Slovak culture, arts, language and traditions. It is my earnest desire that when we close out our Slovak Heritage Drive in 1982, on the occasion of the League's 75th or diamond jubilee, we will have a well financed Foundation firmly established. This will permit our undertaking the many worthy projects yet to be fulfilled by the young generation of educated, dedicated and productive Slovak Americans, all proud of their ethnic origins. So long as the Slovak League of America, with its diverse affiliates (that is, the Slovak League of America Scholarship Fund, Inc., the American Fund for Slovak Refugees, Inc. and the Slovak League of America Heritage Foundation, Ltd.) continues, with your support, as the central cultural and civic body of the organized Slovak Americans, we can and will be able to say, as the songwriter expresses it in "Hej Slovaci": "Zije, zije duch Slovensky bude zit' na veky." ("The Slovak spirit lives, it lives, it will live forever.") EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President ��SLOVAKIA 11 A Challenge for Slovak Americans \ ' LUBYHOLY On November 13, 1977, the Slovak League of America Executive Board met in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for no ordinary conclave. Matters discussed and implemented during this session would, in- the future, have far reaching effects for those of Slovak heritage living in the free world. For the second time in the twentieth century, a major comprehensive fund drive to benefit the causes of Slovaks was inaugurated by the Slovak League of America. This drive, a broadly based campaign being conducted to create a financial base for the preservation, promotion and advancement of the rich Slovak culture, language, and heritage, became known as the Slovak Heritage Drive of the Slovak League of America Heritage Foundation, Ltd. The idea of conducting a wide scale fund-raising campaign to amass a financial reservoir for the purpose of preserving and advancing the Slovak heritage had been circulating among Slovaks for some time prior to the actual implementation of the Slovak Heritage Drive. Impetus was given to initiating this campaign during the 70th anniversary convention of the Slovak League of America in May, 1977, when Slovak World Congress President Stephen B. Roman in his keynote address suggested that the SLA start a new million dollar drive whose monies would be used to promote the Slovak heritage and aid the collective causes of all peoples of Slovak ancestry. As added incentive to institute such a reservoir, Mr. Roman offered to himself donate a quarter of a million dollars to the fund , if all other Slovaks of the free world would collectively contribute $750,000. Following this public pledge, Slovak League officials set about laying the necessary framework to make the Slovak Heritage Drive an active entity. After 6 months of preliminary legwork and consultations, the campaign was ready to be launched, and an Executive Board meeting was called to Pittsburgh to effectuate the Drive. During this November, 1977, conclave , the Slovak League of America Heritage Foundation, Ltd. (SLAHF, Ltd.) was established as a fund-managing and distributing unit of the Slovak League , which would specifically handle monies associated with the Slovak Heritage Drive. It was decided that the Foundation would initially be managed by the Board of Directors who comprised the Executive Board of the �12 SLOVAKIA Slovak League of America. This Board consisted of Edward J. Behuncik, President; John A. Holy, Secretary; and Board Members: Michael J . Zahorsky, President of the First Catholic Slovak Union; Louise M. Yash, President of the First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association; George J. Kostelnik, President of the Slovak Catholic Sokol; Irma A. Vrbancic, President of the Pennsylvania Catholic Slovak Ladies Union; Stephen J. Kavulic, President of the Pennsylvania Catholic Slovak Union; and Slovak League Executive Board members, Andrew F . Hudak and Dr. Joseph Mikula. Gregor Chren of Stratford, Connecticut, was added to the SLAHF , Ltd. Board as its Treasurer. The Foundation was later incorporated in the state of Connecticut as a non-profit, non-stock, charitable and cultural corporation, and achieved tax exempt status with the Internal Revenue Service. All contributions to the Fund would therefore be tax-deductible. The establishment of the Slovak Heritage Drive under the auspices of the SLAHF, Ltd. was meant to reinforce the credibility of national programs identified with the Drive , and to associate the Drive with the internationally respected Slovak League. Monies collected by the Slovak Heritage Drive would be allocated to: 1) Preserve and expand existing Slovak Cultural Institutions such as libraries, institutes, publications, etc.; 2) Initiate new projects and programs for the advancement of the Slovak culture and ethnicity in the United States and other countries ; 3) Publish books and informative pamphlets about the Slovak Nation and American Slovaks, including history, culture and national goals ; 4) Establish youth-oriented programs to encourage greater involvement of younger generations of Slovak Americans in our cultural activities, fraternal organizations, and Slovak 'Americ~ life in general; 5) Support projects and activities in other countries on behalf of the Slovak cause; and 6) Provide funds for situations which necessitate speedy actions and decisions in the interests of Slovaks in America and elsewhere. Thus organized, the SLAHF , Ltd . immediately set forth to accomplish its task. The first three donations, $100 from Andrew F. Hudak, $100 from John A. Holy and $250 from Edward J. Behuncik, were duly accepted and recorded by the Foundation on November 13, 1977. The Slovak Heritage Drive was officially underway. By January 6, 1978, the Slovak League of America Heritage Foundation, Ltd. deposited its first $1 ,000 of contributions into a new account at the People 's Savings Bank in Bridgeport, Connecticut. �SLOVAKIA 13 Governing Board members launched publicity campaigns for the Drive with the cooperation of the various Slovak American societies and organizations and members -of the Slovak American press such as the Jednota , Katolicky Sokol}. Slovak v Amerike , and Zenska Jednota publications, and momentum was gained. At the time of this writing (February, 1979) , approximately $19,000 has already been collected. Slovak Americans are becoming aware of the Slovak Heritage Drive 's importance and are contributing generously. Slovak League President Edward J. Behuncik and his wife Catherine , for instance , have set a fine example for others. Mr. and Mrs. Behuncik donated $5 ,000 to the Drive at the 1978 SLA Congress in Chicago in addition to their original $250 donation, and are at present the largest contributors to the Slovak Heritage Drive. To further the Drive ' s progress and to make more individuals and Slovak societies aware of the Fund and its goals, flyers and pamphlets are currently being printed. Mass mailings and an intensive publicity campaign is being planned for the coming months and years . The Slovak Heritage Drive is slated to continue until May, 1982, when the Slovak League of America celebrates its 75th anniversary. It is hoped that by this time , Slovaks in the free world will have amassed one million dollars for the fund , of which $750,000 will have come from contributions during the Drive's duration, and $250 ,000 from Mr. Roman. It has been said that the measure of dedication is that which one is willing to sacrifice. Fifty or sixty years ago, another generation of Slovak Americans was able to raise one million dollars in an heroic effort to save the Slovak nation. Surely in this age of affluence, today's Slovaks should be able to raise one million dollars for their cultural needs and self-preservation as a viable ethnic entity in the cultural mosiac that is America. The present generation of Slovak Americans has a task - indeed, an historical duty - to guarantee that its institutions of culture and its national life will not perish for want of material needs. In this duty, we must not fail. �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1978-79, Vol. 28 Description An account of the resource Vol. 28 (No. 51-52), 1978-79. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978-79 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 1978-79 Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE ( OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXVIII 1978-1979 DOUBLE ISSUE NOS. 61-62 \ A Political, Science and Historical Annual Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE Of AMERICA MICHAEL NOVAK Executive Editor M. MARK STOLARIK Managing Editor, Book Review Editor EDITORIAL BOARD: Draga Divinska Joseph M. Kirschbaum Joseph C. Krajsa Susan Mikula Joseph A. Mikus Rev. Andrew V. Pier, O.S.B. Daniel F. Tanzone Sr. M. Martina Tybor, SS.C.M. BOARD OF ACADEMIC ADVISORS: David P. Daniel Thomas D. Marzik Owen V. Johnson Stanley Z. Pech M. Mark Mazurik, Chairman Mailing Address: SLOVAKIA 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, N.J. 07424 SLOVAKIA Table of Contents An Important Notice from the Editor MichaelNovak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 A Message from the President Edward J. Behunc) k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 A Challenge for Slovak Americans Luby Holy .. . . . ............ ...... .. .. .............. . ... 11 ARTICLES The Slovak State in Post-war Historiography YeshayahuJelinek . . ..... . ............. . ....... .. .. . .... 17 The Slovak Intelligentsia, 1918-1938 Owen V. Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 The Protestant Reformation and Slovak Ethnic Consciousness David P. Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 From Field to Factory: The Historiography of Slovak Immigration to the United States M. Mark Stolarik ............... . .... . . ... ............ .. 66 A Note for Researchers Stanley B. Kimball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 FICTION Reminiscences of a Slovak Miner George P. Resick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 The Man Who Made Good in America Thomas Bell ...... . ... ... ..... .... .. . . ................. 107 SLOVAKIA '' Baked Blockheads' ' Frantisek Hetko .... . . . ... . . . . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . ... . ... . 113 The Sorrows of Marienka V. S. Koban .. ........ ............... . .. . ........ . . . .... 119 Success Story Alvena Seckar ...... . . . ... . . . ......... ... .. .. ... ........ 133 The New Spring Eudo Ondrejov . .. . ... . . .......... . .... . ..... . .......... 140 BOOK REVIEWS The Guns of Lattimer Paul Wilkes .. . . .. . . . . .. ...... . . . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . ..... 145 The Czechs in America; Slovaks in America June Granatir Alexander . .. . . ... . .......... . .. .. .. . . . . . . . 147 The Hussite Movement and the Reformation in Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia (1350-1650) Peter Brock ..... . . ......... . . . .. . . . .. ....... . ... .. ..... 152 \ Our Contributors ... . .. .. . .. . . ... .... . ... ·. . . . . . . . . . .. ....... 155 An Important Notice From The Editor With this double issue, representing both 1978 and 1979, SLOVAKIA hopes to establish a new schedule for annual publication. In order to have each issue out by midyear, our deadline for new manuscripts and book reviews will be set at December 31 of the preceding year. For the 1980 issue, we are particularly anxious to publish manuscripts assessing the illfated Slovak Republic, just past forty years after its birth. Manuscripts on this or other appropriate subjects must reach the editors by December 31 , 1979. Mark Stolarik, Executive Director of The Balch Institute, (18 South 7th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106) has agreed to assist me as managing editor of SLOVAKIA. All manuscripts should be mailed to him in triplicate, with a stamped, self-addressed return envelope. This procedure will facilitate consultation with our distinguished board of advisors . I once again express my gratitude to all whose labors made this double issue possible , without whose generous collaboration my task would be insuperable . MICHAEL NOV AK Editor A Messag·~ from the President Again, the Slovak League of America is honored to have this issue of SLOVAKIA edited by Dr. Michael Novak, our fellow Slovak American, nationally syndicated columnist, leader and professor of religion. With each issue, under his editorship, our renowned publication makes greater strides toward higher literary achievement as it outgrows its parochial outlook. We are all grateful to Michael Novak for his valuable help in this respect. This issue is the first to contain mention of the Slovak League of America Heritage Foundation, Ltd. I particularly recommend study of the excellent article on the Foundation appearing herein by Miss Luby Holy. I am certain that it will serve as an inspiration and incentive to all of you. I hope it will also result in your own active participation in our efforts to raise substantial funds for the preservation, promotion and perpetuation of our centuries-old, rich heritage of Slovak culture, arts, language and traditions. It is my earnest desire that when we close out our Slovak Heritage Drive in 1982, on the occasion of the League's 75th or diamond jubilee, we will have a well financed Foundation firmly established. This will permit our undertaking the many worthy projects yet to be fulfilled by the young generation of educated, dedicated and productive Slovak Americans, all proud of their ethnic origins. So long as the Slovak League of America, with its diverse affiliates (that is, the Slovak League of America Scholarship Fund, Inc., the American Fund for Slovak Refugees, Inc. and the Slovak League of America Heritage Foundation, Ltd.) continues, with your support, as the central cultural and civic body of the organized Slovak Americans, we can and will be able to say, as the songwriter expresses it in "Hej Slovaci": "Zije, zije duch Slovensky bude zit' na veky." ("The Slovak spirit lives, it lives, it will live forever.") EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK President SLOVAKIA 11 A Challenge for Slovak Americans \ ' LUBYHOLY On November 13, 1977, the Slovak League of America Executive Board met in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for no ordinary conclave. Matters discussed and implemented during this session would, in- the future, have far reaching effects for those of Slovak heritage living in the free world. For the second time in the twentieth century, a major comprehensive fund drive to benefit the causes of Slovaks was inaugurated by the Slovak League of America. This drive, a broadly based campaign being conducted to create a financial base for the preservation, promotion and advancement of the rich Slovak culture, language, and heritage, became known as the Slovak Heritage Drive of the Slovak League of America Heritage Foundation, Ltd. The idea of conducting a wide scale fund-raising campaign to amass a financial reservoir for the purpose of preserving and advancing the Slovak heritage had been circulating among Slovaks for some time prior to the actual implementation of the Slovak Heritage Drive. Impetus was given to initiating this campaign during the 70th anniversary convention of the Slovak League of America in May, 1977, when Slovak World Congress President Stephen B. Roman in his keynote address suggested that the SLA start a new million dollar drive whose monies would be used to promote the Slovak heritage and aid the collective causes of all peoples of Slovak ancestry. As added incentive to institute such a reservoir, Mr. Roman offered to himself donate a quarter of a million dollars to the fund , if all other Slovaks of the free world would collectively contribute $750,000. Following this public pledge, Slovak League officials set about laying the necessary framework to make the Slovak Heritage Drive an active entity. After 6 months of preliminary legwork and consultations, the campaign was ready to be launched, and an Executive Board meeting was called to Pittsburgh to effectuate the Drive. During this November, 1977, conclave , the Slovak League of America Heritage Foundation, Ltd. (SLAHF, Ltd.) was established as a fund-managing and distributing unit of the Slovak League , which would specifically handle monies associated with the Slovak Heritage Drive. It was decided that the Foundation would initially be managed by the Board of Directors who comprised the Executive Board of the 12 SLOVAKIA Slovak League of America. This Board consisted of Edward J. Behuncik, President; John A. Holy, Secretary; and Board Members: Michael J . Zahorsky, President of the First Catholic Slovak Union; Louise M. Yash, President of the First Catholic Slovak Ladies Association; George J. Kostelnik, President of the Slovak Catholic Sokol; Irma A. Vrbancic, President of the Pennsylvania Catholic Slovak Ladies Union; Stephen J. Kavulic, President of the Pennsylvania Catholic Slovak Union; and Slovak League Executive Board members, Andrew F . Hudak and Dr. Joseph Mikula. Gregor Chren of Stratford, Connecticut, was added to the SLAHF , Ltd. Board as its Treasurer. The Foundation was later incorporated in the state of Connecticut as a non-profit, non-stock, charitable and cultural corporation, and achieved tax exempt status with the Internal Revenue Service. All contributions to the Fund would therefore be tax-deductible. The establishment of the Slovak Heritage Drive under the auspices of the SLAHF, Ltd. was meant to reinforce the credibility of national programs identified with the Drive , and to associate the Drive with the internationally respected Slovak League. Monies collected by the Slovak Heritage Drive would be allocated to: 1) Preserve and expand existing Slovak Cultural Institutions such as libraries, institutes, publications, etc.; 2) Initiate new projects and programs for the advancement of the Slovak culture and ethnicity in the United States and other countries ; 3) Publish books and informative pamphlets about the Slovak Nation and American Slovaks, including history, culture and national goals ; 4) Establish youth-oriented programs to encourage greater involvement of younger generations of Slovak Americans in our cultural activities, fraternal organizations, and Slovak 'Americ~ life in general; 5) Support projects and activities in other countries on behalf of the Slovak cause; and 6) Provide funds for situations which necessitate speedy actions and decisions in the interests of Slovaks in America and elsewhere. Thus organized, the SLAHF , Ltd . immediately set forth to accomplish its task. The first three donations, $100 from Andrew F. Hudak, $100 from John A. Holy and $250 from Edward J. Behuncik, were duly accepted and recorded by the Foundation on November 13, 1977. The Slovak Heritage Drive was officially underway. By January 6, 1978, the Slovak League of America Heritage Foundation, Ltd. deposited its first $1 ,000 of contributions into a new account at the People 's Savings Bank in Bridgeport, Connecticut. SLOVAKIA 13 Governing Board members launched publicity campaigns for the Drive with the cooperation of the various Slovak American societies and organizations and members -of the Slovak American press such as the Jednota , Katolicky Sokol}. Slovak v Amerike , and Zenska Jednota publications, and momentum was gained. At the time of this writing (February, 1979) , approximately $19,000 has already been collected. Slovak Americans are becoming aware of the Slovak Heritage Drive 's importance and are contributing generously. Slovak League President Edward J. Behuncik and his wife Catherine , for instance , have set a fine example for others. Mr. and Mrs. Behuncik donated $5 ,000 to the Drive at the 1978 SLA Congress in Chicago in addition to their original $250 donation, and are at present the largest contributors to the Slovak Heritage Drive. To further the Drive ' s progress and to make more individuals and Slovak societies aware of the Fund and its goals, flyers and pamphlets are currently being printed. Mass mailings and an intensive publicity campaign is being planned for the coming months and years . The Slovak Heritage Drive is slated to continue until May, 1982, when the Slovak League of America celebrates its 75th anniversary. It is hoped that by this time , Slovaks in the free world will have amassed one million dollars for the fund , of which $750,000 will have come from contributions during the Drive's duration, and $250 ,000 from Mr. Roman. It has been said that the measure of dedication is that which one is willing to sacrifice. Fifty or sixty years ago, another generation of Slovak Americans was able to raise one million dollars in an heroic effort to save the Slovak nation. Surely in this age of affluence, today's Slovaks should be able to raise one million dollars for their cultural needs and self-preservation as a viable ethnic entity in the cultural mosiac that is America. The present generation of Slovak Americans has a task - indeed, an historical duty - to guarantee that its institutions of culture and its national life will not perish for want of material needs. In this duty, we must not fail.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 28 (No. 51-52) Description An account of the resource includes An Important Notice from the Editor (Michael Novak); A Message from the President (Edward J. Behuncik); A Challenge for Slovak Americans (Luby Holy) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Novak, Michael, 1933-2017 Behuncik, Edward J. Holy, Luby Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1978-79 LCNAF+dates name https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/97cece137011a186a8e52a1bab6f0d09.pdf e33a180073fe710a002e3637130be3e9 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 1980-81 Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ����SLOVAKIA VOLUMEXXIX 1980-1981 NUMBERS 53-64 An annual devoted to the history and culture of Slovaks the world over Editor MICHAEL NOVAK American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Managing Editor M. MARK STOLARIK The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies Editorial Board DAVID P. DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary OWEN V. JOHNSON Indiana University THOMAS D. MARZIK Saint Joseph's University STANLEY Z. PECH University of British Columbia Slovak League Advisory Board EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A. HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA DANIEL F. TANZONE Publisher Slovak League of America c I o John A. Holy, Secretary 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, N.J. 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be addressed to John Holy. Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be addressed to M. Mark Stolarik, 700 Penfield Ave., Havertown, Pa. 19083. ��Table of Contents A Letter from the Publisher John A . Holy . .. . _"\" . ...... ..... ............... . . . 7 HISTORY The Slovak Republic and the Slovaks Stanislav J . Kirschbaum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Rusyns and the Slovak State PaulR. Magocsi ...... . ..... . . . . . . .. . . .. ... .. . . . . . .. .. . . 39 Music Schools: A Chapter in the Cultural History of Interwar Slovakia Owen V. Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 An Ethnohistory of Slovak-American Religious and Fraternal Associations: A Study in Cultural Meaning, Group Identity, and Social Institutions Howard F. Stein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 LITERATURE Exerpt from Michal: Biography of a Galician Coal Miner , 1906-1933 Vasil S. Koban .............. . . . .. . ..................... 105 Babushka Sonya Jason . . . . . . ................. . .... . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. 126 REVIEWS Peter Brock - The Slovak National Awakening (Andrej Cincura) . . . . . . . . . . . .............. . . . 135 Josef Kalvoda - Czechoslovakia 's Role in Soviet Strategy (Stanislav J. Kirschbaum) . . .............................. 138 �Dorothea El Mallakh - The Slovak Autonomy Movement, 1935-1939 (Yeshayahu Jelinek) . . . . . ... . .... .. ............... . .... .. 141 Anthony X. Sutherland - Dr. Jozef Tiso and Modern Slovakia (Josef Kalvoda) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 145 Yeshayahu Jelinek - The Parish Republic (Anthony X. Sutherland) ....... . . .. . . . . .... . . . . . .. . . . .... 147 Andrea Rebichini - Chiesa, societa e stato in Cecoslovachia (Teodorik J. Zubek) . . . . . . . . ....... . . .. . .... . . . .. . . . .. .. . 149 Vsevlad J. Gajdos - Frantiskani v slovenskej literature and Teodorik J. Zubek - Slovenski frantiskani v Amerike (Gerald J. Sabo) ....... . . . . . . . . .. . . .... .. . .. . . . .. . . . ... . 151 Frantisek Bielik & Elo Rakos, comps . Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo. Dokumenty: I, II, m (JuneGranatirAlexander) . ....... . .. . . . ...... .. . . . . ... . . 153 Vasil S. Kohan - The Sorrows of Marienka (Paul Wilkes) ............ . . . .... .. . . .. ...... . . . 157 Megles, Stolarik & Tybor - Slovak Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland (Thomas D. Marzik) .......... .. ... ... . . . . . . . . ....... . .. . 160 Contributors .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . ....... . ........ .. . . . . . .. .. . . 163 Guidelines for Manuscripts ......... . . . ... \ . . . . . . . . .... . . ..... 165 �SLOVAKIA 7 A Letter ·From The Publisher With this issue Slovakia marks its thirtieth anniversary. The first volume was published by the Slovak League of America in 1951, with the then President of the League, Philip A. Hrobak, serving as editor. Hrobak was a staunch defender of the rights of the Slovak nation, and issues of Slovakia testified to his beliefs during the twelve years of his editorship. Shortly before his death, Hrobak asked Dr. Joseph Pauco, then Secretary of the Slovak League, to serve as editor. Pauco's strong belief in the right of the Slovak nation to its independence continued to be the philosophy of Slovakia. Under his leadership the journal expanded its scope and attracted a number of scholars who contributed timely articles which mirrored his philosophy. With the untimely death of Dr. Pauco in 1975, the Executive Committee of the Slovak League of America asked Michael Novak, noted American scholar, educator, and political analyst of Slovak ancestry, to serv~ as editor of Slovakia. With his vast scholarly resources Novak expanded the scope of the journal and named Dr. M. Mark Stolarik, historian and director of the prestigious Balch Institute of Philadelphia, as managing editor. Over the years several noted American and Canadian scholars of Slovak ancestry have served on the editorial board and, more recently, other scholars who specialize in Slavic and East European studies have been asked to serve on the editorial board. During its thirty years of existence Slovakia has served as a forum for the study of Slovak history, culture, and political science. It has provided the American public with much information in English on Slovakia, a nation that is little known in the West. For all these years Slovakia has been published by the Slovak League of America, a civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak ancestry. Through the generosity of an array of dedicated individuals and organizations, the League continues to espouse its basic philosophy - to bring Slovakia, with its rich history, culture, and heritage, to the American public. JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer Slovak League of America �� SLOVAKIA 1980-81 Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ����SLOVAKIA VOLUMEXXIX 1980-1981 NUMBERS 53-64 An annual devoted to the history and culture of Slovaks the world over Editor MICHAEL NOVAK American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Managing Editor M. MARK STOLARIK The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies Editorial Board DAVID P. DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary OWEN V. JOHNSON Indiana University THOMAS D. MARZIK Saint Joseph's University STANLEY Z. PECH University of British Columbia Slovak League Advisory Board EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A. HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA DANIEL F. TANZONE Publisher Slovak League of America c I o John A. Holy, Secretary 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, N.J. 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be addressed to John Holy. Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be addressed to M. Mark Stolarik, 700 Penfield Ave., Havertown, Pa. 19083. ��Table of Contents A Letter from the Publisher John A . Holy . .. . _"\" . ...... ..... ............... . . . 7 HISTORY The Slovak Republic and the Slovaks Stanislav J . Kirschbaum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Rusyns and the Slovak State PaulR. Magocsi ...... . ..... . . . . . . .. . . .. ... .. . . . . . .. .. . . 39 Music Schools: A Chapter in the Cultural History of Interwar Slovakia Owen V. Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 An Ethnohistory of Slovak-American Religious and Fraternal Associations: A Study in Cultural Meaning, Group Identity, and Social Institutions Howard F. Stein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 LITERATURE Exerpt from Michal: Biography of a Galician Coal Miner , 1906-1933 Vasil S. Koban .............. . . . .. . ..................... 105 Babushka Sonya Jason . . . . . . ................. . .... . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. 126 REVIEWS Peter Brock - The Slovak National Awakening (Andrej Cincura) . . . . . . . . . . . .............. . . . 135 Josef Kalvoda - Czechoslovakia 's Role in Soviet Strategy (Stanislav J. Kirschbaum) . . .............................. 138 �Dorothea El Mallakh - The Slovak Autonomy Movement, 1935-1939 (Yeshayahu Jelinek) . . . . . ... . .... .. ............... . .... .. 141 Anthony X. Sutherland - Dr. Jozef Tiso and Modern Slovakia (Josef Kalvoda) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 145 Yeshayahu Jelinek - The Parish Republic (Anthony X. Sutherland) ....... . . .. . . . . .... . . . . . .. . . . .... 147 Andrea Rebichini - Chiesa, societa e stato in Cecoslovachia (Teodorik J. Zubek) . . . . . . . . ....... . . .. . .... . . . .. . . . .. .. . 149 Vsevlad J. Gajdos - Frantiskani v slovenskej literature and Teodorik J. Zubek - Slovenski frantiskani v Amerike (Gerald J. Sabo) ....... . . . . . . . . .. . . .... .. . .. . . . .. . . . ... . 151 Frantisek Bielik & Elo Rakos, comps . Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo. Dokumenty: I, II, m (JuneGranatirAlexander) . ....... . .. . . . ...... .. . . . . ... . . 153 Vasil S. Kohan - The Sorrows of Marienka (Paul Wilkes) ............ . . . .... .. . . .. ...... . . . 157 Megles, Stolarik & Tybor - Slovak Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland (Thomas D. Marzik) .......... .. ... ... . . . . . . . . ....... . .. . 160 Contributors .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . ....... . ........ .. . . . . . .. .. . . 163 Guidelines for Manuscripts ......... . . . ... \ . . . . . . . . .... . . ..... 165 �SLOVAKIA 7 A Letter ·From The Publisher With this issue Slovakia marks its thirtieth anniversary. The first volume was published by the Slovak League of America in 1951, with the then President of the League, Philip A. Hrobak, serving as editor. Hrobak was a staunch defender of the rights of the Slovak nation, and issues of Slovakia testified to his beliefs during the twelve years of his editorship. Shortly before his death, Hrobak asked Dr. Joseph Pauco, then Secretary of the Slovak League, to serve as editor. Pauco's strong belief in the right of the Slovak nation to its independence continued to be the philosophy of Slovakia. Under his leadership the journal expanded its scope and attracted a number of scholars who contributed timely articles which mirrored his philosophy. With the untimely death of Dr. Pauco in 1975, the Executive Committee of the Slovak League of America asked Michael Novak, noted American scholar, educator, and political analyst of Slovak ancestry, to serv~ as editor of Slovakia. With his vast scholarly resources Novak expanded the scope of the journal and named Dr. M. Mark Stolarik, historian and director of the prestigious Balch Institute of Philadelphia, as managing editor. Over the years several noted American and Canadian scholars of Slovak ancestry have served on the editorial board and, more recently, other scholars who specialize in Slavic and East European studies have been asked to serve on the editorial board. During its thirty years of existence Slovakia has served as a forum for the study of Slovak history, culture, and political science. It has provided the American public with much information in English on Slovakia, a nation that is little known in the West. For all these years Slovakia has been published by the Slovak League of America, a civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak ancestry. Through the generosity of an array of dedicated individuals and organizations, the League continues to espouse its basic philosophy - to bring Slovakia, with its rich history, culture, and heritage, to the American public. JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer Slovak League of America �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1980-81, Vol. 29 Description An account of the resource Vol. 29 (No. 53-54), 1980-81. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980-81 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 1980-81 Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUMEXXIX 1980-1981 NUMBERS 53-64 An annual devoted to the history and culture of Slovaks the world over Editor MICHAEL NOVAK American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Managing Editor M. MARK STOLARIK The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies Editorial Board DAVID P. DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary OWEN V. JOHNSON Indiana University THOMAS D. MARZIK Saint Joseph's University STANLEY Z. PECH University of British Columbia Slovak League Advisory Board EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A. HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA DANIEL F. TANZONE Publisher Slovak League of America c I o John A. Holy, Secretary 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, N.J. 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be addressed to John Holy. Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be addressed to M. Mark Stolarik, 700 Penfield Ave., Havertown, Pa. 19083. Table of Contents A Letter from the Publisher John A . Holy . .. . _"\" . ...... ..... ............... . . . 7 HISTORY The Slovak Republic and the Slovaks Stanislav J . Kirschbaum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Rusyns and the Slovak State PaulR. Magocsi ...... . ..... . . . . . . .. . . .. ... .. . . . . . .. .. . . 39 Music Schools: A Chapter in the Cultural History of Interwar Slovakia Owen V. Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 An Ethnohistory of Slovak-American Religious and Fraternal Associations: A Study in Cultural Meaning, Group Identity, and Social Institutions Howard F. Stein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 LITERATURE Exerpt from Michal: Biography of a Galician Coal Miner , 1906-1933 Vasil S. Koban .............. . . . .. . ..................... 105 Babushka Sonya Jason . . . . . . ................. . .... . .. .. . . . . .. . . .. 126 REVIEWS Peter Brock - The Slovak National Awakening (Andrej Cincura) . . . . . . . . . . . .............. . . . 135 Josef Kalvoda - Czechoslovakia 's Role in Soviet Strategy (Stanislav J. Kirschbaum) . . .............................. 138 Dorothea El Mallakh - The Slovak Autonomy Movement, 1935-1939 (Yeshayahu Jelinek) . . . . . ... . .... .. ............... . .... .. 141 Anthony X. Sutherland - Dr. Jozef Tiso and Modern Slovakia (Josef Kalvoda) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 145 Yeshayahu Jelinek - The Parish Republic (Anthony X. Sutherland) ....... . . .. . . . . .... . . . . . .. . . . .... 147 Andrea Rebichini - Chiesa, societa e stato in Cecoslovachia (Teodorik J. Zubek) . . . . . . . . ....... . . .. . .... . . . .. . . . .. .. . 149 Vsevlad J. Gajdos - Frantiskani v slovenskej literature and Teodorik J. Zubek - Slovenski frantiskani v Amerike (Gerald J. Sabo) ....... . . . . . . . . .. . . .... .. . .. . . . .. . . . ... . 151 Frantisek Bielik & Elo Rakos, comps . Slovenske vyst'ahovalectvo. Dokumenty: I, II, m (JuneGranatirAlexander) . ....... . .. . . . ...... .. . . . . ... . . 153 Vasil S. Kohan - The Sorrows of Marienka (Paul Wilkes) ............ . . . .... .. . . .. ...... . . . 157 Megles, Stolarik & Tybor - Slovak Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland (Thomas D. Marzik) .......... .. ... ... . . . . . . . . ....... . .. . 160 Contributors .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . ....... . ........ .. . . . . . .. .. . . 163 Guidelines for Manuscripts ......... . . . ... \ . . . . . . . . .... . . ..... 165 SLOVAKIA 7 A Letter ·From The Publisher With this issue Slovakia marks its thirtieth anniversary. The first volume was published by the Slovak League of America in 1951, with the then President of the League, Philip A. Hrobak, serving as editor. Hrobak was a staunch defender of the rights of the Slovak nation, and issues of Slovakia testified to his beliefs during the twelve years of his editorship. Shortly before his death, Hrobak asked Dr. Joseph Pauco, then Secretary of the Slovak League, to serve as editor. Pauco's strong belief in the right of the Slovak nation to its independence continued to be the philosophy of Slovakia. Under his leadership the journal expanded its scope and attracted a number of scholars who contributed timely articles which mirrored his philosophy. With the untimely death of Dr. Pauco in 1975, the Executive Committee of the Slovak League of America asked Michael Novak, noted American scholar, educator, and political analyst of Slovak ancestry, to serv~ as editor of Slovakia. With his vast scholarly resources Novak expanded the scope of the journal and named Dr. M. Mark Stolarik, historian and director of the prestigious Balch Institute of Philadelphia, as managing editor. Over the years several noted American and Canadian scholars of Slovak ancestry have served on the editorial board and, more recently, other scholars who specialize in Slavic and East European studies have been asked to serve on the editorial board. During its thirty years of existence Slovakia has served as a forum for the study of Slovak history, culture, and political science. It has provided the American public with much information in English on Slovakia, a nation that is little known in the West. For all these years Slovakia has been published by the Slovak League of America, a civic and cultural federation of Americans of Slovak ancestry. Through the generosity of an array of dedicated individuals and organizations, the League continues to espouse its basic philosophy - to bring Slovakia, with its rich history, culture, and heritage, to the American public. JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer Slovak League of America  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 29 (No. 53-54) Description An account of the resource includes A Letter from the Publisher (John A. Holy) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Holý, Ján A., 1922-2020 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1980-81 SNK https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/3fccb11f4d283110b2fc8ee7a7bb96f2.pdf ab176c3e7fd44f306078bae227de8f92 PDF Text Text APRIL 195 3 VOL. Ill \1/f ,; '. :, ~ IN THilS ISSUE: SLOVAKIA AND CENTRAL EUROPEAN FEDERATION PLAN S THE SLOVAKS AND PRESIDENT EISENHOWER THE TRAGEDY OF GENERAL STEFANIK ANNIVERSARY OF A MURDER THE " RUSSIA FIRST" BOYS IN RADIO FREE EUROP E I.. , ; CA STLES OF SLOVAKIA : STRECNO . (.' A VOICE FOR SLO V A K I A i ! ; ) i COULD CZECHS AND SLOVAKS A GREE ? THE TRAGIC CASE OF DUSAN SLAVIK JOHN HOLL Y - PIONEER IN SLOVAK POETR Y Tf:I E SLOVAK TO N GUE SLOVAK ISSUES IN EVER Y LITTLE T OW N I MEDICINAL SPRINGS I N S LOVAKIA CZECHO-S L OVA K I A WHO SAID IT ? - PP. 25, 27, 30, 39, 44, 48, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62 Edited a nd compiled by ,'pf-ilLIP A. H ROBAK Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA �SLOV A.KIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The chief purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and in dependence. As Americans, members of the Gluvak League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nat:i:ons, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to · oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per year in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to: SLOV AKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U.S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � APRIL 195 3 VOL. Ill \1/f ,; '. :, ~ IN THilS ISSUE: SLOVAKIA AND CENTRAL EUROPEAN FEDERATION PLAN S THE SLOVAKS AND PRESIDENT EISENHOWER THE TRAGEDY OF GENERAL STEFANIK ANNIVERSARY OF A MURDER THE " RUSSIA FIRST" BOYS IN RADIO FREE EUROP E I.. , ; CA STLES OF SLOVAKIA : STRECNO . (.' A VOICE FOR SLO V A K I A i ! ; ) i COULD CZECHS AND SLOVAKS A GREE ? THE TRAGIC CASE OF DUSAN SLAVIK JOHN HOLL Y - PIONEER IN SLOVAK POETR Y Tf:I E SLOVAK TO N GUE SLOVAK ISSUES IN EVER Y LITTLE T OW N I MEDICINAL SPRINGS I N S LOVAKIA CZECHO-S L OVA K I A WHO SAID IT ? - PP. 25, 27, 30, 39, 44, 48, 52, 55, 57, 60, 62 Edited a nd compiled by ,'pf-ilLIP A. H ROBAK Published by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA �SLOV A.KIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The chief purpose of SLOVAKIA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and in dependence. As Americans, members of the Gluvak League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nat:i:ons, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to · oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per year in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to: SLOV AKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U.S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1953, Vol. 3 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 1 (No. 6), April 1953.</li> <li>Issue 2 (No. 7), July 1953.</li> <li>Issue 3 (No. 8), September 1953.</li> <li>Issue 4 (No. 9), December 1953.</li> </ul> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 3, No. 1 (6) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1953 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/30370abbad833529b5b5369b482485bc.pdf d042de9e573abccd4ef69fd6b09254b6 PDF Text Text JULY 195 3 VOL. Ill IN THIS ISSUE : THE TRUE FACE OF SLOVAKIA BUILDING ANOTHER BRIDGE ? R. B. LOCKHARDT AND THE SLOVAK AVIATORS OUR BLUNDERING CZECHO-SLOVAKIA POLICY_ THE PRACTICAL ASPECT OF A FEDERATION CASTLES OF SLOVAKIA : HRICOV THREE MONTHS IN " LIBERATED" BRATIS L AVA CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY I N SLOVAKI A SLOVAK F OLKLORE: THE DEVIL HAS TO WORK WHO SAID IT ?: 8, 12, 16, 25, 56, 61 Edi t ed and compi led by P HILIP A . H RO BAK Published by THE SLOV A K LEAGUE OF AMERICA NO. 2 �SLOV A.KIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Amerteans of Slovak descent. The chief purpose of SLOVA.KIA s to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and independence. 1 As Americans, members of the Slovak League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per year in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to: SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U.S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � JULY 195 3 VOL. Ill IN THIS ISSUE : THE TRUE FACE OF SLOVAKIA BUILDING ANOTHER BRIDGE ? R. B. LOCKHARDT AND THE SLOVAK AVIATORS OUR BLUNDERING CZECHO-SLOVAKIA POLICY_ THE PRACTICAL ASPECT OF A FEDERATION CASTLES OF SLOVAKIA : HRICOV THREE MONTHS IN " LIBERATED" BRATIS L AVA CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY I N SLOVAKI A SLOVAK F OLKLORE: THE DEVIL HAS TO WORK WHO SAID IT ?: 8, 12, 16, 25, 56, 61 Edi t ed and compi led by P HILIP A . H RO BAK Published by THE SLOV A K LEAGUE OF AMERICA NO. 2 �SLOV A.KIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Amerteans of Slovak descent. The chief purpose of SLOVA.KIA s to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and independence. 1 As Americans, members of the Slovak League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per year in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to: SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U.S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1953, Vol. 3 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 1 (No. 6), April 1953.</li> <li>Issue 2 (No. 7), July 1953.</li> <li>Issue 3 (No. 8), September 1953.</li> <li>Issue 4 (No. 9), December 1953.</li> </ul> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 3, No. 2 (7) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 1953 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/99390e5254760796a92608d0eccdcbbf.pdf af051250952e6ff94281853f1da67576 PDF Text Text SEPTEMBER 1953 VOL. Ill IN THJS ISSUE : WAS CZECHO-SLOVAKIA A DEMOCRACY ? OCTOBER 6, 1938 BERNOLAK ' S INFLUENCE ON SLOVAK LITERATURE SLOVAK AND EUROPEAN SEPARATISM RIPKA ON THE " PUTSCH " IN CZECHO-SLOVAKIA CASTLES DR . JOSEPH OF SLOVAKIA : LETTRICH BECKOV IN RETROSPECT WHO SAID IT ?: 12, 17, 64 • • • Edi t ed and co m pi l ed by P HI LI P A . HROBA K Pub lish ed by THE SLOV A K L EAGUE OF AMERICA NO. 3 �Sl. OV AKL\ is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. 'l'he chief purpose of SLOVAKIA 1s to promote a better understanding an<l appreciation of the Slovak nation a11<l its long struggle for freedom and independence. As Americans, members of the 3ltiv~k League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per year in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to: SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. ----------------------------- ---Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � SEPTEMBER 1953 VOL. Ill IN THJS ISSUE : WAS CZECHO-SLOVAKIA A DEMOCRACY ? OCTOBER 6, 1938 BERNOLAK ' S INFLUENCE ON SLOVAK LITERATURE SLOVAK AND EUROPEAN SEPARATISM RIPKA ON THE " PUTSCH " IN CZECHO-SLOVAKIA CASTLES DR . JOSEPH OF SLOVAKIA : LETTRICH BECKOV IN RETROSPECT WHO SAID IT ?: 12, 17, 64 • • • Edi t ed and co m pi l ed by P HI LI P A . HROBA K Pub lish ed by THE SLOV A K L EAGUE OF AMERICA NO. 3 �Sl. OV AKL\ is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. 'l'he chief purpose of SLOVAKIA 1s to promote a better understanding an<l appreciation of the Slovak nation a11<l its long struggle for freedom and independence. As Americans, members of the 3ltiv~k League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per year in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to: SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. ----------------------------- ---Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1953, Vol. 3 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 1 (No. 6), April 1953.</li> <li>Issue 2 (No. 7), July 1953.</li> <li>Issue 3 (No. 8), September 1953.</li> <li>Issue 4 (No. 9), December 1953.</li> </ul> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 3, No. 3 (8) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1953 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/cb03e26aa3acb215579376ed63028435.pdf f040d644392e73fd9863035830cbd646 PDF Text Text DECEMBER 1953 VQL. Ill NO. 4 IN THIS ISSUE: INFLUENCE OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY ON SLOVAK LIF E CHRISTMAS IN THE LOW TATRA REGION . SLOVAKIA AND THE WEST THE CZECHS FOR A CENTRAL EUROPEAN FEDERATION ? SLOVAKIA' S RIGHT TO BE HEARD s SLOVAKIA AND INTERNATIONAL INTERESTS IN 1938 WHY THE SLOVAKS WERE NOT CONTENT IN CZECHO-SLOVAKIA SLOVAKIA IN THE LIGHT OF THE NUREMBERG TRIALS CASTLES OF SLOVAKIA: BUDATIN LETTRICH ' S REGIME IN THE LIGHT OF TRUTH WHO SAID IT ? - PP. 15, 21 , 26, 54, 61 • • • Edited and compi led by PHILIP A. HROBAK Pub I ished by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA �SLOV A.KIA is µublished periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Amerteans of Slovak descent. The chief purpose of S.LOV AK.IA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and independence. As Americans, members of the Slovak League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per year in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to: SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � DECEMBER 1953 VQL. Ill NO. 4 IN THIS ISSUE: INFLUENCE OF AMERICAN DEMOCRACY ON SLOVAK LIF E CHRISTMAS IN THE LOW TATRA REGION . SLOVAKIA AND THE WEST THE CZECHS FOR A CENTRAL EUROPEAN FEDERATION ? SLOVAKIA' S RIGHT TO BE HEARD s SLOVAKIA AND INTERNATIONAL INTERESTS IN 1938 WHY THE SLOVAKS WERE NOT CONTENT IN CZECHO-SLOVAKIA SLOVAKIA IN THE LIGHT OF THE NUREMBERG TRIALS CASTLES OF SLOVAKIA: BUDATIN LETTRICH ' S REGIME IN THE LIGHT OF TRUTH WHO SAID IT ? - PP. 15, 21 , 26, 54, 61 • • • Edited and compi led by PHILIP A. HROBAK Pub I ished by THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA �SLOV A.KIA is µublished periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Amerteans of Slovak descent. The chief purpose of S.LOV AK.IA is to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and independence. As Americans, members of the Slovak League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per year in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to: SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1953, Vol. 3 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 1 (No. 6), April 1953.</li> <li>Issue 2 (No. 7), July 1953.</li> <li>Issue 3 (No. 8), September 1953.</li> <li>Issue 4 (No. 9), December 1953.</li> </ul> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 3, No. 4 (9) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 1953 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/0e8530e3c6c123e852af74a8134a4771.pdf 4028a1593468c0393b5c9ae34a28d5c0 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 1982-83 Publi shed By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ����SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXX NUMBERS 55-56 1982-83 A schola rl y a nnual devoted to the hi story , li terature and culture of Slovaks the world over Guesc Editor NORMAL. R U DINSKY Oregon State U ni ve rsit y Editor M . MARK STOLARIK The Balch Institute for Ethni c Studies Edicorial Boa rd DA YID P DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary MICHAEL NOVAK American Ent erprise Institute OWEN V . JOHNSON Ind iana University STAN LEY Z . PECH Unive rsity of British Columbia THOMAS D . MARZIK Saint J oseph 's U ni vers ity NORMA L. R U DINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board EDWARDJ. BEHUNC IK DRAGA DIVI NS KA JOHN A . H OLY DANIEL F. TANZONE JOS EPH C . KRAJ SA Publisher The Slovak League of America cl o J ohn A. H oly, Secretary-Treasurer 870 Rifl e Camp Road W est Paterson , NJ. 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions shou ld be add ressed to J ohn H oly M a nu sc ri pts for possible publi cati on a nd books for review should be sent to M . M ark Stolarik , Editor , Slovakia, 700 Penfield Ave. , H ave rtow n , Pa . 19083. ��SLOVAKIA 5 Table of Contents Guest Editor 's Note Norma L. Rudinsk y 7 Introduction - Slova k Literature: Wha t , Where from , and Whither? F. W . Galan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Three Kinds of Slovak Folk Literature Eva Susan Ku cekova .... .. ..... ... . . .... ..... .. . .... . . 12 Counter-Reformation and Early Czech Catholic Kan cionaly in the Kin gdom of Bohemia ( 1588-1683) M arie-Elizabeth Ducreux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 The Influence of Juraj Tra novsky's Cithara San ctorum in Slovakia J aros/av ]. V ajda ..... .... .. .. . . . ..... . . . .... .. ....... 51 Daniel Sinapius-Horc icka 's H ortulus Animae Piae Gerald]. Sabo .............. .... .... . ... . ........ . ... 61 Some Observations o n D evotio nal Literature and Culture : R esponse David P. D aniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Hu golfn Gavlovic's Valaska Skala a nd Skala Krest'an ska G erald ]. Sabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Vaj ans ky a nd Turgenev William E. H arkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 The Slovak Fairytale Tradition and J .R.R . Tolkien 's " Eucatastrophe" in the Reali st ic Stories of M a rtin Kukucfn Norma L . Rudinsk y ............ ... . . ..... . ..... . ...... 100 Kukucfn's Vill age Stories and Shukshin 's " Snowball Berry-Red" Gerald ]. Sabo ............... . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .... . ..... 112 J ozef Cfge r-Hronsky: C hronology a nd Part ial Bibliograph y Norm a L . Rudinsky .. ..... . ...... .. ................ . .. 128 �6 SLOVAKIA Jozef Cfger-Hronsky: A M aj or Slovak Novelist Peter Petro . .. .. .. . . .... .. . .... ... . . ... . . .. . . .. . ..... 142 Modern Slovak Fiction : The Sixties , a Decade of Experimentation Peter Petro .. . . ... .. .. . .... . . . . ... . .. ... . . . .. . .. .... . 153 The Lyrical Prose of V incent Sikula Peter Petro . ... .. . . ..... . .. ... ... .. . . ... . .. ... . .. .. . . 165 Contributors ... . . . . . .. . .... . .... . . .. . ... . . . ..... . ..... . . . 175 Guidelines for Manuscripts . . . .. .. . .. . .... . . .... .... . .. . . . . . 176 �SLOVAKIA 7 GUEST EDITOR'S NOTE This issue of Slovakia is devoted to English studies of Slovak literature. In all of the Slavic cultures, literature has often played an extraliterary role, frequently with political or even economic force. In Slovak culture, especially, literary creation and criticism have more often been seen as a defensive and partisan political activity than as an esthetic activity. In the present studies, however, we wanted to consider Slovak literature esthetically as literary art. This new approach is now possible because the tendentious political definitions that formerly plagued Slovak studies have been laid to rest with the abandonment of the theory of a single ''Czechoslovak language'' and the concept of Slovak literature as a regional derivative of Czech literature. Therefore, the consequent national defensiveness can also be laid to rest. Slovak culture can now be considered on its own merits. These papers were presented under the sponsorship of the Slovak Studies Association at the four past annual meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies: on November 5-8, 1980 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; on September 20-23, 1981 in Asilomar, California ; on October 14-17, 1982 in Washington , D. C . ; and on October 22-25, 1983 in Kansas City, Missouri . Given here in the chronological order of their subject matter , not of their presentation, these papers show an elementary outline of much of Slovak literature. In keeping with the current position of Slovak literary historians in Bratislava, we are taking "literature" not only as an ethnic or language category, i .e. literature in the Slovak language , but also as a geographic category, i.e. literature produced within the borders of present-day Slovakia and including works written in Latin, German, Magyar, or Czech by Slovaks or other residents of Slovakia if that literature resulted from and/or influenced literary trends in Slovakia. This is the standard p ractice of literary historians with Latin literature written when Latin was the universal language and the vernacular languages were only beginning, and also with bilingual countries such as Canada or Belgium . There is little difficulty with the German and Magyar languages, but there h as been a major problem with the Czech lan guage for several historical reasons that must be summarized here because they �8 SLOVAKIA directly affect five of our papers on the early written (not folk) literature , and indirectly they have affected all study of Slovak literature. Slovak and Czech developed separately as parallel West Slavic languages, but not on the same schedule: Czech was formed very early as a literary language (because of the political/cultural center of Prague, Holy Roman Emperor Karel IV, a major medieval university , Jan Hus ' s vernacular translations, etc .) , and Slovak was formed as a literary language very late (because of the lack of a political/cultural center , the long adherence to Latin in Hungary , etc.). Furthermore, the Czech language became a substitute for Slovak from the 15th century on, first when clerks of many nationalities educated at Prague University used Czech as an administrative language in Austria and Hungary, then second when many religious and accompanying political controversies were debated in Czech instead of Latin from Hus through much of the Catholic Counter-Reformation . By replacing Latin and constricting the use of German and Magyar , Czech with its similarity and relative comprehensibility for Slovaks fostered the development of Slovak within its disadvantaged position in Hungary. But, on the other hand , it became a crutch that slowed Slovak development because it somewhat filled the need for a vernacular and delayed or obscured the natural stimulus toward codification of spoken Slovak that finally occurred with Bernolak and Stur. Our papers illustrate this situation. Two concern the standard Czech-language Protestant hymnals that became partial sources for the Czech Catholic hymnals in Bohemia and Moravia that Marie-Elizabeth Ducreux writes of and also sources for the Czech-language hymnal written and published in Slovakia thatjaroslav Vajda writes of; the Czech form of the name Tfanovsky, used on his h ym nal and continu ed by historians of his place in Czech literature, was domesticated to the Slovak form Trano vsk y by the Lutheran tradition and is so used by historians of his place in Slovak literature. A century later another Pole (like Tranovsky) , Hugolfn Gavlovic, now wrote not in Czech but in an uncodified Western Slovak with Czech elem ents. Between Tranovsky and Gavlovic, the three m embers of the Sinapius-Horcicka family , all Slovak born , wrote in Latin , German, Slovakized Czech, or Slovak with Czech elements. Thus , the complexity of the language situation in the Slovak R enaissance and Baroque periods has to be understood before taking up the esthet ic value of a work, and in some cases a transitional work must be appreciated without a �SLOVAKIA 9 final decision on whether it is in Czech with Slovak features or Slovak with Czech features. On the later literature, two papers are comparative with Russian and one with English literature, and the two papers on J. C. Hronsky testify to our belief that he was a major European writer who has not yet received the attention due him outside Slovak literary criticism. The final two papers concern contemporary fiction . Not all the papers give purely esthetic studies, as we wished, because many Slovak literary subjects still require basic historical and biographical investigation . We are grateful to the regular editors of Slovakia for this opportunity to make a beginning. Norma L . Rudinsky � SLOVAKIA 1982-83 Publi shed By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ����SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXX NUMBERS 55-56 1982-83 A schola rl y a nnual devoted to the hi story , li terature and culture of Slovaks the world over Guesc Editor NORMAL. R U DINSKY Oregon State U ni ve rsit y Editor M . MARK STOLARIK The Balch Institute for Ethni c Studies Edicorial Boa rd DA YID P DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary MICHAEL NOVAK American Ent erprise Institute OWEN V . JOHNSON Ind iana University STAN LEY Z . PECH Unive rsity of British Columbia THOMAS D . MARZIK Saint J oseph 's U ni vers ity NORMA L. R U DINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board EDWARDJ. BEHUNC IK DRAGA DIVI NS KA JOHN A . H OLY DANIEL F. TANZONE JOS EPH C . KRAJ SA Publisher The Slovak League of America cl o J ohn A. H oly, Secretary-Treasurer 870 Rifl e Camp Road W est Paterson , NJ. 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions shou ld be add ressed to J ohn H oly M a nu sc ri pts for possible publi cati on a nd books for review should be sent to M . M ark Stolarik , Editor , Slovakia, 700 Penfield Ave. , H ave rtow n , Pa . 19083. ��SLOVAKIA 5 Table of Contents Guest Editor 's Note Norma L. Rudinsk y 7 Introduction - Slova k Literature: Wha t , Where from , and Whither? F. W . Galan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Three Kinds of Slovak Folk Literature Eva Susan Ku cekova .... .. ..... ... . . .... ..... .. . .... . . 12 Counter-Reformation and Early Czech Catholic Kan cionaly in the Kin gdom of Bohemia ( 1588-1683) M arie-Elizabeth Ducreux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 The Influence of Juraj Tra novsky's Cithara San ctorum in Slovakia J aros/av ]. V ajda ..... .... .. .. . . . ..... . . . .... .. ....... 51 Daniel Sinapius-Horc icka 's H ortulus Animae Piae Gerald]. Sabo .............. .... .... . ... . ........ . ... 61 Some Observations o n D evotio nal Literature and Culture : R esponse David P. D aniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Hu golfn Gavlovic's Valaska Skala a nd Skala Krest'an ska G erald ]. Sabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Vaj ans ky a nd Turgenev William E. H arkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 The Slovak Fairytale Tradition and J .R.R . Tolkien 's " Eucatastrophe" in the Reali st ic Stories of M a rtin Kukucfn Norma L . Rudinsk y ............ ... . . ..... . ..... . ...... 100 Kukucfn's Vill age Stories and Shukshin 's " Snowball Berry-Red" Gerald ]. Sabo ............... . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .... . ..... 112 J ozef Cfge r-Hronsky: C hronology a nd Part ial Bibliograph y Norm a L . Rudinsky .. ..... . ...... .. ................ . .. 128 �6 SLOVAKIA Jozef Cfger-Hronsky: A M aj or Slovak Novelist Peter Petro . .. .. .. . . .... .. . .... ... . . ... . . .. . . .. . ..... 142 Modern Slovak Fiction : The Sixties , a Decade of Experimentation Peter Petro .. . . ... .. .. . .... . . . . ... . .. ... . . . .. . .. .... . 153 The Lyrical Prose of V incent Sikula Peter Petro . ... .. . . ..... . .. ... ... .. . . ... . .. ... . .. .. . . 165 Contributors ... . . . . . .. . .... . .... . . .. . ... . . . ..... . ..... . . . 175 Guidelines for Manuscripts . . . .. .. . .. . .... . . .... .... . .. . . . . . 176 �SLOVAKIA 7 GUEST EDITOR'S NOTE This issue of Slovakia is devoted to English studies of Slovak literature. In all of the Slavic cultures, literature has often played an extraliterary role, frequently with political or even economic force. In Slovak culture, especially, literary creation and criticism have more often been seen as a defensive and partisan political activity than as an esthetic activity. In the present studies, however, we wanted to consider Slovak literature esthetically as literary art. This new approach is now possible because the tendentious political definitions that formerly plagued Slovak studies have been laid to rest with the abandonment of the theory of a single ''Czechoslovak language'' and the concept of Slovak literature as a regional derivative of Czech literature. Therefore, the consequent national defensiveness can also be laid to rest. Slovak culture can now be considered on its own merits. These papers were presented under the sponsorship of the Slovak Studies Association at the four past annual meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies: on November 5-8, 1980 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; on September 20-23, 1981 in Asilomar, California ; on October 14-17, 1982 in Washington , D. C . ; and on October 22-25, 1983 in Kansas City, Missouri . Given here in the chronological order of their subject matter , not of their presentation, these papers show an elementary outline of much of Slovak literature. In keeping with the current position of Slovak literary historians in Bratislava, we are taking "literature" not only as an ethnic or language category, i .e. literature in the Slovak language , but also as a geographic category, i.e. literature produced within the borders of present-day Slovakia and including works written in Latin, German, Magyar, or Czech by Slovaks or other residents of Slovakia if that literature resulted from and/or influenced literary trends in Slovakia. This is the standard p ractice of literary historians with Latin literature written when Latin was the universal language and the vernacular languages were only beginning, and also with bilingual countries such as Canada or Belgium . There is little difficulty with the German and Magyar languages, but there h as been a major problem with the Czech lan guage for several historical reasons that must be summarized here because they �8 SLOVAKIA directly affect five of our papers on the early written (not folk) literature , and indirectly they have affected all study of Slovak literature. Slovak and Czech developed separately as parallel West Slavic languages, but not on the same schedule: Czech was formed very early as a literary language (because of the political/cultural center of Prague, Holy Roman Emperor Karel IV, a major medieval university , Jan Hus ' s vernacular translations, etc .) , and Slovak was formed as a literary language very late (because of the lack of a political/cultural center , the long adherence to Latin in Hungary , etc.). Furthermore, the Czech language became a substitute for Slovak from the 15th century on, first when clerks of many nationalities educated at Prague University used Czech as an administrative language in Austria and Hungary, then second when many religious and accompanying political controversies were debated in Czech instead of Latin from Hus through much of the Catholic Counter-Reformation . By replacing Latin and constricting the use of German and Magyar , Czech with its similarity and relative comprehensibility for Slovaks fostered the development of Slovak within its disadvantaged position in Hungary. But, on the other hand , it became a crutch that slowed Slovak development because it somewhat filled the need for a vernacular and delayed or obscured the natural stimulus toward codification of spoken Slovak that finally occurred with Bernolak and Stur. Our papers illustrate this situation. Two concern the standard Czech-language Protestant hymnals that became partial sources for the Czech Catholic hymnals in Bohemia and Moravia that Marie-Elizabeth Ducreux writes of and also sources for the Czech-language hymnal written and published in Slovakia thatjaroslav Vajda writes of; the Czech form of the name Tfanovsky, used on his h ym nal and continu ed by historians of his place in Czech literature, was domesticated to the Slovak form Trano vsk y by the Lutheran tradition and is so used by historians of his place in Slovak literature. A century later another Pole (like Tranovsky) , Hugolfn Gavlovic, now wrote not in Czech but in an uncodified Western Slovak with Czech elem ents. Between Tranovsky and Gavlovic, the three m embers of the Sinapius-Horcicka family , all Slovak born , wrote in Latin , German, Slovakized Czech, or Slovak with Czech elements. Thus , the complexity of the language situation in the Slovak R enaissance and Baroque periods has to be understood before taking up the esthet ic value of a work, and in some cases a transitional work must be appreciated without a �SLOVAKIA 9 final decision on whether it is in Czech with Slovak features or Slovak with Czech features. On the later literature, two papers are comparative with Russian and one with English literature, and the two papers on J. C. Hronsky testify to our belief that he was a major European writer who has not yet received the attention due him outside Slovak literary criticism. The final two papers concern contemporary fiction . Not all the papers give purely esthetic studies, as we wished, because many Slovak literary subjects still require basic historical and biographical investigation . We are grateful to the regular editors of Slovakia for this opportunity to make a beginning. Norma L . Rudinsky � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1982-83, Vol. 30 Description An account of the resource Vol. 30 (No. 55-56), 1982-83. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-83 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 1982-83 Publi shed By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXX NUMBERS 55-56 1982-83 A schola rl y a nnual devoted to the hi story , li terature and culture of Slovaks the world over Guesc Editor NORMAL. R U DINSKY Oregon State U ni ve rsit y Editor M . MARK STOLARIK The Balch Institute for Ethni c Studies Edicorial Boa rd DA YID P DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary MICHAEL NOVAK American Ent erprise Institute OWEN V . JOHNSON Ind iana University STAN LEY Z . PECH Unive rsity of British Columbia THOMAS D . MARZIK Saint J oseph 's U ni vers ity NORMA L. R U DINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board EDWARDJ. BEHUNC IK DRAGA DIVI NS KA JOHN A . H OLY DANIEL F. TANZONE JOS EPH C . KRAJ SA Publisher The Slovak League of America cl o J ohn A. H oly, Secretary-Treasurer 870 Rifl e Camp Road W est Paterson , NJ. 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions shou ld be add ressed to J ohn H oly M a nu sc ri pts for possible publi cati on a nd books for review should be sent to M . M ark Stolarik , Editor , Slovakia, 700 Penfield Ave. , H ave rtow n , Pa . 19083. SLOVAKIA 5 Table of Contents Guest Editor 's Note Norma L. Rudinsk y 7 Introduction - Slova k Literature: Wha t , Where from , and Whither? F. W . Galan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Three Kinds of Slovak Folk Literature Eva Susan Ku cekova .... .. ..... ... . . .... ..... .. . .... . . 12 Counter-Reformation and Early Czech Catholic Kan cionaly in the Kin gdom of Bohemia ( 1588-1683) M arie-Elizabeth Ducreux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 The Influence of Juraj Tra novsky's Cithara San ctorum in Slovakia J aros/av ]. V ajda ..... .... .. .. . . . ..... . . . .... .. ....... 51 Daniel Sinapius-Horc icka 's H ortulus Animae Piae Gerald]. Sabo .............. .... .... . ... . ........ . ... 61 Some Observations o n D evotio nal Literature and Culture : R esponse David P. D aniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Hu golfn Gavlovic's Valaska Skala a nd Skala Krest'an ska G erald ]. Sabo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Vaj ans ky a nd Turgenev William E. H arkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 The Slovak Fairytale Tradition and J .R.R . Tolkien 's " Eucatastrophe" in the Reali st ic Stories of M a rtin Kukucfn Norma L . Rudinsk y ............ ... . . ..... . ..... . ...... 100 Kukucfn's Vill age Stories and Shukshin 's " Snowball Berry-Red" Gerald ]. Sabo ............... . . . . . .. . .. .. . . .... . ..... 112 J ozef Cfge r-Hronsky: C hronology a nd Part ial Bibliograph y Norm a L . Rudinsky .. ..... . ...... .. ................ . .. 128 6 SLOVAKIA Jozef Cfger-Hronsky: A M aj or Slovak Novelist Peter Petro . .. .. .. . . .... .. . .... ... . . ... . . .. . . .. . ..... 142 Modern Slovak Fiction : The Sixties , a Decade of Experimentation Peter Petro .. . . ... .. .. . .... . . . . ... . .. ... . . . .. . .. .... . 153 The Lyrical Prose of V incent Sikula Peter Petro . ... .. . . ..... . .. ... ... .. . . ... . .. ... . .. .. . . 165 Contributors ... . . . . . .. . .... . .... . . .. . ... . . . ..... . ..... . . . 175 Guidelines for Manuscripts . . . .. .. . .. . .... . . .... .... . .. . . . . . 176 SLOVAKIA 7 GUEST EDITOR'S NOTE This issue of Slovakia is devoted to English studies of Slovak literature. In all of the Slavic cultures, literature has often played an extraliterary role, frequently with political or even economic force. In Slovak culture, especially, literary creation and criticism have more often been seen as a defensive and partisan political activity than as an esthetic activity. In the present studies, however, we wanted to consider Slovak literature esthetically as literary art. This new approach is now possible because the tendentious political definitions that formerly plagued Slovak studies have been laid to rest with the abandonment of the theory of a single ''Czechoslovak language'' and the concept of Slovak literature as a regional derivative of Czech literature. Therefore, the consequent national defensiveness can also be laid to rest. Slovak culture can now be considered on its own merits. These papers were presented under the sponsorship of the Slovak Studies Association at the four past annual meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies: on November 5-8, 1980 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; on September 20-23, 1981 in Asilomar, California ; on October 14-17, 1982 in Washington , D. C . ; and on October 22-25, 1983 in Kansas City, Missouri . Given here in the chronological order of their subject matter , not of their presentation, these papers show an elementary outline of much of Slovak literature. In keeping with the current position of Slovak literary historians in Bratislava, we are taking "literature" not only as an ethnic or language category, i .e. literature in the Slovak language , but also as a geographic category, i.e. literature produced within the borders of present-day Slovakia and including works written in Latin, German, Magyar, or Czech by Slovaks or other residents of Slovakia if that literature resulted from and/or influenced literary trends in Slovakia. This is the standard p ractice of literary historians with Latin literature written when Latin was the universal language and the vernacular languages were only beginning, and also with bilingual countries such as Canada or Belgium . There is little difficulty with the German and Magyar languages, but there h as been a major problem with the Czech lan guage for several historical reasons that must be summarized here because they 8 SLOVAKIA directly affect five of our papers on the early written (not folk) literature , and indirectly they have affected all study of Slovak literature. Slovak and Czech developed separately as parallel West Slavic languages, but not on the same schedule: Czech was formed very early as a literary language (because of the political/cultural center of Prague, Holy Roman Emperor Karel IV, a major medieval university , Jan Hus ' s vernacular translations, etc .) , and Slovak was formed as a literary language very late (because of the lack of a political/cultural center , the long adherence to Latin in Hungary , etc.). Furthermore, the Czech language became a substitute for Slovak from the 15th century on, first when clerks of many nationalities educated at Prague University used Czech as an administrative language in Austria and Hungary, then second when many religious and accompanying political controversies were debated in Czech instead of Latin from Hus through much of the Catholic Counter-Reformation . By replacing Latin and constricting the use of German and Magyar , Czech with its similarity and relative comprehensibility for Slovaks fostered the development of Slovak within its disadvantaged position in Hungary. But, on the other hand , it became a crutch that slowed Slovak development because it somewhat filled the need for a vernacular and delayed or obscured the natural stimulus toward codification of spoken Slovak that finally occurred with Bernolak and Stur. Our papers illustrate this situation. Two concern the standard Czech-language Protestant hymnals that became partial sources for the Czech Catholic hymnals in Bohemia and Moravia that Marie-Elizabeth Ducreux writes of and also sources for the Czech-language hymnal written and published in Slovakia thatjaroslav Vajda writes of; the Czech form of the name Tfanovsky, used on his h ym nal and continu ed by historians of his place in Czech literature, was domesticated to the Slovak form Trano vsk y by the Lutheran tradition and is so used by historians of his place in Slovak literature. A century later another Pole (like Tranovsky) , Hugolfn Gavlovic, now wrote not in Czech but in an uncodified Western Slovak with Czech elem ents. Between Tranovsky and Gavlovic, the three m embers of the Sinapius-Horcicka family , all Slovak born , wrote in Latin , German, Slovakized Czech, or Slovak with Czech elements. Thus , the complexity of the language situation in the Slovak R enaissance and Baroque periods has to be understood before taking up the esthet ic value of a work, and in some cases a transitional work must be appreciated without a SLOVAKIA 9 final decision on whether it is in Czech with Slovak features or Slovak with Czech features. On the later literature, two papers are comparative with Russian and one with English literature, and the two papers on J. C. Hronsky testify to our belief that he was a major European writer who has not yet received the attention due him outside Slovak literary criticism. The final two papers concern contemporary fiction . Not all the papers give purely esthetic studies, as we wished, because many Slovak literary subjects still require basic historical and biographical investigation . We are grateful to the regular editors of Slovakia for this opportunity to make a beginning. Norma L . Rudinsky  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 30 (No. 55-56) Description An account of the resource includes Guest Editor's Note (Norma L. Rudinsky) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rudinsky, Norma Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-83 LCNAF https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/b194a94420b8280836a000cff9bdc153.pdf efe5228e5c66ec4d035069e682d78be1 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 1984 Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXI NUMBER 57 1984 A schola rl y annu al devoted to the hi story, lit erature, and culture of Slovaks the world over Edi1or M . MARK STOLARIK The Ba lch I nstitute for Ethni c Studies A ssocia1e Edilor THOMAS D . MARZ IK Saint J ose ph 's Universit y Editorial Board GEORGE J DEMKO U.S. De partm ent of Sta te MI C HA EL NOVA K Am eri ca n Enterprise In stitute DAVID P . DA N I EL Co ncord ia Theological Seminary STANLEY Z. PECH Universi ty of British Colu mbia OWEN V JOH NSON India na Uni,·ersity NO RMA L. RU DI NS KY Oregon State U ni ve rsit y S/01·;,k League Ad,·isory Boa rd EDWARDJ DRAGA D IV INS KA J OSEPH C KRAJSA BEH UNC IK JOH N A . H OLY DAN I EL F. TANZONE Pu blisher Th e Slo,·a k League of Ameri ca c/o J ohn A. H oly, Sec retary -Treas urer 870 Ri0 e Camp R oad W est Paterson, N .J . 07424 Inquiries regarding subscrip ti o ns should be add ressed to J o hn H oly M an uscript s fo r possible publication an d boo ks for re,· iew sho uld be se nt to M . M a rk Stola rik , Edit or, S!o ,·a kia, 700 Penfie ld Ave., H a,-cnow n , Pa . 19083. ��SLOVAKIA A Message from the President Again it is my pleasure to introduce another issue of our highlyregarded scholarly a nnual, Slovakia. W e welcome Dr. Thomas D. Marzik, Associate Professor of History at St. J oseph 's University in Philadelphia, Pennsylva nia, as our associate edito r. H e is a n established scholar who has done ex tensive research in Slovakia, and I a m co nfide nt th a t h e will a bl y assist our ed itor , Dr. M . M ark Stola rik , in editin g our schola rly journal. Afte r an enthusiastic response, with many positive rev iews , of our las t " literary " issu e of Slovakia, edited by Mrs. Norma Rudin sky, we a re returnin g to our regular format. Our Slovak-American youth is p a rticularly urged to take advan tage of the opportunities presented by Dr. Stolarik and his editorial board to become bette r acquainted with our ri ch Slovak heritage. W e are members of a n ancient ethni c group which, in God 's good tim e , will ac hieve its ri ghtful pl ace in the family of na tions. Among the Slovak League's purposes in publishing Slovakia, a nd issuing other docum ents su ch as resolutions and memoranda , is to have the non-Slovak world learn about the people be neath the Tatra mountains ( a nd their diaspora), their culture, history and traditions. Many of the sc holars who con tribute to Slovakia play a n active role in conferences of the American Association for the Advan ce m e nt of Slavic Studies, held a nnu all y in American cities. These gatherings provide our youth with a nother opportunity to learn about Slovak history and culture. While we all recognize that the Slovak nation rightfully aspires, with our su pport , to achieve self-determination in a political system of its own choos in g, we also recognize that this will not co m e about until the hold of the Soviet Union upon our people in Czecho-Slovakia weakens. Meanwhile, one of the best ways for u s to kee p the Slova k cause alive a nd �4 SLOVAKIA in the eyes of the ge neral public is to suppo rt such important publicati ons a s Slovakia. By encouraging, and publishin g, seriou s works of scholarship on the Slovak people, we will continu e to win th e respect of schol ars, journalists and politi cians and pave the way for future co nsiderations of Slovak self-determination in the world fo rum . In thi s way we will remain tru e to the m andate esta blished by our ancestors who fo unded the Slovak League of America in Cleveland , Ohio in 1907 . They helped liberate our nation from Hun garian oppression in 1918 and , with G od 's help , we will m ake a similar co n tributi on in the fu ture. EDWARD J. BE HUN C IK , President Slovak League of Ameri ca �SLOVAKIA 5 Table of Contents A M essage from the President Edward]. B ehun cik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 HISTORY Mi grant R esponses to the City: The Neighborhood , Case Studies in Blac k and White, 1870-1940 J am es and Susan Borch ert 8 The Mati ca slovenska and Its Relation to the Development of Sl ovak Litera ture N orm a L . Rudinsk y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The M od ernization of Slovakia: The R ole of V ocational High Schools , 1918-1938 Owen V. J ohnson 59 LITERATURE Excerpt from " In Due Season " Paul Wilkes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 My Grandfather ' s Silence Patricia Ondek L auren ce .. . . .... .... . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. . ... 101 Bro ken Line Ca rol T o warnick y 107 REVIEW ARTICLE ' Audi Alteram Pa rtem ': Eva Slavkovska, " V zt'ah sta tu k cirkvam v prvyc h rokoch vystavby socializmu na Slovensku" Th eodoric ]. Zubek . ............... . ........ . .. . .. . ... 11 3 REVIEWS R obin Okey, Ea stern Europ e, 1740-1980 (R . Vladimir Baumgarten) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Milorad M . Drachkovitch , ed . , East Central Europe U ose[ K alvoda) .. . .. .. .. . . .. ........... . ... . . . . . ... . . 121 �6 SLOVAKIA Rudolf Kraj covic, S vedectvo dejfn o slo ven cine (G erald J. Sabo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 r.udovft Novak, K n ajstarsfm dejinam slo ven skeh o j azyka U ohn M . K ochik) .. . . . ......................... . . . ... 124 Frantisek K alesny , H abani na Sloven sku (Peter Brock) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Au gust A . Skodacek, Luth eran s in Slo vakia (R obert J. Sko vira) .............. . . . ..... .. .......... . 129 Paul R obert M agocsi, Th e Sh aping of a Na tional Identity and T h e Rusyn- Ukrainians of Czech oslo vakia (O wen V. J ohn son) .......... . ............ .. .. . ... .. .. 130 V oj tec h Sarlu ska, comp. , J ubilea M atice slo ven sk ej (John A . B erta) .. . .. . ... . . . ........ . ..... . .... . ...... 132 Mil an S. Durica, ed ., IJ m ondo sla vo . Volume VIII. (John M . K ochik) .......................... ... ... ... . 133 J osef K orbel, Twentieth-Century Czechoslovakia (M . E vangela Lubek) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Martin R . M yant , Socialism and D em ocracy in C zechoslovakia (Stanisla v J. Kirschbaum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Leon Noel , L a T ch ecoslo vaquie d'avant Munich a nd J.F .N . Bradley, Politics in Czech oslovakia (Stanisla v J. Kirschbaum) . . .... .. . . . . ... . ...... . . . ..... 138 Zdenek L. Suda, Z ealots and R ebels (Peter R . Hrub y) ........................... .. ... . . .. . 140 Franti sek Bielik et. al ., Slovaci VO svete. Volume II . Uun e Gran atir A lexan der) ... . . . . .. ...... ..... ... . .... .. 142 Elena J akesova, Vyst'ah ovalectvo Slo vak ov do K anad y (Anthon y X. S uth erland) . . .... .. . ... .. . ..... .... . . . .... 144 Engelbert a nd H ertha Zobl , H olzbaukun st in der Slowak ei (Paul R . M agocs1) ............................... . .... 145 Atlas CSSR (Geo rge J. D emko) . ......... . .... . ......... ... ... .... 146 Peter Balaz et. al ., Slovak fo r Sla vicists (L o uise B . H ammer) .. . .......... . .. . . .... .. .. . ... .. .. 147 �SLOVAKIA 7 Jozef Mistrfk, Basic Slovak (Louise B . Hammer) ...... .... ... . ................... . 149 Abel Kral', Slovenska vyslovnost' (Louise B. Hammer) ................. . .... . ..... ..... . 150 Vojtech Mihalik , Erotikon (Yvonne Grabowski) 151 Vincent Sikula, Liesky (Yvonne Grabowski) 153 Book Note: Charles Wojatsek, From Trianon to the First Vienna Arbitral A ward (Yeshayahu J elinek) ................... . .. . . ........... 155 Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 7 Guidelines for Manuscripts ....... . ..... . .. . ..... . ... . .... .. 158 � SLOVAKIA 1984 Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXI NUMBER 57 1984 A schola rl y annu al devoted to the hi story, lit erature, and culture of Slovaks the world over Edi1or M . MARK STOLARIK The Ba lch I nstitute for Ethni c Studies A ssocia1e Edilor THOMAS D . MARZ IK Saint J ose ph 's Universit y Editorial Board GEORGE J DEMKO U.S. De partm ent of Sta te MI C HA EL NOVA K Am eri ca n Enterprise In stitute DAVID P . DA N I EL Co ncord ia Theological Seminary STANLEY Z. PECH Universi ty of British Colu mbia OWEN V JOH NSON India na Uni,·ersity NO RMA L. RU DI NS KY Oregon State U ni ve rsit y S/01·;,k League Ad,·isory Boa rd EDWARDJ DRAGA D IV INS KA J OSEPH C KRAJSA BEH UNC IK JOH N A . H OLY DAN I EL F. TANZONE Pu blisher Th e Slo,·a k League of Ameri ca c/o J ohn A. H oly, Sec retary -Treas urer 870 Ri0 e Camp R oad W est Paterson, N .J . 07424 Inquiries regarding subscrip ti o ns should be add ressed to J o hn H oly M an uscript s fo r possible publication an d boo ks for re,· iew sho uld be se nt to M . M a rk Stola rik , Edit or, S!o ,·a kia, 700 Penfie ld Ave., H a,-cnow n , Pa . 19083. ��SLOVAKIA A Message from the President Again it is my pleasure to introduce another issue of our highlyregarded scholarly a nnual, Slovakia. W e welcome Dr. Thomas D. Marzik, Associate Professor of History at St. J oseph 's University in Philadelphia, Pennsylva nia, as our associate edito r. H e is a n established scholar who has done ex tensive research in Slovakia, and I a m co nfide nt th a t h e will a bl y assist our ed itor , Dr. M . M ark Stola rik , in editin g our schola rly journal. Afte r an enthusiastic response, with many positive rev iews , of our las t " literary " issu e of Slovakia, edited by Mrs. Norma Rudin sky, we a re returnin g to our regular format. Our Slovak-American youth is p a rticularly urged to take advan tage of the opportunities presented by Dr. Stolarik and his editorial board to become bette r acquainted with our ri ch Slovak heritage. W e are members of a n ancient ethni c group which, in God 's good tim e , will ac hieve its ri ghtful pl ace in the family of na tions. Among the Slovak League's purposes in publishing Slovakia, a nd issuing other docum ents su ch as resolutions and memoranda , is to have the non-Slovak world learn about the people be neath the Tatra mountains ( a nd their diaspora), their culture, history and traditions. Many of the sc holars who con tribute to Slovakia play a n active role in conferences of the American Association for the Advan ce m e nt of Slavic Studies, held a nnu all y in American cities. These gatherings provide our youth with a nother opportunity to learn about Slovak history and culture. While we all recognize that the Slovak nation rightfully aspires, with our su pport , to achieve self-determination in a political system of its own choos in g, we also recognize that this will not co m e about until the hold of the Soviet Union upon our people in Czecho-Slovakia weakens. Meanwhile, one of the best ways for u s to kee p the Slova k cause alive a nd �4 SLOVAKIA in the eyes of the ge neral public is to suppo rt such important publicati ons a s Slovakia. By encouraging, and publishin g, seriou s works of scholarship on the Slovak people, we will continu e to win th e respect of schol ars, journalists and politi cians and pave the way for future co nsiderations of Slovak self-determination in the world fo rum . In thi s way we will remain tru e to the m andate esta blished by our ancestors who fo unded the Slovak League of America in Cleveland , Ohio in 1907 . They helped liberate our nation from Hun garian oppression in 1918 and , with G od 's help , we will m ake a similar co n tributi on in the fu ture. EDWARD J. BE HUN C IK , President Slovak League of Ameri ca �SLOVAKIA 5 Table of Contents A M essage from the President Edward]. B ehun cik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 HISTORY Mi grant R esponses to the City: The Neighborhood , Case Studies in Blac k and White, 1870-1940 J am es and Susan Borch ert 8 The Mati ca slovenska and Its Relation to the Development of Sl ovak Litera ture N orm a L . Rudinsk y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The M od ernization of Slovakia: The R ole of V ocational High Schools , 1918-1938 Owen V. J ohnson 59 LITERATURE Excerpt from " In Due Season " Paul Wilkes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 My Grandfather ' s Silence Patricia Ondek L auren ce .. . . .... .... . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. . ... 101 Bro ken Line Ca rol T o warnick y 107 REVIEW ARTICLE ' Audi Alteram Pa rtem ': Eva Slavkovska, " V zt'ah sta tu k cirkvam v prvyc h rokoch vystavby socializmu na Slovensku" Th eodoric ]. Zubek . ............... . ........ . .. . .. . ... 11 3 REVIEWS R obin Okey, Ea stern Europ e, 1740-1980 (R . Vladimir Baumgarten) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Milorad M . Drachkovitch , ed . , East Central Europe U ose[ K alvoda) .. . .. .. .. . . .. ........... . ... . . . . . ... . . 121 �6 SLOVAKIA Rudolf Kraj covic, S vedectvo dejfn o slo ven cine (G erald J. Sabo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 r.udovft Novak, K n ajstarsfm dejinam slo ven skeh o j azyka U ohn M . K ochik) .. . . . ......................... . . . ... 124 Frantisek K alesny , H abani na Sloven sku (Peter Brock) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Au gust A . Skodacek, Luth eran s in Slo vakia (R obert J. Sko vira) .............. . . . ..... .. .......... . 129 Paul R obert M agocsi, Th e Sh aping of a Na tional Identity and T h e Rusyn- Ukrainians of Czech oslo vakia (O wen V. J ohn son) .......... . ............ .. .. . ... .. .. 130 V oj tec h Sarlu ska, comp. , J ubilea M atice slo ven sk ej (John A . B erta) .. . .. . ... . . . ........ . ..... . .... . ...... 132 Mil an S. Durica, ed ., IJ m ondo sla vo . Volume VIII. (John M . K ochik) .......................... ... ... ... . 133 J osef K orbel, Twentieth-Century Czechoslovakia (M . E vangela Lubek) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Martin R . M yant , Socialism and D em ocracy in C zechoslovakia (Stanisla v J. Kirschbaum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Leon Noel , L a T ch ecoslo vaquie d'avant Munich a nd J.F .N . Bradley, Politics in Czech oslovakia (Stanisla v J. Kirschbaum) . . .... .. . . . . ... . ...... . . . ..... 138 Zdenek L. Suda, Z ealots and R ebels (Peter R . Hrub y) ........................... .. ... . . .. . 140 Franti sek Bielik et. al ., Slovaci VO svete. Volume II . Uun e Gran atir A lexan der) ... . . . . .. ...... ..... ... . .... .. 142 Elena J akesova, Vyst'ah ovalectvo Slo vak ov do K anad y (Anthon y X. S uth erland) . . .... .. . ... .. . ..... .... . . . .... 144 Engelbert a nd H ertha Zobl , H olzbaukun st in der Slowak ei (Paul R . M agocs1) ............................... . .... 145 Atlas CSSR (Geo rge J. D emko) . ......... . .... . ......... ... ... .... 146 Peter Balaz et. al ., Slovak fo r Sla vicists (L o uise B . H ammer) .. . .......... . .. . . .... .. .. . ... .. .. 147 �SLOVAKIA 7 Jozef Mistrfk, Basic Slovak (Louise B . Hammer) ...... .... ... . ................... . 149 Abel Kral', Slovenska vyslovnost' (Louise B. Hammer) ................. . .... . ..... ..... . 150 Vojtech Mihalik , Erotikon (Yvonne Grabowski) 151 Vincent Sikula, Liesky (Yvonne Grabowski) 153 Book Note: Charles Wojatsek, From Trianon to the First Vienna Arbitral A ward (Yeshayahu J elinek) ................... . .. . . ........... 155 Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 7 Guidelines for Manuscripts ....... . ..... . .. . ..... . ... . .... .. 158 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1984, Vol. 31 Description An account of the resource Vol. 31 (No. 57), 1984. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 1984 Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXI NUMBER 57 1984 A schola rl y annu al devoted to the hi story, lit erature, and culture of Slovaks the world over Edi1or M . MARK STOLARIK The Ba lch I nstitute for Ethni c Studies A ssocia1e Edilor THOMAS D . MARZ IK Saint J ose ph 's Universit y Editorial Board GEORGE J DEMKO U.S. De partm ent of Sta te MI C HA EL NOVA K Am eri ca n Enterprise In stitute DAVID P . DA N I EL Co ncord ia Theological Seminary STANLEY Z. PECH Universi ty of British Colu mbia OWEN V JOH NSON India na Uni,·ersity NO RMA L. RU DI NS KY Oregon State U ni ve rsit y S/01·;,k League Ad,·isory Boa rd EDWARDJ DRAGA D IV INS KA J OSEPH C KRAJSA BEH UNC IK JOH N A . H OLY DAN I EL F. TANZONE Pu blisher Th e Slo,·a k League of Ameri ca c/o J ohn A. H oly, Sec retary -Treas urer 870 Ri0 e Camp R oad W est Paterson, N .J . 07424 Inquiries regarding subscrip ti o ns should be add ressed to J o hn H oly M an uscript s fo r possible publication an d boo ks for re,· iew sho uld be se nt to M . M a rk Stola rik , Edit or, S!o ,·a kia, 700 Penfie ld Ave., H a,-cnow n , Pa . 19083. SLOVAKIA A Message from the President Again it is my pleasure to introduce another issue of our highlyregarded scholarly a nnual, Slovakia. W e welcome Dr. Thomas D. Marzik, Associate Professor of History at St. J oseph 's University in Philadelphia, Pennsylva nia, as our associate edito r. H e is a n established scholar who has done ex tensive research in Slovakia, and I a m co nfide nt th a t h e will a bl y assist our ed itor , Dr. M . M ark Stola rik , in editin g our schola rly journal. Afte r an enthusiastic response, with many positive rev iews , of our las t " literary " issu e of Slovakia, edited by Mrs. Norma Rudin sky, we a re returnin g to our regular format. Our Slovak-American youth is p a rticularly urged to take advan tage of the opportunities presented by Dr. Stolarik and his editorial board to become bette r acquainted with our ri ch Slovak heritage. W e are members of a n ancient ethni c group which, in God 's good tim e , will ac hieve its ri ghtful pl ace in the family of na tions. Among the Slovak League's purposes in publishing Slovakia, a nd issuing other docum ents su ch as resolutions and memoranda , is to have the non-Slovak world learn about the people be neath the Tatra mountains ( a nd their diaspora), their culture, history and traditions. Many of the sc holars who con tribute to Slovakia play a n active role in conferences of the American Association for the Advan ce m e nt of Slavic Studies, held a nnu all y in American cities. These gatherings provide our youth with a nother opportunity to learn about Slovak history and culture. While we all recognize that the Slovak nation rightfully aspires, with our su pport , to achieve self-determination in a political system of its own choos in g, we also recognize that this will not co m e about until the hold of the Soviet Union upon our people in Czecho-Slovakia weakens. Meanwhile, one of the best ways for u s to kee p the Slova k cause alive a nd 4 SLOVAKIA in the eyes of the ge neral public is to suppo rt such important publicati ons a s Slovakia. By encouraging, and publishin g, seriou s works of scholarship on the Slovak people, we will continu e to win th e respect of schol ars, journalists and politi cians and pave the way for future co nsiderations of Slovak self-determination in the world fo rum . In thi s way we will remain tru e to the m andate esta blished by our ancestors who fo unded the Slovak League of America in Cleveland , Ohio in 1907 . They helped liberate our nation from Hun garian oppression in 1918 and , with G od 's help , we will m ake a similar co n tributi on in the fu ture. EDWARD J. BE HUN C IK , President Slovak League of Ameri ca SLOVAKIA 5 Table of Contents A M essage from the President Edward]. B ehun cik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 HISTORY Mi grant R esponses to the City: The Neighborhood , Case Studies in Blac k and White, 1870-1940 J am es and Susan Borch ert 8 The Mati ca slovenska and Its Relation to the Development of Sl ovak Litera ture N orm a L . Rudinsk y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The M od ernization of Slovakia: The R ole of V ocational High Schools , 1918-1938 Owen V. J ohnson 59 LITERATURE Excerpt from " In Due Season " Paul Wilkes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 My Grandfather ' s Silence Patricia Ondek L auren ce .. . . .... .... . . . .. . .. .. . . . .. . ... 101 Bro ken Line Ca rol T o warnick y 107 REVIEW ARTICLE ' Audi Alteram Pa rtem ': Eva Slavkovska, " V zt'ah sta tu k cirkvam v prvyc h rokoch vystavby socializmu na Slovensku" Th eodoric ]. Zubek . ............... . ........ . .. . .. . ... 11 3 REVIEWS R obin Okey, Ea stern Europ e, 1740-1980 (R . Vladimir Baumgarten) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Milorad M . Drachkovitch , ed . , East Central Europe U ose[ K alvoda) .. . .. .. .. . . .. ........... . ... . . . . . ... . . 121 6 SLOVAKIA Rudolf Kraj covic, S vedectvo dejfn o slo ven cine (G erald J. Sabo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 r.udovft Novak, K n ajstarsfm dejinam slo ven skeh o j azyka U ohn M . K ochik) .. . . . ......................... . . . ... 124 Frantisek K alesny , H abani na Sloven sku (Peter Brock) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Au gust A . Skodacek, Luth eran s in Slo vakia (R obert J. Sko vira) .............. . . . ..... .. .......... . 129 Paul R obert M agocsi, Th e Sh aping of a Na tional Identity and T h e Rusyn- Ukrainians of Czech oslo vakia (O wen V. J ohn son) .......... . ............ .. .. . ... .. .. 130 V oj tec h Sarlu ska, comp. , J ubilea M atice slo ven sk ej (John A . B erta) .. . .. . ... . . . ........ . ..... . .... . ...... 132 Mil an S. Durica, ed ., IJ m ondo sla vo . Volume VIII. (John M . K ochik) .......................... ... ... ... . 133 J osef K orbel, Twentieth-Century Czechoslovakia (M . E vangela Lubek) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Martin R . M yant , Socialism and D em ocracy in C zechoslovakia (Stanisla v J. Kirschbaum) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Leon Noel , L a T ch ecoslo vaquie d'avant Munich a nd J.F .N . Bradley, Politics in Czech oslovakia (Stanisla v J. Kirschbaum) . . .... .. . . . . ... . ...... . . . ..... 138 Zdenek L. Suda, Z ealots and R ebels (Peter R . Hrub y) ........................... .. ... . . .. . 140 Franti sek Bielik et. al ., Slovaci VO svete. Volume II . Uun e Gran atir A lexan der) ... . . . . .. ...... ..... ... . .... .. 142 Elena J akesova, Vyst'ah ovalectvo Slo vak ov do K anad y (Anthon y X. S uth erland) . . .... .. . ... .. . ..... .... . . . .... 144 Engelbert a nd H ertha Zobl , H olzbaukun st in der Slowak ei (Paul R . M agocs1) ............................... . .... 145 Atlas CSSR (Geo rge J. D emko) . ......... . .... . ......... ... ... .... 146 Peter Balaz et. al ., Slovak fo r Sla vicists (L o uise B . H ammer) .. . .......... . .. . . .... .. .. . ... .. .. 147 SLOVAKIA 7 Jozef Mistrfk, Basic Slovak (Louise B . Hammer) ...... .... ... . ................... . 149 Abel Kral', Slovenska vyslovnost' (Louise B. Hammer) ................. . .... . ..... ..... . 150 Vojtech Mihalik , Erotikon (Yvonne Grabowski) 151 Vincent Sikula, Liesky (Yvonne Grabowski) 153 Book Note: Charles Wojatsek, From Trianon to the First Vienna Arbitral A ward (Yeshayahu J elinek) ................... . .. . . ........... 155 Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 7 Guidelines for Manuscripts ....... . ..... . .. . ..... . ... . .... .. 158  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 31 (No. 57) Description An account of the resource includes A Message from the President (Edward J. Behuncik) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Behuncik, Edward J. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 name https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/d97f04d4aa6e3f519fd92cf2286ee0a5.pdf f8110f0be2bce5adf4ef7afe7f8764af PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXII 1985-1986 NUMBERS 58-59 A scholarly annua l devoted to the history, literature , and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies Associate Editor THOMAS D. MARZIK Saint Joseph's University Editorial Board GEORGE J. DEMKO U.S. Department of State MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute DAVID P. DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary STANLEY Z. PECH University of British Columbia OWEN V. JOHNSON Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. TANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A . HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher The Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson , NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $6 .00 Manuscripts for poss ible publication and books for review should be se nt to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 700 Penfield Ave., Havertown , PA 19083. �Printed by JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown , Pennsylvania 17057 U.S .A. �SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents A Message from the President Daniel F. Tanzone .......... . ............... . ...... .. .. . . 5 HISTORY Stefan Osusky's Attempts to Establish Contacts with Slovakia in 1939: A Personal Memoir Joseph Stasko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Slovak-American Newspapers , 1885-1975: A Preliminary Listing M . Mark Stolarik ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 LITERATURE Excerpt from "In Due Season" (II) Paul Wilkes .... ... .. . ... . ..... .. . .......... . 73 REVIEWS Historicky tasopis , 33 , 2 (1985), "K Vel 'komoravskemu vyrociu," and Anna Holla , Metod - utitel' Slovienov. K 1100 vyrotiu umrtia {885-1985} Theodoric f. Zubek . 85 Julius Sopko , Stredoveke latinske k6dexy v slovenskych knizniciach, and Stredoveke latinskekodexy slovenskej proveniencie v Mad 'arsku av Rumunsku Gerald f. Sabo .................... 88 L'ubomir Juck , ed ., Vysady miest a mestetiek na Slovensku, and Richard Marsina, ed., Narodnostny vyvoj miest na Slovensku David P. Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Juraj Zudel, Stolice na Slovensku R. Vladimir Baumgerten 92 �4 SLOVAKIA Joseph Stasko , ed., Tvorcovia noveho Slovenskat' - The Shaping of Modern Slovakia 96 George Virsik Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, ed., Slovak Politics George Virsik 97 Frantisek Vnuk, Zivotopis Konstantrna Culena Owen V. Johnson 100 Miroslav Kropilak a kolektlv , Dejiny Slovenska V James R. Felak 102 Yeshayahu A. Jelinek, The Lust for Power Robert K. Evanson . . . . . . . . .. . ... . 106 M. Mark Stolarik , Growing Up on the South Side June G. Alexander 108 Ferenc Feher & Agnes Heller , Hungary 1956 Revisited Peter R . Hruby 111 Jozef Ciger-Hronsky, Jozef Mak William E. Harkins 113 Pavol Stevcek, Contemporary Slovak Literature Gerald J. Sabo 115 Contributors 11 7 Guidelines for Manuscripts 119 �SLOVAKIA 5 A Message from the President It is a distinct pleasure to introduce another excellent volume of Slovakia, a scholarly annual of the Slovak League of America, an organization founded in Cleveland in 1907 as the voice of most Slovak-American fraternals. Since its creation in 1951 by the late Philip Hrobak, editor of Jednota and President of the Slovak League of America, Slovakia has presented to the English-speaking world the often-neglected history and culture of one of Europe 's oldest nations . This 1985-1986 double issue offers the reader the opportunity to gain yet another glimpse of the life of the Slovaks, both at home and in diaspora . It honors the centennial of the Slovak press in America because our first newspaper arose in Pittsburgh in 1885. The 220 newspapers that followed (listed as they appeared each year by our editor, Dr. Stolarik) , testify to the vibrant and important chapter that the Slovak-American press played in the life of the Slovak nation. In diaspora the aspirations and ideals of the Slovaks received the necessary spark to ignite a movement for selfdetermination , the likes of which had not been seen for a thousand years. It is providential that in 1987 we celebrate the bicentennial of the United States Constitution. This document has had a farreaching impact on countries and peoples all over the world . In many ways the Constitution legitimized revolutions which brought freedom to numerous nations in various parts of the world . The Slovaks, too, learned from this document that they also had the right to seek their just and God-given rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. They were inspired by this document to seek for their brothers and sisters in Slovakia the same freedom which belongs to all peoples . In conclusion, the Slovak League of America is pleased to publish such a wonderful volume of history and culture in the hope that Slovaks and non-Slovaks, free or not, may learn something of the rich heritage and culture of Slovakia and how its people contributed to the American cultural mosaic. DANIEL F. TANZONE , President Slovak League of America ��SLOVAKIA HISTORY 7 �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXII 1985-1986 NUMBERS 58-59 A scholarly annua l devoted to the history, literature , and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies Associate Editor THOMAS D. MARZIK Saint Joseph's University Editorial Board GEORGE J. DEMKO U.S. Department of State MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute DAVID P. DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary STANLEY Z. PECH University of British Columbia OWEN V. JOHNSON Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. TANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A . HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher The Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson , NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $6 .00 Manuscripts for poss ible publication and books for review should be se nt to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 700 Penfield Ave., Havertown , PA 19083. �Printed by JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown , Pennsylvania 17057 U.S .A. �SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents A Message from the President Daniel F. Tanzone .......... . ............... . ...... .. .. . . 5 HISTORY Stefan Osusky's Attempts to Establish Contacts with Slovakia in 1939: A Personal Memoir Joseph Stasko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Slovak-American Newspapers , 1885-1975: A Preliminary Listing M . Mark Stolarik ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 LITERATURE Excerpt from "In Due Season" (II) Paul Wilkes .... ... .. . ... . ..... .. . .......... . 73 REVIEWS Historicky tasopis , 33 , 2 (1985), "K Vel 'komoravskemu vyrociu," and Anna Holla , Metod - utitel' Slovienov. K 1100 vyrotiu umrtia {885-1985} Theodoric f. Zubek . 85 Julius Sopko , Stredoveke latinske k6dexy v slovenskych knizniciach, and Stredoveke latinskekodexy slovenskej proveniencie v Mad 'arsku av Rumunsku Gerald f. Sabo .................... 88 L'ubomir Juck , ed ., Vysady miest a mestetiek na Slovensku, and Richard Marsina, ed., Narodnostny vyvoj miest na Slovensku David P. Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Juraj Zudel, Stolice na Slovensku R. Vladimir Baumgerten 92 �4 SLOVAKIA Joseph Stasko , ed., Tvorcovia noveho Slovenskat' - The Shaping of Modern Slovakia 96 George Virsik Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, ed., Slovak Politics George Virsik 97 Frantisek Vnuk, Zivotopis Konstantrna Culena Owen V. Johnson 100 Miroslav Kropilak a kolektlv , Dejiny Slovenska V James R. Felak 102 Yeshayahu A. Jelinek, The Lust for Power Robert K. Evanson . . . . . . . . .. . ... . 106 M. Mark Stolarik , Growing Up on the South Side June G. Alexander 108 Ferenc Feher & Agnes Heller , Hungary 1956 Revisited Peter R . Hruby 111 Jozef Ciger-Hronsky, Jozef Mak William E. Harkins 113 Pavol Stevcek, Contemporary Slovak Literature Gerald J. Sabo 115 Contributors 11 7 Guidelines for Manuscripts 119 �SLOVAKIA 5 A Message from the President It is a distinct pleasure to introduce another excellent volume of Slovakia, a scholarly annual of the Slovak League of America, an organization founded in Cleveland in 1907 as the voice of most Slovak-American fraternals. Since its creation in 1951 by the late Philip Hrobak, editor of Jednota and President of the Slovak League of America, Slovakia has presented to the English-speaking world the often-neglected history and culture of one of Europe 's oldest nations . This 1985-1986 double issue offers the reader the opportunity to gain yet another glimpse of the life of the Slovaks, both at home and in diaspora . It honors the centennial of the Slovak press in America because our first newspaper arose in Pittsburgh in 1885. The 220 newspapers that followed (listed as they appeared each year by our editor, Dr. Stolarik) , testify to the vibrant and important chapter that the Slovak-American press played in the life of the Slovak nation. In diaspora the aspirations and ideals of the Slovaks received the necessary spark to ignite a movement for selfdetermination , the likes of which had not been seen for a thousand years. It is providential that in 1987 we celebrate the bicentennial of the United States Constitution. This document has had a farreaching impact on countries and peoples all over the world . In many ways the Constitution legitimized revolutions which brought freedom to numerous nations in various parts of the world . The Slovaks, too, learned from this document that they also had the right to seek their just and God-given rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. They were inspired by this document to seek for their brothers and sisters in Slovakia the same freedom which belongs to all peoples . In conclusion, the Slovak League of America is pleased to publish such a wonderful volume of history and culture in the hope that Slovaks and non-Slovaks, free or not, may learn something of the rich heritage and culture of Slovakia and how its people contributed to the American cultural mosaic. DANIEL F. TANZONE , President Slovak League of America ��SLOVAKIA HISTORY 7 �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1985-86, Vol. 32 Description An account of the resource Vol. 32 (No. 58-59), 1985-86. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXII 1985-1986 NUMBERS 58-59 A scholarly annua l devoted to the history, literature , and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies Associate Editor THOMAS D. MARZIK Saint Joseph's University Editorial Board GEORGE J. DEMKO U.S. Department of State MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute DAVID P. DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary STANLEY Z. PECH University of British Columbia OWEN V. JOHNSON Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. TANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A . HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher The Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson , NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $6 .00 Manuscripts for poss ible publication and books for review should be se nt to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 700 Penfield Ave., Havertown , PA 19083. Printed by JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown , Pennsylvania 17057 U.S .A. SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents A Message from the President Daniel F. Tanzone .......... . ............... . ...... .. .. . . 5 HISTORY Stefan Osusky's Attempts to Establish Contacts with Slovakia in 1939: A Personal Memoir Joseph Stasko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Slovak-American Newspapers , 1885-1975: A Preliminary Listing M . Mark Stolarik ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 LITERATURE Excerpt from "In Due Season" (II) Paul Wilkes .... ... .. . ... . ..... .. . .......... . 73 REVIEWS Historicky tasopis , 33 , 2 (1985), "K Vel 'komoravskemu vyrociu," and Anna Holla , Metod - utitel' Slovienov. K 1100 vyrotiu umrtia {885-1985} Theodoric f. Zubek . 85 Julius Sopko , Stredoveke latinske k6dexy v slovenskych knizniciach, and Stredoveke latinskekodexy slovenskej proveniencie v Mad 'arsku av Rumunsku Gerald f. Sabo .................... 88 L'ubomir Juck , ed ., Vysady miest a mestetiek na Slovensku, and Richard Marsina, ed., Narodnostny vyvoj miest na Slovensku David P. Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Juraj Zudel, Stolice na Slovensku R. Vladimir Baumgerten 92 4 SLOVAKIA Joseph Stasko , ed., Tvorcovia noveho Slovenskat' - The Shaping of Modern Slovakia 96 George Virsik Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, ed., Slovak Politics George Virsik 97 Frantisek Vnuk, Zivotopis Konstantrna Culena Owen V. Johnson 100 Miroslav Kropilak a kolektlv , Dejiny Slovenska V James R. Felak 102 Yeshayahu A. Jelinek, The Lust for Power Robert K. Evanson . . . . . . . . .. . ... . 106 M. Mark Stolarik , Growing Up on the South Side June G. Alexander 108 Ferenc Feher & Agnes Heller , Hungary 1956 Revisited Peter R . Hruby 111 Jozef Ciger-Hronsky, Jozef Mak William E. Harkins 113 Pavol Stevcek, Contemporary Slovak Literature Gerald J. Sabo 115 Contributors 11 7 Guidelines for Manuscripts 119 SLOVAKIA 5 A Message from the President It is a distinct pleasure to introduce another excellent volume of Slovakia, a scholarly annual of the Slovak League of America, an organization founded in Cleveland in 1907 as the voice of most Slovak-American fraternals. Since its creation in 1951 by the late Philip Hrobak, editor of Jednota and President of the Slovak League of America, Slovakia has presented to the English-speaking world the often-neglected history and culture of one of Europe 's oldest nations . This 1985-1986 double issue offers the reader the opportunity to gain yet another glimpse of the life of the Slovaks, both at home and in diaspora . It honors the centennial of the Slovak press in America because our first newspaper arose in Pittsburgh in 1885. The 220 newspapers that followed (listed as they appeared each year by our editor, Dr. Stolarik) , testify to the vibrant and important chapter that the Slovak-American press played in the life of the Slovak nation. In diaspora the aspirations and ideals of the Slovaks received the necessary spark to ignite a movement for selfdetermination , the likes of which had not been seen for a thousand years. It is providential that in 1987 we celebrate the bicentennial of the United States Constitution. This document has had a farreaching impact on countries and peoples all over the world . In many ways the Constitution legitimized revolutions which brought freedom to numerous nations in various parts of the world . The Slovaks, too, learned from this document that they also had the right to seek their just and God-given rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. They were inspired by this document to seek for their brothers and sisters in Slovakia the same freedom which belongs to all peoples . In conclusion, the Slovak League of America is pleased to publish such a wonderful volume of history and culture in the hope that Slovaks and non-Slovaks, free or not, may learn something of the rich heritage and culture of Slovakia and how its people contributed to the American cultural mosaic. DANIEL F. TANZONE , President Slovak League of America SLOVAKIA HISTORY 7  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 32 (No. 58-59) Description An account of the resource includes A Message from the President (Daniel F. Tanzone) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tanzone, Daniel F. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86 name https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/7be841d5520922fc2f564d3008d2aebb.pdf e8dd9a69441ce03741b36affd609879a PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXIII NUMBERS 60-61 1987-1988 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK Editorial Board GEORGE J. DEMKO U.S. Department of State MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute DAVID P. DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMA L. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. TANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A. HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher The Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding the subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $6 .00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 700 Penfield Avenue, Havertown, PA 19083. �Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown, Pennsylvania U.S.A. 1989 �SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents ARTICLES Janosik: Unraveling the Man from the Legend Patricia A . Krafcik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federalist Thought in Czechoslovakia During the Interwar Years Josef Kalvoda .......................... 7 23 Slovak Immigration to the United States and Its Relation to the American Socialist and Labor Movements M. Mark Stolarik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The Slovak National Catholic Church, Passaic, New Jersey , and the Jeczusko Affair Raymond f. Kupke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 REVIEWS Vojtech Kopcan, Turecke nebezpecenstvo a Slovensko R. Vladimir Baumgarten .. ......... .. . .......... . . . ... . . . . . 89 Jan Tibensky, ed ., Matej Bel: doba-i ivot-dielo, and Juraj Chovan, Pamatnica z oslav dvojsteho vyrocia Jana Holleho Gerald J. Sabo ...... . 91 Michal Elias, Hugolin Gavlovic Gerald J. Sabo . 94 Pavel Hapak, Dejiny Slovenska, IV Michael f. Kopanic, Jr. . .. ... . ...... ..... . 95 Stephan Parak, Die Schweiz und der Slowakische Staat Stanislav f. Kirschbaum .. 98 Carol Skalnik Leff, National Conflict in Czechoslovakia James Felak 101 �4 SLOVAKIA Pavol Petruf, USA a studena vojna Stanislav J. Kirschbaum 103 June G. Alexander , The Immigrant Church and Community M. Mark Stolarik ....... 105 Jan Kacala et. al., Kratky slovnik slovenskeho jazyka John M . Kochik ........................ 108 Ludvik Patera, Alexander Matuska Louise B. Hammer .. 109 Il'ja Cicvak, Vyvolavanie slnka Yvonne Grabowski ... 111 Books and Articles Received 113 Contributors 117 Guidelines for Manuscripts 118 �SLOVAKIA ARTICLES 5 �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXIII NUMBERS 60-61 1987-1988 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK Editorial Board GEORGE J. DEMKO U.S. Department of State MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute DAVID P. DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMA L. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. TANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A. HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher The Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding the subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $6 .00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 700 Penfield Avenue, Havertown, PA 19083. �Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown, Pennsylvania U.S.A. 1989 �SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents ARTICLES Janosik: Unraveling the Man from the Legend Patricia A . Krafcik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federalist Thought in Czechoslovakia During the Interwar Years Josef Kalvoda .......................... 7 23 Slovak Immigration to the United States and Its Relation to the American Socialist and Labor Movements M. Mark Stolarik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The Slovak National Catholic Church, Passaic, New Jersey , and the Jeczusko Affair Raymond f. Kupke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 REVIEWS Vojtech Kopcan, Turecke nebezpecenstvo a Slovensko R. Vladimir Baumgarten .. ......... .. . .......... . . . ... . . . . . 89 Jan Tibensky, ed ., Matej Bel: doba-i ivot-dielo, and Juraj Chovan, Pamatnica z oslav dvojsteho vyrocia Jana Holleho Gerald J. Sabo ...... . 91 Michal Elias, Hugolin Gavlovic Gerald J. Sabo . 94 Pavel Hapak, Dejiny Slovenska, IV Michael f. Kopanic, Jr. . .. ... . ...... ..... . 95 Stephan Parak, Die Schweiz und der Slowakische Staat Stanislav f. Kirschbaum .. 98 Carol Skalnik Leff, National Conflict in Czechoslovakia James Felak 101 �4 SLOVAKIA Pavol Petruf, USA a studena vojna Stanislav J. Kirschbaum 103 June G. Alexander , The Immigrant Church and Community M. Mark Stolarik ....... 105 Jan Kacala et. al., Kratky slovnik slovenskeho jazyka John M . Kochik ........................ 108 Ludvik Patera, Alexander Matuska Louise B. Hammer .. 109 Il'ja Cicvak, Vyvolavanie slnka Yvonne Grabowski ... 111 Books and Articles Received 113 Contributors 117 Guidelines for Manuscripts 118 �SLOVAKIA ARTICLES 5 �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1987-88, Vol. 33 Description An account of the resource Vol. 33 (No. 60-61), 1987-88. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-88 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXIII NUMBERS 60-61 1987-1988 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK Editorial Board GEORGE J. DEMKO U.S. Department of State MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute DAVID P. DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMA L. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. TANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A. HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher The Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding the subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $6 .00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 700 Penfield Avenue, Havertown, PA 19083. Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown, Pennsylvania U.S.A. 1989 SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents ARTICLES Janosik: Unraveling the Man from the Legend Patricia A . Krafcik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federalist Thought in Czechoslovakia During the Interwar Years Josef Kalvoda .......................... 7 23 Slovak Immigration to the United States and Its Relation to the American Socialist and Labor Movements M. Mark Stolarik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 The Slovak National Catholic Church, Passaic, New Jersey , and the Jeczusko Affair Raymond f. Kupke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 REVIEWS Vojtech Kopcan, Turecke nebezpecenstvo a Slovensko R. Vladimir Baumgarten .. ......... .. . .......... . . . ... . . . . . 89 Jan Tibensky, ed ., Matej Bel: doba-i ivot-dielo, and Juraj Chovan, Pamatnica z oslav dvojsteho vyrocia Jana Holleho Gerald J. Sabo ...... . 91 Michal Elias, Hugolin Gavlovic Gerald J. Sabo . 94 Pavel Hapak, Dejiny Slovenska, IV Michael f. Kopanic, Jr. . .. ... . ...... ..... . 95 Stephan Parak, Die Schweiz und der Slowakische Staat Stanislav f. Kirschbaum .. 98 Carol Skalnik Leff, National Conflict in Czechoslovakia James Felak 101 4 SLOVAKIA Pavol Petruf, USA a studena vojna Stanislav J. Kirschbaum 103 June G. Alexander , The Immigrant Church and Community M. Mark Stolarik ....... 105 Jan Kacala et. al., Kratky slovnik slovenskeho jazyka John M . Kochik ........................ 108 Ludvik Patera, Alexander Matuska Louise B. Hammer .. 109 Il'ja Cicvak, Vyvolavanie slnka Yvonne Grabowski ... 111 Books and Articles Received 113 Contributors 117 Guidelines for Manuscripts 118 SLOVAKIA ARTICLES 5  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 33 (No. 60-61) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-88 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/1e958a7fb0f45a77e82449ee9293e71e.pdf 0383e8a23ccc91c55e4945bdaf319a16 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXIV NUMBERS 62-63 1989-1990 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies Editorial Board DAVID P . DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMA L. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. TANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A. HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a si ngle issue is U.S. $6.00 . Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 700 Penfield Avenue, Havertown, PA 19083. ��Table of Contents Editorial M. Mark Stolarik 5 ARTICLES The Impact of the Protestant Reformation on Education in Slovakia David P. Daniel 9 Learning and Education in Slovakia during the late 17th and 18th centuries Eva Kawa/ska 28 The Kremlin and The Slovak National Uprising, August-October, 1944 Michael Kraus 50 An Act of Faith and Integrity: Bishop Korec's Letter to Czechoslovak Television Introduced and Tran slated by Stanis/av ]. Kirschbaum 61 REVIEW ESSAY Jan Kacala, Maria Pisarcikova et. al., Kratky slovnfk slovenskeho jazyka Jan Simko 129 REVIEWS Vladimir Matula, Jozef Vozar et. al. , Dejiny Slovenska, II (1526-1848) Gavin Lewis 161 Viliam Cicaj, Knizna kultura na strednom Slovensku v 16.-18. storocf R. Vladim ir Baumgarten 163 �4 SLOVAKIA Viera Urbancova, 5/ovenska etnografia v 19. storoci Magda Zelinska Fer/ 165 Michal Elias & Vojtech Sarluska eds., Narodna svetlica: Vyber dokumentov k dejinam Matice slovenskej John A. Berta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Jan Kmec, Jugoslovensko-slovacke slavisticke veze Jan Frydecky 169 Josef Kalvoda, The Genesis of Czechoslovakia Gregory C. Ference 171 Michal Baranovsky et. al. , Dejiny Slovenska, VI (1945-1960) Stanis/av J. Krischbaum 174 Jim & Susan Borchert, Lakewood: The First Hundred Years Carol Towarnicky 176 Abel Kral', Pravid/a slovenskej vyslovnosti Louise B. Hammer ................. .. .. ... .. . . . . . ... .. .. . . ... 179 Books and Articles Received 182 Contributors 190 Guidelines for Manuscripts 192 �SLOVAKIA 5 EDITORIAL This is a very special issue of Slovakia. It reflects the revolutionary changes that swept the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic in 1989. For the first time since our journal was founded in 1951, we are publishing an article by an historian in Slovakia (Ewa Kowalska). This had been impossible before the "velvet revolution" of November, 1989. We hope to bring you more such scholarship from Slovakia in the future. Furthermore, we are pleased to publish a long article by a Slovak Roman Catholic Bishop who did not send it to us. Instead, he sent it to Czechoslovak television in Bratislava in the spring of 1989 after the latter had aired an expressly anti-Roman Catholic and anti-Slovak series on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the declaration of Slovak independence. After I read the Slovak text of the Bishop's letter, as it was published in Jednota (June 28, July 5, 12, 19, 26, and August 7, 1989), I concluded that it was too important an historical document to leave in an ethnic newspaper. Rather, his missive can be considered a prelude to how Slovak history will be re-written now that the Slovaks are finally free from forty-two years of Communist oppression. Finally, in the "Books and Articles Received" section of this issue, I still differentiate between those we received from Eastern Europe and those published in the West. Since Slovak historians have been freed from the shackles of Communism only for a few months, they have not yet had the time to re-write our national history without the bias of Marxism. In the next issue of Slovakia I may be able to list the books and articles received according to subject, rather than for political reasons. I look forward to doing so. M. Mark Stolarik Editor ��ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXIV NUMBERS 62-63 1989-1990 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies Editorial Board DAVID P . DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMA L. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. TANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A. HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a si ngle issue is U.S. $6.00 . Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 700 Penfield Avenue, Havertown, PA 19083. ��Table of Contents Editorial M. Mark Stolarik 5 ARTICLES The Impact of the Protestant Reformation on Education in Slovakia David P. Daniel 9 Learning and Education in Slovakia during the late 17th and 18th centuries Eva Kawa/ska 28 The Kremlin and The Slovak National Uprising, August-October, 1944 Michael Kraus 50 An Act of Faith and Integrity: Bishop Korec's Letter to Czechoslovak Television Introduced and Tran slated by Stanis/av ]. Kirschbaum 61 REVIEW ESSAY Jan Kacala, Maria Pisarcikova et. al., Kratky slovnfk slovenskeho jazyka Jan Simko 129 REVIEWS Vladimir Matula, Jozef Vozar et. al. , Dejiny Slovenska, II (1526-1848) Gavin Lewis 161 Viliam Cicaj, Knizna kultura na strednom Slovensku v 16.-18. storocf R. Vladim ir Baumgarten 163 �4 SLOVAKIA Viera Urbancova, 5/ovenska etnografia v 19. storoci Magda Zelinska Fer/ 165 Michal Elias & Vojtech Sarluska eds., Narodna svetlica: Vyber dokumentov k dejinam Matice slovenskej John A. Berta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Jan Kmec, Jugoslovensko-slovacke slavisticke veze Jan Frydecky 169 Josef Kalvoda, The Genesis of Czechoslovakia Gregory C. Ference 171 Michal Baranovsky et. al. , Dejiny Slovenska, VI (1945-1960) Stanis/av J. Krischbaum 174 Jim & Susan Borchert, Lakewood: The First Hundred Years Carol Towarnicky 176 Abel Kral', Pravid/a slovenskej vyslovnosti Louise B. Hammer ................. .. .. ... .. . . . . . ... .. .. . . ... 179 Books and Articles Received 182 Contributors 190 Guidelines for Manuscripts 192 �SLOVAKIA 5 EDITORIAL This is a very special issue of Slovakia. It reflects the revolutionary changes that swept the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic in 1989. For the first time since our journal was founded in 1951, we are publishing an article by an historian in Slovakia (Ewa Kowalska). This had been impossible before the "velvet revolution" of November, 1989. We hope to bring you more such scholarship from Slovakia in the future. Furthermore, we are pleased to publish a long article by a Slovak Roman Catholic Bishop who did not send it to us. Instead, he sent it to Czechoslovak television in Bratislava in the spring of 1989 after the latter had aired an expressly anti-Roman Catholic and anti-Slovak series on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the declaration of Slovak independence. After I read the Slovak text of the Bishop's letter, as it was published in Jednota (June 28, July 5, 12, 19, 26, and August 7, 1989), I concluded that it was too important an historical document to leave in an ethnic newspaper. Rather, his missive can be considered a prelude to how Slovak history will be re-written now that the Slovaks are finally free from forty-two years of Communist oppression. Finally, in the "Books and Articles Received" section of this issue, I still differentiate between those we received from Eastern Europe and those published in the West. Since Slovak historians have been freed from the shackles of Communism only for a few months, they have not yet had the time to re-write our national history without the bias of Marxism. In the next issue of Slovakia I may be able to list the books and articles received according to subject, rather than for political reasons. I look forward to doing so. M. Mark Stolarik Editor ��ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1989-90, Vol. 34 Description An account of the resource Vol. 34 (No. 62-63), 1989-90. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989-90 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXIV NUMBERS 62-63 1989-1990 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies Editorial Board DAVID P . DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMA L. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. TANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A. HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a si ngle issue is U.S. $6.00 . Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 700 Penfield Avenue, Havertown, PA 19083. Table of Contents Editorial M. Mark Stolarik 5 ARTICLES The Impact of the Protestant Reformation on Education in Slovakia David P. Daniel 9 Learning and Education in Slovakia during the late 17th and 18th centuries Eva Kawa/ska 28 The Kremlin and The Slovak National Uprising, August-October, 1944 Michael Kraus 50 An Act of Faith and Integrity: Bishop Korec's Letter to Czechoslovak Television Introduced and Tran slated by Stanis/av ]. Kirschbaum 61 REVIEW ESSAY Jan Kacala, Maria Pisarcikova et. al., Kratky slovnfk slovenskeho jazyka Jan Simko 129 REVIEWS Vladimir Matula, Jozef Vozar et. al. , Dejiny Slovenska, II (1526-1848) Gavin Lewis 161 Viliam Cicaj, Knizna kultura na strednom Slovensku v 16.-18. storocf R. Vladim ir Baumgarten 163 4 SLOVAKIA Viera Urbancova, 5/ovenska etnografia v 19. storoci Magda Zelinska Fer/ 165 Michal Elias & Vojtech Sarluska eds., Narodna svetlica: Vyber dokumentov k dejinam Matice slovenskej John A. Berta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Jan Kmec, Jugoslovensko-slovacke slavisticke veze Jan Frydecky 169 Josef Kalvoda, The Genesis of Czechoslovakia Gregory C. Ference 171 Michal Baranovsky et. al. , Dejiny Slovenska, VI (1945-1960) Stanis/av J. Krischbaum 174 Jim & Susan Borchert, Lakewood: The First Hundred Years Carol Towarnicky 176 Abel Kral', Pravid/a slovenskej vyslovnosti Louise B. Hammer ................. .. .. ... .. . . . . . ... .. .. . . ... 179 Books and Articles Received 182 Contributors 190 Guidelines for Manuscripts 192 SLOVAKIA 5 EDITORIAL This is a very special issue of Slovakia. It reflects the revolutionary changes that swept the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic in 1989. For the first time since our journal was founded in 1951, we are publishing an article by an historian in Slovakia (Ewa Kowalska). This had been impossible before the "velvet revolution" of November, 1989. We hope to bring you more such scholarship from Slovakia in the future. Furthermore, we are pleased to publish a long article by a Slovak Roman Catholic Bishop who did not send it to us. Instead, he sent it to Czechoslovak television in Bratislava in the spring of 1989 after the latter had aired an expressly anti-Roman Catholic and anti-Slovak series on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the declaration of Slovak independence. After I read the Slovak text of the Bishop's letter, as it was published in Jednota (June 28, July 5, 12, 19, 26, and August 7, 1989), I concluded that it was too important an historical document to leave in an ethnic newspaper. Rather, his missive can be considered a prelude to how Slovak history will be re-written now that the Slovaks are finally free from forty-two years of Communist oppression. Finally, in the "Books and Articles Received" section of this issue, I still differentiate between those we received from Eastern Europe and those published in the West. Since Slovak historians have been freed from the shackles of Communism only for a few months, they have not yet had the time to re-write our national history without the bias of Marxism. In the next issue of Slovakia I may be able to list the books and articles received according to subject, rather than for political reasons. I look forward to doing so. M. Mark Stolarik Editor ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 34 (No. 62-63) Description An account of the resource includes Editorial (M. Mark Stolarik) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stolarik, M. Mark, 1943- Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1989-90 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/adb2438bee25c23f9619366e4ab6014c.pdf b40d2ab3ed191610cc63071ca3dde090 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXV NUMBERS 64-65 1991-1992 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board DA YID P. DANIEL Bratislava, Slcvakia MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. T ANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN. A HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $7.00 Manuscripts for possible spublication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 327. ��Table of Contents ARTICLES Slovak Emigrants in Canada as Reflected in Diplomatic Documents (1920- I 938) Elena Jakesova .... ................. ...... .. ................. ... ... ........ .................... 7 Carpatho-Rusyns: Their Current Status and Future Perspectives Paul R. Magocsi .. ... ..... ... ............... ..... .. ... ................ .. ......... .. ..... ... . 36 SYMPOSIUM A Century and a half of Czech-Slovak Relations: A Slovak Perspective Edited by Stanis/av J. Kirschbaum .... .... .................................. .......... 61 Czech-Slovak Relations from the 1840's to 1914 Edita Bosak ... ......................... ................... ..... .. ... .............. ...... .... 63 Relations Between Slovaks and Czechs in the first CSR Susan Mikula .................... .... ... .... .. .. .............................. ... ........... 78 The Czech Question in Slovakia in the Post-War Years Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ......... ... ..... ..... .... ..................... ... ....... .. ..... .967 Slovak-Czech Relations: An Assessment Carol Skalnik Leff ............ .............. .... ..... ... .. ............. ... ................ 109 REVIEW ESSAY Marxist Historians in Search of Slovak History: Milan Podrimavsky et. al., Dejiny Slovenska, m M. Mark Stolarik .......... ...... .............. .... ......................... ...... .... .... .119 �4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Hugolfn Gavlovic , Valaska Skala, edited by Gerald J. Sabo Jan F. Frjdeckj .. ..... .. .. ... ..... ..... .. .... ... ..... ........ ..... ... .. .... ..... ... ....... 125 Max Domarus , ed., Hitler, Speeches and Proclamations Brian L . Villa .... .. .............. .. ... ....... .. ... .. ..... ............. ... ................ ..126 Jozef Jablonicky, Povstanie bez legiend Stanislav J. Kirschbaum .. .... .. ..... .... .............. ... .. ... .. .. ............ .. ....... .128 Bohus Chnoupek, A Breaking of Seals R. Vladimir Baumgarten . .. .... .... ...... .. ........ ..... ......... ..... ..... .. .... ...... .130 Jan Smolec et.al., Proces s dr. J. Tisom: Spomienky James R . Pelak ................................................... ...... ... .. ...... ........ 132 Athanasius Pekar, History of the Church in Carpathian Rus' Keith P. Dyrud ............................................................................ .134 Volodymyr Fedynysynec', Our Peaceful Rusyn Way Patricia A. Krafcik ....... ...... ... ............................. .... .......... .. ..... ..... .136 Norma Rudinsky, Incipient Feminists and That Alluring Land Maria Furimsky-Lackova .......... ..... .. ............... ....... ........... ........ .. ... 138 Jan Simko, English-Slovak Dictionary Louise B. Hammer................................... ... ...... .. ............... ...... .... .141 Contributors ...... ......................... .... ...... ... .. ..... ... ... .. .. .... .. .. ... ........ .. .... 145 Guidelines for Manuscripts .......... .. ........... ....... ........ ... .... ... ..... ...... ........ 148 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXV NUMBERS 64-65 1991-1992 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board DA YID P. DANIEL Bratislava, Slcvakia MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. T ANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN. A HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $7.00 Manuscripts for possible spublication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 327. ��Table of Contents ARTICLES Slovak Emigrants in Canada as Reflected in Diplomatic Documents (1920- I 938) Elena Jakesova .... ................. ...... .. ................. ... ... ........ .................... 7 Carpatho-Rusyns: Their Current Status and Future Perspectives Paul R. Magocsi .. ... ..... ... ............... ..... .. ... ................ .. ......... .. ..... ... . 36 SYMPOSIUM A Century and a half of Czech-Slovak Relations: A Slovak Perspective Edited by Stanis/av J. Kirschbaum .... .... .................................. .......... 61 Czech-Slovak Relations from the 1840's to 1914 Edita Bosak ... ......................... ................... ..... .. ... .............. ...... .... 63 Relations Between Slovaks and Czechs in the first CSR Susan Mikula .................... .... ... .... .. .. .............................. ... ........... 78 The Czech Question in Slovakia in the Post-War Years Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ......... ... ..... ..... .... ..................... ... ....... .. ..... .967 Slovak-Czech Relations: An Assessment Carol Skalnik Leff ............ .............. .... ..... ... .. ............. ... ................ 109 REVIEW ESSAY Marxist Historians in Search of Slovak History: Milan Podrimavsky et. al., Dejiny Slovenska, m M. Mark Stolarik .......... ...... .............. .... ......................... ...... .... .... .119 �4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Hugolfn Gavlovic , Valaska Skala, edited by Gerald J. Sabo Jan F. Frjdeckj .. ..... .. .. ... ..... ..... .. .... ... ..... ........ ..... ... .. .... ..... ... ....... 125 Max Domarus , ed., Hitler, Speeches and Proclamations Brian L . Villa .... .. .............. .. ... ....... .. ... .. ..... ............. ... ................ ..126 Jozef Jablonicky, Povstanie bez legiend Stanislav J. Kirschbaum .. .... .. ..... .... .............. ... .. ... .. .. ............ .. ....... .128 Bohus Chnoupek, A Breaking of Seals R. Vladimir Baumgarten . .. .... .... ...... .. ........ ..... ......... ..... ..... .. .... ...... .130 Jan Smolec et.al., Proces s dr. J. Tisom: Spomienky James R . Pelak ................................................... ...... ... .. ...... ........ 132 Athanasius Pekar, History of the Church in Carpathian Rus' Keith P. Dyrud ............................................................................ .134 Volodymyr Fedynysynec', Our Peaceful Rusyn Way Patricia A. Krafcik ....... ...... ... ............................. .... .......... .. ..... ..... .136 Norma Rudinsky, Incipient Feminists and That Alluring Land Maria Furimsky-Lackova .......... ..... .. ............... ....... ........... ........ .. ... 138 Jan Simko, English-Slovak Dictionary Louise B. Hammer................................... ... ...... .. ............... ...... .... .141 Contributors ...... ......................... .... ...... ... .. ..... ... ... .. .. .... .. .. ... ........ .. .... 145 Guidelines for Manuscripts .......... .. ........... ....... ........ ... .... ... ..... ...... ........ 148 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1991-92, Vol. 35 Description An account of the resource Vol. 35 (No. 64-65), 1991-92. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Slovak League of America Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available 1991-92 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXV NUMBERS 64-65 1991-1992 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board DA YID P. DANIEL Bratislava, Slcvakia MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. T ANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN. A HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson, NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $7.00 Manuscripts for possible spublication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 327. Table of Contents ARTICLES Slovak Emigrants in Canada as Reflected in Diplomatic Documents (1920- I 938) Elena Jakesova .... ................. ...... .. ................. ... ... ........ .................... 7 Carpatho-Rusyns: Their Current Status and Future Perspectives Paul R. Magocsi .. ... ..... ... ............... ..... .. ... ................ .. ......... .. ..... ... . 36 SYMPOSIUM A Century and a half of Czech-Slovak Relations: A Slovak Perspective Edited by Stanis/av J. Kirschbaum .... .... .................................. .......... 61 Czech-Slovak Relations from the 1840's to 1914 Edita Bosak ... ......................... ................... ..... .. ... .............. ...... .... 63 Relations Between Slovaks and Czechs in the first CSR Susan Mikula .................... .... ... .... .. .. .............................. ... ........... 78 The Czech Question in Slovakia in the Post-War Years Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ......... ... ..... ..... .... ..................... ... ....... .. ..... .967 Slovak-Czech Relations: An Assessment Carol Skalnik Leff ............ .............. .... ..... ... .. ............. ... ................ 109 REVIEW ESSAY Marxist Historians in Search of Slovak History: Milan Podrimavsky et. al., Dejiny Slovenska, m M. Mark Stolarik .......... ...... .............. .... ......................... ...... .... .... .119 4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Hugolfn Gavlovic , Valaska Skala, edited by Gerald J. Sabo Jan F. Frjdeckj .. ..... .. .. ... ..... ..... .. .... ... ..... ........ ..... ... .. .... ..... ... ....... 125 Max Domarus , ed., Hitler, Speeches and Proclamations Brian L . Villa .... .. .............. .. ... ....... .. ... .. ..... ............. ... ................ ..126 Jozef Jablonicky, Povstanie bez legiend Stanislav J. Kirschbaum .. .... .. ..... .... .............. ... .. ... .. .. ............ .. ....... .128 Bohus Chnoupek, A Breaking of Seals R. Vladimir Baumgarten . .. .... .... ...... .. ........ ..... ......... ..... ..... .. .... ...... .130 Jan Smolec et.al., Proces s dr. J. Tisom: Spomienky James R . Pelak ................................................... ...... ... .. ...... ........ 132 Athanasius Pekar, History of the Church in Carpathian Rus' Keith P. Dyrud ............................................................................ .134 Volodymyr Fedynysynec', Our Peaceful Rusyn Way Patricia A. Krafcik ....... ...... ... ............................. .... .......... .. ..... ..... .136 Norma Rudinsky, Incipient Feminists and That Alluring Land Maria Furimsky-Lackova .......... ..... .. ............... ....... ........... ........ .. ... 138 Jan Simko, English-Slovak Dictionary Louise B. Hammer................................... ... ...... .. ............... ...... .... .141 Contributors ...... ......................... .... ...... ... .. ..... ... ... .. .. .... .. .. ... ........ .. .... 145 Guidelines for Manuscripts .......... .. ........... ....... ........ ... .... ... ..... ...... ........ 148 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 35 (No. 64-65) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1991-92 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/d56fd6074c3661cf914ed03573d66881.pdf 5ce335b13322a29391c25ad02763435a PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXVI NUMBERS 66-67 1998 A scholarly annual devot ed to the history, literature, and culture o f the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ott awa Editorial Board ...{)A YID P. DANIEL Slovak Academic Informatio n Agency MICHAEL NOVAK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Str. Passaic, NJ 07055 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $8.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7. ��Table of Contents ARTICLES Slovak Fraternal-Benefit Societies in North America: An Overview (18831993) M. Mark Stolarik .... .. ... .... .......... .. ... .. ... ... ........ .... ...... ...... .... .. ....... ... 7 The Roma of Slovakia Since 1939 David M. Crowe ..... ... .... ............ ......... .. ...... .... ...... ... .. ....... .... .... .. .. 26 Reflections on the Downfall of Communism and the Transition to Capitalism......_ Jan Chryzostom Cardinal Korec ...... .... ................ .. ............. .. .... ... ..... 56 The Battle Over Presidential Power in Slovakia Spencer tifcak ........ ...... .... ............ ............ ... ..... ..... .... ...... .. ........... 70 The Cleveland and Pittsburgh Documents Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ....... ..... .. ....... ........ .. ...... .. .. .... .. ..... .... ........ . 81 Une oraison de messe: monument culture! europeen Stefan Polako vic ..... ..... ....................... .. ......... ... ...... ..... ..... ..... ...... . 98 REVIEWS Paul R. Magocsi, Historical A das of East Central Europe George J. Demko ... .. ..... ... ... ... .. ... ............ ........ ...... ..... .. ..... .......... . 119 Anton Spiesz, Dejiny Slovenska na ceste k sebauvedomeniu Gregory C. Ference .. .. .......... .... .... .. ... ............ ..... ....... ................. .. 121 Richard Marsina a kolektfv, Slovenske dejiny R . Vladimir Baumgarten ... ..................... .. ... ...................... ....... ..... 123 �4 SLOVAKIA Katarfna Sultrajerova, comp., Najstarsie rody na Slovensku Duncan B . Gardiner .... .... ...... .. .... ...... .... ... .... .... ..... ...... .. ... ....... .... . 125 Emil Krapka and Vojtech Mikula, eds., Dejiny Spolocnosti Jeiisovej na Slovensku Gerald J. Sabo ... .... ....... ........ ....... .... .... ........ ... .. ... .. .. ........ .... .. .. .. . 129 James Felak, "A t the Price of the Republic." Hlinka ' s Slovak People's Party Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ............ ....... .. ........ .... .......... .... .... ... ........ . 13 I Jiff Hochman, ed., Hope Dies Last: The Autobiogra[Xly of Alexander Dubcek Robert K. Evanson .................. .. .. ... ........ .. .. .......... ................... ... . 134 Paul R. Magocsi, The Rusyns of Slovakia Keith P. Dyrud .............. ........ ... .......... .. ..... ..... .... ...... ......... ...... ... 140 Ann L. Pawliczko, ed., Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World Paul R. Magocsi .. ..... .... .. .... ... .... ... .... .. .... .... .... .......... .... .. .... ... .... . 142 Nina Trnka, Slovak-English/English-Slovak Dictionary John M . Kochik ......................... ... .... ........ .. ........ ...... ..... ......... .... 144 Contributors ... .. .... ... .... ........ ............. ............ ... .... .... ......... .......... .1 - .. 148 Guidelines for Manuscripts ...... ......... .. .. ........ .. ...... ......................... ...... 150 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXVI NUMBERS 66-67 1998 A scholarly annual devot ed to the history, literature, and culture o f the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ott awa Editorial Board ...{)A YID P. DANIEL Slovak Academic Informatio n Agency MICHAEL NOVAK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Str. Passaic, NJ 07055 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $8.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7. ��Table of Contents ARTICLES Slovak Fraternal-Benefit Societies in North America: An Overview (18831993) M. Mark Stolarik .... .. ... .... .......... .. ... .. ... ... ........ .... ...... ...... .... .. ....... ... 7 The Roma of Slovakia Since 1939 David M. Crowe ..... ... .... ............ ......... .. ...... .... ...... ... .. ....... .... .... .. .. 26 Reflections on the Downfall of Communism and the Transition to Capitalism......_ Jan Chryzostom Cardinal Korec ...... .... ................ .. ............. .. .... ... ..... 56 The Battle Over Presidential Power in Slovakia Spencer tifcak ........ ...... .... ............ ............ ... ..... ..... .... ...... .. ........... 70 The Cleveland and Pittsburgh Documents Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ....... ..... .. ....... ........ .. ...... .. .. .... .. ..... .... ........ . 81 Une oraison de messe: monument culture! europeen Stefan Polako vic ..... ..... ....................... .. ......... ... ...... ..... ..... ..... ...... . 98 REVIEWS Paul R. Magocsi, Historical A das of East Central Europe George J. Demko ... .. ..... ... ... ... .. ... ............ ........ ...... ..... .. ..... .......... . 119 Anton Spiesz, Dejiny Slovenska na ceste k sebauvedomeniu Gregory C. Ference .. .. .......... .... .... .. ... ............ ..... ....... ................. .. 121 Richard Marsina a kolektfv, Slovenske dejiny R . Vladimir Baumgarten ... ..................... .. ... ...................... ....... ..... 123 �4 SLOVAKIA Katarfna Sultrajerova, comp., Najstarsie rody na Slovensku Duncan B . Gardiner .... .... ...... .. .... ...... .... ... .... .... ..... ...... .. ... ....... .... . 125 Emil Krapka and Vojtech Mikula, eds., Dejiny Spolocnosti Jeiisovej na Slovensku Gerald J. Sabo ... .... ....... ........ ....... .... .... ........ ... .. ... .. .. ........ .... .. .. .. . 129 James Felak, "A t the Price of the Republic." Hlinka ' s Slovak People's Party Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ............ ....... .. ........ .... .......... .... .... ... ........ . 13 I Jiff Hochman, ed., Hope Dies Last: The Autobiogra[Xly of Alexander Dubcek Robert K. Evanson .................. .. .. ... ........ .. .. .......... ................... ... . 134 Paul R. Magocsi, The Rusyns of Slovakia Keith P. Dyrud .............. ........ ... .......... .. ..... ..... .... ...... ......... ...... ... 140 Ann L. Pawliczko, ed., Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World Paul R. Magocsi .. ..... .... .. .... ... .... ... .... .. .... .... .... .......... .... .. .... ... .... . 142 Nina Trnka, Slovak-English/English-Slovak Dictionary John M . Kochik ......................... ... .... ........ .. ........ ...... ..... ......... .... 144 Contributors ... .. .... ... .... ........ ............. ............ ... .... .... ......... .......... .1 - .. 148 Guidelines for Manuscripts ...... ......... .. .. ........ .. ...... ......................... ...... 150 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1998, Vol. 36 Description An account of the resource Vol. 36 (No. 66-67), 1998. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1998 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXVI NUMBERS 66-67 1998 A scholarly annual devot ed to the history, literature, and culture o f the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ott awa Editorial Board ...{)A YID P. DANIEL Slovak Academic Informatio n Agency MICHAEL NOVAK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Str. Passaic, NJ 07055 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $8.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7. Table of Contents ARTICLES Slovak Fraternal-Benefit Societies in North America: An Overview (18831993) M. Mark Stolarik .... .. ... .... .......... .. ... .. ... ... ........ .... ...... ...... .... .. ....... ... 7 The Roma of Slovakia Since 1939 David M. Crowe ..... ... .... ............ ......... .. ...... .... ...... ... .. ....... .... .... .. .. 26 Reflections on the Downfall of Communism and the Transition to Capitalism......_ Jan Chryzostom Cardinal Korec ...... .... ................ .. ............. .. .... ... ..... 56 The Battle Over Presidential Power in Slovakia Spencer tifcak ........ ...... .... ............ ............ ... ..... ..... .... ...... .. ........... 70 The Cleveland and Pittsburgh Documents Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ....... ..... .. ....... ........ .. ...... .. .. .... .. ..... .... ........ . 81 Une oraison de messe: monument culture! europeen Stefan Polako vic ..... ..... ....................... .. ......... ... ...... ..... ..... ..... ...... . 98 REVIEWS Paul R. Magocsi, Historical A das of East Central Europe George J. Demko ... .. ..... ... ... ... .. ... ............ ........ ...... ..... .. ..... .......... . 119 Anton Spiesz, Dejiny Slovenska na ceste k sebauvedomeniu Gregory C. Ference .. .. .......... .... .... .. ... ............ ..... ....... ................. .. 121 Richard Marsina a kolektfv, Slovenske dejiny R . Vladimir Baumgarten ... ..................... .. ... ...................... ....... ..... 123 4 SLOVAKIA Katarfna Sultrajerova, comp., Najstarsie rody na Slovensku Duncan B . Gardiner .... .... ...... .. .... ...... .... ... .... .... ..... ...... .. ... ....... .... . 125 Emil Krapka and Vojtech Mikula, eds., Dejiny Spolocnosti Jeiisovej na Slovensku Gerald J. Sabo ... .... ....... ........ ....... .... .... ........ ... .. ... .. .. ........ .... .. .. .. . 129 James Felak, "A t the Price of the Republic." Hlinka ' s Slovak People's Party Stanislav J. Kirschbaum ............ ....... .. ........ .... .......... .... .... ... ........ . 13 I Jiff Hochman, ed., Hope Dies Last: The Autobiogra[Xly of Alexander Dubcek Robert K. Evanson .................. .. .. ... ........ .. .. .......... ................... ... . 134 Paul R. Magocsi, The Rusyns of Slovakia Keith P. Dyrud .............. ........ ... .......... .. ..... ..... .... ...... ......... ...... ... 140 Ann L. Pawliczko, ed., Ukraine and Ukrainians Throughout the World Paul R. Magocsi .. ..... .... .. .... ... .... ... .... .. .... .... .... .......... .... .. .... ... .... . 142 Nina Trnka, Slovak-English/English-Slovak Dictionary John M . Kochik ......................... ... .... ........ .. ........ ...... ..... ......... .... 144 Contributors ... .. .... ... .... ........ ............. ............ ... .... .... ......... .......... .1 - .. 148 Guidelines for Manuscripts ...... ......... .. .. ........ .. ...... ......................... ...... 150 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 36 (No. 66-67) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1998 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/90f56c4ca7321a1486c0a713952b72ee.pdf 54df99dee04ce3534055921e37d4af78 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME 2003 XXXVII NUMBERS 68-69 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMA L. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Str. Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible spublication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7. ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Slovak Question in the lnterwar (1918-1938) and Post-War ( 1945-1948) Czechoslovak Republics James R . Pelak.... ... ..... .. ... ... ...... ......... ........................... .... ... ... .... . 7 Slovak som a Slovak budem: Explaining Nationalism in PostCommunist Slovakia Paa/ Sigurd Hilde .................. ........... .............. ... ..... ........ ... ........ 2 8 Reversing the Trend : Central Europe from Dictatorship to Democracy Jan Carnogursky .... ........ .. ....... ....... ... .. ...... ........... ....... ... ........... 5 7 Trends in 20th Century Slovak Filmmaking Martin Votruba ........ ....... ....... ... .. ....... ................... ..... .... .. ......... 71 DOCUMENTATION Sketches from a Slovak Catholic Parish in Pittston , PA [ 1900) Mattis Jankola ..... .... ...... ..... ...... .. ... ......... ..... .............. ..... ... ...... IO I Konstantfn Culen 's Long Journey from Italy to Canada as Illustrated by His Correspondence with Juraj Rondos Susumu Nagayo ... ...... ..... .. .......... .... ....... ............. .................. .. 112 The Political , Economic, and Cultural Situation in the Slovak Republic (As of May, 1995) M. Mark Stolarik .. ...... ............ .............. ...... ......... ..... ......... ...... l 72 �4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Stephen L. Crane, Survivor from an Unknown War: The Life of Isakjan Narzikul Vladimir Baumgarten ............ ............ ....... .... ..... ... .... ... .. .. .... .... 20 l Konstantin V. Lifanov, Jazyk duchovnoj literatury slovackich katolikov 16-18 vv. i kodifikacija A. Bemo/aka. Martin Votruba ... .. .. .. ...... .... .. .. ........ ..... .. ..... ....... ... .... ......... ..... 204 Contributors .......... ...... .... .... ........ .. .. .............. ... ..... ............. .... ..... .. 208 Guidelines for Manuscripts .......... ........ ................. ................. ..... ... 2 l 0 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME 2003 XXXVII NUMBERS 68-69 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMA L. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Str. Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible spublication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7. ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Slovak Question in the lnterwar (1918-1938) and Post-War ( 1945-1948) Czechoslovak Republics James R . Pelak.... ... ..... .. ... ... ...... ......... ........................... .... ... ... .... . 7 Slovak som a Slovak budem: Explaining Nationalism in PostCommunist Slovakia Paa/ Sigurd Hilde .................. ........... .............. ... ..... ........ ... ........ 2 8 Reversing the Trend : Central Europe from Dictatorship to Democracy Jan Carnogursky .... ........ .. ....... ....... ... .. ...... ........... ....... ... ........... 5 7 Trends in 20th Century Slovak Filmmaking Martin Votruba ........ ....... ....... ... .. ....... ................... ..... .... .. ......... 71 DOCUMENTATION Sketches from a Slovak Catholic Parish in Pittston , PA [ 1900) Mattis Jankola ..... .... ...... ..... ...... .. ... ......... ..... .............. ..... ... ...... IO I Konstantfn Culen 's Long Journey from Italy to Canada as Illustrated by His Correspondence with Juraj Rondos Susumu Nagayo ... ...... ..... .. .......... .... ....... ............. .................. .. 112 The Political , Economic, and Cultural Situation in the Slovak Republic (As of May, 1995) M. Mark Stolarik .. ...... ............ .............. ...... ......... ..... ......... ...... l 72 �4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Stephen L. Crane, Survivor from an Unknown War: The Life of Isakjan Narzikul Vladimir Baumgarten ............ ............ ....... .... ..... ... .... ... .. .. .... .... 20 l Konstantin V. Lifanov, Jazyk duchovnoj literatury slovackich katolikov 16-18 vv. i kodifikacija A. Bemo/aka. Martin Votruba ... .. .. .. ...... .... .. .. ........ ..... .. ..... ....... ... .... ......... ..... 204 Contributors .......... ...... .... .... ........ .. .. .............. ... ..... ............. .... ..... .. 208 Guidelines for Manuscripts .......... ........ ................. ................. ..... ... 2 l 0 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2003, Vol. 37 Description An account of the resource Vol. 37 (No. 68-69), 2003. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME 2003 XXXVII NUMBERS 68-69 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature, and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EV ANSON University of Missouri MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia LOUISE B. HAMMER Indiana University NORMA L. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Str. Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible spublication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 22 Bren- Maur Road, Nepean, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7. Table of Contents ARTICLES The Slovak Question in the lnterwar (1918-1938) and Post-War ( 1945-1948) Czechoslovak Republics James R . Pelak.... ... ..... .. ... ... ...... ......... ........................... .... ... ... .... . 7 Slovak som a Slovak budem: Explaining Nationalism in PostCommunist Slovakia Paa/ Sigurd Hilde .................. ........... .............. ... ..... ........ ... ........ 2 8 Reversing the Trend : Central Europe from Dictatorship to Democracy Jan Carnogursky .... ........ .. ....... ....... ... .. ...... ........... ....... ... ........... 5 7 Trends in 20th Century Slovak Filmmaking Martin Votruba ........ ....... ....... ... .. ....... ................... ..... .... .. ......... 71 DOCUMENTATION Sketches from a Slovak Catholic Parish in Pittston , PA [ 1900) Mattis Jankola ..... .... ...... ..... ...... .. ... ......... ..... .............. ..... ... ...... IO I Konstantfn Culen 's Long Journey from Italy to Canada as Illustrated by His Correspondence with Juraj Rondos Susumu Nagayo ... ...... ..... .. .......... .... ....... ............. .................. .. 112 The Political , Economic, and Cultural Situation in the Slovak Republic (As of May, 1995) M. Mark Stolarik .. ...... ............ .............. ...... ......... ..... ......... ...... l 72 4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Stephen L. Crane, Survivor from an Unknown War: The Life of Isakjan Narzikul Vladimir Baumgarten ............ ............ ....... .... ..... ... .... ... .. .. .... .... 20 l Konstantin V. Lifanov, Jazyk duchovnoj literatury slovackich katolikov 16-18 vv. i kodifikacija A. Bemo/aka. Martin Votruba ... .. .. .. ...... .... .. .. ........ ..... .. ..... ....... ... .... ......... ..... 204 Contributors .......... ...... .... .... ........ .. .. .............. ... ..... ............. .... ..... .. 208 Guidelines for Manuscripts .......... ........ ................. ................. ..... ... 2 l 0 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 37 (No. 68-69) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/0b2415ed1b61d4bf0561f761618c2207.pdf 3c22ea88b7ad0043e61efa6ed647ef36 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXVIII 2005 NUMBERS 70-71 A schol arl y annu al devoted to the hi story, literature and c ulture of the Slovaks the wo rld over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EV ANSON Univers ity of Mi ssouri PET ER PETRO University of Briti sh Columbia MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise In stitute CAROLS . LEFF Uni vers ity of Illino is JAMES R. FELAK Uni ve rsity of Washingto n PATRICIA KR A FCIK The Evergreen State Co llege Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Mad ison Street Passa ic, NJ 07055 Inquiries regarding subscriptio ns sho uld be sent to the above address . The cost of a sing le issue is $ 10.00 Manuscripts for possib le publication and books for review shou ld be sen t to M. Mark Sto larik , Edi tor, Slo vakia 22 Bren-Maur Road , Nepean, Ontario , Canada . K2J 327 ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Origin and Development of the Slovak Literary Language Konstantin V. Lifanov .......................... .... .. .. ... ................. ........ ....... 7 The Democratic Party and the Execution of Jozef Tiso James R. Pelak ............ .. ... ..... .. .............. ... ..... .... ..... ............ .... ........ 33 The Autonomy Discourse in Parliamentary Debates during the First Czechoslovak Republic and after the Velvet Revolution Elisabeth Bakke .. ........ .... ............. ................................. .... ............. 52 From Brau· nas to At'jdou - Slovakia, the Slovaks and Slovak Nationali sm Seen from Prague Paa/ Sigurd Hilde... .................. .. .................................................... 81 " Ungrateful Younger Brothers" versus "Arrogant Atheists". CzechSlovak Stereotypes in a Collective Memory Perspective Lone Sarauw ............. .. .............. ........... .............. .. ...... ... .... ..... .... .. l 04 Separate Paths: Czech and Slovak Fore ign Policies Since 1993 James W. Peterson .................... ....................... ..... ... .................... 121 REVIEWS Peter Zenouch, M edzi vychodom a zapadom: Byzantsko-slovanska tradfcia, kulttira a jazyk na vychodnom Slovensku Robert A. Orr ....... ..................... ................ .... ................... .. ........ .. 149 Marian Hronsky , The Struggle for Slovakia and the Treaty of Trianon 1918-1920 Gregory C. Ference .. .. ...... ... .. ..... ......... .... ........... ... ..... .... ............. 152 �SLOVAKIA 4 Jni o kapitanovi Janovi Nalepkovi. Edited by Jozef Nalepka Vladimir Baumgarten ..... .. ... .... .... .... ......... ................................... 154 Zoltan G. Mesko, The Silent Conspiracy L. P. Hinterbuchner ...... .. .......... .................. .. ...... .......................... 157 Maria Dziakova- Bohmova, Dusa na d/ani: Spomienky od Kosfc do New Yorku M. Mark Stolarik ...... .. .. .. ... ................... .. ... ................ ........ ........... 159 Karen Henderson, Slovakia: The Escape from Invisibility Juraj Hocman ............... .................... ........ .... ..... ............. ........ ...... 162 The Slovak Republic: A Decade of Independence ( 1993-2002). Edited by M. Mark Stolarik Carol Skalnik Leff ... ...... ................. ...... ........ .... .... ... ..... .... .. .. .... ... 165 Thomas J. Shell ey, Slovaks on the Hudson Daniel F. Tanzone ............. ..... .. ..... .... .... ........ ..... ........... .... .... ....... 167 June Granatir Alexander, Ethnic Pride, American Patriotism M. Mark Stolarik ....................... ............ ........ ......... .......... ............ 169 Contributors ......... ... .. ... .................... ........ ............ .... .......... ... ... ..... ... .. . 17 I G uidelines for Manuscripts ......... ...... ... .... .. ..... .... ......................... ... .. . 173 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXVIII 2005 NUMBERS 70-71 A schol arl y annu al devoted to the hi story, literature and c ulture of the Slovaks the wo rld over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EV ANSON Univers ity of Mi ssouri PET ER PETRO University of Briti sh Columbia MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise In stitute CAROLS . LEFF Uni vers ity of Illino is JAMES R. FELAK Uni ve rsity of Washingto n PATRICIA KR A FCIK The Evergreen State Co llege Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Mad ison Street Passa ic, NJ 07055 Inquiries regarding subscriptio ns sho uld be sent to the above address . The cost of a sing le issue is $ 10.00 Manuscripts for possib le publication and books for review shou ld be sen t to M. Mark Sto larik , Edi tor, Slo vakia 22 Bren-Maur Road , Nepean, Ontario , Canada . K2J 327 ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Origin and Development of the Slovak Literary Language Konstantin V. Lifanov .......................... .... .. .. ... ................. ........ ....... 7 The Democratic Party and the Execution of Jozef Tiso James R. Pelak ............ .. ... ..... .. .............. ... ..... .... ..... ............ .... ........ 33 The Autonomy Discourse in Parliamentary Debates during the First Czechoslovak Republic and after the Velvet Revolution Elisabeth Bakke .. ........ .... ............. ................................. .... ............. 52 From Brau· nas to At'jdou - Slovakia, the Slovaks and Slovak Nationali sm Seen from Prague Paa/ Sigurd Hilde... .................. .. .................................................... 81 " Ungrateful Younger Brothers" versus "Arrogant Atheists". CzechSlovak Stereotypes in a Collective Memory Perspective Lone Sarauw ............. .. .............. ........... .............. .. ...... ... .... ..... .... .. l 04 Separate Paths: Czech and Slovak Fore ign Policies Since 1993 James W. Peterson .................... ....................... ..... ... .................... 121 REVIEWS Peter Zenouch, M edzi vychodom a zapadom: Byzantsko-slovanska tradfcia, kulttira a jazyk na vychodnom Slovensku Robert A. Orr ....... ..................... ................ .... ................... .. ........ .. 149 Marian Hronsky , The Struggle for Slovakia and the Treaty of Trianon 1918-1920 Gregory C. Ference .. .. ...... ... .. ..... ......... .... ........... ... ..... .... ............. 152 �SLOVAKIA 4 Jni o kapitanovi Janovi Nalepkovi. Edited by Jozef Nalepka Vladimir Baumgarten ..... .. ... .... .... .... ......... ................................... 154 Zoltan G. Mesko, The Silent Conspiracy L. P. Hinterbuchner ...... .. .......... .................. .. ...... .......................... 157 Maria Dziakova- Bohmova, Dusa na d/ani: Spomienky od Kosfc do New Yorku M. Mark Stolarik ...... .. .. .. ... ................... .. ... ................ ........ ........... 159 Karen Henderson, Slovakia: The Escape from Invisibility Juraj Hocman ............... .................... ........ .... ..... ............. ........ ...... 162 The Slovak Republic: A Decade of Independence ( 1993-2002). Edited by M. Mark Stolarik Carol Skalnik Leff ... ...... ................. ...... ........ .... .... ... ..... .... .. .. .... ... 165 Thomas J. Shell ey, Slovaks on the Hudson Daniel F. Tanzone ............. ..... .. ..... .... .... ........ ..... ........... .... .... ....... 167 June Granatir Alexander, Ethnic Pride, American Patriotism M. Mark Stolarik ....................... ............ ........ ......... .......... ............ 169 Contributors ......... ... .. ... .................... ........ ............ .... .......... ... ... ..... ... .. . 17 I G uidelines for Manuscripts ......... ...... ... .... .. ..... .... ......................... ... .. . 173 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2005, Vol. 38 Description An account of the resource Vol. 38 (No. 70-71), 2005. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXVIII 2005 NUMBERS 70-71 A schol arl y annu al devoted to the hi story, literature and c ulture of the Slovaks the wo rld over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EV ANSON Univers ity of Mi ssouri PET ER PETRO University of Briti sh Columbia MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise In stitute CAROLS . LEFF Uni vers ity of Illino is JAMES R. FELAK Uni ve rsity of Washingto n PATRICIA KR A FCIK The Evergreen State Co llege Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Mad ison Street Passa ic, NJ 07055 Inquiries regarding subscriptio ns sho uld be sent to the above address . The cost of a sing le issue is $ 10.00 Manuscripts for possib le publication and books for review shou ld be sen t to M. Mark Sto larik , Edi tor, Slo vakia 22 Bren-Maur Road , Nepean, Ontario , Canada . K2J 327 Table of Contents ARTICLES The Origin and Development of the Slovak Literary Language Konstantin V. Lifanov .......................... .... .. .. ... ................. ........ ....... 7 The Democratic Party and the Execution of Jozef Tiso James R. Pelak ............ .. ... ..... .. .............. ... ..... .... ..... ............ .... ........ 33 The Autonomy Discourse in Parliamentary Debates during the First Czechoslovak Republic and after the Velvet Revolution Elisabeth Bakke .. ........ .... ............. ................................. .... ............. 52 From Brau· nas to At'jdou - Slovakia, the Slovaks and Slovak Nationali sm Seen from Prague Paa/ Sigurd Hilde... .................. .. .................................................... 81 " Ungrateful Younger Brothers" versus "Arrogant Atheists". CzechSlovak Stereotypes in a Collective Memory Perspective Lone Sarauw ............. .. .............. ........... .............. .. ...... ... .... ..... .... .. l 04 Separate Paths: Czech and Slovak Fore ign Policies Since 1993 James W. Peterson .................... ....................... ..... ... .................... 121 REVIEWS Peter Zenouch, M edzi vychodom a zapadom: Byzantsko-slovanska tradfcia, kulttira a jazyk na vychodnom Slovensku Robert A. Orr ....... ..................... ................ .... ................... .. ........ .. 149 Marian Hronsky , The Struggle for Slovakia and the Treaty of Trianon 1918-1920 Gregory C. Ference .. .. ...... ... .. ..... ......... .... ........... ... ..... .... ............. 152 SLOVAKIA 4 Jni o kapitanovi Janovi Nalepkovi. Edited by Jozef Nalepka Vladimir Baumgarten ..... .. ... .... .... .... ......... ................................... 154 Zoltan G. Mesko, The Silent Conspiracy L. P. Hinterbuchner ...... .. .......... .................. .. ...... .......................... 157 Maria Dziakova- Bohmova, Dusa na d/ani: Spomienky od Kosfc do New Yorku M. Mark Stolarik ...... .. .. .. ... ................... .. ... ................ ........ ........... 159 Karen Henderson, Slovakia: The Escape from Invisibility Juraj Hocman ............... .................... ........ .... ..... ............. ........ ...... 162 The Slovak Republic: A Decade of Independence ( 1993-2002). Edited by M. Mark Stolarik Carol Skalnik Leff ... ...... ................. ...... ........ .... .... ... ..... .... .. .. .... ... 165 Thomas J. Shell ey, Slovaks on the Hudson Daniel F. Tanzone ............. ..... .. ..... .... .... ........ ..... ........... .... .... ....... 167 June Granatir Alexander, Ethnic Pride, American Patriotism M. Mark Stolarik ....................... ............ ........ ......... .......... ............ 169 Contributors ......... ... .. ... .................... ........ ............ .... .......... ... ... ..... ... .. . 17 I G uidelines for Manuscripts ......... ...... ... .... .. ..... .... ......................... ... .. . 173 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 38 (No. 70-71) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2005 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/f0178ed3bde688ca66bfd471db259fb7.pdf 7ce99fb1536f60761be9983cd8ba8cb4 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA NUMBERS 72-73 2007 VOLUME XXXIX A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLAR IK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROB ERT K. EV ANSON Uni ve rsity of Mi ssouri MI C HAEL NOVAK American Enterpri se Institute PETER PETRO Uni ve rsity of Briti sh Co lumbi a JAM ES R. FELAK Uni ve rsity of Washington PATRICIA KRAFC IK The Evergreen State Co llege C AROLS . LEFF University of Illinoi s Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madi son Street Passa ic, NJ 07055 , USA Inquiries regardin g subscripti ons should be sent to the above address. The cost of a sing le issue is $ 10.00 Manuscripts fo r possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, epean, Ontario, Canada , K2J 3Z7 sto larik@ uot tawa.ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Slovak League of America and the Canadian Slovak League in the Struggle for the Self-Determination of the Nation , 1907-1992 M. M ark Stolarik ....... ..... ........................... ......... .......... .......... ...... ... 7 Slovak Partizan Commanders in World War II: The Case of Josef Trojan R. Vladimir Baumgarten .......................... ......... ................... ... ...... 36 Czechoslovakia 1945-1950: A Failure of Intelligence Igor Lukes ................. .. .. ........................... ............................... ....... 50 Janosfk as a Symbol of Freedom in Communist Slovakia Patricia A. Krafcik ............. .............................. .......................... .... 63 A Highway man' s Life: Extant Documents About Janosfk Martin Votruba .. ..... .... .......... ............ .. ............. ... .. ...... ................... 81 The I 988 Pilgrimage at Velehrad : Slovak Catholics and the Creation of a Public Space David Doe/linger ......................... ......................... ................ ......... 99 REVIEW ESSAYS Subcarpathian Rus' and the New Slovak Historiography Paul Robert Magocsi ....................... .................. ................. ......... 119 Zbornfk Filozofickej fakulty Univerzity Komenskeho, PHILOLOGICA LX Jan Simko ..... ............ .. ............................. .. ...... ... ...... ............... ..... 123 �4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Jan Steinhtibel, Nitriansk e knieiatstvo M. Mark Stolarik ................................ .... .. .... ... ... .................... ..... 131 Dusan Kovac et. al. , Na zaciatku storocia, 1901-1 914 Gregory C. Ference ....... .... ................ .................. .... .................... 132 Ivan A. Petransky, Stat a katolfcka cirkev na Slovensku, 1945- 1946 Jam es Ram on Pelak ............ ...................... ............... .............. ...... 134 Anton Hykisch, Ak o chutf politika Marcel Jesenskf ............. .............. .......... .... ..... ... ........ ................ . 136 Jan Rychlik, R ozpad Ceskoslovenska Jura} Hocman ........ ......... ....... ................................... ....... ..... .. ...... 138 Contributors ........ ............. ...... ....... .... .... ...... ... ................... .... .............. 14 1 Guidelines for Manuscripts ........... ........................ .. .......... ................. 143 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA NUMBERS 72-73 2007 VOLUME XXXIX A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLAR IK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROB ERT K. EV ANSON Uni ve rsity of Mi ssouri MI C HAEL NOVAK American Enterpri se Institute PETER PETRO Uni ve rsity of Briti sh Co lumbi a JAM ES R. FELAK Uni ve rsity of Washington PATRICIA KRAFC IK The Evergreen State Co llege C AROLS . LEFF University of Illinoi s Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madi son Street Passa ic, NJ 07055 , USA Inquiries regardin g subscripti ons should be sent to the above address. The cost of a sing le issue is $ 10.00 Manuscripts fo r possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, epean, Ontario, Canada , K2J 3Z7 sto larik@ uot tawa.ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Slovak League of America and the Canadian Slovak League in the Struggle for the Self-Determination of the Nation , 1907-1992 M. M ark Stolarik ....... ..... ........................... ......... .......... .......... ...... ... 7 Slovak Partizan Commanders in World War II: The Case of Josef Trojan R. Vladimir Baumgarten .......................... ......... ................... ... ...... 36 Czechoslovakia 1945-1950: A Failure of Intelligence Igor Lukes ................. .. .. ........................... ............................... ....... 50 Janosfk as a Symbol of Freedom in Communist Slovakia Patricia A. Krafcik ............. .............................. .......................... .... 63 A Highway man' s Life: Extant Documents About Janosfk Martin Votruba .. ..... .... .......... ............ .. ............. ... .. ...... ................... 81 The I 988 Pilgrimage at Velehrad : Slovak Catholics and the Creation of a Public Space David Doe/linger ......................... ......................... ................ ......... 99 REVIEW ESSAYS Subcarpathian Rus' and the New Slovak Historiography Paul Robert Magocsi ....................... .................. ................. ......... 119 Zbornfk Filozofickej fakulty Univerzity Komenskeho, PHILOLOGICA LX Jan Simko ..... ............ .. ............................. .. ...... ... ...... ............... ..... 123 �4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Jan Steinhtibel, Nitriansk e knieiatstvo M. Mark Stolarik ................................ .... .. .... ... ... .................... ..... 131 Dusan Kovac et. al. , Na zaciatku storocia, 1901-1 914 Gregory C. Ference ....... .... ................ .................. .... .................... 132 Ivan A. Petransky, Stat a katolfcka cirkev na Slovensku, 1945- 1946 Jam es Ram on Pelak ............ ...................... ............... .............. ...... 134 Anton Hykisch, Ak o chutf politika Marcel Jesenskf ............. .............. .......... .... ..... ... ........ ................ . 136 Jan Rychlik, R ozpad Ceskoslovenska Jura} Hocman ........ ......... ....... ................................... ....... ..... .. ...... 138 Contributors ........ ............. ...... ....... .... .... ...... ... ................... .... .............. 14 1 Guidelines for Manuscripts ........... ........................ .. .......... ................. 143 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2007, Vol. 39 Description An account of the resource Vol. 39 (No. 72-73), 2007. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA NUMBERS 72-73 2007 VOLUME XXXIX A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLAR IK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROB ERT K. EV ANSON Uni ve rsity of Mi ssouri MI C HAEL NOVAK American Enterpri se Institute PETER PETRO Uni ve rsity of Briti sh Co lumbi a JAM ES R. FELAK Uni ve rsity of Washington PATRICIA KRAFC IK The Evergreen State Co llege C AROLS . LEFF University of Illinoi s Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madi son Street Passa ic, NJ 07055 , USA Inquiries regardin g subscripti ons should be sent to the above address. The cost of a sing le issue is $ 10.00 Manuscripts fo r possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, epean, Ontario, Canada , K2J 3Z7 sto larik@ uot tawa.ca Table of Contents ARTICLES The Slovak League of America and the Canadian Slovak League in the Struggle for the Self-Determination of the Nation , 1907-1992 M. M ark Stolarik ....... ..... ........................... ......... .......... .......... ...... ... 7 Slovak Partizan Commanders in World War II: The Case of Josef Trojan R. Vladimir Baumgarten .......................... ......... ................... ... ...... 36 Czechoslovakia 1945-1950: A Failure of Intelligence Igor Lukes ................. .. .. ........................... ............................... ....... 50 Janosfk as a Symbol of Freedom in Communist Slovakia Patricia A. Krafcik ............. .............................. .......................... .... 63 A Highway man' s Life: Extant Documents About Janosfk Martin Votruba .. ..... .... .......... ............ .. ............. ... .. ...... ................... 81 The I 988 Pilgrimage at Velehrad : Slovak Catholics and the Creation of a Public Space David Doe/linger ......................... ......................... ................ ......... 99 REVIEW ESSAYS Subcarpathian Rus' and the New Slovak Historiography Paul Robert Magocsi ....................... .................. ................. ......... 119 Zbornfk Filozofickej fakulty Univerzity Komenskeho, PHILOLOGICA LX Jan Simko ..... ............ .. ............................. .. ...... ... ...... ............... ..... 123 4 SLOVAKIA REVIEWS Jan Steinhtibel, Nitriansk e knieiatstvo M. Mark Stolarik ................................ .... .. .... ... ... .................... ..... 131 Dusan Kovac et. al. , Na zaciatku storocia, 1901-1 914 Gregory C. Ference ....... .... ................ .................. .... .................... 132 Ivan A. Petransky, Stat a katolfcka cirkev na Slovensku, 1945- 1946 Jam es Ram on Pelak ............ ...................... ............... .............. ...... 134 Anton Hykisch, Ak o chutf politika Marcel Jesenskf ............. .............. .......... .... ..... ... ........ ................ . 136 Jan Rychlik, R ozpad Ceskoslovenska Jura} Hocman ........ ......... ....... ................................... ....... ..... .. ...... 138 Contributors ........ ............. ...... ....... .... .... ...... ... ................... .... .............. 14 1 Guidelines for Manuscripts ........... ........................ .. .......... ................. 143 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 39 (No. 72-73) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/7f68aa3b3ab73fc5174bfe9403bf490f.pdf 44843f16862ee9fedbfe590bc127c54e PDF Text Text VOL . IV MARCH 1954 NO. 1 (10) IN THiJS ISSUE: SLOVAKIA'S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. PUBLIC LAW IN CZECHO-SLOVAKIA AFTER 1945 AMERICAN SLOVAKS AND MARCH 14, 1939 HISTORICAL TRUTH AND FALSE LEGENDS THE FIFTEENTH ANNIVERSARY OF SLOVAKIA' S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE MILAN RASTISLAV STEF.ANIK SLOVAK FOLKLORE: GOLDILOCKS DR. STE PH EN OSUSKY AND THE SLOVAKS CASTLES OF S L OVAKIA : LIETAVA WHITE MOUNTAIN - HISTORICAL FORGERY WHO SAID I T? -- PP. 16, 32, 54, 59, 64 . . Edit ed a nd co mpile d by PHILIP A . HROBAK Published by T H E SLOVA K LE A GUE OF AMERICA �SLOV AKlA is µublished periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The chief purpose of SLOV AKI.A 1s to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and independence. As Americans, members of the Slovak League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per year in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to : SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown. Pa. �SLOV AKIA Publ ish ed V OL. IV q ua rterly by th e S lov a k MARCH 1954 With this issu e SLOVAKIA is beginning its tounth year. Thus far it has appeared ten times: twice the first year, three the next, four times in 1Jl53, and once this year. The total number of issues ap·pears parentheticalliy on the cover alongside the current number. DR. HUBERT RIPKA , one of the leading lights of the so-called "Counci l of Free Czechoslovakia" and former member oJ' the Communist-dominated "Nation al Front " government o.f Benes and Gottwald, is all fury, because a certain Senate sub-Commiittee had dared to call him to Washington for qu estioning. His lamentations are published by the " New Yorkske Listy" in Czech and the " New Yorksky Dennik" in Slovak, the very sheets which just some years back featured edito.rials 1by such Red worthies as llja Ehrenburg, Zdenek NejedJy, Dezider Benau, Elo Sandor, Joseph S oltesz, Vlado Clemerutiis, Karol Schmidke, ·Alex 'Bogomolov, Gustav Husak, Ladislav Novomesky, Rudolph Slansky, Marek CuJen, A. Hoffineister, Karel Leitner, etc., etc. Ripka certain· ly -h as the connections - and has had them in tbe past. He a lone is responsible for them, and especially for his actions. JAMES B. CAREY, secretarytreasurer of the Gl'O, took UJP the caus-e of Mr. Rirpka and wrote a letiter to Vice-,President Richard Nixon, a.ocusing Senator Herman Welker oJ' smearing the Czeclls organized in the "Council of Free Czechoslovakia," especially Dr. Hwbert Ripka, former Minister L ea gue of Americ a NO. 1 ( 10) of Fore i,g n Trade in the BenesGottwald regime. What made Mr. Carey, one of the leading figures of a great Labor organization, exipose his neck and embarrass the CIO for a man like Ripka about whom he knew littl e or nothing_ It is obvious that Ripka has connections; s ome one c lose to Carey and the CLO, pro!balbly a representative of some international labor outfit, used his infmence. On e of the " A ces" of the Czech National Soci alists of 'Dr. Edward Benes, Ripka o,penly admits that he collaborated with the C-ze-ch Reds of Czecho-Slovakia and the Soviet Union. but he deeply resen ts bein.g questioned on it by any congressional committee, or anyone else. Of course, there are many people who, for obvious reasons, resent being questioned today. If any of our readers, and especially members of our Congress and the Executive branch of our Government are interested in knowing just how Mr. Ripka felt about the Soviet Union. we recommend that they read Ripka's "EAST AND WESff" (Lincolns..Prage.r Ltd., iLondon, 19,44). An avowed Communist could hardly have given the USSR a 1better plug! THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR A FREE EUROPE, which sponsors Radio Free Europe and other ,projects, took Ripka and other Czech 'Socialists in s01Veral years ago. ff/he NlOFE Is supposed to operate on the money contr~buted by Ameri cans during the annual "Crus.a de for Freedoon" drives; and it has 1the blessing �SLOVAKIA 2 of our State Department. Why did the NCFE use this money to pay Czech 1Socialis-ts, who were members o.f the Communistdominatoo Ben-e.s•Gottr.vald gove r n m e n t of Czecho..Slovakia, when Ameri-cans contriJburtie<l the money to fight Communism? Another "GzechoslQlVak" hoax? Or is the N0FE itself a socialist venture? The people who voluntariJy contrilbute money to the Crusad,e for Freed,om ha,ve a right to ask ,that question. It's time we knew who and what rnake.s the NOFE tick. JOHN HVASTA, ex-GI, who es,c aped from 1Czecho..Slovakia some time ago and returned home recently, is of SLOVAK parentage. Willen he -escaped fro m prison he hid out in Slovakia with various Slovak families, not with Czech or ''Czechoslovak" peo,ple. The Czechs ar,e not Slovaks, and 1\!he Slovaks are not Czechs. Let's keep the records straight. " GET McCARTH Y N OW !" seems to be th,e new 1,h,eme song of the DAILY WORKIDR and even others who call themselves Aimerican.s but" are dds:satiSifioo with 1the Senator's methods in ferretting out \Reds and 1>roSoviets in Government and govel"hmental agencies. But it reailly is ,nothing new, •exicept that it mighb 1be a new version oif an old Red theme: stop any one and every one wlho dares to investigate Reds and pro,Soviets ! The fact, ,however, remains that Communist agents in ,g overnment still 1>resent ·a definite d,anger. We .s hould spare no effort to unmask and eliminate them without regard for the pel.'sonal and political stock of any individual. The welfare and security of America oversha,dows all parties, all individuals, all political ofifices. McCarthy is doing the jo'b he was assigned to do, is doing it conscientiously a,nd as well as mi,g ht be exipected under the circumstances, He, tlh-er€<fore, deserves help from all parties and individuals primarily interested in the welfare and security of our c ountry. Let's not lose sight of the main issue. CZECHS and so-ea ll ed " Czech oslova ks" (Slovak renegades in the pay O'f the Czechs) celebrated Masaryk Day March Hh. Slovaks, how ever, did not; they remember Masaryk as the man who broke faiith with the Slo:r,1k nation, -wh-en he repudiated the Pitt~bu11gh Pa;ct of May 30, 1918, W'.hich he drafted and signed to gain the Slovaks in AmeTica for the establishment · of a oommon Czecho..Slovak State. T. G. Masaryk !belongs to 11lhe "progressive" Ozechs, who call ,th,e,mselves the nation of Masaryk, Hus and Zi~ka - some· thing the Slovaks never were, nor shall •be. And they can have a ll of him. March 14th marked the fif. teenth anniversary O'f the procla• mation of the ind®eindence of Slovakia. It was on Mareh 14, 1939, that the duly elected re1>· resentaitives of the S,lovak· nation unanimously declared :their country an independent R•e11mb1ic. Slovaks everywhere comm emorate March 14 as one of tne great milestones in their history. Their struggle for freooom and ind& 'J}endence is without .parallel. Through no rfault of their own they were lbetrayed to the Reds and the Kremlin in 194'5, but are determined to !fight to the last man for the most precious of all God's gifts: freedom. � VOL . IV MARCH 1954 NO. 1 (10) IN THiJS ISSUE: SLOVAKIA'S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. PUBLIC LAW IN CZECHO-SLOVAKIA AFTER 1945 AMERICAN SLOVAKS AND MARCH 14, 1939 HISTORICAL TRUTH AND FALSE LEGENDS THE FIFTEENTH ANNIVERSARY OF SLOVAKIA' S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE MILAN RASTISLAV STEF.ANIK SLOVAK FOLKLORE: GOLDILOCKS DR. STE PH EN OSUSKY AND THE SLOVAKS CASTLES OF S L OVAKIA : LIETAVA WHITE MOUNTAIN - HISTORICAL FORGERY WHO SAID I T? -- PP. 16, 32, 54, 59, 64 . . Edit ed a nd co mpile d by PHILIP A . HROBAK Published by T H E SLOVA K LE A GUE OF AMERICA �SLOV AKlA is µublished periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The chief purpose of SLOV AKI.A 1s to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and independence. As Americans, members of the Slovak League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per year in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to : SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown. Pa. �SLOV AKIA Publ ish ed V OL. IV q ua rterly by th e S lov a k MARCH 1954 With this issu e SLOVAKIA is beginning its tounth year. Thus far it has appeared ten times: twice the first year, three the next, four times in 1Jl53, and once this year. The total number of issues ap·pears parentheticalliy on the cover alongside the current number. DR. HUBERT RIPKA , one of the leading lights of the so-called "Counci l of Free Czechoslovakia" and former member oJ' the Communist-dominated "Nation al Front " government o.f Benes and Gottwald, is all fury, because a certain Senate sub-Commiittee had dared to call him to Washington for qu estioning. His lamentations are published by the " New Yorkske Listy" in Czech and the " New Yorksky Dennik" in Slovak, the very sheets which just some years back featured edito.rials 1by such Red worthies as llja Ehrenburg, Zdenek NejedJy, Dezider Benau, Elo Sandor, Joseph S oltesz, Vlado Clemerutiis, Karol Schmidke, ·Alex 'Bogomolov, Gustav Husak, Ladislav Novomesky, Rudolph Slansky, Marek CuJen, A. Hoffineister, Karel Leitner, etc., etc. Ripka certain· ly -h as the connections - and has had them in tbe past. He a lone is responsible for them, and especially for his actions. JAMES B. CAREY, secretarytreasurer of the Gl'O, took UJP the caus-e of Mr. Rirpka and wrote a letiter to Vice-,President Richard Nixon, a.ocusing Senator Herman Welker oJ' smearing the Czeclls organized in the "Council of Free Czechoslovakia," especially Dr. Hwbert Ripka, former Minister L ea gue of Americ a NO. 1 ( 10) of Fore i,g n Trade in the BenesGottwald regime. What made Mr. Carey, one of the leading figures of a great Labor organization, exipose his neck and embarrass the CIO for a man like Ripka about whom he knew littl e or nothing_ It is obvious that Ripka has connections; s ome one c lose to Carey and the CLO, pro!balbly a representative of some international labor outfit, used his infmence. On e of the " A ces" of the Czech National Soci alists of 'Dr. Edward Benes, Ripka o,penly admits that he collaborated with the C-ze-ch Reds of Czecho-Slovakia and the Soviet Union. but he deeply resen ts bein.g questioned on it by any congressional committee, or anyone else. Of course, there are many people who, for obvious reasons, resent being questioned today. If any of our readers, and especially members of our Congress and the Executive branch of our Government are interested in knowing just how Mr. Ripka felt about the Soviet Union. we recommend that they read Ripka's "EAST AND WESff" (Lincolns..Prage.r Ltd., iLondon, 19,44). An avowed Communist could hardly have given the USSR a 1better plug! THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR A FREE EUROPE, which sponsors Radio Free Europe and other ,projects, took Ripka and other Czech 'Socialists in s01Veral years ago. ff/he NlOFE Is supposed to operate on the money contr~buted by Ameri cans during the annual "Crus.a de for Freedoon" drives; and it has 1the blessing �SLOVAKIA 2 of our State Department. Why did the NCFE use this money to pay Czech 1Socialis-ts, who were members o.f the Communistdominatoo Ben-e.s•Gottr.vald gove r n m e n t of Czecho..Slovakia, when Ameri-cans contriJburtie<l the money to fight Communism? Another "GzechoslQlVak" hoax? Or is the N0FE itself a socialist venture? The people who voluntariJy contrilbute money to the Crusad,e for Freed,om ha,ve a right to ask ,that question. It's time we knew who and what rnake.s the NOFE tick. JOHN HVASTA, ex-GI, who es,c aped from 1Czecho..Slovakia some time ago and returned home recently, is of SLOVAK parentage. Willen he -escaped fro m prison he hid out in Slovakia with various Slovak families, not with Czech or ''Czechoslovak" peo,ple. The Czechs ar,e not Slovaks, and 1\!he Slovaks are not Czechs. Let's keep the records straight. " GET McCARTH Y N OW !" seems to be th,e new 1,h,eme song of the DAILY WORKIDR and even others who call themselves Aimerican.s but" are dds:satiSifioo with 1the Senator's methods in ferretting out \Reds and 1>roSoviets in Government and govel"hmental agencies. But it reailly is ,nothing new, •exicept that it mighb 1be a new version oif an old Red theme: stop any one and every one wlho dares to investigate Reds and pro,Soviets ! The fact, ,however, remains that Communist agents in ,g overnment still 1>resent ·a definite d,anger. We .s hould spare no effort to unmask and eliminate them without regard for the pel.'sonal and political stock of any individual. The welfare and security of America oversha,dows all parties, all individuals, all political ofifices. McCarthy is doing the jo'b he was assigned to do, is doing it conscientiously a,nd as well as mi,g ht be exipected under the circumstances, He, tlh-er€<fore, deserves help from all parties and individuals primarily interested in the welfare and security of our c ountry. Let's not lose sight of the main issue. CZECHS and so-ea ll ed " Czech oslova ks" (Slovak renegades in the pay O'f the Czechs) celebrated Masaryk Day March Hh. Slovaks, how ever, did not; they remember Masaryk as the man who broke faiith with the Slo:r,1k nation, -wh-en he repudiated the Pitt~bu11gh Pa;ct of May 30, 1918, W'.hich he drafted and signed to gain the Slovaks in AmeTica for the establishment · of a oommon Czecho..Slovak State. T. G. Masaryk !belongs to 11lhe "progressive" Ozechs, who call ,th,e,mselves the nation of Masaryk, Hus and Zi~ka - some· thing the Slovaks never were, nor shall •be. And they can have a ll of him. March 14th marked the fif. teenth anniversary O'f the procla• mation of the ind®eindence of Slovakia. It was on Mareh 14, 1939, that the duly elected re1>· resentaitives of the S,lovak· nation unanimously declared :their country an independent R•e11mb1ic. Slovaks everywhere comm emorate March 14 as one of tne great milestones in their history. Their struggle for freooom and ind& 'J}endence is without .parallel. Through no rfault of their own they were lbetrayed to the Reds and the Kremlin in 194'5, but are determined to !fight to the last man for the most precious of all God's gifts: freedom. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1954, Vol. 4 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 1 (No. 10), March 1954.</li> <li>Issue 2 (No. 11), June 1954.</li> <li>Issue 3-4 (No. 12-13), Sept.-Dec. 1954.</li> </ul> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document VOL . IV MARCH 1954 NO. 1 (10) IN THiJS ISSUE: SLOVAKIA'S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. PUBLIC LAW IN CZECHO-SLOVAKIA AFTER 1945 AMERICAN SLOVAKS AND MARCH 14, 1939 HISTORICAL TRUTH AND FALSE LEGENDS THE FIFTEENTH ANNIVERSARY OF SLOVAKIA' S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE MILAN RASTISLAV STEF.ANIK SLOVAK FOLKLORE: GOLDILOCKS DR. STE PH EN OSUSKY AND THE SLOVAKS CASTLES OF S L OVAKIA : LIETAVA WHITE MOUNTAIN - HISTORICAL FORGERY WHO SAID I T? -- PP. 16, 32, 54, 59, 64 . . Edit ed a nd co mpile d by PHILIP A . HROBAK Published by T H E SLOVA K LE A GUE OF AMERICA SLOV AKlA is µublished periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The chief purpose of SLOV AKI.A 1s to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and independence. As Americans, members of the Slovak League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per year in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to : SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U. S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown. Pa. SLOV AKIA Publ ish ed V OL. IV q ua rterly by th e S lov a k MARCH 1954 With this issu e SLOVAKIA is beginning its tounth year. Thus far it has appeared ten times: twice the first year, three the next, four times in 1Jl53, and once this year. The total number of issues ap·pears parentheticalliy on the cover alongside the current number. DR. HUBERT RIPKA , one of the leading lights of the so-called "Counci l of Free Czechoslovakia" and former member oJ' the Communist-dominated "Nation al Front " government o.f Benes and Gottwald, is all fury, because a certain Senate sub-Commiittee had dared to call him to Washington for qu estioning. His lamentations are published by the " New Yorkske Listy" in Czech and the " New Yorksky Dennik" in Slovak, the very sheets which just some years back featured edito.rials 1by such Red worthies as llja Ehrenburg, Zdenek NejedJy, Dezider Benau, Elo Sandor, Joseph S oltesz, Vlado Clemerutiis, Karol Schmidke, ·Alex 'Bogomolov, Gustav Husak, Ladislav Novomesky, Rudolph Slansky, Marek CuJen, A. Hoffineister, Karel Leitner, etc., etc. Ripka certain· ly -h as the connections - and has had them in tbe past. He a lone is responsible for them, and especially for his actions. JAMES B. CAREY, secretarytreasurer of the Gl'O, took UJP the caus-e of Mr. Rirpka and wrote a letiter to Vice-,President Richard Nixon, a.ocusing Senator Herman Welker oJ' smearing the Czeclls organized in the "Council of Free Czechoslovakia," especially Dr. Hwbert Ripka, former Minister L ea gue of Americ a NO. 1 ( 10) of Fore i,g n Trade in the BenesGottwald regime. What made Mr. Carey, one of the leading figures of a great Labor organization, exipose his neck and embarrass the CIO for a man like Ripka about whom he knew littl e or nothing_ It is obvious that Ripka has connections; s ome one c lose to Carey and the CLO, pro!balbly a representative of some international labor outfit, used his infmence. On e of the " A ces" of the Czech National Soci alists of 'Dr. Edward Benes, Ripka o,penly admits that he collaborated with the C-ze-ch Reds of Czecho-Slovakia and the Soviet Union. but he deeply resen ts bein.g questioned on it by any congressional committee, or anyone else. Of course, there are many people who, for obvious reasons, resent being questioned today. If any of our readers, and especially members of our Congress and the Executive branch of our Government are interested in knowing just how Mr. Ripka felt about the Soviet Union. we recommend that they read Ripka's "EAST AND WESff" (Lincolns..Prage.r Ltd., iLondon, 19,44). An avowed Communist could hardly have given the USSR a 1better plug! THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR A FREE EUROPE, which sponsors Radio Free Europe and other ,projects, took Ripka and other Czech 'Socialists in s01Veral years ago. ff/he NlOFE Is supposed to operate on the money contr~buted by Ameri cans during the annual "Crus.a de for Freedoon" drives; and it has 1the blessing SLOVAKIA 2 of our State Department. Why did the NCFE use this money to pay Czech 1Socialis-ts, who were members o.f the Communistdominatoo Ben-e.s•Gottr.vald gove r n m e n t of Czecho..Slovakia, when Ameri-cans contriJburtie<l the money to fight Communism? Another "GzechoslQlVak" hoax? Or is the N0FE itself a socialist venture? The people who voluntariJy contrilbute money to the Crusad,e for Freed,om ha,ve a right to ask ,that question. It's time we knew who and what rnake.s the NOFE tick. JOHN HVASTA, ex-GI, who es,c aped from 1Czecho..Slovakia some time ago and returned home recently, is of SLOVAK parentage. Willen he -escaped fro m prison he hid out in Slovakia with various Slovak families, not with Czech or ''Czechoslovak" peo,ple. The Czechs ar,e not Slovaks, and 1\!he Slovaks are not Czechs. Let's keep the records straight. " GET McCARTH Y N OW !" seems to be th,e new 1,h,eme song of the DAILY WORKIDR and even others who call themselves Aimerican.s but" are dds:satiSifioo with 1the Senator's methods in ferretting out \Reds and 1>roSoviets in Government and govel"hmental agencies. But it reailly is ,nothing new, •exicept that it mighb 1be a new version oif an old Red theme: stop any one and every one wlho dares to investigate Reds and pro,Soviets ! The fact, ,however, remains that Communist agents in ,g overnment still 1>resent ·a definite d,anger. We .s hould spare no effort to unmask and eliminate them without regard for the pel.'sonal and political stock of any individual. The welfare and security of America oversha,dows all parties, all individuals, all political ofifices. McCarthy is doing the jo'b he was assigned to do, is doing it conscientiously a,nd as well as mi,g ht be exipected under the circumstances, He, tlh-er€<fore, deserves help from all parties and individuals primarily interested in the welfare and security of our c ountry. Let's not lose sight of the main issue. CZECHS and so-ea ll ed " Czech oslova ks" (Slovak renegades in the pay O'f the Czechs) celebrated Masaryk Day March Hh. Slovaks, how ever, did not; they remember Masaryk as the man who broke faiith with the Slo:r,1k nation, -wh-en he repudiated the Pitt~bu11gh Pa;ct of May 30, 1918, W'.hich he drafted and signed to gain the Slovaks in AmeTica for the establishment · of a oommon Czecho..Slovak State. T. G. Masaryk !belongs to 11lhe "progressive" Ozechs, who call ,th,e,mselves the nation of Masaryk, Hus and Zi~ka - some· thing the Slovaks never were, nor shall •be. And they can have a ll of him. March 14th marked the fif. teenth anniversary O'f the procla• mation of the ind®eindence of Slovakia. It was on Mareh 14, 1939, that the duly elected re1>· resentaitives of the S,lovak· nation unanimously declared :their country an independent R•e11mb1ic. Slovaks everywhere comm emorate March 14 as one of tne great milestones in their history. Their struggle for freooom and ind& 'J}endence is without .parallel. Through no rfault of their own they were lbetrayed to the Reds and the Kremlin in 194'5, but are determined to !fight to the last man for the most precious of all God's gifts: freedom.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 4, No. 1 (10) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 1954 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/49c22a933a41fb6c35fc24890b895dd2.pdf 1d665ed688c0f104a1b3b9d37fb8d66d PDF Text Text VOL. IV JUNE ,1954 NO. 2 (11i IN TillS ISSUE: Tf;IE CA§E OF DR. HUBERT RIPKA AND COMPANY .r-; . ·,:p·,:,cASTLES OF SLOVAKIA: I f" . ..... LIKAVA f LIBERATI .O N - INDEPENDENCE - I FEDERATION ,- ' I Y'/AS AN OFFICER IN THE CZECHO-SLOVAK ARMY THE SLOVAK STATE AND CENTRAL EUROPE DECL.:ARATION - NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF SLOVAKS ADDRE•SS OF, PH I LIP A. H ROBAK MARCH 14 - SLOVAK INDEPENDENCE DAY THE SLOVAKS AND KING SAMO'S EMPIRE WHO SAID IT ? - * * P. 64 * Edited and compile.d by PHILIP A. HROBAK Published by · THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA �SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The chief purpose of SLOVAKIA ts to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and independence. As Americans, members of the Slovak League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per year in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to: SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U.S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown , Pa . �SLOVAKIA, Published quarter ly by the Slova k VO L. IV JU N E 1954 DR. HUBERT RIPKA, one of the founders of tlhe so-called " Coun c il of F r ee Czechoslovaki a," and former mem1ber of the Communist-dmninated "Nation a 1 Fron.t" government of Benes and Gottwald, tried hard to e."plain a.way his coilla'boraJtion wHh the Reds of his country and wi-th Moscow in a s·e ries of articles pUJblished -in the NEW YORESKY DENINiK, last March (March 1226, 19'54). His record, however, stands. To our readers we recommend Ripka's book "EAISl'l' ANiD WEST" (London, 1944) so that they might see just :hO<W Mr. Ripk,a and otJher Bene.s Czechs fought Communism at home and aJbroad . Since the book is no:t easy to get, the s ,LOV!A.K NEWS· LElT'DER, might serve the pul'lpose, since it has -published lerugthy quotations from it since Miairch, 1954. Copies gf .the NiIDWSLETTER are still available for those who wish t hem. Send 25 cents to SLOVAKIA to pay for the cost of handling and postage. DR. FEDOR HODZA, son of the Ia te premier of Czecho,S!ova:kia, s igned the letter protesting " forced I·a:bor" which was published- in the NEW YORK TIIM ES, April 8, 1954. He signed it as a member of ithe "'Steering Committee, Council of Free Czechosfovakia." With the contents of the · letter prnbaib ly we could all agree, but was no.t the same Hodza, as were other Czecll politicians now organized in the "Council of Free Ozechoslovakia," a member of the ''National Front As semibly in Pra.g ue whiC1h Leag ue of Ame rica N O. 2 (1 1) ,p ;assed Law No. 88, the Compulsory LaJbor Decree, October 1, 19'45? Furthermore, ·w e und erstand that Hodza declared in tlie Prague Assembly on No·vembe.r 14, 1945, that ,hifs ,>arty (The Let. 'trLch "democrats") " unreservedly accepts its slb.are of resipon·s ibility for esta,blislhing complete co ntrol by the State of aJl! productive laibor." Would he no,w want us to 'b elieve .that he and his poli<ti,cal f,riend.s were not aware of the fact that s lave or forced la bor oa,mps did exist in Czecho-Slova. kia when they ruled that country together? Well !· "CZECHOSLOVAKISM AME,RICANIS M" a v ersus 48-page expose of the pro-Soviet " N•a tional Fronters" in the so-caBe.d ",Council of Free Czecllosiovakia" - Slhould be read by ever:9" one seeking the ansrwer to the question why "Czechosloviak demo craoy" converted so ea:shly to a R ed ·"people's denioc-i,a,cy." Send 25 ce nts in sta1I11Ps or coin and your co1py will •be se nt promptly. MORE THAN FORTY Catholic priests were arrested last M,arch by the Communist authorities in Slovakia in the wake of "illegal" celeibrations comm emorating the 1'5th anniversary of the proclamation of Slovakia's independence, according to rep'Or:ts · from Vienna. T<he .priests were arres.ted for off.erirug "unlta.wful" Masses a,nd paying tribute to Dr. Josepih Tiso, first .president of independent Slovakia, who •was hanged in 194,7 by Vhe Benes-Gottwald regime. ·'I1housands of Slovaks were �2 SLOVAKli questioned and detained by the · ,security police for takin-g par.t in "illegal" independence demonstra. tions. The spirit of freedom and independence lives on in Slovakia! DR. HUBERT RIPKA, promoter of the pro,Soviet policy of the Czech National ,SO!cialdsts (the Czech Naz'is) and author of the "we-must-colla:boraite-wti.th-1:!he U. S. S. R. book EAJST AND WEST (London, 1944), received a ho,t reception from ,the Chtca:go Czechs the evening of May 10th. Police were called in to quell the distunbance when Rilpka ma.de his ,a p;pearance to lecture. -Pic<kets barred RLpka's entrance to a. lecture hall and one. of them even l:Yanged Ri pka over the head wit,h a po!>ter he was carirying. The Czechs are finalcy- 1beginning .to s-e parate tJhe chaff from the wheat. 1 TISO DAY, April 18:th, was reverently ·c ommemorated by true Slovaks everywhere, Americans of Slovak descent includ•e d. Dr. Joseph Tiso, .president of the Slovak Repub1ic (19.39-19145), was murdered April 18, 1'947, by the Communist-do:mina:ted "National Front" gove.rnment of the iBenesGottw'a.ld coalition. Tiso grows in s,tature with the passing years and hi s memory lives on in the hearts of •Slovaks every,w'here. Con•g ress. Brom'inent American •personalities are g,radwally learning the. awful trutih about the po1i tical me.ss that wa;s Czecho-Slova:kia ,a nd the peoJ.}le directly and indirectly resJ.}ons~ble for the sellOLLt of the Czech and Slov01k nations ,to the USSR It is especially gratifying th-at responsible people in Go.v e;rnment a.re finially le.arning to distinguish ,Slova/ks from Czechs. 'l'he stirr.i ng and inspiring mess,a ges of President Eisenhower, V. P. Richard Nixon, S-ec retary of S·tate John Foster Dulles, were well received and ,aJ.)pfauded lustily. BOL•SHEVISM s.till devours its own cb1ldren. Last April, five leading Slovak Reas Husak, HorvaJth, Oka.Li, Holdos and Novomes•ky - were given sentences of ten years to life for "cons·piring aga inst tJhe integrity of the State." The Czech Reds are sup11eme rulers in Czecho-Slovakia, but even they do not know whose ,h eau wHl lbe on the block next. JOH,N HVASTA, American citizen of Slovak descent, Hillside, N. J ., told the story of his ar-r est and escape from Red Cze.cho:SilOIV'akiia In the. SA'DtJIR'OA'Y EVE. NIING POST (May 15•22, 1~&4) . Hva,sta expects to have a book pUJblislhed 'before .the end of the year. 1 Sl •S TER THE NAT1IOiNAL CONFER- ENCE of Americans of Silovak Descent, sponsored by the. Slovak League of America, in WaSihington, D. C.. May 24-25, 19'54, was attended ,b y some 1,3,5 delegates from pra-ctically all parts of .A:merica settled 'b y the Slova:ks and some 50 honored guests, wlhich included three senators and 32 representatives of the U. S. MAKARIA BARATH, a Slovak nun -w ho fled tJhe Communists in Czecho•Slovwkia, told the story of her underground rwor.k .anu the success of her flight in LI•F E mwg,azine, May 17, 19,54. The niun esca-ped from Slovakia in 195.2, spent the next .two yeiars in Ba..varia and arrived in 'New York last February_ She aame to · PihiJ.adelphia for a brief visit June Nth. �SLOVAKIA THE SLOVAKS aire not taking to Marxist sociaUsm quickly enough, so the Czech Reds of Prague held new elections to local "national" committees in Sfovakia M.ay l&tlh. Zaipotoeky, Red Czech president, asked to have the "1b est" citizens elected, and the "!best" of the wornit that could be .found were elected. Poor SlovakJa! MR. JOHN PAPI\NEK, former Czecho-Slovak delegate to the UN, writes the column "From the United Nations" Wihich appears in the Ozech "progres,s ive" papers and the NEW YORK'8KY DillNN1K, the Czechosfovak daHy pu,blislhed in. Slovak lan'g uage"(!). Pa,panek now tells ho,w Communists might be stop,ped or weak• ened, but he does not want to be asked how he vote·d on various issues, ru· why he voted with the U SISR, when a delegate of Mr. Benes to the U.N. Papanek might make his stories a 1bit shorter and more to the point ,b y saying: Beihold, hmv I promoted Dr. Benes's ,pro-iSoviet ,p olicy and backed tlhe Red-s in the U.N. by voting wi•th them - now, I, Pa• panek, admit that is not the w,a y to stop or wea,ken Communist'S. Or is confession no longer good for the soul? HAVE YOU READ "This is .Slovakia" by Dr. F,rancis Hrusovs ky, eminent Slovalk historian? If not, do so at your earliest convenience. You ,oan order your COPf, , trom SWVAKIA only $1.0(). THE "MATICA SLOV,ENSKA" (Slovak Institute) is no more. The famous cultural institution of learning was outlawed by decree of the Slovak National Coun- 3 cil on April 27th. T,he Matica 1b,ui:lding is now a lilbra;ry. The diS1Solution of the institution wias expected since ·t he Reds estrublished tlhe "Slovak Academy of Sciences" la.st year whiclb. allegedly took over mos.t of the func. tions of the Mtatica, the guardian of Slovak national and cultural traditions. "MOST" (Brid,ge), quarterly for <Slovak culture, estaJbliSihed in 1953, contains many noteworthy contri,b utions of Slovak intellec·tuals. We recomemnd it to a:11 our readers who C'an read Slovak. Issue No. 3 has just come off the press. 'I1he quarterly is edited by Rev. Niooolas Sprinc of the Slovak Benedictine High School, Cleveland, Ohio. You can have 'IMOST" for five dollars per annum. Send subscriptions to: MOST, 2006 Slchrage Avenue, Whiting, Ind. "DR. JOZEF T,IISO O SEBE" (Dr. Joseph Tiso .Aibout Himself) is the title of a book p,ulblished by the Slovak Catholic Sokol Press, Passaic, N. J. It was authored by Dr. Joseph Pauco, Middle.t01Wn. Pa., former editor of the S100VAK, the largest Slovak daily in Slovakia during tlhe war years. T-h e speech of Dr. Tiso, president of the Slovak Republic (19,39-1945), made in !his own defense at the conclusion of his trial in 1-94'7, lasting eleven full hours, forms the contents of the book. EX:planatory notes are supplied by Dr. Pauco, who prepared the speech for puiblic.ation. We ,heartily recommend it to the readers of Slovakiia who have a reading ·knowle<lgi'l of Slovak. You can get a copy by sending $1.50 to : Dr. Joseph Pauco, 114 N. U nion Street, Middletown, Pa. � VOL. IV JUNE ,1954 NO. 2 (11i IN TillS ISSUE: Tf;IE CA§E OF DR. HUBERT RIPKA AND COMPANY .r-; . ·,:p·,:,cASTLES OF SLOVAKIA: I f" . ..... LIKAVA f LIBERATI .O N - INDEPENDENCE - I FEDERATION ,- ' I Y'/AS AN OFFICER IN THE CZECHO-SLOVAK ARMY THE SLOVAK STATE AND CENTRAL EUROPE DECL.:ARATION - NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF SLOVAKS ADDRE•SS OF, PH I LIP A. H ROBAK MARCH 14 - SLOVAK INDEPENDENCE DAY THE SLOVAKS AND KING SAMO'S EMPIRE WHO SAID IT ? - * * P. 64 * Edited and compile.d by PHILIP A. HROBAK Published by · THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA �SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The chief purpose of SLOVAKIA ts to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and independence. As Americans, members of the Slovak League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per year in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to: SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U.S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown , Pa . �SLOVAKIA, Published quarter ly by the Slova k VO L. IV JU N E 1954 DR. HUBERT RIPKA, one of the founders of tlhe so-called " Coun c il of F r ee Czechoslovaki a," and former mem1ber of the Communist-dmninated "Nation a 1 Fron.t" government of Benes and Gottwald, tried hard to e."plain a.way his coilla'boraJtion wHh the Reds of his country and wi-th Moscow in a s·e ries of articles pUJblished -in the NEW YORESKY DENINiK, last March (March 1226, 19'54). His record, however, stands. To our readers we recommend Ripka's book "EAISl'l' ANiD WEST" (London, 1944) so that they might see just :hO<W Mr. Ripk,a and otJher Bene.s Czechs fought Communism at home and aJbroad . Since the book is no:t easy to get, the s ,LOV!A.K NEWS· LElT'DER, might serve the pul'lpose, since it has -published lerugthy quotations from it since Miairch, 1954. Copies gf .the NiIDWSLETTER are still available for those who wish t hem. Send 25 cents to SLOVAKIA to pay for the cost of handling and postage. DR. FEDOR HODZA, son of the Ia te premier of Czecho,S!ova:kia, s igned the letter protesting " forced I·a:bor" which was published- in the NEW YORK TIIM ES, April 8, 1954. He signed it as a member of ithe "'Steering Committee, Council of Free Czechosfovakia." With the contents of the · letter prnbaib ly we could all agree, but was no.t the same Hodza, as were other Czecll politicians now organized in the "Council of Free Ozechoslovakia," a member of the ''National Front As semibly in Pra.g ue whiC1h Leag ue of Ame rica N O. 2 (1 1) ,p ;assed Law No. 88, the Compulsory LaJbor Decree, October 1, 19'45? Furthermore, ·w e und erstand that Hodza declared in tlie Prague Assembly on No·vembe.r 14, 1945, that ,hifs ,>arty (The Let. 'trLch "democrats") " unreservedly accepts its slb.are of resipon·s ibility for esta,blislhing complete co ntrol by the State of aJl! productive laibor." Would he no,w want us to 'b elieve .that he and his poli<ti,cal f,riend.s were not aware of the fact that s lave or forced la bor oa,mps did exist in Czecho-Slova. kia when they ruled that country together? Well !· "CZECHOSLOVAKISM AME,RICANIS M" a v ersus 48-page expose of the pro-Soviet " N•a tional Fronters" in the so-caBe.d ",Council of Free Czecllosiovakia" - Slhould be read by ever:9" one seeking the ansrwer to the question why "Czechosloviak demo craoy" converted so ea:shly to a R ed ·"people's denioc-i,a,cy." Send 25 ce nts in sta1I11Ps or coin and your co1py will •be se nt promptly. MORE THAN FORTY Catholic priests were arrested last M,arch by the Communist authorities in Slovakia in the wake of "illegal" celeibrations comm emorating the 1'5th anniversary of the proclamation of Slovakia's independence, according to rep'Or:ts · from Vienna. T<he .priests were arres.ted for off.erirug "unlta.wful" Masses a,nd paying tribute to Dr. Josepih Tiso, first .president of independent Slovakia, who •was hanged in 194,7 by Vhe Benes-Gottwald regime. ·'I1housands of Slovaks were �2 SLOVAKli questioned and detained by the · ,security police for takin-g par.t in "illegal" independence demonstra. tions. The spirit of freedom and independence lives on in Slovakia! DR. HUBERT RIPKA, promoter of the pro,Soviet policy of the Czech National ,SO!cialdsts (the Czech Naz'is) and author of the "we-must-colla:boraite-wti.th-1:!he U. S. S. R. book EAJST AND WEST (London, 1944), received a ho,t reception from ,the Chtca:go Czechs the evening of May 10th. Police were called in to quell the distunbance when Rilpka ma.de his ,a p;pearance to lecture. -Pic<kets barred RLpka's entrance to a. lecture hall and one. of them even l:Yanged Ri pka over the head wit,h a po!>ter he was carirying. The Czechs are finalcy- 1beginning .to s-e parate tJhe chaff from the wheat. 1 TISO DAY, April 18:th, was reverently ·c ommemorated by true Slovaks everywhere, Americans of Slovak descent includ•e d. Dr. Joseph Tiso, .president of the Slovak Repub1ic (19.39-19145), was murdered April 18, 1'947, by the Communist-do:mina:ted "National Front" gove.rnment of the iBenesGottw'a.ld coalition. Tiso grows in s,tature with the passing years and hi s memory lives on in the hearts of •Slovaks every,w'here. Con•g ress. Brom'inent American •personalities are g,radwally learning the. awful trutih about the po1i tical me.ss that wa;s Czecho-Slova:kia ,a nd the peoJ.}le directly and indirectly resJ.}ons~ble for the sellOLLt of the Czech and Slov01k nations ,to the USSR It is especially gratifying th-at responsible people in Go.v e;rnment a.re finially le.arning to distinguish ,Slova/ks from Czechs. 'l'he stirr.i ng and inspiring mess,a ges of President Eisenhower, V. P. Richard Nixon, S-ec retary of S·tate John Foster Dulles, were well received and ,aJ.)pfauded lustily. BOL•SHEVISM s.till devours its own cb1ldren. Last April, five leading Slovak Reas Husak, HorvaJth, Oka.Li, Holdos and Novomes•ky - were given sentences of ten years to life for "cons·piring aga inst tJhe integrity of the State." The Czech Reds are sup11eme rulers in Czecho-Slovakia, but even they do not know whose ,h eau wHl lbe on the block next. JOH,N HVASTA, American citizen of Slovak descent, Hillside, N. J ., told the story of his ar-r est and escape from Red Cze.cho:SilOIV'akiia In the. SA'DtJIR'OA'Y EVE. NIING POST (May 15•22, 1~&4) . Hva,sta expects to have a book pUJblislhed 'before .the end of the year. 1 Sl •S TER THE NAT1IOiNAL CONFER- ENCE of Americans of Silovak Descent, sponsored by the. Slovak League of America, in WaSihington, D. C.. May 24-25, 19'54, was attended ,b y some 1,3,5 delegates from pra-ctically all parts of .A:merica settled 'b y the Slova:ks and some 50 honored guests, wlhich included three senators and 32 representatives of the U. S. MAKARIA BARATH, a Slovak nun -w ho fled tJhe Communists in Czecho•Slovwkia, told the story of her underground rwor.k .anu the success of her flight in LI•F E mwg,azine, May 17, 19,54. The niun esca-ped from Slovakia in 195.2, spent the next .two yeiars in Ba..varia and arrived in 'New York last February_ She aame to · PihiJ.adelphia for a brief visit June Nth. �SLOVAKIA THE SLOVAKS aire not taking to Marxist sociaUsm quickly enough, so the Czech Reds of Prague held new elections to local "national" committees in Sfovakia M.ay l&tlh. Zaipotoeky, Red Czech president, asked to have the "1b est" citizens elected, and the "!best" of the wornit that could be .found were elected. Poor SlovakJa! MR. JOHN PAPI\NEK, former Czecho-Slovak delegate to the UN, writes the column "From the United Nations" Wihich appears in the Ozech "progres,s ive" papers and the NEW YORK'8KY DillNN1K, the Czechosfovak daHy pu,blislhed in. Slovak lan'g uage"(!). Pa,panek now tells ho,w Communists might be stop,ped or weak• ened, but he does not want to be asked how he vote·d on various issues, ru· why he voted with the U SISR, when a delegate of Mr. Benes to the U.N. Papanek might make his stories a 1bit shorter and more to the point ,b y saying: Beihold, hmv I promoted Dr. Benes's ,pro-iSoviet ,p olicy and backed tlhe Red-s in the U.N. by voting wi•th them - now, I, Pa• panek, admit that is not the w,a y to stop or wea,ken Communist'S. Or is confession no longer good for the soul? HAVE YOU READ "This is .Slovakia" by Dr. F,rancis Hrusovs ky, eminent Slovalk historian? If not, do so at your earliest convenience. You ,oan order your COPf, , trom SWVAKIA only $1.0(). THE "MATICA SLOV,ENSKA" (Slovak Institute) is no more. The famous cultural institution of learning was outlawed by decree of the Slovak National Coun- 3 cil on April 27th. T,he Matica 1b,ui:lding is now a lilbra;ry. The diS1Solution of the institution wias expected since ·t he Reds estrublished tlhe "Slovak Academy of Sciences" la.st year whiclb. allegedly took over mos.t of the func. tions of the Mtatica, the guardian of Slovak national and cultural traditions. "MOST" (Brid,ge), quarterly for <Slovak culture, estaJbliSihed in 1953, contains many noteworthy contri,b utions of Slovak intellec·tuals. We recomemnd it to a:11 our readers who C'an read Slovak. Issue No. 3 has just come off the press. 'I1he quarterly is edited by Rev. Niooolas Sprinc of the Slovak Benedictine High School, Cleveland, Ohio. You can have 'IMOST" for five dollars per annum. Send subscriptions to: MOST, 2006 Slchrage Avenue, Whiting, Ind. "DR. JOZEF T,IISO O SEBE" (Dr. Joseph Tiso .Aibout Himself) is the title of a book p,ulblished by the Slovak Catholic Sokol Press, Passaic, N. J. It was authored by Dr. Joseph Pauco, Middle.t01Wn. Pa., former editor of the S100VAK, the largest Slovak daily in Slovakia during tlhe war years. T-h e speech of Dr. Tiso, president of the Slovak Republic (19,39-1945), made in !his own defense at the conclusion of his trial in 1-94'7, lasting eleven full hours, forms the contents of the book. EX:planatory notes are supplied by Dr. Pauco, who prepared the speech for puiblic.ation. We ,heartily recommend it to the readers of Slovakiia who have a reading ·knowle<lgi'l of Slovak. You can get a copy by sending $1.50 to : Dr. Joseph Pauco, 114 N. U nion Street, Middletown, Pa. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1954, Vol. 4 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 1 (No. 10), March 1954.</li> <li>Issue 2 (No. 11), June 1954.</li> <li>Issue 3-4 (No. 12-13), Sept.-Dec. 1954.</li> </ul> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document VOL. IV JUNE ,1954 NO. 2 (11i IN TillS ISSUE: Tf;IE CA§E OF DR. HUBERT RIPKA AND COMPANY .r-; . ·,:p·,:,cASTLES OF SLOVAKIA: I f" . ..... LIKAVA f LIBERATI .O N - INDEPENDENCE - I FEDERATION ,- ' I Y'/AS AN OFFICER IN THE CZECHO-SLOVAK ARMY THE SLOVAK STATE AND CENTRAL EUROPE DECL.:ARATION - NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF SLOVAKS ADDRE•SS OF, PH I LIP A. H ROBAK MARCH 14 - SLOVAK INDEPENDENCE DAY THE SLOVAKS AND KING SAMO'S EMPIRE WHO SAID IT ? - * * P. 64 * Edited and compile.d by PHILIP A. HROBAK Published by · THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the Slovak League of America, a cultural and civic federation of Americans of Slovak descent. The chief purpose of SLOVAKIA ts to promote a better understanding and appreciation of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedom and independence. As Americans, members of the Slovak League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of life, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarian political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per year in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to: SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U.S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown , Pa . SLOVAKIA, Published quarter ly by the Slova k VO L. IV JU N E 1954 DR. HUBERT RIPKA, one of the founders of tlhe so-called " Coun c il of F r ee Czechoslovaki a," and former mem1ber of the Communist-dmninated "Nation a 1 Fron.t" government of Benes and Gottwald, tried hard to e."plain a.way his coilla'boraJtion wHh the Reds of his country and wi-th Moscow in a s·e ries of articles pUJblished -in the NEW YORESKY DENINiK, last March (March 1226, 19'54). His record, however, stands. To our readers we recommend Ripka's book "EAISl'l' ANiD WEST" (London, 1944) so that they might see just :hO<W Mr. Ripk,a and otJher Bene.s Czechs fought Communism at home and aJbroad . Since the book is no:t easy to get, the s ,LOV!A.K NEWS· LElT'DER, might serve the pul'lpose, since it has -published lerugthy quotations from it since Miairch, 1954. Copies gf .the NiIDWSLETTER are still available for those who wish t hem. Send 25 cents to SLOVAKIA to pay for the cost of handling and postage. DR. FEDOR HODZA, son of the Ia te premier of Czecho,S!ova:kia, s igned the letter protesting " forced I·a:bor" which was published- in the NEW YORK TIIM ES, April 8, 1954. He signed it as a member of ithe "'Steering Committee, Council of Free Czechosfovakia." With the contents of the · letter prnbaib ly we could all agree, but was no.t the same Hodza, as were other Czecll politicians now organized in the "Council of Free Ozechoslovakia," a member of the ''National Front As semibly in Pra.g ue whiC1h Leag ue of Ame rica N O. 2 (1 1) ,p ;assed Law No. 88, the Compulsory LaJbor Decree, October 1, 19'45? Furthermore, ·w e und erstand that Hodza declared in tlie Prague Assembly on No·vembe.r 14, 1945, that ,hifs ,>arty (The Let. 'trLch "democrats") " unreservedly accepts its slb.are of resipon·s ibility for esta,blislhing complete co ntrol by the State of aJl! productive laibor." Would he no,w want us to 'b elieve .that he and his poli<ti,cal f,riend.s were not aware of the fact that s lave or forced la bor oa,mps did exist in Czecho-Slova. kia when they ruled that country together? Well !· "CZECHOSLOVAKISM AME,RICANIS M" a v ersus 48-page expose of the pro-Soviet " N•a tional Fronters" in the so-caBe.d ",Council of Free Czecllosiovakia" - Slhould be read by ever:9" one seeking the ansrwer to the question why "Czechosloviak demo craoy" converted so ea:shly to a R ed ·"people's denioc-i,a,cy." Send 25 ce nts in sta1I11Ps or coin and your co1py will •be se nt promptly. MORE THAN FORTY Catholic priests were arrested last M,arch by the Communist authorities in Slovakia in the wake of "illegal" celeibrations comm emorating the 1'5th anniversary of the proclamation of Slovakia's independence, according to rep'Or:ts · from Vienna. T<he .priests were arres.ted for off.erirug "unlta.wful" Masses a,nd paying tribute to Dr. Josepih Tiso, first .president of independent Slovakia, who •was hanged in 194,7 by Vhe Benes-Gottwald regime. ·'I1housands of Slovaks were 2 SLOVAKli questioned and detained by the · ,security police for takin-g par.t in "illegal" independence demonstra. tions. The spirit of freedom and independence lives on in Slovakia! DR. HUBERT RIPKA, promoter of the pro,Soviet policy of the Czech National ,SO!cialdsts (the Czech Naz'is) and author of the "we-must-colla:boraite-wti.th-1:!he U. S. S. R. book EAJST AND WEST (London, 1944), received a ho,t reception from ,the Chtca:go Czechs the evening of May 10th. Police were called in to quell the distunbance when Rilpka ma.de his ,a p;pearance to lecture. -Pic<kets barred RLpka's entrance to a. lecture hall and one. of them even l:Yanged Ri pka over the head wit,h a po!>ter he was carirying. The Czechs are finalcy- 1beginning .to s-e parate tJhe chaff from the wheat. 1 TISO DAY, April 18:th, was reverently ·c ommemorated by true Slovaks everywhere, Americans of Slovak descent includ•e d. Dr. Joseph Tiso, .president of the Slovak Repub1ic (19.39-19145), was murdered April 18, 1'947, by the Communist-do:mina:ted "National Front" gove.rnment of the iBenesGottw'a.ld coalition. Tiso grows in s,tature with the passing years and hi s memory lives on in the hearts of •Slovaks every,w'here. Con•g ress. Brom'inent American •personalities are g,radwally learning the. awful trutih about the po1i tical me.ss that wa;s Czecho-Slova:kia ,a nd the peoJ.}le directly and indirectly resJ.}ons~ble for the sellOLLt of the Czech and Slov01k nations ,to the USSR It is especially gratifying th-at responsible people in Go.v e;rnment a.re finially le.arning to distinguish ,Slova/ks from Czechs. 'l'he stirr.i ng and inspiring mess,a ges of President Eisenhower, V. P. Richard Nixon, S-ec retary of S·tate John Foster Dulles, were well received and ,aJ.)pfauded lustily. BOL•SHEVISM s.till devours its own cb1ldren. Last April, five leading Slovak Reas Husak, HorvaJth, Oka.Li, Holdos and Novomes•ky - were given sentences of ten years to life for "cons·piring aga inst tJhe integrity of the State." The Czech Reds are sup11eme rulers in Czecho-Slovakia, but even they do not know whose ,h eau wHl lbe on the block next. JOH,N HVASTA, American citizen of Slovak descent, Hillside, N. J ., told the story of his ar-r est and escape from Red Cze.cho:SilOIV'akiia In the. SA'DtJIR'OA'Y EVE. NIING POST (May 15•22, 1~&4) . Hva,sta expects to have a book pUJblislhed 'before .the end of the year. 1 Sl •S TER THE NAT1IOiNAL CONFER- ENCE of Americans of Silovak Descent, sponsored by the. Slovak League of America, in WaSihington, D. C.. May 24-25, 19'54, was attended ,b y some 1,3,5 delegates from pra-ctically all parts of .A:merica settled 'b y the Slova:ks and some 50 honored guests, wlhich included three senators and 32 representatives of the U. S. MAKARIA BARATH, a Slovak nun -w ho fled tJhe Communists in Czecho•Slovwkia, told the story of her underground rwor.k .anu the success of her flight in LI•F E mwg,azine, May 17, 19,54. The niun esca-ped from Slovakia in 195.2, spent the next .two yeiars in Ba..varia and arrived in 'New York last February_ She aame to · PihiJ.adelphia for a brief visit June Nth. SLOVAKIA THE SLOVAKS aire not taking to Marxist sociaUsm quickly enough, so the Czech Reds of Prague held new elections to local "national" committees in Sfovakia M.ay l&tlh. Zaipotoeky, Red Czech president, asked to have the "1b est" citizens elected, and the "!best" of the wornit that could be .found were elected. Poor SlovakJa! MR. JOHN PAPI\NEK, former Czecho-Slovak delegate to the UN, writes the column "From the United Nations" Wihich appears in the Ozech "progres,s ive" papers and the NEW YORK'8KY DillNN1K, the Czechosfovak daHy pu,blislhed in. Slovak lan'g uage"(!). Pa,panek now tells ho,w Communists might be stop,ped or weak• ened, but he does not want to be asked how he vote·d on various issues, ru· why he voted with the U SISR, when a delegate of Mr. Benes to the U.N. Papanek might make his stories a 1bit shorter and more to the point ,b y saying: Beihold, hmv I promoted Dr. Benes's ,pro-iSoviet ,p olicy and backed tlhe Red-s in the U.N. by voting wi•th them - now, I, Pa• panek, admit that is not the w,a y to stop or wea,ken Communist'S. Or is confession no longer good for the soul? HAVE YOU READ "This is .Slovakia" by Dr. F,rancis Hrusovs ky, eminent Slovalk historian? If not, do so at your earliest convenience. You ,oan order your COPf, , trom SWVAKIA only $1.0(). THE "MATICA SLOV,ENSKA" (Slovak Institute) is no more. The famous cultural institution of learning was outlawed by decree of the Slovak National Coun- 3 cil on April 27th. T,he Matica 1b,ui:lding is now a lilbra;ry. The diS1Solution of the institution wias expected since ·t he Reds estrublished tlhe "Slovak Academy of Sciences" la.st year whiclb. allegedly took over mos.t of the func. tions of the Mtatica, the guardian of Slovak national and cultural traditions. "MOST" (Brid,ge), quarterly for <Slovak culture, estaJbliSihed in 1953, contains many noteworthy contri,b utions of Slovak intellec·tuals. We recomemnd it to a:11 our readers who C'an read Slovak. Issue No. 3 has just come off the press. 'I1he quarterly is edited by Rev. Niooolas Sprinc of the Slovak Benedictine High School, Cleveland, Ohio. You can have 'IMOST" for five dollars per annum. Send subscriptions to: MOST, 2006 Slchrage Avenue, Whiting, Ind. "DR. JOZEF T,IISO O SEBE" (Dr. Joseph Tiso .Aibout Himself) is the title of a book p,ulblished by the Slovak Catholic Sokol Press, Passaic, N. J. It was authored by Dr. Joseph Pauco, Middle.t01Wn. Pa., former editor of the S100VAK, the largest Slovak daily in Slovakia during tlhe war years. T-h e speech of Dr. Tiso, president of the Slovak Republic (19,39-1945), made in !his own defense at the conclusion of his trial in 1-94'7, lasting eleven full hours, forms the contents of the book. EX:planatory notes are supplied by Dr. Pauco, who prepared the speech for puiblic.ation. We ,heartily recommend it to the readers of Slovakiia who have a reading ·knowle<lgi'l of Slovak. You can get a copy by sending $1.50 to : Dr. Joseph Pauco, 114 N. U nion Street, Middletown, Pa.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 4, No. 2 (11) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 1954 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/eb635f999ed711f2ef9c4b2ccc76ca4c.pdf fad6c62494aeb869bf33b589432a28b5 PDF Text Text ~~ IL (0) W& VOL.' i - : J - ~1~:'o;_ SEPT .-DEC. 1954 "- l ,: ~ - ~-4 ( ~~13 ) ~ IN THIS ISSUE: THE SLOVAK UPRISING OF AUGUST 1944 NATIONALISM VS INTERNATIONALISM DR. LETTRICH ' S PRINCIPLES THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC AND COMMUNISM THE LETTRICH "<DEMOCRATS " AND COMMUNISM NATIONALIZATION OF P R IVATE PROPERT Y IN SLOVAKIA SLOVAK FOLKLORE : THE MAN WHO NEVER SINNED EASTERN SLOVAKIA WAS SLOVAK FOR CENTURIES SELF- DETERMINATION FOR SLOVAKIA THE APOSTLE·$ OF BOGUS FEDERALISM HOW THE COMMUNISTS SEIZED POWER IN ~~ SLOVAKIA\ PROFILE OF AN EXILE POLITICIAN CASTLES OF SLOVAKIA: T H E OLD CASTLE ( STARY HRAD)'\~ JOHN MASARYK WAS NO EXCEPTION WHO SAi D IT ? - * PP. 22, 58, 77, 84 * * Edit ed .:. nd · c ompil ed by PHILIP A . HROBAK Pub I ished by T HE S LOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA �SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the :::;1ovak League of America, a cultural arnl ci vie federation of Amerwans of Slovak d.e::icent. 'fhe chief purpose of SLOVAK.IA Ls to pro111ote a better understanding and appn!c1atio11 of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedorn and independence. As Americans, members of the Bluvak League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of 1ife, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarjan political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per .v ear in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to: SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U.S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. �SL OV AK IA Published VOL. IV quarterly by the Slovak SEPT.-,DEC. 1954 With this issue SLOVAKIA ends its fourVh year. With th1s double issue it makes its thirteenth appearance. The first iss ue in 195£ will be marked Vol. V, No. 14. We hope that we haeve satisfied our readers in the past four years ,a nd will be able to do so in the future. At any irate we shall do our utmost not to disappoint them. SLOVAKIA is, indeed, different from most other periodicals, and it was intended to be so. It has a definite mission to fulfill, a mission that does not co mpare w1th that of other literature, ex. cept in its dedication to truth and justice, to the American way of life and to the struggle against all tyranny, THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA, the publisher of the SII.JOVAK,I,A, certainly is rendering a valuable service not only for its membership and the Slovak nation, but for America and the rest of the free world as well. 'I\he more the nations of the earth know and understand one another, the better -sh all they appreoia.te themselves and the friendlier will be their relationships , Without thls knowledge, relationship and understanding a peaceful world is unthinkable. Dr. Stephen Osusky, former Czecho,S,l ovak amb assador to France and now a member of the so.called "Coun,cll of Free Czechoslovakia," filed ,a $250,000.00 libel suit in July against the C. S. (Czeohoalovak) Publishing Co., and Dr. Hubert Ripka, former member of the Nation,al Front League of America NO. 3-4 (12-13) government of the Benes•Gottwald coalition. Andrew Valusek president of the pu blishing con'. cern, ,a nd Jan P,apa.nek, vice-presiden t and former Czecho-Slovak delegate to the United ations, were also named. We did n ot expect anything to come of that act:ion, ,hence we were not too dis. appointed Wlhen it was reported that noth1ng oame of it. Osusky today is supposed to represent the political will of the Slovak nation, but in reality he does not. Amerioans of Slovak descent still recall that Mir. Osusky was delegated by tihe Slovak League of America to go to Europe to look after the intereats of the Slovak nation after World War I. T. G. Masaryk offered him a tempting position and Osusky forgot about his Slovak people. As far as is known, h e has not as yet reported to the Slovak League on the mission en. trusted to him some 35 years ago. Osu sky ihas never been elected by the lovaks at home to represent them in any politf.cal capacity. "The Deliverance of Sister Cecilia" - by •S ister Cecilia as told to William Brinkley, assistant editor of :UIJF'E magazine - bas been published by Farrar, Straus and Young. Sister Cecilia, a SJo. v,ak nun, was w,anted by tihe Communists for her underground work of helping her countrymen flee the Reds. Then she had to flee for her life herself. Tille R eds pursued S·ister Cecilia for four months, ,b ut were unable to catch up with ber. Resorting to �2 SLOVAKIA various disguises, Sister Cecilia, finally in dangerous flight, made her way to the W-e st and free• dom. After two years in West Germany, Sister Cecilia came to America in Febmary, 1954. The story of Sister Cecilia's daring exploits is interestingly presented by Mr. Brinkley in 360 pages. Y-0u can get your copy from the pUJb!isher for $3.75. Over 20,000 book&, with a to• tal issue of some 330,000,0-00, 'have been published in Czedho•Slova•k ia by the Reds from 1945 to the end of 1953. MATUS ZVON , to whom Dr. ,Ce.sarich refers in 'his article "The Apostles of Bogus Federalism," in this Issue, is not kno,wn among Slovak writers, hence, tJb.e name obviously is a pseudonym. " Slova kia i n .B I o o d and Sh ackl es" by Stephen Blasko. for- mer Slovak deputy to tJhe Prague Parliament, w.as published dur• ing the summer by the Oatholic Slovak Sokol, Passaic, N. J. It is an expose of Gen. Nic-hoLas Ferjencik, called "the Bloody Gen• era!," and -h is brutal police force, the N.KVD of <SloV>akia. You can have a copy for just one dollar. We are often asked for tb ack copies of SIJOVA.IGA. All axe still ,availaible in limited num· bers except Vol. 1, N o. 2. OUT readers may stLll get ALL avail_ a,ble copies (13 issues) for only $5.00 as long as the supply ,l asts. THE NEW TESTAMENT, transl,ated into S'lovak by Charles Strmei'i of the Slovak Benedictine High School, Cleveland, Ohio, has just been pu'Mls'hed ,b y Obrana Press, lnc., Scranton, Pa., in easily rnadable type. Over 950 pages and bound in clotih, the bodk sells for $10.-00. The " t en th anniversary" of the Communist-inspired 1944 Slovak upnsmg (massacre) was cele. brated ,b y the Reds of CzechoSlovaki-a August 29, 1944. The Benes Czechs and Czech Slovaks (''Czechoslovaks"!) commemorat_ ed it in America -rulso (NE:W YOIRK TIMES, August 29, 1954), but not in the fashion they were accustomed to before February 25, 1948, w'hen they suddenly became "anti-Communist, democra_ tic exiles." A rather detailed account of the m1snom ered "Slovaik National Uprising" is presented in this issue of SiWVA- KIA. " FALSE FREEDOM " - a new book by Edward L. Delaney and dedicated " To the memo r y of th e martyred patri ot,. Prelate, and Presi dent, Joseph T •iso" made its ap·pearance recently. You can get your copy from S:UOVAKIA: in cloth (Library Edition) $3.00; paper cover -- $2.00. Andrew Gemersky ls the pseudonym of a •S lov,ak w ho escaped from Slovakia just several months ago, He contacted SLOV AKlA soon after he arrived in West Germany, He was witness t-0 the t'hlngs he writes about. His frun:lly is still in Slovakia. The Slovak Institute, spon. sored by the Slovak !Benedictine Fathers of Cleveland, 0 ., opened Its third year of ,a ctivity Novemb er 3. Evening olasses for adults, every second Wednesday, commence at 8 P. M. Slovak language and history courses are open to all without charge. Sessions are held at the Benedictine High Scho-01, 2900 Bast Boulevard. �SLOVAKIA History or propaganda? the title of an article that will aJP· pear in future issues of SLOVAKLA. Wak.h tor it and, in the meantime, send a subscription for a friend . We ihave said on many occasions that no nation has been so misrepresented, minimized and vilified as the Slovcak nation, and now for the proof as offered by "eminen.t" hist orians who attempted to write albout the Slovaks and t heir country without sufficient prEWaration and stud,y_ The International Peasant Union, headed by Mikolajczyk, did itself no good 1by publishing Fedor Hod.fa's a r ticle (The SJova'k Democratic P,a rty) in its ·B ul. letin. The pea,sants of S'1ovakia could never endorse Hodza's airticle - or any of the Lettrlch "democrats" w'ho collaborated with the Reds and the USSR. The Red Czech Government was among the very first s•a tellite governments to name a delegation to the USSIR•s'I)Onsored European confer·e nce, held in Moscow recently. It seems that nothing has c hanged in Czech Prague : even under Benes, the 0zechs were always among the fir.st to run to Mo scow. McCarthy or no MoGarthy, Ameri cans cannot let up in their fight against Communists and 1Red infiltration of Government and industry without endangering the security of the United States. The Was,hlngton "censure" spectacle was lamentable and reprehensible. Who of the di'stinguis·hed membe.rs of the Watkins committee was not at one time or another guilty of the same charges as McCarthy? And who is it that is so interested in hav. 3 i.ng Americans forget the task the MoOarthy committee was to accomplish and w'ho it was that initiated the Wlhole debacle by preferring C'harges ,a gain8t the committee? The New York S.tate Supreme Court ruled (No,v . 17) that the Ozecll Reds of Pra,gue ,aJ:1e not entitled to the 0 zecho.,s:Iova.k Red Cross fund'S he1d by Dr. Jan Papanek; former Czecho•Slovak delegate to the United Nations who voted with the US~IR on most im,portant issues. According to the NEW YORKSKY DIDNNiK, the money will lbe used by the "American Fund for Czec•hoslovak Refugees" of which Pa,panek is the ·head. OnJy bhe "politicaJ:ly relfable" get help from th!llt fund, so that means patriotic Sloviaks are out. The NY(l) was overjoyed that ''iPapanek won and the Communists lost." The latter ,Jost some.thin,g they did not have - and Papane.k got his hands on money that was not rightfully his to diis. pose of in t'he first place. 1 Mendes France, might say "veni, vidi" a bout his recent visit to the USA, but ·h ardly "vici," as many papers would htave us believe. Whether he ca.ptured the 'hearts of Americans remains to be :see.n. 'In the. meantime, it would be well for America to pause and ref.lect on what has happened in Vietnam, and ot•h er states witJh coalition governments which included the Reds. !Have you renewed your subscription to SLOVAKIA? And why not subscribe for a friend? IMIDRRY 0HRIS'I1MAiS AN'D A HAPPY NEW YEAR! � ~~ IL (0) W& VOL.' i - : J - ~1~:'o;_ SEPT .-DEC. 1954 "- l ,: ~ - ~-4 ( ~~13 ) ~ IN THIS ISSUE: THE SLOVAK UPRISING OF AUGUST 1944 NATIONALISM VS INTERNATIONALISM DR. LETTRICH ' S PRINCIPLES THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC AND COMMUNISM THE LETTRICH "<DEMOCRATS " AND COMMUNISM NATIONALIZATION OF P R IVATE PROPERT Y IN SLOVAKIA SLOVAK FOLKLORE : THE MAN WHO NEVER SINNED EASTERN SLOVAKIA WAS SLOVAK FOR CENTURIES SELF- DETERMINATION FOR SLOVAKIA THE APOSTLE·$ OF BOGUS FEDERALISM HOW THE COMMUNISTS SEIZED POWER IN ~~ SLOVAKIA\ PROFILE OF AN EXILE POLITICIAN CASTLES OF SLOVAKIA: T H E OLD CASTLE ( STARY HRAD)'\~ JOHN MASARYK WAS NO EXCEPTION WHO SAi D IT ? - * PP. 22, 58, 77, 84 * * Edit ed .:. nd · c ompil ed by PHILIP A . HROBAK Pub I ished by T HE S LOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA �SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the :::;1ovak League of America, a cultural arnl ci vie federation of Amerwans of Slovak d.e::icent. 'fhe chief purpose of SLOVAK.IA Ls to pro111ote a better understanding and appn!c1atio11 of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedorn and independence. As Americans, members of the Bluvak League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of 1ife, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarjan political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per .v ear in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to: SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U.S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. �SL OV AK IA Published VOL. IV quarterly by the Slovak SEPT.-,DEC. 1954 With this issue SLOVAKIA ends its fourVh year. With th1s double issue it makes its thirteenth appearance. The first iss ue in 195£ will be marked Vol. V, No. 14. We hope that we haeve satisfied our readers in the past four years ,a nd will be able to do so in the future. At any irate we shall do our utmost not to disappoint them. SLOVAKIA is, indeed, different from most other periodicals, and it was intended to be so. It has a definite mission to fulfill, a mission that does not co mpare w1th that of other literature, ex. cept in its dedication to truth and justice, to the American way of life and to the struggle against all tyranny, THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA, the publisher of the SII.JOVAK,I,A, certainly is rendering a valuable service not only for its membership and the Slovak nation, but for America and the rest of the free world as well. 'I\he more the nations of the earth know and understand one another, the better -sh all they appreoia.te themselves and the friendlier will be their relationships , Without thls knowledge, relationship and understanding a peaceful world is unthinkable. Dr. Stephen Osusky, former Czecho,S,l ovak amb assador to France and now a member of the so.called "Coun,cll of Free Czechoslovakia," filed ,a $250,000.00 libel suit in July against the C. S. (Czeohoalovak) Publishing Co., and Dr. Hubert Ripka, former member of the Nation,al Front League of America NO. 3-4 (12-13) government of the Benes•Gottwald coalition. Andrew Valusek president of the pu blishing con'. cern, ,a nd Jan P,apa.nek, vice-presiden t and former Czecho-Slovak delegate to the United ations, were also named. We did n ot expect anything to come of that act:ion, ,hence we were not too dis. appointed Wlhen it was reported that noth1ng oame of it. Osusky today is supposed to represent the political will of the Slovak nation, but in reality he does not. Amerioans of Slovak descent still recall that Mir. Osusky was delegated by tihe Slovak League of America to go to Europe to look after the intereats of the Slovak nation after World War I. T. G. Masaryk offered him a tempting position and Osusky forgot about his Slovak people. As far as is known, h e has not as yet reported to the Slovak League on the mission en. trusted to him some 35 years ago. Osu sky ihas never been elected by the lovaks at home to represent them in any politf.cal capacity. "The Deliverance of Sister Cecilia" - by •S ister Cecilia as told to William Brinkley, assistant editor of :UIJF'E magazine - bas been published by Farrar, Straus and Young. Sister Cecilia, a SJo. v,ak nun, was w,anted by tihe Communists for her underground work of helping her countrymen flee the Reds. Then she had to flee for her life herself. Tille R eds pursued S·ister Cecilia for four months, ,b ut were unable to catch up with ber. Resorting to �2 SLOVAKIA various disguises, Sister Cecilia, finally in dangerous flight, made her way to the W-e st and free• dom. After two years in West Germany, Sister Cecilia came to America in Febmary, 1954. The story of Sister Cecilia's daring exploits is interestingly presented by Mr. Brinkley in 360 pages. Y-0u can get your copy from the pUJb!isher for $3.75. Over 20,000 book&, with a to• tal issue of some 330,000,0-00, 'have been published in Czedho•Slova•k ia by the Reds from 1945 to the end of 1953. MATUS ZVON , to whom Dr. ,Ce.sarich refers in 'his article "The Apostles of Bogus Federalism," in this Issue, is not kno,wn among Slovak writers, hence, tJb.e name obviously is a pseudonym. " Slova kia i n .B I o o d and Sh ackl es" by Stephen Blasko. for- mer Slovak deputy to tJhe Prague Parliament, w.as published dur• ing the summer by the Oatholic Slovak Sokol, Passaic, N. J. It is an expose of Gen. Nic-hoLas Ferjencik, called "the Bloody Gen• era!," and -h is brutal police force, the N.KVD of <SloV>akia. You can have a copy for just one dollar. We are often asked for tb ack copies of SIJOVA.IGA. All axe still ,availaible in limited num· bers except Vol. 1, N o. 2. OUT readers may stLll get ALL avail_ a,ble copies (13 issues) for only $5.00 as long as the supply ,l asts. THE NEW TESTAMENT, transl,ated into S'lovak by Charles Strmei'i of the Slovak Benedictine High School, Cleveland, Ohio, has just been pu'Mls'hed ,b y Obrana Press, lnc., Scranton, Pa., in easily rnadable type. Over 950 pages and bound in clotih, the bodk sells for $10.-00. The " t en th anniversary" of the Communist-inspired 1944 Slovak upnsmg (massacre) was cele. brated ,b y the Reds of CzechoSlovaki-a August 29, 1944. The Benes Czechs and Czech Slovaks (''Czechoslovaks"!) commemorat_ ed it in America -rulso (NE:W YOIRK TIMES, August 29, 1954), but not in the fashion they were accustomed to before February 25, 1948, w'hen they suddenly became "anti-Communist, democra_ tic exiles." A rather detailed account of the m1snom ered "Slovaik National Uprising" is presented in this issue of SiWVA- KIA. " FALSE FREEDOM " - a new book by Edward L. Delaney and dedicated " To the memo r y of th e martyred patri ot,. Prelate, and Presi dent, Joseph T •iso" made its ap·pearance recently. You can get your copy from S:UOVAKIA: in cloth (Library Edition) $3.00; paper cover -- $2.00. Andrew Gemersky ls the pseudonym of a •S lov,ak w ho escaped from Slovakia just several months ago, He contacted SLOV AKlA soon after he arrived in West Germany, He was witness t-0 the t'hlngs he writes about. His frun:lly is still in Slovakia. The Slovak Institute, spon. sored by the Slovak !Benedictine Fathers of Cleveland, 0 ., opened Its third year of ,a ctivity Novemb er 3. Evening olasses for adults, every second Wednesday, commence at 8 P. M. Slovak language and history courses are open to all without charge. Sessions are held at the Benedictine High Scho-01, 2900 Bast Boulevard. �SLOVAKIA History or propaganda? the title of an article that will aJP· pear in future issues of SLOVAKLA. Wak.h tor it and, in the meantime, send a subscription for a friend . We ihave said on many occasions that no nation has been so misrepresented, minimized and vilified as the Slovcak nation, and now for the proof as offered by "eminen.t" hist orians who attempted to write albout the Slovaks and t heir country without sufficient prEWaration and stud,y_ The International Peasant Union, headed by Mikolajczyk, did itself no good 1by publishing Fedor Hod.fa's a r ticle (The SJova'k Democratic P,a rty) in its ·B ul. letin. The pea,sants of S'1ovakia could never endorse Hodza's airticle - or any of the Lettrlch "democrats" w'ho collaborated with the Reds and the USSR. The Red Czech Government was among the very first s•a tellite governments to name a delegation to the USSIR•s'I)Onsored European confer·e nce, held in Moscow recently. It seems that nothing has c hanged in Czech Prague : even under Benes, the 0zechs were always among the fir.st to run to Mo scow. McCarthy or no MoGarthy, Ameri cans cannot let up in their fight against Communists and 1Red infiltration of Government and industry without endangering the security of the United States. The Was,hlngton "censure" spectacle was lamentable and reprehensible. Who of the di'stinguis·hed membe.rs of the Watkins committee was not at one time or another guilty of the same charges as McCarthy? And who is it that is so interested in hav. 3 i.ng Americans forget the task the MoOarthy committee was to accomplish and w'ho it was that initiated the Wlhole debacle by preferring C'harges ,a gain8t the committee? The New York S.tate Supreme Court ruled (No,v . 17) that the Ozecll Reds of Pra,gue ,aJ:1e not entitled to the 0 zecho.,s:Iova.k Red Cross fund'S he1d by Dr. Jan Papanek; former Czecho•Slovak delegate to the United Nations who voted with the US~IR on most im,portant issues. According to the NEW YORKSKY DIDNNiK, the money will lbe used by the "American Fund for Czec•hoslovak Refugees" of which Pa,panek is the ·head. OnJy bhe "politicaJ:ly relfable" get help from th!llt fund, so that means patriotic Sloviaks are out. The NY(l) was overjoyed that ''iPapanek won and the Communists lost." The latter ,Jost some.thin,g they did not have - and Papane.k got his hands on money that was not rightfully his to diis. pose of in t'he first place. 1 Mendes France, might say "veni, vidi" a bout his recent visit to the USA, but ·h ardly "vici," as many papers would htave us believe. Whether he ca.ptured the 'hearts of Americans remains to be :see.n. 'In the. meantime, it would be well for America to pause and ref.lect on what has happened in Vietnam, and ot•h er states witJh coalition governments which included the Reds. !Have you renewed your subscription to SLOVAKIA? And why not subscribe for a friend? IMIDRRY 0HRIS'I1MAiS AN'D A HAPPY NEW YEAR! � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1954, Vol. 4 Description An account of the resource <ul><li>Issue 1 (No. 10), March 1954.</li> <li>Issue 2 (No. 11), June 1954.</li> <li>Issue 3-4 (No. 12-13), Sept.-Dec. 1954.</li> </ul> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1954 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document ~~ IL (0) W& VOL.' i - : J - ~1~:'o;_ SEPT .-DEC. 1954 "- l ,: ~ - ~-4 ( ~~13 ) ~ IN THIS ISSUE: THE SLOVAK UPRISING OF AUGUST 1944 NATIONALISM VS INTERNATIONALISM DR. LETTRICH ' S PRINCIPLES THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC AND COMMUNISM THE LETTRICH "<DEMOCRATS " AND COMMUNISM NATIONALIZATION OF P R IVATE PROPERT Y IN SLOVAKIA SLOVAK FOLKLORE : THE MAN WHO NEVER SINNED EASTERN SLOVAKIA WAS SLOVAK FOR CENTURIES SELF- DETERMINATION FOR SLOVAKIA THE APOSTLE·$ OF BOGUS FEDERALISM HOW THE COMMUNISTS SEIZED POWER IN ~~ SLOVAKIA\ PROFILE OF AN EXILE POLITICIAN CASTLES OF SLOVAKIA: T H E OLD CASTLE ( STARY HRAD)'\~ JOHN MASARYK WAS NO EXCEPTION WHO SAi D IT ? - * PP. 22, 58, 77, 84 * * Edit ed .:. nd · c ompil ed by PHILIP A . HROBAK Pub I ished by T HE S LOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA is published periodically by the :::;1ovak League of America, a cultural arnl ci vie federation of Amerwans of Slovak d.e::icent. 'fhe chief purpose of SLOVAK.IA Ls to pro111ote a better understanding and appn!c1atio11 of the Slovak nation and its long struggle for freedorn and independence. As Americans, members of the Bluvak League of America firmly believe that the Slovak nation, just as all nations, has an inherent and God-given right to freedom and independence. They are dedicated to the cause of the American way of 1ife, Slovak freedom and world peace and are determined to oppose the plague of Communism and all other totalitarjan political systems. Subscription to Slovakia $1.00 per .v ear in the U. S. A. - $2.00 elsewhere. Send subscriptions to: SLOVAKIA Box 150 Middletown, Pa. Printed in the U.S. A. JEDNOTA PRESS Middletown, Pa. SL OV AK IA Published VOL. IV quarterly by the Slovak SEPT.-,DEC. 1954 With this issue SLOVAKIA ends its fourVh year. With th1s double issue it makes its thirteenth appearance. The first iss ue in 195£ will be marked Vol. V, No. 14. We hope that we haeve satisfied our readers in the past four years ,a nd will be able to do so in the future. At any irate we shall do our utmost not to disappoint them. SLOVAKIA is, indeed, different from most other periodicals, and it was intended to be so. It has a definite mission to fulfill, a mission that does not co mpare w1th that of other literature, ex. cept in its dedication to truth and justice, to the American way of life and to the struggle against all tyranny, THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA, the publisher of the SII.JOVAK,I,A, certainly is rendering a valuable service not only for its membership and the Slovak nation, but for America and the rest of the free world as well. 'I\he more the nations of the earth know and understand one another, the better -sh all they appreoia.te themselves and the friendlier will be their relationships , Without thls knowledge, relationship and understanding a peaceful world is unthinkable. Dr. Stephen Osusky, former Czecho,S,l ovak amb assador to France and now a member of the so.called "Coun,cll of Free Czechoslovakia," filed ,a $250,000.00 libel suit in July against the C. S. (Czeohoalovak) Publishing Co., and Dr. Hubert Ripka, former member of the Nation,al Front League of America NO. 3-4 (12-13) government of the Benes•Gottwald coalition. Andrew Valusek president of the pu blishing con'. cern, ,a nd Jan P,apa.nek, vice-presiden t and former Czecho-Slovak delegate to the United ations, were also named. We did n ot expect anything to come of that act:ion, ,hence we were not too dis. appointed Wlhen it was reported that noth1ng oame of it. Osusky today is supposed to represent the political will of the Slovak nation, but in reality he does not. Amerioans of Slovak descent still recall that Mir. Osusky was delegated by tihe Slovak League of America to go to Europe to look after the intereats of the Slovak nation after World War I. T. G. Masaryk offered him a tempting position and Osusky forgot about his Slovak people. As far as is known, h e has not as yet reported to the Slovak League on the mission en. trusted to him some 35 years ago. Osu sky ihas never been elected by the lovaks at home to represent them in any politf.cal capacity. "The Deliverance of Sister Cecilia" - by •S ister Cecilia as told to William Brinkley, assistant editor of :UIJF'E magazine - bas been published by Farrar, Straus and Young. Sister Cecilia, a SJo. v,ak nun, was w,anted by tihe Communists for her underground work of helping her countrymen flee the Reds. Then she had to flee for her life herself. Tille R eds pursued S·ister Cecilia for four months, ,b ut were unable to catch up with ber. Resorting to 2 SLOVAKIA various disguises, Sister Cecilia, finally in dangerous flight, made her way to the W-e st and free• dom. After two years in West Germany, Sister Cecilia came to America in Febmary, 1954. The story of Sister Cecilia's daring exploits is interestingly presented by Mr. Brinkley in 360 pages. Y-0u can get your copy from the pUJb!isher for $3.75. Over 20,000 book&, with a to• tal issue of some 330,000,0-00, 'have been published in Czedho•Slova•k ia by the Reds from 1945 to the end of 1953. MATUS ZVON , to whom Dr. ,Ce.sarich refers in 'his article "The Apostles of Bogus Federalism," in this Issue, is not kno,wn among Slovak writers, hence, tJb.e name obviously is a pseudonym. " Slova kia i n .B I o o d and Sh ackl es" by Stephen Blasko. for- mer Slovak deputy to tJhe Prague Parliament, w.as published dur• ing the summer by the Oatholic Slovak Sokol, Passaic, N. J. It is an expose of Gen. Nic-hoLas Ferjencik, called "the Bloody Gen• era!," and -h is brutal police force, the N.KVD of <SloV>akia. You can have a copy for just one dollar. We are often asked for tb ack copies of SIJOVA.IGA. All axe still ,availaible in limited num· bers except Vol. 1, N o. 2. OUT readers may stLll get ALL avail_ a,ble copies (13 issues) for only $5.00 as long as the supply ,l asts. THE NEW TESTAMENT, transl,ated into S'lovak by Charles Strmei'i of the Slovak Benedictine High School, Cleveland, Ohio, has just been pu'Mls'hed ,b y Obrana Press, lnc., Scranton, Pa., in easily rnadable type. Over 950 pages and bound in clotih, the bodk sells for $10.-00. The " t en th anniversary" of the Communist-inspired 1944 Slovak upnsmg (massacre) was cele. brated ,b y the Reds of CzechoSlovaki-a August 29, 1944. The Benes Czechs and Czech Slovaks (''Czechoslovaks"!) commemorat_ ed it in America -rulso (NE:W YOIRK TIMES, August 29, 1954), but not in the fashion they were accustomed to before February 25, 1948, w'hen they suddenly became "anti-Communist, democra_ tic exiles." A rather detailed account of the m1snom ered "Slovaik National Uprising" is presented in this issue of SiWVA- KIA. " FALSE FREEDOM " - a new book by Edward L. Delaney and dedicated " To the memo r y of th e martyred patri ot,. Prelate, and Presi dent, Joseph T •iso" made its ap·pearance recently. You can get your copy from S:UOVAKIA: in cloth (Library Edition) $3.00; paper cover -- $2.00. Andrew Gemersky ls the pseudonym of a •S lov,ak w ho escaped from Slovakia just several months ago, He contacted SLOV AKlA soon after he arrived in West Germany, He was witness t-0 the t'hlngs he writes about. His frun:lly is still in Slovakia. The Slovak Institute, spon. sored by the Slovak !Benedictine Fathers of Cleveland, 0 ., opened Its third year of ,a ctivity Novemb er 3. Evening olasses for adults, every second Wednesday, commence at 8 P. M. Slovak language and history courses are open to all without charge. Sessions are held at the Benedictine High Scho-01, 2900 Bast Boulevard. SLOVAKIA History or propaganda? the title of an article that will aJP· pear in future issues of SLOVAKLA. Wak.h tor it and, in the meantime, send a subscription for a friend . We ihave said on many occasions that no nation has been so misrepresented, minimized and vilified as the Slovcak nation, and now for the proof as offered by "eminen.t" hist orians who attempted to write albout the Slovaks and t heir country without sufficient prEWaration and stud,y_ The International Peasant Union, headed by Mikolajczyk, did itself no good 1by publishing Fedor Hod.fa's a r ticle (The SJova'k Democratic P,a rty) in its ·B ul. letin. The pea,sants of S'1ovakia could never endorse Hodza's airticle - or any of the Lettrlch "democrats" w'ho collaborated with the Reds and the USSR. The Red Czech Government was among the very first s•a tellite governments to name a delegation to the USSIR•s'I)Onsored European confer·e nce, held in Moscow recently. It seems that nothing has c hanged in Czech Prague : even under Benes, the 0zechs were always among the fir.st to run to Mo scow. McCarthy or no MoGarthy, Ameri cans cannot let up in their fight against Communists and 1Red infiltration of Government and industry without endangering the security of the United States. The Was,hlngton "censure" spectacle was lamentable and reprehensible. Who of the di'stinguis·hed membe.rs of the Watkins committee was not at one time or another guilty of the same charges as McCarthy? And who is it that is so interested in hav. 3 i.ng Americans forget the task the MoOarthy committee was to accomplish and w'ho it was that initiated the Wlhole debacle by preferring C'harges ,a gain8t the committee? The New York S.tate Supreme Court ruled (No,v . 17) that the Ozecll Reds of Pra,gue ,aJ:1e not entitled to the 0 zecho.,s:Iova.k Red Cross fund'S he1d by Dr. Jan Papanek; former Czecho•Slovak delegate to the United Nations who voted with the US~IR on most im,portant issues. According to the NEW YORKSKY DIDNNiK, the money will lbe used by the "American Fund for Czec•hoslovak Refugees" of which Pa,panek is the ·head. OnJy bhe "politicaJ:ly relfable" get help from th!llt fund, so that means patriotic Sloviaks are out. The NY(l) was overjoyed that ''iPapanek won and the Communists lost." The latter ,Jost some.thin,g they did not have - and Papane.k got his hands on money that was not rightfully his to diis. pose of in t'he first place. 1 Mendes France, might say "veni, vidi" a bout his recent visit to the USA, but ·h ardly "vici," as many papers would htave us believe. Whether he ca.ptured the 'hearts of Americans remains to be :see.n. 'In the. meantime, it would be well for America to pause and ref.lect on what has happened in Vietnam, and ot•h er states witJh coalition governments which included the Reds. !Have you renewed your subscription to SLOVAKIA? And why not subscribe for a friend? IMIDRRY 0HRIS'I1MAiS AN'D A HAPPY NEW YEAR!  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 4, No. 3-4 (12-13) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Sept.-Dec. 1954 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/cc7123542f80466fc86cc2b01b73390c.pdf f3ff830665ae007adbc865cdb11ab61e PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XL NUMBERS 74-75 2010 A scholarl y annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Ed itoria l Board MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinois PA TRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak Leag ue of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055 , USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions shou ld be sent to the above address . The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Ed itor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa .ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Cemova Massacre: Magyar Miscalculation, Slovak Gain Edita Bosak .............. ... .. ... ... .. .... ..... ..... ....... .. ..................... .......... . 7 Gustav Marshall-Petrovsky ( 1862-1916) Jan Petrovsky .. ..... ..... ............. ...... ....... .......... ........ .......... ........... 24 Andrej Hlinka's Journey to the USA in 1926 Stefan Kucik .. .... ....... ... .... ...... ... .. ........................ .. ......... ...... ....... 32 Jozef Stasko ( 1917-1999): His Life and Achievements Miroslav Chromek ... .................................... ........ ....................... 47 Rising Against Stalinism: De-Stalinization and the Reinterpretation of the Slovak National Uprising in Slovak Historiography of the 1960's Scott Brown ..... ........ ................ ....... ..... ........ ..... .. ....... .. .. ... .......... 60 Myths Regarding the Anti-Communist Resistance in Slovakia Jan Carnogursky ....................................... .. .. .. .... .......... .. .... .. .. ... 81 REVIEW ESSAY Slovak-Polish Relations Marcel Jesensky .................. ........... .... .... .......... ...... .. ..... ....... .. .... 95 REVIEWS Ludevit Stur, Nauka reci slovenskej Gerald J. Sabo ..... .... ....... ........ ................ .................................. 103 Andras Gero, The Jewish Criterion in Hungary Yeshayahu Jelinek ..................................................... ..... .. ....... . 106 �4 SLOVAKIA Miroslav Fabricius, Ladislav Susko and Katarina Hradska, eds., Tiso, Jozef Prejavy a clcinky Daniel E. Miller ........... ...... .............. ... ............ ......... ...... .... ....... l 08 Max Domarus, The Complete Hitler Vasil/is Vourkoutiotis .. ..................... ........ ....... ...... ....... ............ 113 James R. Pelak, After Hitler, Before Stalin M Mark Stolarik .. ............ ... ..... .... ....... ........ ......... ...... ... .. .......... 114 Edward Snajdr, Nature Protests Jura) Hocman .......... .. ..................... .. ........... .. .. ......................... 117 Contributors .... ... .. .............. ................... ............... ............ .. .............. 120 Guidelines for Manuscripts ........ ......... ... ......... ......... .... .. .. ........... .... 122 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XL NUMBERS 74-75 2010 A scholarl y annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Ed itoria l Board MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinois PA TRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak Leag ue of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055 , USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions shou ld be sent to the above address . The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Ed itor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa .ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Cemova Massacre: Magyar Miscalculation, Slovak Gain Edita Bosak .............. ... .. ... ... .. .... ..... ..... ....... .. ..................... .......... . 7 Gustav Marshall-Petrovsky ( 1862-1916) Jan Petrovsky .. ..... ..... ............. ...... ....... .......... ........ .......... ........... 24 Andrej Hlinka's Journey to the USA in 1926 Stefan Kucik .. .... ....... ... .... ...... ... .. ........................ .. ......... ...... ....... 32 Jozef Stasko ( 1917-1999): His Life and Achievements Miroslav Chromek ... .................................... ........ ....................... 47 Rising Against Stalinism: De-Stalinization and the Reinterpretation of the Slovak National Uprising in Slovak Historiography of the 1960's Scott Brown ..... ........ ................ ....... ..... ........ ..... .. ....... .. .. ... .......... 60 Myths Regarding the Anti-Communist Resistance in Slovakia Jan Carnogursky ....................................... .. .. .. .... .......... .. .... .. .. ... 81 REVIEW ESSAY Slovak-Polish Relations Marcel Jesensky .................. ........... .... .... .......... ...... .. ..... ....... .. .... 95 REVIEWS Ludevit Stur, Nauka reci slovenskej Gerald J. Sabo ..... .... ....... ........ ................ .................................. 103 Andras Gero, The Jewish Criterion in Hungary Yeshayahu Jelinek ..................................................... ..... .. ....... . 106 �4 SLOVAKIA Miroslav Fabricius, Ladislav Susko and Katarina Hradska, eds., Tiso, Jozef Prejavy a clcinky Daniel E. Miller ........... ...... .............. ... ............ ......... ...... .... ....... l 08 Max Domarus, The Complete Hitler Vasil/is Vourkoutiotis .. ..................... ........ ....... ...... ....... ............ 113 James R. Pelak, After Hitler, Before Stalin M Mark Stolarik .. ............ ... ..... .... ....... ........ ......... ...... ... .. .......... 114 Edward Snajdr, Nature Protests Jura) Hocman .......... .. ..................... .. ........... .. .. ......................... 117 Contributors .... ... .. .............. ................... ............... ............ .. .............. 120 Guidelines for Manuscripts ........ ......... ... ......... ......... .... .. .. ........... .... 122 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2010, Vol. 40 Description An account of the resource Vol. 40 (No. 74-75), 2010. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XL NUMBERS 74-75 2010 A scholarl y annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Ed itoria l Board MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinois PA TRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak Leag ue of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055 , USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions shou ld be sent to the above address . The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Ed itor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa .ca Table of Contents ARTICLES The Cemova Massacre: Magyar Miscalculation, Slovak Gain Edita Bosak .............. ... .. ... ... .. .... ..... ..... ....... .. ..................... .......... . 7 Gustav Marshall-Petrovsky ( 1862-1916) Jan Petrovsky .. ..... ..... ............. ...... ....... .......... ........ .......... ........... 24 Andrej Hlinka's Journey to the USA in 1926 Stefan Kucik .. .... ....... ... .... ...... ... .. ........................ .. ......... ...... ....... 32 Jozef Stasko ( 1917-1999): His Life and Achievements Miroslav Chromek ... .................................... ........ ....................... 47 Rising Against Stalinism: De-Stalinization and the Reinterpretation of the Slovak National Uprising in Slovak Historiography of the 1960's Scott Brown ..... ........ ................ ....... ..... ........ ..... .. ....... .. .. ... .......... 60 Myths Regarding the Anti-Communist Resistance in Slovakia Jan Carnogursky ....................................... .. .. .. .... .......... .. .... .. .. ... 81 REVIEW ESSAY Slovak-Polish Relations Marcel Jesensky .................. ........... .... .... .......... ...... .. ..... ....... .. .... 95 REVIEWS Ludevit Stur, Nauka reci slovenskej Gerald J. Sabo ..... .... ....... ........ ................ .................................. 103 Andras Gero, The Jewish Criterion in Hungary Yeshayahu Jelinek ..................................................... ..... .. ....... . 106 4 SLOVAKIA Miroslav Fabricius, Ladislav Susko and Katarina Hradska, eds., Tiso, Jozef Prejavy a clcinky Daniel E. Miller ........... ...... .............. ... ............ ......... ...... .... ....... l 08 Max Domarus, The Complete Hitler Vasil/is Vourkoutiotis .. ..................... ........ ....... ...... ....... ............ 113 James R. Pelak, After Hitler, Before Stalin M Mark Stolarik .. ............ ... ..... .... ....... ........ ......... ...... ... .. .......... 114 Edward Snajdr, Nature Protests Jura) Hocman .......... .. ..................... .. ........... .. .. ......................... 117 Contributors .... ... .. .............. ................... ............... ............ .. .............. 120 Guidelines for Manuscripts ........ ......... ... ......... ......... .... .. .. ........... .... 122 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 40 (No. 74-75) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2010 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/f7f6eb6179eda6cadc47a27c860b9cb4.pdf 968ea5dbf41a3aec290ab96c620a5066 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUMEXLI NUMBERS 76-77 2013 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROLS . LEFF University of Illinois PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa.ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Struggle for the Hearts and Minds of American Slovaks: Bishop Jan Vojtassak's Aborted Journey to the USA in 1923 Stefan Kucik .............. ... ...... ...... .. ........ ... ........ ........ .......... ... .. ... .. ... 7 An Unwelcome Guest: Milan Hodza in American Documents Between 1941 and 1944 Roman Licko ..... ............... .... ............................ ....... .... ..... .... ...... 37 Seeming and Being: Contextualizing the History of PostCommunist Slovakia Juraj Hocman ......... ..................................................... ...... ... ...... 73 Vladimir Meciar and the Politics of Privatization, 1992-1998 John A. Gould ............................ ... ................................... .. ...... 102 Hungarian Minority Politics in Slovakia: Under Fico, After EU Accession Carol Skalnik Leff ........... .. ............ ... .................. ........ ...... ........ 145 Slovakia 2010 Election and Its Aftermath Kevin Deegan-Krause ... ............. ... ... ...... ....... .. ...... .. ... ......... .... . 164 DOCUMENTATION The Military Missions of Milan R. Stefanik in Russia on Behalf of the Czech and Slovak Cause Evgeny F. Firsov .............. .... ... ... .... .... ... ........... ........ ..... .... ....... 179 REVIEWS Robert M. Zecker, Streetcar Parishes M Mark Stolarik .................... .................................... ........ ...... 195 �4 SLOVAKIA Valerian Bystricky et al., Rozbi tie alebo rozpad Stanis/av J. Kirschbaum ... ... ........ ...... ........ ..... ......... ...... ........... 197 Martin Lacko a Jan Sabo, iandar troch reiimov Yeshayahu J. Jelinek ......... ... ....... ....... ......... ..... .......... .. .... ......... 200 Michal Smigel a Stefan Krusko, Opcia a presidlenie Rusinov Paul R. Magocsi .. ....... ... ..... ... ... ... ................. ....... ....... .......... .... 203 M. Mark Stolarik, comp and ed., The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Gregory C. Ference ........ ........ .............. .............. ......... ... .. ...... ..206 Contributors ........... .... ....... ..... .... ..... .......... ..... .. .. .. ........... ..... ... ..209 Guidelines for Manuscripts .... ... .... ............. ..... ........ ...... ... ... .....211 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUMEXLI NUMBERS 76-77 2013 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROLS . LEFF University of Illinois PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa.ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The Struggle for the Hearts and Minds of American Slovaks: Bishop Jan Vojtassak's Aborted Journey to the USA in 1923 Stefan Kucik .............. ... ...... ...... .. ........ ... ........ ........ .......... ... .. ... .. ... 7 An Unwelcome Guest: Milan Hodza in American Documents Between 1941 and 1944 Roman Licko ..... ............... .... ............................ ....... .... ..... .... ...... 37 Seeming and Being: Contextualizing the History of PostCommunist Slovakia Juraj Hocman ......... ..................................................... ...... ... ...... 73 Vladimir Meciar and the Politics of Privatization, 1992-1998 John A. Gould ............................ ... ................................... .. ...... 102 Hungarian Minority Politics in Slovakia: Under Fico, After EU Accession Carol Skalnik Leff ........... .. ............ ... .................. ........ ...... ........ 145 Slovakia 2010 Election and Its Aftermath Kevin Deegan-Krause ... ............. ... ... ...... ....... .. ...... .. ... ......... .... . 164 DOCUMENTATION The Military Missions of Milan R. Stefanik in Russia on Behalf of the Czech and Slovak Cause Evgeny F. Firsov .............. .... ... ... .... .... ... ........... ........ ..... .... ....... 179 REVIEWS Robert M. Zecker, Streetcar Parishes M Mark Stolarik .................... .................................... ........ ...... 195 �4 SLOVAKIA Valerian Bystricky et al., Rozbi tie alebo rozpad Stanis/av J. Kirschbaum ... ... ........ ...... ........ ..... ......... ...... ........... 197 Martin Lacko a Jan Sabo, iandar troch reiimov Yeshayahu J. Jelinek ......... ... ....... ....... ......... ..... .......... .. .... ......... 200 Michal Smigel a Stefan Krusko, Opcia a presidlenie Rusinov Paul R. Magocsi .. ....... ... ..... ... ... ... ................. ....... ....... .......... .... 203 M. Mark Stolarik, comp and ed., The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Gregory C. Ference ........ ........ .............. .............. ......... ... .. ...... ..206 Contributors ........... .... ....... ..... .... ..... .......... ..... .. .. .. ........... ..... ... ..209 Guidelines for Manuscripts .... ... .... ............. ..... ........ ...... ... ... .....211 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2013, Vol. 41 Description An account of the resource Vol. 41 (No. 76-77), 2013. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUMEXLI NUMBERS 76-77 2013 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROLS . LEFF University of Illinois PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa.ca Table of Contents ARTICLES The Struggle for the Hearts and Minds of American Slovaks: Bishop Jan Vojtassak's Aborted Journey to the USA in 1923 Stefan Kucik .............. ... ...... ...... .. ........ ... ........ ........ .......... ... .. ... .. ... 7 An Unwelcome Guest: Milan Hodza in American Documents Between 1941 and 1944 Roman Licko ..... ............... .... ............................ ....... .... ..... .... ...... 37 Seeming and Being: Contextualizing the History of PostCommunist Slovakia Juraj Hocman ......... ..................................................... ...... ... ...... 73 Vladimir Meciar and the Politics of Privatization, 1992-1998 John A. Gould ............................ ... ................................... .. ...... 102 Hungarian Minority Politics in Slovakia: Under Fico, After EU Accession Carol Skalnik Leff ........... .. ............ ... .................. ........ ...... ........ 145 Slovakia 2010 Election and Its Aftermath Kevin Deegan-Krause ... ............. ... ... ...... ....... .. ...... .. ... ......... .... . 164 DOCUMENTATION The Military Missions of Milan R. Stefanik in Russia on Behalf of the Czech and Slovak Cause Evgeny F. Firsov .............. .... ... ... .... .... ... ........... ........ ..... .... ....... 179 REVIEWS Robert M. Zecker, Streetcar Parishes M Mark Stolarik .................... .................................... ........ ...... 195 4 SLOVAKIA Valerian Bystricky et al., Rozbi tie alebo rozpad Stanis/av J. Kirschbaum ... ... ........ ...... ........ ..... ......... ...... ........... 197 Martin Lacko a Jan Sabo, iandar troch reiimov Yeshayahu J. Jelinek ......... ... ....... ....... ......... ..... .......... .. .... ......... 200 Michal Smigel a Stefan Krusko, Opcia a presidlenie Rusinov Paul R. Magocsi .. ....... ... ..... ... ... ... ................. ....... ....... .......... .... 203 M. Mark Stolarik, comp and ed., The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Gregory C. Ference ........ ........ .............. .............. ......... ... .. ...... ..206 Contributors ........... .... ....... ..... .... ..... .......... ..... .. .. .. ........... ..... ... ..209 Guidelines for Manuscripts .... ... .... ............. ..... ........ ...... ... ... .....211 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 41 (No. 76-77) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/1b6aa8b60ef2073de9fe05b9e503ffae.pdf 0bb63d00d817c93fde2ecfc3ae9b90ef PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XLII NUMBERS 78- 79 2015 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinois PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa .ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The 1919 Census on the Territory of Slovakia Rebekah Klein-Pejsova ... .......... ..... ...... .... ..... ... ............ .... ........ .... 7 The Journey of Four Slovak Catholic Bi shops to the USA in 1926 Stefan Kucik .. ............. ................ ............ ........ ............................ 3 5 The Birth of Lexicographic Works in North America with Special Emphasis on J. J. Konus Dalibor Mikula§ .. ..... .. .... ... .... .. ... ...... .... ... ......... ...... ... .. ... .......... .. 50 The Development of Cu ltural Cooperation between the Slovak Republic and the Independent State of Croatia, 1941-1945 Miroslav Michela ....................... ... ..... .. ........ ........ .... .... .... .... .. .... 66 My Rocky Relationship with the Matica slovenska During the Second Era of Communism in Czechoslovakia, 1970-1989: A Personal Memoir M. Mark Stolarik .... ........ .. .. ... ...... ............... ......... ..... .......... ........ 87 Corruption in Slovakia: Time to Reclaim the State Tom Nicholson ........... .......... .... ... .......... ................. ........ ... ... .. .. 11 2 REVIEWS Jan Rychlik, Magdalena Rychlikova, Podkarpatska Rus 1919-1939 C. Winston Chrislock ... ........ ...... ......... ................. ... ....... ..... ... .. 129 David Doellinger, Turning Prayers into Protests Jam es Ramon Felak ........... ...... ...... .. ... ... .. ............... ..... .... ..... ... 132 James Mace Ward, Priest, Politician, Collaborator Gregory C. Ference .. ............ ............. .... ....................... .. .. ....... 134 �4 SLOV AKIA-2015 Miroslav Londak, Ekonomicke reformy Martin Pospisil ...... ............ ........... ....... ..... ............ ....... ....... ...... 13 7 Jan Carnogursky, Dennik, 1994-2007 Jan Rychlik ......... ................. .. .... .. .............. ............. .. .... ........ .... 141 Robert M. Zecker, Race and America 's Immigrant Press M Mark Stolarik .......... .......... ..... ......... .... ........ ..... ... .... ....... ..... . 143 M. Mark Stolarik, Where is my Home ? William J Galush .......... .. ... .. ...... ..... .... ..... .. ......... ....... ....... ..... ... .. 145 Contributors .. ...... .... ............ ........... ....................... ... ...... .. .... ... .... .... . 148 Guidelines for Manuscripts ... ... ............... ....... .... .. ... .... ..... ...... ....... .. 150 �ARTICLES �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XLII NUMBERS 78- 79 2015 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinois PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa .ca ��Table of Contents ARTICLES The 1919 Census on the Territory of Slovakia Rebekah Klein-Pejsova ... .......... ..... ...... .... ..... ... ............ .... ........ .... 7 The Journey of Four Slovak Catholic Bi shops to the USA in 1926 Stefan Kucik .. ............. ................ ............ ........ ............................ 3 5 The Birth of Lexicographic Works in North America with Special Emphasis on J. J. Konus Dalibor Mikula§ .. ..... .. .... ... .... .. ... ...... .... ... ......... ...... ... .. ... .......... .. 50 The Development of Cu ltural Cooperation between the Slovak Republic and the Independent State of Croatia, 1941-1945 Miroslav Michela ....................... ... ..... .. ........ ........ .... .... .... .... .. .... 66 My Rocky Relationship with the Matica slovenska During the Second Era of Communism in Czechoslovakia, 1970-1989: A Personal Memoir M. Mark Stolarik .... ........ .. .. ... ...... ............... ......... ..... .......... ........ 87 Corruption in Slovakia: Time to Reclaim the State Tom Nicholson ........... .......... .... ... .......... ................. ........ ... ... .. .. 11 2 REVIEWS Jan Rychlik, Magdalena Rychlikova, Podkarpatska Rus 1919-1939 C. Winston Chrislock ... ........ ...... ......... ................. ... ....... ..... ... .. 129 David Doellinger, Turning Prayers into Protests Jam es Ramon Felak ........... ...... ...... .. ... ... .. ............... ..... .... ..... ... 132 James Mace Ward, Priest, Politician, Collaborator Gregory C. Ference .. ............ ............. .... ....................... .. .. ....... 134 �4 SLOV AKIA-2015 Miroslav Londak, Ekonomicke reformy Martin Pospisil ...... ............ ........... ....... ..... ............ ....... ....... ...... 13 7 Jan Carnogursky, Dennik, 1994-2007 Jan Rychlik ......... ................. .. .... .. .............. ............. .. .... ........ .... 141 Robert M. Zecker, Race and America 's Immigrant Press M Mark Stolarik .......... .......... ..... ......... .... ........ ..... ... .... ....... ..... . 143 M. Mark Stolarik, Where is my Home ? William J Galush .......... .. ... .. ...... ..... .... ..... .. ......... ....... ....... ..... ... .. 145 Contributors .. ...... .... ............ ........... ....................... ... ...... .. .... ... .... .... . 148 Guidelines for Manuscripts ... ... ............... ....... .... .. ... .... ..... ...... ....... .. 150 �ARTICLES �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 2015, Vol. 42 Description An account of the resource Vol. 42 (No. 78-79), 2015. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XLII NUMBERS 78- 79 2015 A scholarly annual devoted to the history, literature and culture of the Slovaks the world over Editor M. MARK STOLARIK University of Ottawa Editorial Board ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri JAMES R. FELAK University of Washington MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute PETER PETRO University of British Columbia CAROL S. LEFF University of Illinois PATRICIA KRAFCIK The Evergreen State College Publisher Slovak League of America 205 Madison Street Passaic, NJ 07055, USA Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $10.00 Manuscripts for possible publication and books for review should be sent to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia 22 Bren-Maur Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K2J 3Z7 stolarik@uottawa .ca Table of Contents ARTICLES The 1919 Census on the Territory of Slovakia Rebekah Klein-Pejsova ... .......... ..... ...... .... ..... ... ............ .... ........ .... 7 The Journey of Four Slovak Catholic Bi shops to the USA in 1926 Stefan Kucik .. ............. ................ ............ ........ ............................ 3 5 The Birth of Lexicographic Works in North America with Special Emphasis on J. J. Konus Dalibor Mikula§ .. ..... .. .... ... .... .. ... ...... .... ... ......... ...... ... .. ... .......... .. 50 The Development of Cu ltural Cooperation between the Slovak Republic and the Independent State of Croatia, 1941-1945 Miroslav Michela ....................... ... ..... .. ........ ........ .... .... .... .... .. .... 66 My Rocky Relationship with the Matica slovenska During the Second Era of Communism in Czechoslovakia, 1970-1989: A Personal Memoir M. Mark Stolarik .... ........ .. .. ... ...... ............... ......... ..... .......... ........ 87 Corruption in Slovakia: Time to Reclaim the State Tom Nicholson ........... .......... .... ... .......... ................. ........ ... ... .. .. 11 2 REVIEWS Jan Rychlik, Magdalena Rychlikova, Podkarpatska Rus 1919-1939 C. Winston Chrislock ... ........ ...... ......... ................. ... ....... ..... ... .. 129 David Doellinger, Turning Prayers into Protests Jam es Ramon Felak ........... ...... ...... .. ... ... .. ............... ..... .... ..... ... 132 James Mace Ward, Priest, Politician, Collaborator Gregory C. Ference .. ............ ............. .... ....................... .. .. ....... 134 4 SLOV AKIA-2015 Miroslav Londak, Ekonomicke reformy Martin Pospisil ...... ............ ........... ....... ..... ............ ....... ....... ...... 13 7 Jan Carnogursky, Dennik, 1994-2007 Jan Rychlik ......... ................. .. .... .. .............. ............. .. .... ........ .... 141 Robert M. Zecker, Race and America 's Immigrant Press M Mark Stolarik .......... .......... ..... ......... .... ........ ..... ... .... ....... ..... . 143 M. Mark Stolarik, Where is my Home ? William J Galush .......... .. ... .. ...... ..... .... ..... .. ......... ....... ....... ..... ... .. 145 Contributors .. ...... .... ............ ........... ....................... ... ...... .. .... ... .... .... . 148 Guidelines for Manuscripts ... ... ............... ....... .... .. ... .... ..... ...... ....... .. 150 ARTICLES  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 42 (No. 78-79) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015