1 50 6 https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/9d48306a8ca309774f8d2a6e7d9d6320.pdf 00f7397f1994292a5a91d360a97d92c0 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA REVIEWS 83 ��SLOVAKIA 85 Historicky casopis, 33 , 2 (1 985) . "K vel 'komoravskemu vyrociu. " Bratislava: Veda, 19 8 5. Anna Holla. Metod - ucitel' Slovienov. K 1100 vfrrociu umrtia {885-1985}. Martin: Matica slovenska , 1985 . THEODORIC J. ZUBEK, O.F.M. Pittsburgh , Pennsyl vania As the year 1985 approached , Slovak Christians both in Czechoslovakia and abroad wondered in what manner the 1, 100th anniversary of the death of St. Methodius would be observed in Slovakia. The two publications under review provide partial answers to that question. · Historicky casopis , the official organ of the Ustav historickych vied Slovenskej akademie vied , devoted an entire issue to the ' 'Great Moravian Anniversary. ' ' In their introduction, the editors concede that Methodius was ' 'the most important personality in the cultural history of Great Moravia." Further, they note that ''Marxist historiography values highly the work of Constantine and Methodius, who laid the foundations for the development of Slavic literature, which thereafter prevailed among the majority of the South and East Slavs ." However , they also maintain that although Marxist historiography cannot overstate the importance of these two men, it cannot view them only as " evangelizers of the faith." The cultural elements of the Cyrillo-Methodian heritage are, of course, undeniable. But it is equally undeniable that that legacy also - and primarily - includes tremendous religiou s significance for the Slavs in general and the Slovaks in particular. What this reviewer finds especially objectionable in this issue of Historicky casopis is the attempt to minimize the importance of the evangelical activity of Sts . Cyril and Methodius and to neglect the religious dimensions of their work. The cultural achievements of the saintly brothers were the result of their primary goal: to complete the Christianization of the Slavic peoples. This main goal of their mission is never properly recognized by the authors, and the names of Sts . Cyril and Methodius are never mentioned with their title of reverence , " Saint. " Furthermore, not a single arti- �86 SLOVAKIA cle is devoted specifically to St. Methodius in what is supposed to be a commemoration of the anniversary of his death! The first article , by Matus Kucera, assesses Great Moravia and the beginnings of Slovak national history. Although Kucera writes extensively about the era of Rastislav and Svatopluk, he fails to mention Sts. Cyril and Methodius by name as the founders of Christian civilization among the ancestors of the Slovaks. In his article on "fictions and facts" concerning the territorial development of Great Moravia, Peter Ratkos refutes the claims of Imre Boba and other historians that the territory of Great Moravia was situated around the Morava River in Serbia. According to Ratkos , Sirmium was probably not the actual see of Archbishop Methodius , because at that time Sirmium belonged to Bulgaria. Richard Marsina examines the diplomatic documents relating to the history of Great Moravia and their value as sources. He acknowledges the authenticity of seventeen diplomatic texts, mostly the preserved letters of Popes Adrian II, John VIII, Stephen V, and John IX, and eighteen lost documents (deperdita) mentioned in the authentic diplomatic papers and other reliable historical sources. The article which deals the most with St. Cyril is the one by Alexander Avenarius on the contribution of Byzantium to Great Moravian culture. The author explains St. Cyril's philosophy, classifies him as a liberal in his opposition to iconoclasm, and places him in the camp of the liberal patriarch Photius. Avenarius also describes the influence of Byzantine monasticism in Bohemia and Slovakia after the death of Svatopluk. The last two articles are not directly concerned with the work of Sts. Cyril and Metodius . Bohuslav Chropovsky and Alexander Ruttkay evaluate the most recent archeological excavations and situate geographically the extent of the Slovak ethnic group. Finally, Rudolf Krajcovic examines the very complicated issue of language in Great Moravia and its continuity with Slovak. The publication of the Matica slovenska, Metod - ucitel' Slovienov, is more germane to the commemoration of St. Methodius' anniversary than the articles in the Historicky casopis issue. It contains nineteen pages of printed text by Anna Holla and thirty-two photographic reproductions of archeological findings from the �SLOVAKIA 87 Great Moravian era, copies of some Glagolitic and Cyrillic texts, and newer Slovak literary and pictorial works related to Sts. Cyril and Methodius. Holla's brief survey of St. Methodius and the whole CyrilloMethodian legacy in Czechoslovakia is a popular version based on contemporary scholarship. It reflects, not surprisingly, the distortions of present official Marxist historiography concerning the Great Moravian period. Holla characterizes Great Moravia as the first state common to the Czechs and Slovaks; and she emphasizes the cultural, social, and political activity of Sts. Cyril and Methodius and excludes or minimizes their missio.nary efforts. Holla' s assertion that Great Moravia was the first joint state of the Czechs and Slovaks is of dubious historical validity. By military force Svatopluk occupied the adjacent Slavic territories, among them Bohemia, and annexed them to his realm, but he did not incorporate them organically into Great Moravia. After his death in 894, the people in these occupied territories hastened to separate themselves from Great Moravia, searching for independence or joining new political alliances. The annexation of Bohemia to Great Moravia lasted less than twenty years, and after Svatopluk's death the Czechs found themselves again in the orbit of the Eastern Frankish (German) Empire. This reviewer must also take exception to Holla's statement that ''The basis of the missionary work of Constantine and Methodius in the Great Moravian Empire was their legal work, by which they eradicated Frankish church law and the unwritten common law of Great Moravia and substituted for it a strong legal order" (p. 6}. As has been mentioned, the basis of the CyrilloMethodian mission was the evangelization of the Slavs. Sts. Cyril and Methodius did not eliminate the church law which had been brought to the territory of Great Moravia by Irish-Scottish, Acquilean (Italian), and Bavarian missionaries; and they did not abolish the unwritten indigenous laws as long as they did not deviate from either Latin or Byzantine church and civil laws. In conclusion, the jubilee issue of Historicky casopis and the text by Anna Holla in the Matica slovenska publication suffer from gross deficiencies and omissions which stem from the antireligious bias of official Marxist historiography toward the legacy �88 SLOVAKIA of Sts. Cyril and Methodius . Only the Matica slovenska publication, with its well-selected, beautiful reproductions , can in a sense be considered as a tribute to the memory of St. Methodius in Slovakia. Julius Sopko. Stredoveke latinske k6dexy v slovensky ch kniiniciach. (Stredoveke k6dexy slovenskej proveniencie, I]. Martin: Matica slovenska, 1981. 304 pp. Julius Sopko. Stredoveke latinske k6dexy slovenskej proveniencie v Mad'arsku av Rumunsku. (Stredoveke k6dexy slovenskej proveniencie, II). Martin: Matica slovenska, 1982. 400 pp. GERALD J. SABO John Carroll University University Heights, Ohio This two-volume catalogue of codices comprises a listing of all extant medieval manuscripts produced on Slovak territory. Most were written in Latin and are similar to those found throughout medieval Europe. The subject matter pertains, for the most part, to religious faith and practice, and philosophy. Bibles, missals , antiphonaries , graduals , chant collections , sermons and related bilingual dictionaries, rules of a religious order, commentaries on religious topics, and philosophical studies are the kinds of writings found in these manuscripts. Occasionally among them are " secular" - non-religious or philosophical - texts , such as Gesta Romanorum (Feats of the Romans), Chronicon Dubnicense (The History of Dubnica), or Codex Justinian us: Digesta - Excerpta (Justinian's Law Code: Summaries and Excerpts) . Some of these manuscripts are preserved in Slovak archival repositories, while others are found in Hungary and Romania. In the two introductions of the first volume in Slovak and Latin , Sopko considers briefly the emergence and development of libraries and scriptoria on Slovak territory as well as the history of manuscript collections and their present status. He discusses the role of certain religious orders in the execution and collection of such manuscripts; among these are the Benedictines, Fran- �SLOVAKIA 89 ciscans, Dominicans, Cistercians, Carthusians, and Premonstratensians (also known as Norbertines). Sopko also mentions the significant activity of the cathedral chapters in Nitra, Bratislava, and Spis that fostered the composing of manuscripts. Thirteen Slovak areas are listed as locations of repositories for such manuscripts: Banska Bystrica, Bardejov, Bratislava, Dolny Kubin, Jasov, Kezmarok, Kosice, Kremnica, Martin, Nitra, Presov, Spisska Kapitula , and Spisske Vlachy. These cities and towns, institutions in Bratislava and Kremnica contain the overwhelming majority of the 200 medieval manuscripts found on Slovak territory today. In Bratislava, the cathedral chapter library alone contains 82 such codices of the 135 found in the 6 repositories of this city. In Kremnica, the parish library contains 25 of 26 medieval codices in the city. In the second volume , 86 of 88 manuscripts preserved in Hungary are found in Budapest; the remaining 130 of the total 418 listed' in the two volumes are found in Alba Julia, Romania, in the former Batthyany library collection. In his introductions Sopko mentions the art of manuscript illumination that was well developed on Slovak territory . He includes at the end of both volumes photographic reproductions of some manuscripts, usually rendered in color, many of which also exemplify the art of illumination. One of the outstanding examples of manuscript writing and illumination is the ''Bratislava Missal,' ' which today is preserved in Alba Julia, Romania, as part of the former Batthyany library collection. This missal is described in the second volume of the catalogue (#400), and a color reproduction of one of its folio pages can be found at the end among the supplementary illustrations . (A book that presents the illumination aspect of medieval manuscripts in the Slovak area and that would complement this catalogue well is Stredoveka kniina mal 'ba na Slovensku by Alzbeta Giintherova and Jan Misianik published in two editions [1961 and 1977] by Tatran of Bratislava.) Sopko concludes each of the volumes with four lists: concordance of signatures , dated codices, first words of a codex, and a name and topic index. This two-volume catalogue by Sopko is primarily aimed at libraries and specialists in medieval culture and history. It presents �90 SLOVAKIA well the scholarly work that is often produced under the auspices of the Matica slovenska. Vysady miest a mesteciek na Slovensku {1238-1350}, I. Edited by L'ubomir Juck. Bratislava: Veda, 1984. 199 pp. Narodnostny vyvoj miest na Slovensku do roku 1918. K 600. vyrociu vydania vysad pre zilinskych Slovakov Edited by Richard Marsina. Martin: Osveta, 1984 . 275 pp. DAVID P. DANIEL ConcorcJti.a Seminary St. Louis, Missouri These two volumes reflect the breadth and depth of Slovak historical urban studies. They are both welcome additions to the growing body of scholarship on the history of urban life in Slovakia in the late medieval and early modern eras. The first, ''Privileges of the Cities and Towns in Slovakia (1238-1350)" was prepared as part of a long-term project planned by the Historical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences during the 1950's and early 1960's which set as its goal the editing and publication of historical documents from the earliest eras of Slovak history. This volume is the first dealing specifically with the charters and grants of legal privileges made to the emerging cities during the High Middle Ages, primarily by Hungarian monarchs. Information concerning the documents which have disappeared and/or the texts of those preserved were drawn from materials in the archives of Slovakia and throughout Central Europe. The volume begins with a general introduction indicating the methodological principles utilized in preparing it and some general comments on the types of documents included . The bulk of the book is devoted to a catalogue, in chronological order, of all the grants of privileges discovered; a brief description of their contents and context in Slovak; the text of the document, in so far as it is known in the original language of composition, Latin; and finally a listing of the provenance of each document. As such , this volume provides a fascinating and accessible entrance into �SLOVAKIA 91 the historical development of the cities and towns which emerged on the territory of modern-day Slovakia during the High Middle Ages. They show that the economic strength of the towns grew in conjunction with the grants of economic and political privileges extended to them by the Hungarian monarchs. The towns sought to develop and protect their economic basis, manufacture, and trade by securing from the kings extensive rights of selfadministration and governance. The second volume, "Nationality Development of Cities in Slovakia to the Year 1918," is a collection of essays arranged according to the three thematic sections of the book: ''Nationality Development in Zilina"; "Nationality Development in the Towns of Slovakia''; and ''Nationality Development in Czech and Moravian Towns in the Middle Ages." However, despite the title, all but four of the sixteen studies treat the medieval and early modern periods. In the first section Marsina himself analyzes the privileges given to the Slovaks in Zilina in 1381; Julius Sopko attempts to identify the various individuals who made entries into the city record book of Zilina; Izidor Kotulic evaluates the language of the Zilina record book and other historical documents in Slovak; and Rudolf Kuchar examines the family names which appear in the Zilina record book. The studies of Peter Stansky on the structuring of nationalities in Zilina up to 1918 and of Pavol Hapak on the economic life and workers movement in Zilina during the last half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries conclude the section devoted specifically to the history of Zilina. In the second section Ferdinand Ulicny investigates the national groupings within the medieval cities of Slovakia; Jan Dorul'a examines the use of Slovak in the cities between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries; Anton Spiesz provides an analysis of Slovak artisan activity during the so-called later feudal period, the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries; and Jozef Vozaf evaluates the relationship between ethnic groups in the so-called montana or mining cities of central Slovakia during the same era. Ivan Chalupecky provides an analysis of ethnic relationships in the towns of Spis county for the century between 1550 to 1650, and Jana Skladana examines the oldest city books in Banovec nad Bebravou, dating from the sixteenth through the early eighteenth �92 SLOVAKIA centuries. Milan Podrimavsky concludes this section with an examination of the cities in Slovakia during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . The third section is made up of just three essays: Frantisek Smahel's review of findings and perspectives of the research into ethnic relationships in Bohemian cities during the Late Middle Ages (thirteenth to fifteenth centuries); Ludmila Sulitkova's investigation of the ethnic relationships in the Moravian cities, especially the royal cities, during the Late Middle Ages; and Josef Zemlicka' s essay on the countryside , ethnicity, and the late medieval Bohemian cities. While it is impossible to examine these essays individually, it should be noted that not only do they reveal how much urban studies have come to dominate Slovak late medieval/early modern history research , but also the complexities of ethnic relationships in Slovakia during the same era. Slovaks took an active, if not always an appreciated, role in the life of the cities of Slovakia during the Middle Ages and were, especially but not merely in the smaller towns , significant in their economic and political life. It is to be hoped that these volumes will encourage American scholars to become much more active in more fully investigating late medieval and early modern Slovak history. Juraj Zudel. Stolice na Slovensku. Bratislava: Obzor, 1984. 200 pp. R. VLADIMIR BAUMGARTEN Tallahassee , Florida This book was written to provide a generaLhistory of the counties of Slovakia until 1849, when a modern centralized administration was imposed by Imperial decree in the so-called "Bach era". It may consequently be subtitled "Patterns of Feudalism''. Zudel summarizes characteristics common to all the Slovak districts, and then depicts both individual and regional peculiarities. The main theme is an analysis of the evolution of the counties under the feudal order. In the introductory section, Zudel points out that originally individual Slovak counties had �SLOVAKIA 93 their own codes of law, but in all cases , in greater or lesser measure, these were eventually supplanted by more centralized government. Particular mention is made of the efforts of the Habsburgs, especially in the case of the Josephine reforms of the eighteenth century, to provide a uniform code of law for Hungary. These endeavors were only partially successful, and many of them were undone following the death of the King-Emperor in 1790 . Only in the aftermath of the 1848 revolution was it possible for enduring institutions of modern government to be established. Zudel points out that the 1848 experience may be characterized as a ''conflict of popular sovereignty''. The Hungarian reyolutionary leader Lajos Kossuth sought to protect the jealously-guarded privileges of individual counties, while at the same time using them as instruments of Magyarization in Upper Hungary. By contrast, the more conservative Hungarian reformer Istvan Szechenyi considered the county structure as antiquated, yet he opposed forced Magyarization. The archival sources consulted by the author are listed at the end of the introductory section, and a more general bibliography is included at the conclusion of the text. Zudel's introduction is followed by a survey of each individual county. These surveys include a summary of the territorial boundaries of each administration, the patterns of settlement and habitation , agricultural conditions, and cultural traditions . In cases where a county has been inhabited by more than one ethnic group, an additional section concerning ethnic relations is added . Although Zudel's presentation summarizes the counties in alphabetical order, any attempts at comparison and contrast are best served by examining the counties from a regional perspective. Two of the counties - Bratislava and Abauj - contained Slovakia's major metropolitan centers . In the case of the western county Bratislava, Zudel stresses its strategic location at the point where the Morava and Danube rivers converge. This location guaranteed that Bratislava was affected by the Hussite invasion. The author also mentions the presence of a Croatian element since the time of the Turkish wars. In the case of Abauj, which contains the eastern metropolis, Zudel indicates that the city of Kosice �94 SLOVAKIA was noteworthy for its traditionally oligarchical form of government. The southern Slovak counties of Gerner, Hant , Komarno , and Novohrad had the common denominators of all being ethnically mixed areas, plus serving as frontier zones in the HabsburgOttoman wars. Much the same treatment is accorded to Ostrihom, although the author also cites the latter for its significance in the Catholic Counterreformation. In the case of northern counties the author mentions that Liptov had lingering anti-feudal traditions, and also served as a stronghold for Slovak nationalism. Orava, in spite of its close geographic proximity to Liptov, evolved in the more traditional feudal pattern. Among central counties Nitra is particularly noted for having had a state organization which pre-dated the kingdom of Hungary; Tekov and Trencin are treated in a similar manner. In the case of the latter, Zudel also mentions the importance of the city of Zilina as a center of Slovak trade with the Czech lands, Silesia, and Prussia. Zvolen is noteworthy for its strategic location in defense of the fertile lowlands of southern Slovakia; the author also· mentions the influence of the Czech immigration following the Thirty Years War. Turiec is especially noted for having separated itself from Rakoczi's rising in the early eighteenth century . The author might have given this event more than passing treatment had he chosen to do so . The eastern counties of Slovakia present some of the most noteworthy peculiarities of all. Mention is made of the fact that the Hungarian king Sigismund mortgaged certain cities of Spis to Poland in the fifteenth century; they were returned to Hungary in the eighteenth. In spite of the fact that Saris was a major focal point for the Magyarization campaign, Zudel points out that the native Slovak nobility played a prominent role in public life. In the case of Zemplin county , the author mentions that the nobles long maintained a sense of autonomy , and consequently supported the Transylvanian rebels in the latter's struggle against the Habsburgs . Zudel also briefly summarizes the history of less " traditional" Slovak countries . After World War II much of the territory of Uz �SLOVAKIA 95 county was transferred to the Ukrainian S.S.R., and the population of the area is today classified as Ukrainian. Zudel, however, mentions the role of the Slovak element in siding with the Hungarian nobles against their Habsburg kings. Turn.a is treated as an extension of Abauj county (with which it was long affiliated) , although the influence of political patterns emanating from Gerner is also mentioned. In his concluding chapter Zudel summarizes administrative realignments dating from Bach's regime in the 1850s. Since the terms stolica and zupa are often used interchangeably, the author makes a distinction here between velzupa , containing more than one stolica, and zupa, constituting a single district. This distinction is an important one, and the author would hav~ served his readers better by mentioning it in the earlier portion of the text. Although the text conveys the ideological spirit common to contemporary Czechoslovakia, the historical facts are presented in a straightforward manner. Zudel points out that contemporary Hungarian Marxist historiography is more favorably disposed towards Slovak demographic claims in Upper Hungary, and he makes liberal use of Hungarian source materials. The major weakness of the book lies less in what is said than in what remains unsaid. In reference to Abauj county, Zudel cites the Mongol invasion as a determining factor in population distribution; he fails to mention that Kosice was temporarily transferred to the jurisdiction of Transylvania by the Treaty of Linz in 1645. One especially glaring contradiction is found in the case of Saris. The author mentions a "pestilental epidemic" in the eighteenth century, but no mention is made of the cholera epidemic which convulsed Saris and other eastern Slovak counties in 1831. Since the latter event was accompanied by a peasant rising which greatly undermined feudal society, the omission is a particularly serious one . For the student who is already well-grounded in Slovak history , Stolice presents little that is original. But is serves as an adequate text within the limits which have been mentioned , and is especially useful as a reference guide to the individual districts . �96 SLOVAKIA Tvorcovia noveho Slovenska/ The Shaping of Modern Slovakia. Festschrift to the Seventieth Birthday of Dr. Joseph A. Mikus . Edited by Joseph Stasko. Cambridge, Canada: Friends of Good Books, 1982 . xv . 271 pp . GEORGE VIRSIK Monash University Clayton, Australia This collection of articles by Imrich Kruzliak, Joseph Stasko , Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Frantisek Vnuk, and the celebrant can be looked upon from two different perspectives . The first is readily apparent . Kruzliak's interpretive account of Slovak history from 1918 to 1948; Stasko's soul-searching reflections on the meaning of the Slovak national heritage; Kirschbaum's examination of Slovak student organizations and their aims in the interwar period; and Vnuk's analysis of Slovak diplomacy before the Salzburg event of 1940 all have one common denominator: either the role played by, or the contemporary views held by , Joseph A. Mikus. Mikus's own article , "The International System in Transition,'' is a study of the moral and legal principles underlying the pre~ent system of (soverign or not) states and nations , as well as an application and projection into the future of his own ideas, summarized by the view that "not territorially defined states , particularly multinational structures or empires, but nations in the ethnic and cultural sense are the real members of the international community.'' The other perspective becomes more apparent only after one has finished reading the book. With the exception of Vnuk, the authors have all by now reached, or almost reached , their seventieth birthdays. They are all well-known emigre writers ; political commentators, and interpreters of the Slovak cultural heritage . And - again perhaps with the exception of Vnuk - all the contributions are representative of the particular author's " Slovak creed .' ' They read as a personal legacy to the generation to follow. No Slovak intellectual of the younger generation can afford to ignore what they have to say. Politically and territorially, of course, there is only one Slovakia. But spiritually and culturally there is �SLOVAKIA 97 also an alternative Slovakia, a Slovakia that many of us in the West (as well as some non-conformists in Slovakia) are proud to belong to , a Slovakia that would be unthinkable without its pioneers, and now seniors, like Mikus and Stasko, Kirschbaum, and Kruzliak. Thus it seems to me that - at least from the point of view of the new generation - the title of the book should have been something like " The Shape of a Slovakia We are Inheriting," meaning the spiritual and cultural shape of unofficial Slovakia forced to ''live in exile.'' To summarize: If one cannot read Slovak, it might be preferable to obtain just a reprint of Mikus' s English article rather than buy the whole book. But if one can read Slovak and is interested in Slovak matters, this book is a must. Slovak Politics: Essays on Slovak History in honour of Joseph M . Kirschbaum. Edited by Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. ClevelandRome: Slovak Institute, 1983. xviii, 381 pp. GEORGE VIRSIK Monash University Clayton , Australia This Festschrift dedicated to Joseph M. Kirschbaum offers nine articles on various political themes from Slovak history ranging from 1882 to about 1948 . It includes a brief appraisal of the celebrant's life and his contribution to Slovak politics by Charles Murin and a " select bibliography" of Kirschbaum 's publications written in exile. In the first article Edita Bosak deals with Czech-Slovak relations from 1882 to 1914, focusing on the student organization Detvan in Prague. Bosak sees Detvan "as a springboard and nursery for the young Slovak inteligentsia" as opposed to the "conservative Martin leadership ." Although she admits that "the amount of co-operation between Detvan and the Czechs was limited,'' she recognizes the resulting journal Hlas as "progressive," giving "wide distribution to many of the ideas that the students had already worked out in the debates in Detvan, �98 SLOVAKIA especially the idea of Czech-Slovak reciprocity." A comprehensive and unbiased study of Milan Hodza and his original political thinking (contrasted by his often controversial political associations that ended so sadly) is still missing from Slovak political literature . The article by Susan Mikula comes a long way toward such a study, but unfortunately it does not go beyond the year 1914. Still, her account of Hodza's Belvedere orientation and his attitude toward Magyars and Czechs seems to support those political thinkers who see him as the harbinger of contemporary Slovak aspirations toward Central European, or Danubian, Confederation. The contribution by Manfred Alexander is based on a study of the reports from the German Mission in Prague to the Foreign Office of the German Reich from 1918 to 1921. It contains over fifty pages of original documents related to Slovakia, published for the first time. Somehow, the documents make more interesting reading then the article itself. At least in one place the author's conclusions are hard to follow: It is true that Document 13 illustrates in many details the fact that Czech anti-clericalism was at the core of early Czech-Slovak frictions; and that it was the Catholic priests in Slovakia who raised the alarm, and often overreacted. But it seems to be a rather sweeping statement to claim that this is ',!valuable information indicating that the efforts made by the Slovak people to obtain autonomy did not originate spontaneously but were stirred up through agitation.'' Stanislav J. Kirschbaum's study of Hlinka's Slovak People's Party should certainly be read in conjunction with the German documents referred to above, especially by a non-specialist. It throws light on some points raised in the preceding article, and its systematic and more detached account well complements the subjectiveness and immediacy of the documents. The constitution of the Slovak Republic is analyzed by Karin Schmid. She comes to some mixed conclusions, perhaps best expressed in her own words: "If we consider every aspect of the Slovak Constitution - especially the role of the party on one hand, and on the other the control of the government by Parliament (although Parliament itself, in turn, was composed of only one party) - a comparison with what is known as 'socialist democracy' �SLOVAKIA 99 suggests itself. It is tempting, on the model of this concept, to coin the term 'fascist democracy.' However, if we wish to avoid jargon and if we bear in mind that fascism completely rejects the concept of democracy, then the Slovak system can be best described as an authoritarian system with rather surprising democratic features." Lisa Guarda Nardini examines President Tiso's political program. The person of Dr. Jozef Tiso, more so than the Slovak Republic as such, symbolizes the Slovak tragedy during and after World War II: After forty years, most Slovaks are by now resigned to the fact that, given all the circumstances, there was not much chance for the six years of the Slovak Republic to end' differently. But only a few will maintain that Dr. Tiso did not deserve a better fate, a fairer treatment and trial, and less prejudice connected with his place in Slovak history. The article and its discerningly apologetic tone have to be seen in this light. To a certain extent, the same atmosphere permeates the next article on the foreign policy of the Slovak Republic by Milan S. Durica. Of special interest is the section on relations with the Holy See. Durica does not hesitate to state explicitly that "the sharpest dispute between the Slovak Government and the Vatican arose over the Jewish question." Stanislav J. Kirschbaum tackles the extremely complicated and controversial Slovak revolt of 1944. He points out two options that the Slovaks faced by the end of World War II. The first was "to remain true to their state" not excluding "the taking of whatever means were necessary, including changing the regime and the political system'' and hoping that ''the victorious powers would realize that independence was indeed what the nation desired.'' The second option was to return to the Czechoslovak Republic. He is realistic enought to admit that the first option called for an acute sense of timing, exceptional diplomacy, faith on the part of people, and above all capable leadership at the top. But even given the second option, Kirschbaum observes that ''had Benes not been so prejudiced against the Slovaks, but rather had taken into account the evolution of the Slovak nation ... much of the tragedy that befell the Slovak people from 1944 on might have been avoided.'' �100 SLOVAKIA Frantisek Vnuk elaborates on this theme in his article on Slovak-Czech relations between 1945 and 1948. It describes the situation and events in Slovakia prior to February 1948, and it makes very sad reading. As one has come to expect from Vnuk, it is thoroughly documented. But it is also concise and comprehensive enough to be recommended to all - notably younger generation Slovaks, but also Czechs - who wish to understand the reasons behind Slovak resentments and political distrust of their Czech neighbors . In this reviewer's opinion, there is an increasing need for a comprehensive, critical study of Slovak political history from 1918 to 1968 written by a younger generation of scholars free of the compulsion either to fit that story into prescribed ideological frames or to justify a posteriori one's own role or moral position. The publication under review has perhaps so far come closest to fulfilling that need. Frantisek Vnuk. Zivotopis Konstantina Culena. Cleveland: Slovak Institute , 1984. 247 pp. OWEN V. JOHNSON Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana For several years I have been trying to persuade several important Slovak figures representing different political persuasions to write their memoirs, to give us an intimate perspective on their youth, their education, and the development of their careers. Each of the three has resisted , perhaps fearing that to write memoirs means to declare one's public life to be over. This is unfortunate because when I have stumbled onto memoir material , such as a dozen unpublished essays by as many interwar and wartime Slovak journalists, they have been a rich mine of information that their authors could never have realized would be so important. Other than oral interviews, the second best source of personal information is the biography . From that perspective, this book about Konstantin Culen is to be welcomed. Published with the �SLOVAKIA 101 support of Slovak-American activist Jan Beliansky a dozen years after completion of the manuscript, it traces the career of the headstrong Slovak publicist, amateur historian, diplomat, government official and emigre journalist. The author draws on his twenty-year correspondence with Culen, Culen's autobiographical "Posedenia," published in the early 1960s, and 15 short chapters that were parts of Culen's various unsuccessful efforts to write an autobiography. Vnuk makes no claim that this is a careful , complete, or scholarly biography. Nor does he promise any neutral and objective point-of-view, stating in the opening pages his respect and admiration for Culen. Vnuk asserts that the heart of the work is the la.s t section which describes Culen's work in exile - because it is the period he knows best. The historian will disagree. It is the first part (describing his youth and education) and to a lesser degree the second part (describing his twenty-year career in Slovakia) that more effectively transport the reader into the life of the periods they describe. This is so because it is precisely for those periods that Culen provided more of his own testimony about his life and times. We are reminded, for instance, that even though their eventual political views became quite different , many members of the Slovak intelligentsia initially were good friends of each other. Among Culen's early friends were such a diverse group as Vladimir Clementis, Julius Sefranek, Jan Golian, Ferdinand Jurgia, and Florian Tomanek. There are several references, too, to how important connections - Slovak or Czech - were in finding gainful employment. Particularly interesting is Vnuk's description of Culen's short career as a writer and reporter for Slovak, the daily Hlinkist organ. As with other institutions of the Slovak People 's Party, the newspaper staff reflected the splits among the different wings of the party. Eventually the splits led to Culen's dismissal from the staff. It foreshadowed his later ouster from the Slovak Government in July , 1940. The tragedy of Culen is that these divisions continued in emigration, and because he continued to be first and foremost a publicist, he became their victim. Despite a decade of service to �102 SLOVAKIA the Slovak press in North America, he was eventually forced out of all fulltime work in that area. During the last few years, Vnuk reports , Culen struggled to find gainful employment, eventually winding up as superintendent of a Brooklyn apartment house. He died in 1964. Miroslav Kropilak a kolektiv. Dejiny Slovenska V {1918-1945). Bratislava: Veda , 1985 . 612 pp. JAMES R. FELAK Bloomington, Indiana It would be hard to find a quarter century in Slovak history more eventful than the period from 1918 to 1945 . These years saw the creation, destruction , and re-creation of the Czechoslovak Republic , the emergence and disappearance of an independent Slovak state , a great economic crisis , and a world war. In this fifth volume of the new Dejiny Slovenska, a team of Slovak Marxist scholars provides the most extensive and detailed discussion of this period available in any language. Dejiny Slovenska Vis composed of two parts. The first covers Slovakia within the interwar Czechoslovak Republic; the second deals with the Slovak state and World War II. Each part is divided into chronologically based chapters, which in turn contain subchapters on themes like politics, foreign affairs , economics, social unrest, and developments within the Communist Party. In analyzing the interwar period, the authors focus on the so-called Slovak Question, that is , the place of Slovakia and the Slovak nation in a Czechoslovak state. This question involves a complex of political, economic , social , and cultural factors that gave rise to tensions between Slovaks and Czechs. The Czechoslovak government's failure to ease these tensions contributed mightily to the shape that the First Republic's demise took in 1938-39. In discussing this failure , the authors contend that only the Communist Party was capable of solving the problems that caused social and national dissatisfaction in Slovakia. The authors consider Slovak discontent as essentially a product of the ''bourgeois-democratic , capitalist system'' of the First �SLOVAKIA 103 Republic, with the Czech bourgeoisie as the main perpetrators of this discontent. This ruling class is accused of economically exploiting Slovakia, repressing manifestations of Slovak dissatisfaction, and ruling the country on the basis of centralism, with a complete disregard for Slovakia's special conditions and problems . To help rule Slovakia, this " ruling Czech bourgeoisie " fostered the idea of Czechoslovakism, that is, the notion that the Slovaks were not a distinct nation but rather members of a Czechdominated "Czechoslovak" nation. The authors sharply criticize Czechoslovakism, which they see as a reactionary ideology serving only to fan the flames of Slovak nationalism and to hamper Czechoslovak state unity in the face of the external threats of the 1930s. As allies of the ''ruling Czech bourgeoisie,' ' the so-called centralist parties in Slovakia, above all the Social Democrats and the Agrarians , come under attack in this volume. The Social Democrats are strongly criticized for their so-called reformist approach to Slovakia's social and economic ills , for placing the interests of the state ahead of the interests of the working class , and for staunchly supporting centralism and Czechoslovakism. The Agrarians are reproached for similar reasons, including an economic policy that favored the rural middle class of the expense of the working class and poorer peasants. The authors indeed point out that many Slovak Agrarians were lukewarm in their support for centralism and Czechoslovakism and tried to advance Slovakia's interests under the guise of "silent revision of centralism" or "regionalism." Nevertheless, the authors believe that by failing to distance themselves effectively from Prague and to solve Slovakia's economic problems, the centralist parties drove many Slovaks into the camp of Hlinka 's Slovak People 's Party (HSPP or L'udaks). The authors do not condemn the HSPP for its autonomist program and political opposition, but rather for " catering to the reactionary classes" at home and seeking ties with Czechoslovakia's enemies abroad. In their Marxist interpretation, the authors see the HSPP as the representative of those bourgeois elements that were dissatisfied with their political and economic position in Czechoslovakia. The fact that the HSPP had broad popular appeal �104 SLOVAKIA cutting across class boundaries is explained by the party's ability to exploit Slovakia's economic ills and national discontent demagogically in order to win votes. Although the authors condemn the HSPP's leadership, they are more lenient toward its rankand-file, whom they characterize as justly disaffected by the social and national situation in Slovakia but misled by L'udak propaganda. If the L'udaks were too reactionary to solve the Slovak Question, and the centralist parties too reformist and ''Czechoslovak,'' the Communist Party alone , according to this work, possessed the correct formula. In the authors' interpretation, the Communist Party was committed both to the distinctiveness of the Slovak nation and the integrity of the Czechoslovak state, which, after a socialist revolution and installation of a dictatorship of the proletariat, was to be set up on the basis of national equality and mutual respect between the Czech and Slovak nations. The party did not hold this position consistently from 1918 to 1945, but did take this stance during the Slovak National Uprising. The book depicts, although somewhat opaquely, the shifts in the party's nationality policy in the period under discussion and presents the party's position during the Uprising not as a mere tactical move but rather as the culmination of twenty-five years of Communist thinking al}d experience regarding the Slovak Question. Although the portrayal of the Communist Party in this volume is overwhelmingly positive , there is some criticism, especially of party centralism. The authors clearly side with those Slovak Communists, above all the Davists, who preferred a party that was more responsive to Slovak conditions to one that rigidly applied directives from the leadership in Prague. While centralism and "dogmatism" may be reproached, however, the authors never question the Communist Party's fundamental goals. The second part of this work deals with the Slovak state and World War II. This period is presented dichotomously. On the negative side is the Slovak state. Although the authors deem it "an acceptable alternative for the majority of the Slovak population in 1939-1941 from the constitutional point of view," they portray its L'udak leaders as fascists and opportunists, tools of German imperalism who tried but ultimately failed to win over the �SLOVAKIA 105 Slovak population via social demagoguery and exaggerated nationalism. On the positive side is the Slovak resistance movement, manifested above all in the Slovak National Uprising. According to the authors, the Uprising represented the progressive majority of the Slovak population. They claim that the Uprising was never defeated politically or militarily, but rather won out as the first stage of a democratic and national revolution in Slovakia. Although the authors acknowledge the role played by nonCommunists in the Slovak resistance, they repeatedly assert that Communist influence was paramount. The party gets credit forsuccessfully helping bring down the L'udak regime while at the same time resisting efforts of the Benes government in London to restore the pre-Munich Republic on its old sociopolitical bases. Not surprisingly, the authors also credit the Soviet Union with greatly assisting the Uprising. The authors have considerable sympathy for the selfdetermination of the Slovak nation, as their condemnation of centralism and Czechoslovakism attests . However , when this sympathy comes into conflict with their orthodox Marxist-Leninst line, the latter wins out. For example, the occupation of Slovakia by Bela Kun's army in 1919 is portrayed as a totally positive event for the Slovak population, and any suggestions that they may have constituted a restoration of Hungarian rule over the Slovaks are dismissed as myth. To the volume's credit, it provides an informative survey of social and economic developments in Slovakia. In addition, it devotes much attention to cultural history, including discussions of the growth of Slovak education, literature, art, and even film and radio. It also treats the cultural affairs of Slovakia's German , Magyar, and Ukrainian minorities. On the debit side, there is very little biographical information offered regarding the key figures in Slovak political life , the subchapters on diplomatic developments are completely and unequivocally pro-Soviet, and several important Western publications are absent from the relatively lengthly bibliography. As a comprehensive survey of some of the most crucial years in Slovak history, this installment of Dejiny Slovenska should interest all scholars of twentieth-century Slovak history . Not only �106 SLOVAKIA is it a source of much information, but it also presents the most up-to-date official view on controversial issues such as the Slovak Question, the Slovak state, and the Slovak National Uprising. Yeshayahu A. Jelinek. The Lust for Power: Nationalism, Slovakia, and the Communists, 1918-1948. "East European Monographs, No. CXXX. " Boulder, CO: East European Monographs , 1983. xi , 185 pp. Distributed by Columbia University Press. ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City, Missouri Students of Slovak history are greatly indebted to Yeshayahu Jelinek for his painstaking dissection of the response of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC) to ''the Slovak Question'' during the 1918-1948 period. Jelinek trudges admirably through the bewildering zigs and zags and general confusion of Communist nationality policies during the First, Second, and Third Czechoslovak Republics and the wartime Slovak Republic. It is well known that the political tasks of Czechoslovak Communism have often been complicated by the subjection of the KSC to Soviet supervision and interference. Slovak Communists faced an even tougher road in their efforts to expand their base of popular support within Slovakia, in part because their mentors in Prague were even more overbearing and less sensitive to Slovak national aspirations than were the Soviets. Czech Communist leaders tended to view Slovak nationalism as either an obstacle or a vehicle to their achievement of pow~r in Prague, depending on the moment. Their lack of understanding or respect for Slovak feelings was, of course, (ypical of Czech politicians of almost all ideological stripes. Not that Slovak Communists possessed any clear idea of how to handle the national question. Pulled in different directions by nationalist feelings and a desire to win popular support on the one hand , and by loyalty to the KSC and Moscow on the other, they adopted an array of "solutions" which were, as Jelinek notes, testimony to the failure of Communist ideology to address effec- �SLOVAKIA 107 tively the nationalist phenomenon. Different Slovak Communist spokesmen variously proposed the creation of a Slovak-Hungarian Soviet Republic, incorporation of Slovakia into the Soviet Union, complete independence, autonomous federative status within a unified Czechoslovakia, equality without autonomy , and extreme centralization under Prague 's control. Jelinek 's discussion provides essential background reading to Czech-Slovak tensions since 1948, including the tragic persecution of Slovak Communists during the 1950s and the renewal of Slovak demands for genuine federalism during the 1960s. Nationalism has been ·'a powerful force in Slovak Communism throughout the history of Czechoslovakia, and there is little reason to believe that the current quasi-federal formula will permanently sweep the issue of Slovak-Czech relations under the rug. Despite Jelinek 's yeoman service in delineating these matters , the book contains a number of typographical and some factual errors that should have been caught by the editor. Rudolf Slansky, for example, is twice identified as "Josef Slansky" (pp. 36, 72); and Viliam Siroky seems to be identified as a Czech - the language is ambiguous - on p . 40 , although later on he is characterized correctly as a Magyarized Slovak. On a more general level , this reviewer has two criticisms, one minor and one major. The period and events described by Jelinek are so complex that he could have helped the reader by more often stepping back to address the confusion and reorder the facts in summary form. Whenever such a broad overview is absent, the narrative unavoidably gets bogged down in the myraid of individuals, factions , and endless changes in party line that defined Communist nationality policies during the thirty years in question. When the author chooses to summarize , as in his excellent passage on the war years (pp. 40-41) and in his fine concluding chapter, the reader is greatly enlightened . More serious is Jelinek's tendency to lump all Communists together in his insistence that they regard nationalism as " a mere tool to achieve [power] " (p . 1). This is the author 's major thesis , but his book's evidence suggests rather that many Communists were confused about the Slovak issue and failed to reach a consensus about nationality policies . While Czech centralizers were �108 SLOVAKIA inclined to be cynical or fearful of Slovak nationalism, many Slovaks were genuine nationalists who took considerable risks to advocate their people's cause. Jelinek explicitly recognizes this fact on several occasions, as in his fascinating discussion of Communist cooperation with the rightwing L'udaks, and in his description of the Slovak National Uprising, neither of which can be regarded as a mere power tactic. The author's general thesis, therefore, is at odds with his narrative. Nonetheless, this book is a valuable and original contribution to the study of Slovak Communism. M. Mark Stolarik. Growing Up on the South Side: Three Generations of Slovaks in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1880-1976. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1985. 147 pp. JUNE GRANATIR ALEXANDER The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio In the preface to this work, M . Mark Stolarik states "that it is the responsibility of professional historians to also write the histories of particular ethnic groups for those groups'' and warns his readers that Growing Up on the South Side was written "only incidentally for fellow academics" (p. 13). Indeed, his research was partially supported by funds bequeathed for the purpose of writing a history of Bethlehem Slovaks for Bethlehem Slovaks. Growing Up on the South Side is too brief to offer an in-depth analysis of the Bethlehem Slovak population over a lengthy ninetysix-year period. Still, Stolarik touches upon important aspects of the history of that ethnic communtiy . He relies extensively on material generated by the Slovak community: fraternal and church records and publications, newspapers, and short histories written by Slovaks . He skillfully blends these sources with oral interviews with second- and third-generation Slovaks. Stolarik overlooks, however , the newspapers Narodne noviny and, with one minor exception, Slovensky hlasnik. His bibliography is somewhat dated because he does not cite relevant works, including his own, published after 1981. �SLOVAKIA 109 Although the author does not burden his narrative with statistics, tables, or theories , he generally succeeds in achieving his objective of writing for a more general , rather than an academic audience . On several occasions, either in the narrative or footnotes , he corrects factual errors that apparently heretofore have been accepted by Bethlehem Slovaks . However, by trying to avoid becoming bogged down in scholarly analysis , Stolarik, at times, forgets his responsibility to the general public as a professional historian. Indeed , he misses opportunities to use his scholarly expertise to investigate the veracity of some popularly-held beliefs or attitudes and is not always careful to use solid evidence to support some generalizations. For example , Stolarik rather nonchalantly refers to "the Irish police" as stopping fights at Slovak weddings (p. 82) . Were all the policemen in Bethlehem Irish , or were only Irish policemen sent to quiet down rowdy Slovak celebrations? Here statistics and footnotes are needed. Stolarik's nice composite picture of Slovak fraternal meetings drawn from the minutes of different lodges includes the suggestion that women disrupted meetings when they attended in their husbands' stead. This was a popular view held by Slovak males who opposed accepting females into lodges in the early twentieth century. How " often" did women actually delay meetings? Stolarik observes that secular lodges opened with the presidents warning '' all in attendance to behave themselves" (p . 40) . This presumably included both men and women present. Can women, then , be singled out as a particular problem? In both instances just cited , Stolarik's descriptions may be accurate, but statements by a professional historian that confirm ethnic and sexual stereotypes in the minds of a general audience require more concrete, explicit evidence . At times , Stolarik is also confusing because his discussion is too brief. For example , he relates that several factors gave rise to a large number of Slovak lodges in Bethlehem. Some lodges were formed on the basis of geographic origins, while the membership of others , he explains, reflected social standing in the Slovak community. Does this mean that Slovaks who joined the same lodge as fellow villagers but then subsequently attained a different social status in the community switched lodges? If this was the case, it has strong implications for further exploring the emergence �110 SLOVAKIA of class divisions within ethnic communities. The discussion of female occupations should also be expanded and clarified . It is not clear if the second- and third-generation working women he discusses (pp. 113, 115-17) were married or single . Did married women routinely work outside of the home? Such clarifications would have enhanced his discussion of the acculturation process among American-Slovaks. Also, since formal affiliation of the Slovak Evangelical Lutheran Church (founded in 1902) with the Missouri Synod did not occur until 1908, Stolarik's passing reference to 1902 as the date when Slovak Lutherans affiliated with that conservative body can create confusion. Finally, some Bethlehem Slovaks as well as scholars will surely disagree with some of Stolarik's generalizations about the Slovak experience in general and the Bethlehem experience in particular. Although Stolarik was concerned primarily with writing a history for Bethlehem Slovaks, his work does touch on issues of interest to professional scholars. His discussions of politics and social mobility support those scholars who suggest that social mobility in America can be gauged on different levels. While some Slovaks did not achieve social prominence in American society, they did achieve such prominence within their own ethnic community. His analysis of politics offers some insight into how immigrants dealt with, adjusted to, and influenced America's political structure. Overall, the author remains faithful to his objective of writing a history for Bethlehem Slovaks. In doing so, he avoids the trappings of filiopietism often evident in such ethnic histories. While careful not to offend their descendants, Stolarik, on occasion, provides critical judgments of individuals. Additionally, while he clearly regrets the ongoing demise of Slovak culture and the waning of ethnic identity that has taken place among Bethlehem Slovaks, he does not reduce his study to one of "Slovak contributions" and a celebration of Slovak culture in a propagan distic effort to stir ethnocentrism among second- and thirdgeneration Slovaks. Thus, w hile scholars will likely agree with Stolarik's own assessment that " traditional concerns of historians" generally remain beyond the scope of Growing Up on the South Side , Bethlehem Slovaks will find that Stolarik has done what he set out to do: write a readable English-language history for them. �SLOVAKIA 111 Ferenc Feher and Agnes Heller Hungary 1956 Revisited: The Message of a Revolution - A Quarter of a Century After. London: George Allen & Unwin , 1983 . xviii, 174 pp. PETER R. HRUBY Western Australian Institute of Technology Bentley, Australia The authors of this book left Hungary in 1977. Since then they have published a remarkable series of books, especially (together with George Markus) Dictatorship over Needs: A Study of Soviet Societies, also in 1983 . The present volume is a well written and passionately argued attempt to interpret the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 from a leftist and socialist radical point of view. The authors' thesis on the revolution is divided into two parts: its impact on the world, and on Hungary. There is hardly any doubt that the revolution was felt all over the world. Equally correct is the writers' conviction that because no substantial help was offered to the revolutionaries from the West , "the result was a major loss of face for the Western powers, a second moral Munich" (p. 15) . More questionable is their often repeated affirmation that the Hungarians rebelled equally against the Soviets as against the West, because during World War II the latter allowed Central and Eastern Europe to be incorporated into the Soviet sphere of influence. Only Istvan Bib6 and his " Draft of a compromise solution of the Hungarian question'' can be quoted in support of such a surprising assertion. Sure enough, most Central and East Europeans did not like the overwhelming Soviets interest and the shocking Western lack of interest in their fate and territories, but it is stretching the point to claim that ''the Hungarian revolution was a revolt against all signatories of the Yalta and Potsdam agreements" (p. 16) . Feher and Heller are on safer grounds when they assert that in 1956 the Americans lost a great opportunity by not offering to the Soviets a compromise by which Hungary would have been granted neutrality and the Soviet Union an end to the Cold War. The Soviet leaders were for a few crucial days divided about how to deal with the crisis, and the authors believe that the Soviets would have considered such an offer. �112 SLOVAKIA There follows a good discussion of "national communism, " and in this context Yugoslav leaders are blamed for their opportunist attitude toward the Hungarian revolution. Western Communist parties lost many members, fellow-travellers, and prestige in the process: "The events of October 1956 [sounded] the deathknell of the Popular Front policy" (p. 44). In their review of other East European Communist parties' reaction to the revolution, the writers express their support for "the idea of a confederation between the free nations of the region" (p. 62). In the second part of the book the authors stress the lack of democratic and liberal traditions in their native country. Several times they point out that only in Czechoslovakia was there a successful marriage of nationalism with such progressive tendencies. Although they believe that after both the First and Second World Wars Hungary was treated too harshly by the victors, they contend that only during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a democratic, liberal, and socialist model being created in their country. One of the major points of the message should be seen in that historical development. Ferenc Feher and Agnes Heller would also like their readers to believe that after a long series of failed heroes of Hungarian history Imre Nagy should be accepted as a genuine hero , "forger, arbiter , martyr and symbol of a murdered revolution" (pp . 15 7-8). What fascinated this reviewers most was the obvious learning process experienced by extreme leftist radicals about the real substance of 'Soviet Commu nism and of its betrayal of the working people. The authors castigate not only Lenin, Trotsky , and Stalin, but also Deutscher and Sartre , among others, for trusting professional revolutionaries and manipulators more than the masses. From the authors ' arguments it is also clear that they themselves had to be transformed from typical radical intellectuals' positions of misuse of the wage earners to admiration for their democratic and pluralist hopes . They admit that only several years after the revolution were some of the w ishes and actions of the Hungarian people understood and accepted by them (e.g ., p . 92). The last pages of the volume are devoted to an excellent analysis of Kadarism and of the modernized sophisticated terror which is also well known in Czechoslovakia. �SLOVAKIA 113 Slovak readers will find occasional reference to Hungarian "bereft territories" (p. 149) and of the Hungarians expelled from Slovakia (pp. 50 -51). They might wonder who are the "Slovakians" (p . 51). Of much greater interest is the insight into the way leftist radical socialists inside of Hungary view the past and the future and what can be expected from them and their nation . Jozef Ciger-Hronsky. Jozef Mak. Translated by Andrew Cincura. Afterword by Peter Petro. Columbus: Slavica, 1984. 232 pp. WILLIAM E. HARKINS Columbia University New York, New York This volume is the first in a series of works of Slovak literature slated to be published by Slavica Publishers in Columbus, Ohio. Currently projected for publication are volumes by Hugolin Gavlovic and Bozena Timrava, as well as a volume of folk ballads. The project represents a notable break-through for the cause of Slovak literature in translation in this country . Jozef Ciger (1894-1960), who published under the pseudonym of Hronsky, is one of the great writers of Modern Slovak Literature, one comparatively neglected , presumably for ideological reasons. A village school teacher , Hronsky knew the Slovak peasants as perhaps no other Slovak writer did; in particular, he understood the mysticism of the peasantry and portrayed it in his works : During World War II he supported the nationalistic Tiso regime , and in 1945 emigrated to Argentina. Under the new Czechoslovak republic he was never mentioned, not to say published, along with a number of other nationalist writers . In 1970 his contemporary, the critic Alexander Matuska , published a monograph devoted to him. Jozef Mak was published in 1933. It is a novel of the Slovak village in the period of Hungarian oppression and the time of emigration to America. Maryarization and Emigration are portrayed as twin perils and twin temptations , for both seem to pro- �114 SLOVAKIA mise political or economic salvation to the poverty-ridden peasantry. The novel represents a unique blend of realism and symbolism, one hardly to be found among contemporary Czech writers, for instance, or even among other Slovak writers. Those aspects of the novel that pertain to individual characters and their fates are more symbolic, while the public and social facets of the story are realistic. The first are richer in metaphors , certainly while the latter are richer in metonyms. The blending of the two strains gave the author considerable difficulty , and it is the private, symbolic novel that is more memorable for the reader . The term "symbolic" is customarily used for fiction in the style of Jozef Mak , but the novel is actually as much mythic as symbolic. (Of course the two styles are closely interrelated.) The leading characters are archetypes who draw much of their being from an idealized metaphorical world close to folklore. Jozef Mak himself is an image of the alienated orphan, denied his inheritance, material as well as spiritual. The novel ends without his having found himself or his true destiny. Jozef Mak is born the illegitimate son of a poor peasant woman, to be ousted from the house and land by his worthless older, legitimate half brother. Still he grows up honest, hard working, and resourceful. He finally marries a crippled woman whom he seduces, a wife who provides a spiritual guide for him throughout his married life . But, exhausted from the weight of burdens, physical and spiritual, his wife Jula dies . Jozef is left alone at the end of the novel to endure and to plot his path through life alone. The wife Jula is certainly one of the great characters in Slovak literature. Her piety and meekness , and her endurance of her husband's deceptions, are entirely believable , as is the aura of spiritual beauty (in spite of physical deformity) with which the author invests her. The author's conception of such a character required great artistic imagination; Mak himself is hardly so successful. Perhaps his position as central character (and also as perceiving subject) in so much of the novel has precluded the writer from developing a firm, coherent image of him. Less sharp are the characters involved, positively or negative- �SLOVAKIA 115 ly , in their nation's political struggle , and it is evident that Hronsky had difficulties with the realistic side of the novel , partly because the struggle in question corresponds to the time of his boyhood, when he hardly could have succeeded in grasping its meaning. Thus the mythic, symbolic , mystical side of the novel is the stronger, and makes a powerful nostalgic imprint on the reader. Pavol Stevcek. Contemporary Slovak Literature . Translated by Ol 'ga Horska. Bratislava: Obzor, 1980. 122 pp. GERALDJ. SABO John Carroll University University Heights , Ohio Contemporary Slovak literature is often an unfamiliar area even to Slavic literary specialists, whereas writings of contemporary Czech authors from the same country are internationally known. Perhaps it is true , as one Slovak specialist in North America has stated , that Slovak literature is a Cinderella among the literatures of Europe that awaits the discovery of her true worth. The study under review is an attempt to dispel some of this unfamiliarity for an English-reading audience. In this book Stevcek discusses twenty-three writers of the post-1945 era. Twenty-one men are presented as poets and writers of prose and children's literature, but only two women are discussed and that in the area of children 's literature. Among the poets are Pavol Horov, Jan Kostra, Ladislav Novomesky, Milan Rufus, Jan Smrek, and Miroslav Valek; among the prose writers are Alfonz Bednar, Peter Jaros , Vladimir Minac, Vincent Sikula, and Frantisek Svantner. The first of six chapters sets the context for appreciating the work of these writers. In describing the development of this modern era in literature Stevcek employs a Marxist interpretation and even discusses briefly the features of literature written according to such a viewpoint. (The English here is rather stilted and contrived; if the translation is at fault, it is probably because it is a literal rendition of the author's diction and style , which in Slovak may be appropriate for such a work but becomes at times opaque in English translation .) In the remaining five �116 SLOVAKIA chapters, Stevcek considers respectively writers of poetry, prose, children's literature, drama, and literary studies and theoretical presentations. At the end of the chapters on poetry and prose, the author presents brief commentary on a number of other such contemporary writers in order to round out the presentation for these areas . In the chapter on poetry Stevcek fails to include Masa Hal 'amova. Why? Does not a poet who was at the time of this study an "Artist of Merit" deserve mention? (At the present time, she holds the title "National Artist.") This is a significant omission, especially as consideration of Hal'amova would also have increased the number of women presented . In the chapter on children's literature Stevcek includes two women, one of whom, Klara Jarunkova, could just as well have been discussed in the prose chapter. Indeed, she could have been included in both chapters . Likewise , L'ubomir Feldek should have been discussed for more than his contribution to children's literature. Some commentary on or at least mention of L'udo Zubek and Dominik Tatarka would also have been quite justified. Such additions to this study would certainly not have increased its size by much, and yet would have definitely enhanced its benefit to Slavic scholars and anyone interested in Slovak literature. Contemporary Slovak Literature is a noteworthy contribution from Slovakia that provides some basic information on a large number of writers. Such a publication in English is crucial if Slovak literature is to be able to assume its proper place in modern world literature . Given the paucity of such publications , this study should be helpful not only to specialists but also libraries. Given also the excellent literary specialists now writing in Slovakia, more such publications as the one above, with style and English rendition improved , should be rightly expected and published in the future. � SLOVAKIA REVIEWS 83 ��SLOVAKIA 85 Historicky casopis, 33 , 2 (1 985) . "K vel 'komoravskemu vyrociu. " Bratislava: Veda, 19 8 5. Anna Holla. Metod - ucitel' Slovienov. K 1100 vfrrociu umrtia {885-1985}. Martin: Matica slovenska , 1985 . THEODORIC J. ZUBEK, O.F.M. Pittsburgh , Pennsyl vania As the year 1985 approached , Slovak Christians both in Czechoslovakia and abroad wondered in what manner the 1, 100th anniversary of the death of St. Methodius would be observed in Slovakia. The two publications under review provide partial answers to that question. · Historicky casopis , the official organ of the Ustav historickych vied Slovenskej akademie vied , devoted an entire issue to the ' 'Great Moravian Anniversary. ' ' In their introduction, the editors concede that Methodius was ' 'the most important personality in the cultural history of Great Moravia." Further, they note that ''Marxist historiography values highly the work of Constantine and Methodius, who laid the foundations for the development of Slavic literature, which thereafter prevailed among the majority of the South and East Slavs ." However , they also maintain that although Marxist historiography cannot overstate the importance of these two men, it cannot view them only as " evangelizers of the faith." The cultural elements of the Cyrillo-Methodian heritage are, of course, undeniable. But it is equally undeniable that that legacy also - and primarily - includes tremendous religiou s significance for the Slavs in general and the Slovaks in particular. What this reviewer finds especially objectionable in this issue of Historicky casopis is the attempt to minimize the importance of the evangelical activity of Sts . Cyril and Methodius and to neglect the religious dimensions of their work. The cultural achievements of the saintly brothers were the result of their primary goal: to complete the Christianization of the Slavic peoples. This main goal of their mission is never properly recognized by the authors, and the names of Sts . Cyril and Methodius are never mentioned with their title of reverence , " Saint. " Furthermore, not a single arti- �86 SLOVAKIA cle is devoted specifically to St. Methodius in what is supposed to be a commemoration of the anniversary of his death! The first article , by Matus Kucera, assesses Great Moravia and the beginnings of Slovak national history. Although Kucera writes extensively about the era of Rastislav and Svatopluk, he fails to mention Sts. Cyril and Methodius by name as the founders of Christian civilization among the ancestors of the Slovaks. In his article on "fictions and facts" concerning the territorial development of Great Moravia, Peter Ratkos refutes the claims of Imre Boba and other historians that the territory of Great Moravia was situated around the Morava River in Serbia. According to Ratkos , Sirmium was probably not the actual see of Archbishop Methodius , because at that time Sirmium belonged to Bulgaria. Richard Marsina examines the diplomatic documents relating to the history of Great Moravia and their value as sources. He acknowledges the authenticity of seventeen diplomatic texts, mostly the preserved letters of Popes Adrian II, John VIII, Stephen V, and John IX, and eighteen lost documents (deperdita) mentioned in the authentic diplomatic papers and other reliable historical sources. The article which deals the most with St. Cyril is the one by Alexander Avenarius on the contribution of Byzantium to Great Moravian culture. The author explains St. Cyril's philosophy, classifies him as a liberal in his opposition to iconoclasm, and places him in the camp of the liberal patriarch Photius. Avenarius also describes the influence of Byzantine monasticism in Bohemia and Slovakia after the death of Svatopluk. The last two articles are not directly concerned with the work of Sts. Cyril and Metodius . Bohuslav Chropovsky and Alexander Ruttkay evaluate the most recent archeological excavations and situate geographically the extent of the Slovak ethnic group. Finally, Rudolf Krajcovic examines the very complicated issue of language in Great Moravia and its continuity with Slovak. The publication of the Matica slovenska, Metod - ucitel' Slovienov, is more germane to the commemoration of St. Methodius' anniversary than the articles in the Historicky casopis issue. It contains nineteen pages of printed text by Anna Holla and thirty-two photographic reproductions of archeological findings from the �SLOVAKIA 87 Great Moravian era, copies of some Glagolitic and Cyrillic texts, and newer Slovak literary and pictorial works related to Sts. Cyril and Methodius. Holla's brief survey of St. Methodius and the whole CyrilloMethodian legacy in Czechoslovakia is a popular version based on contemporary scholarship. It reflects, not surprisingly, the distortions of present official Marxist historiography concerning the Great Moravian period. Holla characterizes Great Moravia as the first state common to the Czechs and Slovaks; and she emphasizes the cultural, social, and political activity of Sts. Cyril and Methodius and excludes or minimizes their missio.nary efforts. Holla' s assertion that Great Moravia was the first joint state of the Czechs and Slovaks is of dubious historical validity. By military force Svatopluk occupied the adjacent Slavic territories, among them Bohemia, and annexed them to his realm, but he did not incorporate them organically into Great Moravia. After his death in 894, the people in these occupied territories hastened to separate themselves from Great Moravia, searching for independence or joining new political alliances. The annexation of Bohemia to Great Moravia lasted less than twenty years, and after Svatopluk's death the Czechs found themselves again in the orbit of the Eastern Frankish (German) Empire. This reviewer must also take exception to Holla's statement that ''The basis of the missionary work of Constantine and Methodius in the Great Moravian Empire was their legal work, by which they eradicated Frankish church law and the unwritten common law of Great Moravia and substituted for it a strong legal order" (p. 6}. As has been mentioned, the basis of the CyrilloMethodian mission was the evangelization of the Slavs. Sts. Cyril and Methodius did not eliminate the church law which had been brought to the territory of Great Moravia by Irish-Scottish, Acquilean (Italian), and Bavarian missionaries; and they did not abolish the unwritten indigenous laws as long as they did not deviate from either Latin or Byzantine church and civil laws. In conclusion, the jubilee issue of Historicky casopis and the text by Anna Holla in the Matica slovenska publication suffer from gross deficiencies and omissions which stem from the antireligious bias of official Marxist historiography toward the legacy �88 SLOVAKIA of Sts. Cyril and Methodius . Only the Matica slovenska publication, with its well-selected, beautiful reproductions , can in a sense be considered as a tribute to the memory of St. Methodius in Slovakia. Julius Sopko. Stredoveke latinske k6dexy v slovensky ch kniiniciach. (Stredoveke k6dexy slovenskej proveniencie, I]. Martin: Matica slovenska, 1981. 304 pp. Julius Sopko. Stredoveke latinske k6dexy slovenskej proveniencie v Mad'arsku av Rumunsku. (Stredoveke k6dexy slovenskej proveniencie, II). Martin: Matica slovenska, 1982. 400 pp. GERALD J. SABO John Carroll University University Heights, Ohio This two-volume catalogue of codices comprises a listing of all extant medieval manuscripts produced on Slovak territory. Most were written in Latin and are similar to those found throughout medieval Europe. The subject matter pertains, for the most part, to religious faith and practice, and philosophy. Bibles, missals , antiphonaries , graduals , chant collections , sermons and related bilingual dictionaries, rules of a religious order, commentaries on religious topics, and philosophical studies are the kinds of writings found in these manuscripts. Occasionally among them are " secular" - non-religious or philosophical - texts , such as Gesta Romanorum (Feats of the Romans), Chronicon Dubnicense (The History of Dubnica), or Codex Justinian us: Digesta - Excerpta (Justinian's Law Code: Summaries and Excerpts) . Some of these manuscripts are preserved in Slovak archival repositories, while others are found in Hungary and Romania. In the two introductions of the first volume in Slovak and Latin , Sopko considers briefly the emergence and development of libraries and scriptoria on Slovak territory as well as the history of manuscript collections and their present status. He discusses the role of certain religious orders in the execution and collection of such manuscripts; among these are the Benedictines, Fran- �SLOVAKIA 89 ciscans, Dominicans, Cistercians, Carthusians, and Premonstratensians (also known as Norbertines). Sopko also mentions the significant activity of the cathedral chapters in Nitra, Bratislava, and Spis that fostered the composing of manuscripts. Thirteen Slovak areas are listed as locations of repositories for such manuscripts: Banska Bystrica, Bardejov, Bratislava, Dolny Kubin, Jasov, Kezmarok, Kosice, Kremnica, Martin, Nitra, Presov, Spisska Kapitula , and Spisske Vlachy. These cities and towns, institutions in Bratislava and Kremnica contain the overwhelming majority of the 200 medieval manuscripts found on Slovak territory today. In Bratislava, the cathedral chapter library alone contains 82 such codices of the 135 found in the 6 repositories of this city. In Kremnica, the parish library contains 25 of 26 medieval codices in the city. In the second volume , 86 of 88 manuscripts preserved in Hungary are found in Budapest; the remaining 130 of the total 418 listed' in the two volumes are found in Alba Julia, Romania, in the former Batthyany library collection. In his introductions Sopko mentions the art of manuscript illumination that was well developed on Slovak territory . He includes at the end of both volumes photographic reproductions of some manuscripts, usually rendered in color, many of which also exemplify the art of illumination. One of the outstanding examples of manuscript writing and illumination is the ''Bratislava Missal,' ' which today is preserved in Alba Julia, Romania, as part of the former Batthyany library collection. This missal is described in the second volume of the catalogue (#400), and a color reproduction of one of its folio pages can be found at the end among the supplementary illustrations . (A book that presents the illumination aspect of medieval manuscripts in the Slovak area and that would complement this catalogue well is Stredoveka kniina mal 'ba na Slovensku by Alzbeta Giintherova and Jan Misianik published in two editions [1961 and 1977] by Tatran of Bratislava.) Sopko concludes each of the volumes with four lists: concordance of signatures , dated codices, first words of a codex, and a name and topic index. This two-volume catalogue by Sopko is primarily aimed at libraries and specialists in medieval culture and history. It presents �90 SLOVAKIA well the scholarly work that is often produced under the auspices of the Matica slovenska. Vysady miest a mesteciek na Slovensku {1238-1350}, I. Edited by L'ubomir Juck. Bratislava: Veda, 1984. 199 pp. Narodnostny vyvoj miest na Slovensku do roku 1918. K 600. vyrociu vydania vysad pre zilinskych Slovakov Edited by Richard Marsina. Martin: Osveta, 1984 . 275 pp. DAVID P. DANIEL ConcorcJti.a Seminary St. Louis, Missouri These two volumes reflect the breadth and depth of Slovak historical urban studies. They are both welcome additions to the growing body of scholarship on the history of urban life in Slovakia in the late medieval and early modern eras. The first, ''Privileges of the Cities and Towns in Slovakia (1238-1350)" was prepared as part of a long-term project planned by the Historical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences during the 1950's and early 1960's which set as its goal the editing and publication of historical documents from the earliest eras of Slovak history. This volume is the first dealing specifically with the charters and grants of legal privileges made to the emerging cities during the High Middle Ages, primarily by Hungarian monarchs. Information concerning the documents which have disappeared and/or the texts of those preserved were drawn from materials in the archives of Slovakia and throughout Central Europe. The volume begins with a general introduction indicating the methodological principles utilized in preparing it and some general comments on the types of documents included . The bulk of the book is devoted to a catalogue, in chronological order, of all the grants of privileges discovered; a brief description of their contents and context in Slovak; the text of the document, in so far as it is known in the original language of composition, Latin; and finally a listing of the provenance of each document. As such , this volume provides a fascinating and accessible entrance into �SLOVAKIA 91 the historical development of the cities and towns which emerged on the territory of modern-day Slovakia during the High Middle Ages. They show that the economic strength of the towns grew in conjunction with the grants of economic and political privileges extended to them by the Hungarian monarchs. The towns sought to develop and protect their economic basis, manufacture, and trade by securing from the kings extensive rights of selfadministration and governance. The second volume, "Nationality Development of Cities in Slovakia to the Year 1918," is a collection of essays arranged according to the three thematic sections of the book: ''Nationality Development in Zilina"; "Nationality Development in the Towns of Slovakia''; and ''Nationality Development in Czech and Moravian Towns in the Middle Ages." However, despite the title, all but four of the sixteen studies treat the medieval and early modern periods. In the first section Marsina himself analyzes the privileges given to the Slovaks in Zilina in 1381; Julius Sopko attempts to identify the various individuals who made entries into the city record book of Zilina; Izidor Kotulic evaluates the language of the Zilina record book and other historical documents in Slovak; and Rudolf Kuchar examines the family names which appear in the Zilina record book. The studies of Peter Stansky on the structuring of nationalities in Zilina up to 1918 and of Pavol Hapak on the economic life and workers movement in Zilina during the last half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries conclude the section devoted specifically to the history of Zilina. In the second section Ferdinand Ulicny investigates the national groupings within the medieval cities of Slovakia; Jan Dorul'a examines the use of Slovak in the cities between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries; Anton Spiesz provides an analysis of Slovak artisan activity during the so-called later feudal period, the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries; and Jozef Vozaf evaluates the relationship between ethnic groups in the so-called montana or mining cities of central Slovakia during the same era. Ivan Chalupecky provides an analysis of ethnic relationships in the towns of Spis county for the century between 1550 to 1650, and Jana Skladana examines the oldest city books in Banovec nad Bebravou, dating from the sixteenth through the early eighteenth �92 SLOVAKIA centuries. Milan Podrimavsky concludes this section with an examination of the cities in Slovakia during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . The third section is made up of just three essays: Frantisek Smahel's review of findings and perspectives of the research into ethnic relationships in Bohemian cities during the Late Middle Ages (thirteenth to fifteenth centuries); Ludmila Sulitkova's investigation of the ethnic relationships in the Moravian cities, especially the royal cities, during the Late Middle Ages; and Josef Zemlicka' s essay on the countryside , ethnicity, and the late medieval Bohemian cities. While it is impossible to examine these essays individually, it should be noted that not only do they reveal how much urban studies have come to dominate Slovak late medieval/early modern history research , but also the complexities of ethnic relationships in Slovakia during the same era. Slovaks took an active, if not always an appreciated, role in the life of the cities of Slovakia during the Middle Ages and were, especially but not merely in the smaller towns , significant in their economic and political life. It is to be hoped that these volumes will encourage American scholars to become much more active in more fully investigating late medieval and early modern Slovak history. Juraj Zudel. Stolice na Slovensku. Bratislava: Obzor, 1984. 200 pp. R. VLADIMIR BAUMGARTEN Tallahassee , Florida This book was written to provide a generaLhistory of the counties of Slovakia until 1849, when a modern centralized administration was imposed by Imperial decree in the so-called "Bach era". It may consequently be subtitled "Patterns of Feudalism''. Zudel summarizes characteristics common to all the Slovak districts, and then depicts both individual and regional peculiarities. The main theme is an analysis of the evolution of the counties under the feudal order. In the introductory section, Zudel points out that originally individual Slovak counties had �SLOVAKIA 93 their own codes of law, but in all cases , in greater or lesser measure, these were eventually supplanted by more centralized government. Particular mention is made of the efforts of the Habsburgs, especially in the case of the Josephine reforms of the eighteenth century, to provide a uniform code of law for Hungary. These endeavors were only partially successful, and many of them were undone following the death of the King-Emperor in 1790 . Only in the aftermath of the 1848 revolution was it possible for enduring institutions of modern government to be established. Zudel points out that the 1848 experience may be characterized as a ''conflict of popular sovereignty''. The Hungarian reyolutionary leader Lajos Kossuth sought to protect the jealously-guarded privileges of individual counties, while at the same time using them as instruments of Magyarization in Upper Hungary. By contrast, the more conservative Hungarian reformer Istvan Szechenyi considered the county structure as antiquated, yet he opposed forced Magyarization. The archival sources consulted by the author are listed at the end of the introductory section, and a more general bibliography is included at the conclusion of the text. Zudel's introduction is followed by a survey of each individual county. These surveys include a summary of the territorial boundaries of each administration, the patterns of settlement and habitation , agricultural conditions, and cultural traditions . In cases where a county has been inhabited by more than one ethnic group, an additional section concerning ethnic relations is added . Although Zudel's presentation summarizes the counties in alphabetical order, any attempts at comparison and contrast are best served by examining the counties from a regional perspective. Two of the counties - Bratislava and Abauj - contained Slovakia's major metropolitan centers . In the case of the western county Bratislava, Zudel stresses its strategic location at the point where the Morava and Danube rivers converge. This location guaranteed that Bratislava was affected by the Hussite invasion. The author also mentions the presence of a Croatian element since the time of the Turkish wars. In the case of Abauj, which contains the eastern metropolis, Zudel indicates that the city of Kosice �94 SLOVAKIA was noteworthy for its traditionally oligarchical form of government. The southern Slovak counties of Gerner, Hant , Komarno , and Novohrad had the common denominators of all being ethnically mixed areas, plus serving as frontier zones in the HabsburgOttoman wars. Much the same treatment is accorded to Ostrihom, although the author also cites the latter for its significance in the Catholic Counterreformation. In the case of northern counties the author mentions that Liptov had lingering anti-feudal traditions, and also served as a stronghold for Slovak nationalism. Orava, in spite of its close geographic proximity to Liptov, evolved in the more traditional feudal pattern. Among central counties Nitra is particularly noted for having had a state organization which pre-dated the kingdom of Hungary; Tekov and Trencin are treated in a similar manner. In the case of the latter, Zudel also mentions the importance of the city of Zilina as a center of Slovak trade with the Czech lands, Silesia, and Prussia. Zvolen is noteworthy for its strategic location in defense of the fertile lowlands of southern Slovakia; the author also· mentions the influence of the Czech immigration following the Thirty Years War. Turiec is especially noted for having separated itself from Rakoczi's rising in the early eighteenth century . The author might have given this event more than passing treatment had he chosen to do so . The eastern counties of Slovakia present some of the most noteworthy peculiarities of all. Mention is made of the fact that the Hungarian king Sigismund mortgaged certain cities of Spis to Poland in the fifteenth century; they were returned to Hungary in the eighteenth. In spite of the fact that Saris was a major focal point for the Magyarization campaign, Zudel points out that the native Slovak nobility played a prominent role in public life. In the case of Zemplin county , the author mentions that the nobles long maintained a sense of autonomy , and consequently supported the Transylvanian rebels in the latter's struggle against the Habsburgs . Zudel also briefly summarizes the history of less " traditional" Slovak countries . After World War II much of the territory of Uz �SLOVAKIA 95 county was transferred to the Ukrainian S.S.R., and the population of the area is today classified as Ukrainian. Zudel, however, mentions the role of the Slovak element in siding with the Hungarian nobles against their Habsburg kings. Turn.a is treated as an extension of Abauj county (with which it was long affiliated) , although the influence of political patterns emanating from Gerner is also mentioned. In his concluding chapter Zudel summarizes administrative realignments dating from Bach's regime in the 1850s. Since the terms stolica and zupa are often used interchangeably, the author makes a distinction here between velzupa , containing more than one stolica, and zupa, constituting a single district. This distinction is an important one, and the author would hav~ served his readers better by mentioning it in the earlier portion of the text. Although the text conveys the ideological spirit common to contemporary Czechoslovakia, the historical facts are presented in a straightforward manner. Zudel points out that contemporary Hungarian Marxist historiography is more favorably disposed towards Slovak demographic claims in Upper Hungary, and he makes liberal use of Hungarian source materials. The major weakness of the book lies less in what is said than in what remains unsaid. In reference to Abauj county, Zudel cites the Mongol invasion as a determining factor in population distribution; he fails to mention that Kosice was temporarily transferred to the jurisdiction of Transylvania by the Treaty of Linz in 1645. One especially glaring contradiction is found in the case of Saris. The author mentions a "pestilental epidemic" in the eighteenth century, but no mention is made of the cholera epidemic which convulsed Saris and other eastern Slovak counties in 1831. Since the latter event was accompanied by a peasant rising which greatly undermined feudal society, the omission is a particularly serious one . For the student who is already well-grounded in Slovak history , Stolice presents little that is original. But is serves as an adequate text within the limits which have been mentioned , and is especially useful as a reference guide to the individual districts . �96 SLOVAKIA Tvorcovia noveho Slovenska/ The Shaping of Modern Slovakia. Festschrift to the Seventieth Birthday of Dr. Joseph A. Mikus . Edited by Joseph Stasko. Cambridge, Canada: Friends of Good Books, 1982 . xv . 271 pp . GEORGE VIRSIK Monash University Clayton, Australia This collection of articles by Imrich Kruzliak, Joseph Stasko , Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Frantisek Vnuk, and the celebrant can be looked upon from two different perspectives . The first is readily apparent . Kruzliak's interpretive account of Slovak history from 1918 to 1948; Stasko's soul-searching reflections on the meaning of the Slovak national heritage; Kirschbaum's examination of Slovak student organizations and their aims in the interwar period; and Vnuk's analysis of Slovak diplomacy before the Salzburg event of 1940 all have one common denominator: either the role played by, or the contemporary views held by , Joseph A. Mikus. Mikus's own article , "The International System in Transition,'' is a study of the moral and legal principles underlying the pre~ent system of (soverign or not) states and nations , as well as an application and projection into the future of his own ideas, summarized by the view that "not territorially defined states , particularly multinational structures or empires, but nations in the ethnic and cultural sense are the real members of the international community.'' The other perspective becomes more apparent only after one has finished reading the book. With the exception of Vnuk, the authors have all by now reached, or almost reached , their seventieth birthdays. They are all well-known emigre writers ; political commentators, and interpreters of the Slovak cultural heritage . And - again perhaps with the exception of Vnuk - all the contributions are representative of the particular author's " Slovak creed .' ' They read as a personal legacy to the generation to follow. No Slovak intellectual of the younger generation can afford to ignore what they have to say. Politically and territorially, of course, there is only one Slovakia. But spiritually and culturally there is �SLOVAKIA 97 also an alternative Slovakia, a Slovakia that many of us in the West (as well as some non-conformists in Slovakia) are proud to belong to , a Slovakia that would be unthinkable without its pioneers, and now seniors, like Mikus and Stasko, Kirschbaum, and Kruzliak. Thus it seems to me that - at least from the point of view of the new generation - the title of the book should have been something like " The Shape of a Slovakia We are Inheriting," meaning the spiritual and cultural shape of unofficial Slovakia forced to ''live in exile.'' To summarize: If one cannot read Slovak, it might be preferable to obtain just a reprint of Mikus' s English article rather than buy the whole book. But if one can read Slovak and is interested in Slovak matters, this book is a must. Slovak Politics: Essays on Slovak History in honour of Joseph M . Kirschbaum. Edited by Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. ClevelandRome: Slovak Institute, 1983. xviii, 381 pp. GEORGE VIRSIK Monash University Clayton , Australia This Festschrift dedicated to Joseph M. Kirschbaum offers nine articles on various political themes from Slovak history ranging from 1882 to about 1948 . It includes a brief appraisal of the celebrant's life and his contribution to Slovak politics by Charles Murin and a " select bibliography" of Kirschbaum 's publications written in exile. In the first article Edita Bosak deals with Czech-Slovak relations from 1882 to 1914, focusing on the student organization Detvan in Prague. Bosak sees Detvan "as a springboard and nursery for the young Slovak inteligentsia" as opposed to the "conservative Martin leadership ." Although she admits that "the amount of co-operation between Detvan and the Czechs was limited,'' she recognizes the resulting journal Hlas as "progressive," giving "wide distribution to many of the ideas that the students had already worked out in the debates in Detvan, �98 SLOVAKIA especially the idea of Czech-Slovak reciprocity." A comprehensive and unbiased study of Milan Hodza and his original political thinking (contrasted by his often controversial political associations that ended so sadly) is still missing from Slovak political literature . The article by Susan Mikula comes a long way toward such a study, but unfortunately it does not go beyond the year 1914. Still, her account of Hodza's Belvedere orientation and his attitude toward Magyars and Czechs seems to support those political thinkers who see him as the harbinger of contemporary Slovak aspirations toward Central European, or Danubian, Confederation. The contribution by Manfred Alexander is based on a study of the reports from the German Mission in Prague to the Foreign Office of the German Reich from 1918 to 1921. It contains over fifty pages of original documents related to Slovakia, published for the first time. Somehow, the documents make more interesting reading then the article itself. At least in one place the author's conclusions are hard to follow: It is true that Document 13 illustrates in many details the fact that Czech anti-clericalism was at the core of early Czech-Slovak frictions; and that it was the Catholic priests in Slovakia who raised the alarm, and often overreacted. But it seems to be a rather sweeping statement to claim that this is ',!valuable information indicating that the efforts made by the Slovak people to obtain autonomy did not originate spontaneously but were stirred up through agitation.'' Stanislav J. Kirschbaum's study of Hlinka's Slovak People's Party should certainly be read in conjunction with the German documents referred to above, especially by a non-specialist. It throws light on some points raised in the preceding article, and its systematic and more detached account well complements the subjectiveness and immediacy of the documents. The constitution of the Slovak Republic is analyzed by Karin Schmid. She comes to some mixed conclusions, perhaps best expressed in her own words: "If we consider every aspect of the Slovak Constitution - especially the role of the party on one hand, and on the other the control of the government by Parliament (although Parliament itself, in turn, was composed of only one party) - a comparison with what is known as 'socialist democracy' �SLOVAKIA 99 suggests itself. It is tempting, on the model of this concept, to coin the term 'fascist democracy.' However, if we wish to avoid jargon and if we bear in mind that fascism completely rejects the concept of democracy, then the Slovak system can be best described as an authoritarian system with rather surprising democratic features." Lisa Guarda Nardini examines President Tiso's political program. The person of Dr. Jozef Tiso, more so than the Slovak Republic as such, symbolizes the Slovak tragedy during and after World War II: After forty years, most Slovaks are by now resigned to the fact that, given all the circumstances, there was not much chance for the six years of the Slovak Republic to end' differently. But only a few will maintain that Dr. Tiso did not deserve a better fate, a fairer treatment and trial, and less prejudice connected with his place in Slovak history. The article and its discerningly apologetic tone have to be seen in this light. To a certain extent, the same atmosphere permeates the next article on the foreign policy of the Slovak Republic by Milan S. Durica. Of special interest is the section on relations with the Holy See. Durica does not hesitate to state explicitly that "the sharpest dispute between the Slovak Government and the Vatican arose over the Jewish question." Stanislav J. Kirschbaum tackles the extremely complicated and controversial Slovak revolt of 1944. He points out two options that the Slovaks faced by the end of World War II. The first was "to remain true to their state" not excluding "the taking of whatever means were necessary, including changing the regime and the political system'' and hoping that ''the victorious powers would realize that independence was indeed what the nation desired.'' The second option was to return to the Czechoslovak Republic. He is realistic enought to admit that the first option called for an acute sense of timing, exceptional diplomacy, faith on the part of people, and above all capable leadership at the top. But even given the second option, Kirschbaum observes that ''had Benes not been so prejudiced against the Slovaks, but rather had taken into account the evolution of the Slovak nation ... much of the tragedy that befell the Slovak people from 1944 on might have been avoided.'' �100 SLOVAKIA Frantisek Vnuk elaborates on this theme in his article on Slovak-Czech relations between 1945 and 1948. It describes the situation and events in Slovakia prior to February 1948, and it makes very sad reading. As one has come to expect from Vnuk, it is thoroughly documented. But it is also concise and comprehensive enough to be recommended to all - notably younger generation Slovaks, but also Czechs - who wish to understand the reasons behind Slovak resentments and political distrust of their Czech neighbors . In this reviewer's opinion, there is an increasing need for a comprehensive, critical study of Slovak political history from 1918 to 1968 written by a younger generation of scholars free of the compulsion either to fit that story into prescribed ideological frames or to justify a posteriori one's own role or moral position. The publication under review has perhaps so far come closest to fulfilling that need. Frantisek Vnuk. Zivotopis Konstantina Culena. Cleveland: Slovak Institute , 1984. 247 pp. OWEN V. JOHNSON Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana For several years I have been trying to persuade several important Slovak figures representing different political persuasions to write their memoirs, to give us an intimate perspective on their youth, their education, and the development of their careers. Each of the three has resisted , perhaps fearing that to write memoirs means to declare one's public life to be over. This is unfortunate because when I have stumbled onto memoir material , such as a dozen unpublished essays by as many interwar and wartime Slovak journalists, they have been a rich mine of information that their authors could never have realized would be so important. Other than oral interviews, the second best source of personal information is the biography . From that perspective, this book about Konstantin Culen is to be welcomed. Published with the �SLOVAKIA 101 support of Slovak-American activist Jan Beliansky a dozen years after completion of the manuscript, it traces the career of the headstrong Slovak publicist, amateur historian, diplomat, government official and emigre journalist. The author draws on his twenty-year correspondence with Culen, Culen's autobiographical "Posedenia," published in the early 1960s, and 15 short chapters that were parts of Culen's various unsuccessful efforts to write an autobiography. Vnuk makes no claim that this is a careful , complete, or scholarly biography. Nor does he promise any neutral and objective point-of-view, stating in the opening pages his respect and admiration for Culen. Vnuk asserts that the heart of the work is the la.s t section which describes Culen's work in exile - because it is the period he knows best. The historian will disagree. It is the first part (describing his youth and education) and to a lesser degree the second part (describing his twenty-year career in Slovakia) that more effectively transport the reader into the life of the periods they describe. This is so because it is precisely for those periods that Culen provided more of his own testimony about his life and times. We are reminded, for instance, that even though their eventual political views became quite different , many members of the Slovak intelligentsia initially were good friends of each other. Among Culen's early friends were such a diverse group as Vladimir Clementis, Julius Sefranek, Jan Golian, Ferdinand Jurgia, and Florian Tomanek. There are several references, too, to how important connections - Slovak or Czech - were in finding gainful employment. Particularly interesting is Vnuk's description of Culen's short career as a writer and reporter for Slovak, the daily Hlinkist organ. As with other institutions of the Slovak People 's Party, the newspaper staff reflected the splits among the different wings of the party. Eventually the splits led to Culen's dismissal from the staff. It foreshadowed his later ouster from the Slovak Government in July , 1940. The tragedy of Culen is that these divisions continued in emigration, and because he continued to be first and foremost a publicist, he became their victim. Despite a decade of service to �102 SLOVAKIA the Slovak press in North America, he was eventually forced out of all fulltime work in that area. During the last few years, Vnuk reports , Culen struggled to find gainful employment, eventually winding up as superintendent of a Brooklyn apartment house. He died in 1964. Miroslav Kropilak a kolektiv. Dejiny Slovenska V {1918-1945). Bratislava: Veda , 1985 . 612 pp. JAMES R. FELAK Bloomington, Indiana It would be hard to find a quarter century in Slovak history more eventful than the period from 1918 to 1945 . These years saw the creation, destruction , and re-creation of the Czechoslovak Republic , the emergence and disappearance of an independent Slovak state , a great economic crisis , and a world war. In this fifth volume of the new Dejiny Slovenska, a team of Slovak Marxist scholars provides the most extensive and detailed discussion of this period available in any language. Dejiny Slovenska Vis composed of two parts. The first covers Slovakia within the interwar Czechoslovak Republic; the second deals with the Slovak state and World War II. Each part is divided into chronologically based chapters, which in turn contain subchapters on themes like politics, foreign affairs , economics, social unrest, and developments within the Communist Party. In analyzing the interwar period, the authors focus on the so-called Slovak Question, that is , the place of Slovakia and the Slovak nation in a Czechoslovak state. This question involves a complex of political, economic , social , and cultural factors that gave rise to tensions between Slovaks and Czechs. The Czechoslovak government's failure to ease these tensions contributed mightily to the shape that the First Republic's demise took in 1938-39. In discussing this failure , the authors contend that only the Communist Party was capable of solving the problems that caused social and national dissatisfaction in Slovakia. The authors consider Slovak discontent as essentially a product of the ''bourgeois-democratic , capitalist system'' of the First �SLOVAKIA 103 Republic, with the Czech bourgeoisie as the main perpetrators of this discontent. This ruling class is accused of economically exploiting Slovakia, repressing manifestations of Slovak dissatisfaction, and ruling the country on the basis of centralism, with a complete disregard for Slovakia's special conditions and problems . To help rule Slovakia, this " ruling Czech bourgeoisie " fostered the idea of Czechoslovakism, that is, the notion that the Slovaks were not a distinct nation but rather members of a Czechdominated "Czechoslovak" nation. The authors sharply criticize Czechoslovakism, which they see as a reactionary ideology serving only to fan the flames of Slovak nationalism and to hamper Czechoslovak state unity in the face of the external threats of the 1930s. As allies of the ''ruling Czech bourgeoisie,' ' the so-called centralist parties in Slovakia, above all the Social Democrats and the Agrarians , come under attack in this volume. The Social Democrats are strongly criticized for their so-called reformist approach to Slovakia's social and economic ills , for placing the interests of the state ahead of the interests of the working class , and for staunchly supporting centralism and Czechoslovakism. The Agrarians are reproached for similar reasons, including an economic policy that favored the rural middle class of the expense of the working class and poorer peasants. The authors indeed point out that many Slovak Agrarians were lukewarm in their support for centralism and Czechoslovakism and tried to advance Slovakia's interests under the guise of "silent revision of centralism" or "regionalism." Nevertheless, the authors believe that by failing to distance themselves effectively from Prague and to solve Slovakia's economic problems, the centralist parties drove many Slovaks into the camp of Hlinka 's Slovak People 's Party (HSPP or L'udaks). The authors do not condemn the HSPP for its autonomist program and political opposition, but rather for " catering to the reactionary classes" at home and seeking ties with Czechoslovakia's enemies abroad. In their Marxist interpretation, the authors see the HSPP as the representative of those bourgeois elements that were dissatisfied with their political and economic position in Czechoslovakia. The fact that the HSPP had broad popular appeal �104 SLOVAKIA cutting across class boundaries is explained by the party's ability to exploit Slovakia's economic ills and national discontent demagogically in order to win votes. Although the authors condemn the HSPP's leadership, they are more lenient toward its rankand-file, whom they characterize as justly disaffected by the social and national situation in Slovakia but misled by L'udak propaganda. If the L'udaks were too reactionary to solve the Slovak Question, and the centralist parties too reformist and ''Czechoslovak,'' the Communist Party alone , according to this work, possessed the correct formula. In the authors' interpretation, the Communist Party was committed both to the distinctiveness of the Slovak nation and the integrity of the Czechoslovak state, which, after a socialist revolution and installation of a dictatorship of the proletariat, was to be set up on the basis of national equality and mutual respect between the Czech and Slovak nations. The party did not hold this position consistently from 1918 to 1945, but did take this stance during the Slovak National Uprising. The book depicts, although somewhat opaquely, the shifts in the party's nationality policy in the period under discussion and presents the party's position during the Uprising not as a mere tactical move but rather as the culmination of twenty-five years of Communist thinking al}d experience regarding the Slovak Question. Although the portrayal of the Communist Party in this volume is overwhelmingly positive , there is some criticism, especially of party centralism. The authors clearly side with those Slovak Communists, above all the Davists, who preferred a party that was more responsive to Slovak conditions to one that rigidly applied directives from the leadership in Prague. While centralism and "dogmatism" may be reproached, however, the authors never question the Communist Party's fundamental goals. The second part of this work deals with the Slovak state and World War II. This period is presented dichotomously. On the negative side is the Slovak state. Although the authors deem it "an acceptable alternative for the majority of the Slovak population in 1939-1941 from the constitutional point of view," they portray its L'udak leaders as fascists and opportunists, tools of German imperalism who tried but ultimately failed to win over the �SLOVAKIA 105 Slovak population via social demagoguery and exaggerated nationalism. On the positive side is the Slovak resistance movement, manifested above all in the Slovak National Uprising. According to the authors, the Uprising represented the progressive majority of the Slovak population. They claim that the Uprising was never defeated politically or militarily, but rather won out as the first stage of a democratic and national revolution in Slovakia. Although the authors acknowledge the role played by nonCommunists in the Slovak resistance, they repeatedly assert that Communist influence was paramount. The party gets credit forsuccessfully helping bring down the L'udak regime while at the same time resisting efforts of the Benes government in London to restore the pre-Munich Republic on its old sociopolitical bases. Not surprisingly, the authors also credit the Soviet Union with greatly assisting the Uprising. The authors have considerable sympathy for the selfdetermination of the Slovak nation, as their condemnation of centralism and Czechoslovakism attests . However , when this sympathy comes into conflict with their orthodox Marxist-Leninst line, the latter wins out. For example, the occupation of Slovakia by Bela Kun's army in 1919 is portrayed as a totally positive event for the Slovak population, and any suggestions that they may have constituted a restoration of Hungarian rule over the Slovaks are dismissed as myth. To the volume's credit, it provides an informative survey of social and economic developments in Slovakia. In addition, it devotes much attention to cultural history, including discussions of the growth of Slovak education, literature, art, and even film and radio. It also treats the cultural affairs of Slovakia's German , Magyar, and Ukrainian minorities. On the debit side, there is very little biographical information offered regarding the key figures in Slovak political life , the subchapters on diplomatic developments are completely and unequivocally pro-Soviet, and several important Western publications are absent from the relatively lengthly bibliography. As a comprehensive survey of some of the most crucial years in Slovak history, this installment of Dejiny Slovenska should interest all scholars of twentieth-century Slovak history . Not only �106 SLOVAKIA is it a source of much information, but it also presents the most up-to-date official view on controversial issues such as the Slovak Question, the Slovak state, and the Slovak National Uprising. Yeshayahu A. Jelinek. The Lust for Power: Nationalism, Slovakia, and the Communists, 1918-1948. "East European Monographs, No. CXXX. " Boulder, CO: East European Monographs , 1983. xi , 185 pp. Distributed by Columbia University Press. ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City, Missouri Students of Slovak history are greatly indebted to Yeshayahu Jelinek for his painstaking dissection of the response of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC) to ''the Slovak Question'' during the 1918-1948 period. Jelinek trudges admirably through the bewildering zigs and zags and general confusion of Communist nationality policies during the First, Second, and Third Czechoslovak Republics and the wartime Slovak Republic. It is well known that the political tasks of Czechoslovak Communism have often been complicated by the subjection of the KSC to Soviet supervision and interference. Slovak Communists faced an even tougher road in their efforts to expand their base of popular support within Slovakia, in part because their mentors in Prague were even more overbearing and less sensitive to Slovak national aspirations than were the Soviets. Czech Communist leaders tended to view Slovak nationalism as either an obstacle or a vehicle to their achievement of pow~r in Prague, depending on the moment. Their lack of understanding or respect for Slovak feelings was, of course, (ypical of Czech politicians of almost all ideological stripes. Not that Slovak Communists possessed any clear idea of how to handle the national question. Pulled in different directions by nationalist feelings and a desire to win popular support on the one hand , and by loyalty to the KSC and Moscow on the other, they adopted an array of "solutions" which were, as Jelinek notes, testimony to the failure of Communist ideology to address effec- �SLOVAKIA 107 tively the nationalist phenomenon. Different Slovak Communist spokesmen variously proposed the creation of a Slovak-Hungarian Soviet Republic, incorporation of Slovakia into the Soviet Union, complete independence, autonomous federative status within a unified Czechoslovakia, equality without autonomy , and extreme centralization under Prague 's control. Jelinek 's discussion provides essential background reading to Czech-Slovak tensions since 1948, including the tragic persecution of Slovak Communists during the 1950s and the renewal of Slovak demands for genuine federalism during the 1960s. Nationalism has been ·'a powerful force in Slovak Communism throughout the history of Czechoslovakia, and there is little reason to believe that the current quasi-federal formula will permanently sweep the issue of Slovak-Czech relations under the rug. Despite Jelinek 's yeoman service in delineating these matters , the book contains a number of typographical and some factual errors that should have been caught by the editor. Rudolf Slansky, for example, is twice identified as "Josef Slansky" (pp. 36, 72); and Viliam Siroky seems to be identified as a Czech - the language is ambiguous - on p . 40 , although later on he is characterized correctly as a Magyarized Slovak. On a more general level , this reviewer has two criticisms, one minor and one major. The period and events described by Jelinek are so complex that he could have helped the reader by more often stepping back to address the confusion and reorder the facts in summary form. Whenever such a broad overview is absent, the narrative unavoidably gets bogged down in the myraid of individuals, factions , and endless changes in party line that defined Communist nationality policies during the thirty years in question. When the author chooses to summarize , as in his excellent passage on the war years (pp. 40-41) and in his fine concluding chapter, the reader is greatly enlightened . More serious is Jelinek's tendency to lump all Communists together in his insistence that they regard nationalism as " a mere tool to achieve [power] " (p . 1). This is the author 's major thesis , but his book's evidence suggests rather that many Communists were confused about the Slovak issue and failed to reach a consensus about nationality policies . While Czech centralizers were �108 SLOVAKIA inclined to be cynical or fearful of Slovak nationalism, many Slovaks were genuine nationalists who took considerable risks to advocate their people's cause. Jelinek explicitly recognizes this fact on several occasions, as in his fascinating discussion of Communist cooperation with the rightwing L'udaks, and in his description of the Slovak National Uprising, neither of which can be regarded as a mere power tactic. The author's general thesis, therefore, is at odds with his narrative. Nonetheless, this book is a valuable and original contribution to the study of Slovak Communism. M. Mark Stolarik. Growing Up on the South Side: Three Generations of Slovaks in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1880-1976. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1985. 147 pp. JUNE GRANATIR ALEXANDER The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio In the preface to this work, M . Mark Stolarik states "that it is the responsibility of professional historians to also write the histories of particular ethnic groups for those groups'' and warns his readers that Growing Up on the South Side was written "only incidentally for fellow academics" (p. 13). Indeed, his research was partially supported by funds bequeathed for the purpose of writing a history of Bethlehem Slovaks for Bethlehem Slovaks. Growing Up on the South Side is too brief to offer an in-depth analysis of the Bethlehem Slovak population over a lengthy ninetysix-year period. Still, Stolarik touches upon important aspects of the history of that ethnic communtiy . He relies extensively on material generated by the Slovak community: fraternal and church records and publications, newspapers, and short histories written by Slovaks . He skillfully blends these sources with oral interviews with second- and third-generation Slovaks. Stolarik overlooks, however , the newspapers Narodne noviny and, with one minor exception, Slovensky hlasnik. His bibliography is somewhat dated because he does not cite relevant works, including his own, published after 1981. �SLOVAKIA 109 Although the author does not burden his narrative with statistics, tables, or theories , he generally succeeds in achieving his objective of writing for a more general , rather than an academic audience . On several occasions, either in the narrative or footnotes , he corrects factual errors that apparently heretofore have been accepted by Bethlehem Slovaks . However, by trying to avoid becoming bogged down in scholarly analysis , Stolarik, at times, forgets his responsibility to the general public as a professional historian. Indeed , he misses opportunities to use his scholarly expertise to investigate the veracity of some popularly-held beliefs or attitudes and is not always careful to use solid evidence to support some generalizations. For example , Stolarik rather nonchalantly refers to "the Irish police" as stopping fights at Slovak weddings (p. 82) . Were all the policemen in Bethlehem Irish , or were only Irish policemen sent to quiet down rowdy Slovak celebrations? Here statistics and footnotes are needed. Stolarik's nice composite picture of Slovak fraternal meetings drawn from the minutes of different lodges includes the suggestion that women disrupted meetings when they attended in their husbands' stead. This was a popular view held by Slovak males who opposed accepting females into lodges in the early twentieth century. How " often" did women actually delay meetings? Stolarik observes that secular lodges opened with the presidents warning '' all in attendance to behave themselves" (p . 40) . This presumably included both men and women present. Can women, then , be singled out as a particular problem? In both instances just cited , Stolarik's descriptions may be accurate, but statements by a professional historian that confirm ethnic and sexual stereotypes in the minds of a general audience require more concrete, explicit evidence . At times , Stolarik is also confusing because his discussion is too brief. For example , he relates that several factors gave rise to a large number of Slovak lodges in Bethlehem. Some lodges were formed on the basis of geographic origins, while the membership of others , he explains, reflected social standing in the Slovak community. Does this mean that Slovaks who joined the same lodge as fellow villagers but then subsequently attained a different social status in the community switched lodges? If this was the case, it has strong implications for further exploring the emergence �110 SLOVAKIA of class divisions within ethnic communities. The discussion of female occupations should also be expanded and clarified . It is not clear if the second- and third-generation working women he discusses (pp. 113, 115-17) were married or single . Did married women routinely work outside of the home? Such clarifications would have enhanced his discussion of the acculturation process among American-Slovaks. Also, since formal affiliation of the Slovak Evangelical Lutheran Church (founded in 1902) with the Missouri Synod did not occur until 1908, Stolarik's passing reference to 1902 as the date when Slovak Lutherans affiliated with that conservative body can create confusion. Finally, some Bethlehem Slovaks as well as scholars will surely disagree with some of Stolarik's generalizations about the Slovak experience in general and the Bethlehem experience in particular. Although Stolarik was concerned primarily with writing a history for Bethlehem Slovaks, his work does touch on issues of interest to professional scholars. His discussions of politics and social mobility support those scholars who suggest that social mobility in America can be gauged on different levels. While some Slovaks did not achieve social prominence in American society, they did achieve such prominence within their own ethnic community. His analysis of politics offers some insight into how immigrants dealt with, adjusted to, and influenced America's political structure. Overall, the author remains faithful to his objective of writing a history for Bethlehem Slovaks. In doing so, he avoids the trappings of filiopietism often evident in such ethnic histories. While careful not to offend their descendants, Stolarik, on occasion, provides critical judgments of individuals. Additionally, while he clearly regrets the ongoing demise of Slovak culture and the waning of ethnic identity that has taken place among Bethlehem Slovaks, he does not reduce his study to one of "Slovak contributions" and a celebration of Slovak culture in a propagan distic effort to stir ethnocentrism among second- and thirdgeneration Slovaks. Thus, w hile scholars will likely agree with Stolarik's own assessment that " traditional concerns of historians" generally remain beyond the scope of Growing Up on the South Side , Bethlehem Slovaks will find that Stolarik has done what he set out to do: write a readable English-language history for them. �SLOVAKIA 111 Ferenc Feher and Agnes Heller Hungary 1956 Revisited: The Message of a Revolution - A Quarter of a Century After. London: George Allen & Unwin , 1983 . xviii, 174 pp. PETER R. HRUBY Western Australian Institute of Technology Bentley, Australia The authors of this book left Hungary in 1977. Since then they have published a remarkable series of books, especially (together with George Markus) Dictatorship over Needs: A Study of Soviet Societies, also in 1983 . The present volume is a well written and passionately argued attempt to interpret the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 from a leftist and socialist radical point of view. The authors' thesis on the revolution is divided into two parts: its impact on the world, and on Hungary. There is hardly any doubt that the revolution was felt all over the world. Equally correct is the writers' conviction that because no substantial help was offered to the revolutionaries from the West , "the result was a major loss of face for the Western powers, a second moral Munich" (p. 15) . More questionable is their often repeated affirmation that the Hungarians rebelled equally against the Soviets as against the West, because during World War II the latter allowed Central and Eastern Europe to be incorporated into the Soviet sphere of influence. Only Istvan Bib6 and his " Draft of a compromise solution of the Hungarian question'' can be quoted in support of such a surprising assertion. Sure enough, most Central and East Europeans did not like the overwhelming Soviets interest and the shocking Western lack of interest in their fate and territories, but it is stretching the point to claim that ''the Hungarian revolution was a revolt against all signatories of the Yalta and Potsdam agreements" (p. 16) . Feher and Heller are on safer grounds when they assert that in 1956 the Americans lost a great opportunity by not offering to the Soviets a compromise by which Hungary would have been granted neutrality and the Soviet Union an end to the Cold War. The Soviet leaders were for a few crucial days divided about how to deal with the crisis, and the authors believe that the Soviets would have considered such an offer. �112 SLOVAKIA There follows a good discussion of "national communism, " and in this context Yugoslav leaders are blamed for their opportunist attitude toward the Hungarian revolution. Western Communist parties lost many members, fellow-travellers, and prestige in the process: "The events of October 1956 [sounded] the deathknell of the Popular Front policy" (p. 44). In their review of other East European Communist parties' reaction to the revolution, the writers express their support for "the idea of a confederation between the free nations of the region" (p. 62). In the second part of the book the authors stress the lack of democratic and liberal traditions in their native country. Several times they point out that only in Czechoslovakia was there a successful marriage of nationalism with such progressive tendencies. Although they believe that after both the First and Second World Wars Hungary was treated too harshly by the victors, they contend that only during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a democratic, liberal, and socialist model being created in their country. One of the major points of the message should be seen in that historical development. Ferenc Feher and Agnes Heller would also like their readers to believe that after a long series of failed heroes of Hungarian history Imre Nagy should be accepted as a genuine hero , "forger, arbiter , martyr and symbol of a murdered revolution" (pp . 15 7-8). What fascinated this reviewers most was the obvious learning process experienced by extreme leftist radicals about the real substance of 'Soviet Commu nism and of its betrayal of the working people. The authors castigate not only Lenin, Trotsky , and Stalin, but also Deutscher and Sartre , among others, for trusting professional revolutionaries and manipulators more than the masses. From the authors ' arguments it is also clear that they themselves had to be transformed from typical radical intellectuals' positions of misuse of the wage earners to admiration for their democratic and pluralist hopes . They admit that only several years after the revolution were some of the w ishes and actions of the Hungarian people understood and accepted by them (e.g ., p . 92). The last pages of the volume are devoted to an excellent analysis of Kadarism and of the modernized sophisticated terror which is also well known in Czechoslovakia. �SLOVAKIA 113 Slovak readers will find occasional reference to Hungarian "bereft territories" (p. 149) and of the Hungarians expelled from Slovakia (pp. 50 -51). They might wonder who are the "Slovakians" (p . 51). Of much greater interest is the insight into the way leftist radical socialists inside of Hungary view the past and the future and what can be expected from them and their nation . Jozef Ciger-Hronsky. Jozef Mak. Translated by Andrew Cincura. Afterword by Peter Petro. Columbus: Slavica, 1984. 232 pp. WILLIAM E. HARKINS Columbia University New York, New York This volume is the first in a series of works of Slovak literature slated to be published by Slavica Publishers in Columbus, Ohio. Currently projected for publication are volumes by Hugolin Gavlovic and Bozena Timrava, as well as a volume of folk ballads. The project represents a notable break-through for the cause of Slovak literature in translation in this country . Jozef Ciger (1894-1960), who published under the pseudonym of Hronsky, is one of the great writers of Modern Slovak Literature, one comparatively neglected , presumably for ideological reasons. A village school teacher , Hronsky knew the Slovak peasants as perhaps no other Slovak writer did; in particular, he understood the mysticism of the peasantry and portrayed it in his works : During World War II he supported the nationalistic Tiso regime , and in 1945 emigrated to Argentina. Under the new Czechoslovak republic he was never mentioned, not to say published, along with a number of other nationalist writers . In 1970 his contemporary, the critic Alexander Matuska , published a monograph devoted to him. Jozef Mak was published in 1933. It is a novel of the Slovak village in the period of Hungarian oppression and the time of emigration to America. Maryarization and Emigration are portrayed as twin perils and twin temptations , for both seem to pro- �114 SLOVAKIA mise political or economic salvation to the poverty-ridden peasantry. The novel represents a unique blend of realism and symbolism, one hardly to be found among contemporary Czech writers, for instance, or even among other Slovak writers. Those aspects of the novel that pertain to individual characters and their fates are more symbolic, while the public and social facets of the story are realistic. The first are richer in metaphors , certainly while the latter are richer in metonyms. The blending of the two strains gave the author considerable difficulty , and it is the private, symbolic novel that is more memorable for the reader . The term "symbolic" is customarily used for fiction in the style of Jozef Mak , but the novel is actually as much mythic as symbolic. (Of course the two styles are closely interrelated.) The leading characters are archetypes who draw much of their being from an idealized metaphorical world close to folklore. Jozef Mak himself is an image of the alienated orphan, denied his inheritance, material as well as spiritual. The novel ends without his having found himself or his true destiny. Jozef Mak is born the illegitimate son of a poor peasant woman, to be ousted from the house and land by his worthless older, legitimate half brother. Still he grows up honest, hard working, and resourceful. He finally marries a crippled woman whom he seduces, a wife who provides a spiritual guide for him throughout his married life . But, exhausted from the weight of burdens, physical and spiritual, his wife Jula dies . Jozef is left alone at the end of the novel to endure and to plot his path through life alone. The wife Jula is certainly one of the great characters in Slovak literature. Her piety and meekness , and her endurance of her husband's deceptions, are entirely believable , as is the aura of spiritual beauty (in spite of physical deformity) with which the author invests her. The author's conception of such a character required great artistic imagination; Mak himself is hardly so successful. Perhaps his position as central character (and also as perceiving subject) in so much of the novel has precluded the writer from developing a firm, coherent image of him. Less sharp are the characters involved, positively or negative- �SLOVAKIA 115 ly , in their nation's political struggle , and it is evident that Hronsky had difficulties with the realistic side of the novel , partly because the struggle in question corresponds to the time of his boyhood, when he hardly could have succeeded in grasping its meaning. Thus the mythic, symbolic , mystical side of the novel is the stronger, and makes a powerful nostalgic imprint on the reader. Pavol Stevcek. Contemporary Slovak Literature . Translated by Ol 'ga Horska. Bratislava: Obzor, 1980. 122 pp. GERALDJ. SABO John Carroll University University Heights , Ohio Contemporary Slovak literature is often an unfamiliar area even to Slavic literary specialists, whereas writings of contemporary Czech authors from the same country are internationally known. Perhaps it is true , as one Slovak specialist in North America has stated , that Slovak literature is a Cinderella among the literatures of Europe that awaits the discovery of her true worth. The study under review is an attempt to dispel some of this unfamiliarity for an English-reading audience. In this book Stevcek discusses twenty-three writers of the post-1945 era. Twenty-one men are presented as poets and writers of prose and children's literature, but only two women are discussed and that in the area of children 's literature. Among the poets are Pavol Horov, Jan Kostra, Ladislav Novomesky, Milan Rufus, Jan Smrek, and Miroslav Valek; among the prose writers are Alfonz Bednar, Peter Jaros , Vladimir Minac, Vincent Sikula, and Frantisek Svantner. The first of six chapters sets the context for appreciating the work of these writers. In describing the development of this modern era in literature Stevcek employs a Marxist interpretation and even discusses briefly the features of literature written according to such a viewpoint. (The English here is rather stilted and contrived; if the translation is at fault, it is probably because it is a literal rendition of the author's diction and style , which in Slovak may be appropriate for such a work but becomes at times opaque in English translation .) In the remaining five �116 SLOVAKIA chapters, Stevcek considers respectively writers of poetry, prose, children's literature, drama, and literary studies and theoretical presentations. At the end of the chapters on poetry and prose, the author presents brief commentary on a number of other such contemporary writers in order to round out the presentation for these areas . In the chapter on poetry Stevcek fails to include Masa Hal 'amova. Why? Does not a poet who was at the time of this study an "Artist of Merit" deserve mention? (At the present time, she holds the title "National Artist.") This is a significant omission, especially as consideration of Hal'amova would also have increased the number of women presented . In the chapter on children's literature Stevcek includes two women, one of whom, Klara Jarunkova, could just as well have been discussed in the prose chapter. Indeed, she could have been included in both chapters . Likewise , L'ubomir Feldek should have been discussed for more than his contribution to children's literature. Some commentary on or at least mention of L'udo Zubek and Dominik Tatarka would also have been quite justified. Such additions to this study would certainly not have increased its size by much, and yet would have definitely enhanced its benefit to Slavic scholars and anyone interested in Slovak literature. Contemporary Slovak Literature is a noteworthy contribution from Slovakia that provides some basic information on a large number of writers. Such a publication in English is crucial if Slovak literature is to be able to assume its proper place in modern world literature . Given the paucity of such publications , this study should be helpful not only to specialists but also libraries. Given also the excellent literary specialists now writing in Slovakia, more such publications as the one above, with style and English rendition improved , should be rightly expected and published in the future. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1985-86, Vol. 32 Description An account of the resource Vol. 32 (No. 58-59), 1985-86. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA REVIEWS 83 SLOVAKIA 85 Historicky casopis, 33 , 2 (1 985) . "K vel 'komoravskemu vyrociu. " Bratislava: Veda, 19 8 5. Anna Holla. Metod - ucitel' Slovienov. K 1100 vfrrociu umrtia {885-1985}. Martin: Matica slovenska , 1985 . THEODORIC J. ZUBEK, O.F.M. Pittsburgh , Pennsyl vania As the year 1985 approached , Slovak Christians both in Czechoslovakia and abroad wondered in what manner the 1, 100th anniversary of the death of St. Methodius would be observed in Slovakia. The two publications under review provide partial answers to that question. · Historicky casopis , the official organ of the Ustav historickych vied Slovenskej akademie vied , devoted an entire issue to the ' 'Great Moravian Anniversary. ' ' In their introduction, the editors concede that Methodius was ' 'the most important personality in the cultural history of Great Moravia." Further, they note that ''Marxist historiography values highly the work of Constantine and Methodius, who laid the foundations for the development of Slavic literature, which thereafter prevailed among the majority of the South and East Slavs ." However , they also maintain that although Marxist historiography cannot overstate the importance of these two men, it cannot view them only as " evangelizers of the faith." The cultural elements of the Cyrillo-Methodian heritage are, of course, undeniable. But it is equally undeniable that that legacy also - and primarily - includes tremendous religiou s significance for the Slavs in general and the Slovaks in particular. What this reviewer finds especially objectionable in this issue of Historicky casopis is the attempt to minimize the importance of the evangelical activity of Sts . Cyril and Methodius and to neglect the religious dimensions of their work. The cultural achievements of the saintly brothers were the result of their primary goal: to complete the Christianization of the Slavic peoples. This main goal of their mission is never properly recognized by the authors, and the names of Sts . Cyril and Methodius are never mentioned with their title of reverence , " Saint. " Furthermore, not a single arti- 86 SLOVAKIA cle is devoted specifically to St. Methodius in what is supposed to be a commemoration of the anniversary of his death! The first article , by Matus Kucera, assesses Great Moravia and the beginnings of Slovak national history. Although Kucera writes extensively about the era of Rastislav and Svatopluk, he fails to mention Sts. Cyril and Methodius by name as the founders of Christian civilization among the ancestors of the Slovaks. In his article on "fictions and facts" concerning the territorial development of Great Moravia, Peter Ratkos refutes the claims of Imre Boba and other historians that the territory of Great Moravia was situated around the Morava River in Serbia. According to Ratkos , Sirmium was probably not the actual see of Archbishop Methodius , because at that time Sirmium belonged to Bulgaria. Richard Marsina examines the diplomatic documents relating to the history of Great Moravia and their value as sources. He acknowledges the authenticity of seventeen diplomatic texts, mostly the preserved letters of Popes Adrian II, John VIII, Stephen V, and John IX, and eighteen lost documents (deperdita) mentioned in the authentic diplomatic papers and other reliable historical sources. The article which deals the most with St. Cyril is the one by Alexander Avenarius on the contribution of Byzantium to Great Moravian culture. The author explains St. Cyril's philosophy, classifies him as a liberal in his opposition to iconoclasm, and places him in the camp of the liberal patriarch Photius. Avenarius also describes the influence of Byzantine monasticism in Bohemia and Slovakia after the death of Svatopluk. The last two articles are not directly concerned with the work of Sts. Cyril and Metodius . Bohuslav Chropovsky and Alexander Ruttkay evaluate the most recent archeological excavations and situate geographically the extent of the Slovak ethnic group. Finally, Rudolf Krajcovic examines the very complicated issue of language in Great Moravia and its continuity with Slovak. The publication of the Matica slovenska, Metod - ucitel' Slovienov, is more germane to the commemoration of St. Methodius' anniversary than the articles in the Historicky casopis issue. It contains nineteen pages of printed text by Anna Holla and thirty-two photographic reproductions of archeological findings from the SLOVAKIA 87 Great Moravian era, copies of some Glagolitic and Cyrillic texts, and newer Slovak literary and pictorial works related to Sts. Cyril and Methodius. Holla's brief survey of St. Methodius and the whole CyrilloMethodian legacy in Czechoslovakia is a popular version based on contemporary scholarship. It reflects, not surprisingly, the distortions of present official Marxist historiography concerning the Great Moravian period. Holla characterizes Great Moravia as the first state common to the Czechs and Slovaks; and she emphasizes the cultural, social, and political activity of Sts. Cyril and Methodius and excludes or minimizes their missio.nary efforts. Holla' s assertion that Great Moravia was the first joint state of the Czechs and Slovaks is of dubious historical validity. By military force Svatopluk occupied the adjacent Slavic territories, among them Bohemia, and annexed them to his realm, but he did not incorporate them organically into Great Moravia. After his death in 894, the people in these occupied territories hastened to separate themselves from Great Moravia, searching for independence or joining new political alliances. The annexation of Bohemia to Great Moravia lasted less than twenty years, and after Svatopluk's death the Czechs found themselves again in the orbit of the Eastern Frankish (German) Empire. This reviewer must also take exception to Holla's statement that ''The basis of the missionary work of Constantine and Methodius in the Great Moravian Empire was their legal work, by which they eradicated Frankish church law and the unwritten common law of Great Moravia and substituted for it a strong legal order" (p. 6}. As has been mentioned, the basis of the CyrilloMethodian mission was the evangelization of the Slavs. Sts. Cyril and Methodius did not eliminate the church law which had been brought to the territory of Great Moravia by Irish-Scottish, Acquilean (Italian), and Bavarian missionaries; and they did not abolish the unwritten indigenous laws as long as they did not deviate from either Latin or Byzantine church and civil laws. In conclusion, the jubilee issue of Historicky casopis and the text by Anna Holla in the Matica slovenska publication suffer from gross deficiencies and omissions which stem from the antireligious bias of official Marxist historiography toward the legacy 88 SLOVAKIA of Sts. Cyril and Methodius . Only the Matica slovenska publication, with its well-selected, beautiful reproductions , can in a sense be considered as a tribute to the memory of St. Methodius in Slovakia. Julius Sopko. Stredoveke latinske k6dexy v slovensky ch kniiniciach. (Stredoveke k6dexy slovenskej proveniencie, I]. Martin: Matica slovenska, 1981. 304 pp. Julius Sopko. Stredoveke latinske k6dexy slovenskej proveniencie v Mad'arsku av Rumunsku. (Stredoveke k6dexy slovenskej proveniencie, II). Martin: Matica slovenska, 1982. 400 pp. GERALD J. SABO John Carroll University University Heights, Ohio This two-volume catalogue of codices comprises a listing of all extant medieval manuscripts produced on Slovak territory. Most were written in Latin and are similar to those found throughout medieval Europe. The subject matter pertains, for the most part, to religious faith and practice, and philosophy. Bibles, missals , antiphonaries , graduals , chant collections , sermons and related bilingual dictionaries, rules of a religious order, commentaries on religious topics, and philosophical studies are the kinds of writings found in these manuscripts. Occasionally among them are " secular" - non-religious or philosophical - texts , such as Gesta Romanorum (Feats of the Romans), Chronicon Dubnicense (The History of Dubnica), or Codex Justinian us: Digesta - Excerpta (Justinian's Law Code: Summaries and Excerpts) . Some of these manuscripts are preserved in Slovak archival repositories, while others are found in Hungary and Romania. In the two introductions of the first volume in Slovak and Latin , Sopko considers briefly the emergence and development of libraries and scriptoria on Slovak territory as well as the history of manuscript collections and their present status. He discusses the role of certain religious orders in the execution and collection of such manuscripts; among these are the Benedictines, Fran- SLOVAKIA 89 ciscans, Dominicans, Cistercians, Carthusians, and Premonstratensians (also known as Norbertines). Sopko also mentions the significant activity of the cathedral chapters in Nitra, Bratislava, and Spis that fostered the composing of manuscripts. Thirteen Slovak areas are listed as locations of repositories for such manuscripts: Banska Bystrica, Bardejov, Bratislava, Dolny Kubin, Jasov, Kezmarok, Kosice, Kremnica, Martin, Nitra, Presov, Spisska Kapitula , and Spisske Vlachy. These cities and towns, institutions in Bratislava and Kremnica contain the overwhelming majority of the 200 medieval manuscripts found on Slovak territory today. In Bratislava, the cathedral chapter library alone contains 82 such codices of the 135 found in the 6 repositories of this city. In Kremnica, the parish library contains 25 of 26 medieval codices in the city. In the second volume , 86 of 88 manuscripts preserved in Hungary are found in Budapest; the remaining 130 of the total 418 listed' in the two volumes are found in Alba Julia, Romania, in the former Batthyany library collection. In his introductions Sopko mentions the art of manuscript illumination that was well developed on Slovak territory . He includes at the end of both volumes photographic reproductions of some manuscripts, usually rendered in color, many of which also exemplify the art of illumination. One of the outstanding examples of manuscript writing and illumination is the ''Bratislava Missal,' ' which today is preserved in Alba Julia, Romania, as part of the former Batthyany library collection. This missal is described in the second volume of the catalogue (#400), and a color reproduction of one of its folio pages can be found at the end among the supplementary illustrations . (A book that presents the illumination aspect of medieval manuscripts in the Slovak area and that would complement this catalogue well is Stredoveka kniina mal 'ba na Slovensku by Alzbeta Giintherova and Jan Misianik published in two editions [1961 and 1977] by Tatran of Bratislava.) Sopko concludes each of the volumes with four lists: concordance of signatures , dated codices, first words of a codex, and a name and topic index. This two-volume catalogue by Sopko is primarily aimed at libraries and specialists in medieval culture and history. It presents 90 SLOVAKIA well the scholarly work that is often produced under the auspices of the Matica slovenska. Vysady miest a mesteciek na Slovensku {1238-1350}, I. Edited by L'ubomir Juck. Bratislava: Veda, 1984. 199 pp. Narodnostny vyvoj miest na Slovensku do roku 1918. K 600. vyrociu vydania vysad pre zilinskych Slovakov Edited by Richard Marsina. Martin: Osveta, 1984 . 275 pp. DAVID P. DANIEL ConcorcJti.a Seminary St. Louis, Missouri These two volumes reflect the breadth and depth of Slovak historical urban studies. They are both welcome additions to the growing body of scholarship on the history of urban life in Slovakia in the late medieval and early modern eras. The first, ''Privileges of the Cities and Towns in Slovakia (1238-1350)" was prepared as part of a long-term project planned by the Historical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences during the 1950's and early 1960's which set as its goal the editing and publication of historical documents from the earliest eras of Slovak history. This volume is the first dealing specifically with the charters and grants of legal privileges made to the emerging cities during the High Middle Ages, primarily by Hungarian monarchs. Information concerning the documents which have disappeared and/or the texts of those preserved were drawn from materials in the archives of Slovakia and throughout Central Europe. The volume begins with a general introduction indicating the methodological principles utilized in preparing it and some general comments on the types of documents included . The bulk of the book is devoted to a catalogue, in chronological order, of all the grants of privileges discovered; a brief description of their contents and context in Slovak; the text of the document, in so far as it is known in the original language of composition, Latin; and finally a listing of the provenance of each document. As such , this volume provides a fascinating and accessible entrance into SLOVAKIA 91 the historical development of the cities and towns which emerged on the territory of modern-day Slovakia during the High Middle Ages. They show that the economic strength of the towns grew in conjunction with the grants of economic and political privileges extended to them by the Hungarian monarchs. The towns sought to develop and protect their economic basis, manufacture, and trade by securing from the kings extensive rights of selfadministration and governance. The second volume, "Nationality Development of Cities in Slovakia to the Year 1918," is a collection of essays arranged according to the three thematic sections of the book: ''Nationality Development in Zilina"; "Nationality Development in the Towns of Slovakia''; and ''Nationality Development in Czech and Moravian Towns in the Middle Ages." However, despite the title, all but four of the sixteen studies treat the medieval and early modern periods. In the first section Marsina himself analyzes the privileges given to the Slovaks in Zilina in 1381; Julius Sopko attempts to identify the various individuals who made entries into the city record book of Zilina; Izidor Kotulic evaluates the language of the Zilina record book and other historical documents in Slovak; and Rudolf Kuchar examines the family names which appear in the Zilina record book. The studies of Peter Stansky on the structuring of nationalities in Zilina up to 1918 and of Pavol Hapak on the economic life and workers movement in Zilina during the last half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries conclude the section devoted specifically to the history of Zilina. In the second section Ferdinand Ulicny investigates the national groupings within the medieval cities of Slovakia; Jan Dorul'a examines the use of Slovak in the cities between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries; Anton Spiesz provides an analysis of Slovak artisan activity during the so-called later feudal period, the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries; and Jozef Vozaf evaluates the relationship between ethnic groups in the so-called montana or mining cities of central Slovakia during the same era. Ivan Chalupecky provides an analysis of ethnic relationships in the towns of Spis county for the century between 1550 to 1650, and Jana Skladana examines the oldest city books in Banovec nad Bebravou, dating from the sixteenth through the early eighteenth 92 SLOVAKIA centuries. Milan Podrimavsky concludes this section with an examination of the cities in Slovakia during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . The third section is made up of just three essays: Frantisek Smahel's review of findings and perspectives of the research into ethnic relationships in Bohemian cities during the Late Middle Ages (thirteenth to fifteenth centuries); Ludmila Sulitkova's investigation of the ethnic relationships in the Moravian cities, especially the royal cities, during the Late Middle Ages; and Josef Zemlicka' s essay on the countryside , ethnicity, and the late medieval Bohemian cities. While it is impossible to examine these essays individually, it should be noted that not only do they reveal how much urban studies have come to dominate Slovak late medieval/early modern history research , but also the complexities of ethnic relationships in Slovakia during the same era. Slovaks took an active, if not always an appreciated, role in the life of the cities of Slovakia during the Middle Ages and were, especially but not merely in the smaller towns , significant in their economic and political life. It is to be hoped that these volumes will encourage American scholars to become much more active in more fully investigating late medieval and early modern Slovak history. Juraj Zudel. Stolice na Slovensku. Bratislava: Obzor, 1984. 200 pp. R. VLADIMIR BAUMGARTEN Tallahassee , Florida This book was written to provide a generaLhistory of the counties of Slovakia until 1849, when a modern centralized administration was imposed by Imperial decree in the so-called "Bach era". It may consequently be subtitled "Patterns of Feudalism''. Zudel summarizes characteristics common to all the Slovak districts, and then depicts both individual and regional peculiarities. The main theme is an analysis of the evolution of the counties under the feudal order. In the introductory section, Zudel points out that originally individual Slovak counties had SLOVAKIA 93 their own codes of law, but in all cases , in greater or lesser measure, these were eventually supplanted by more centralized government. Particular mention is made of the efforts of the Habsburgs, especially in the case of the Josephine reforms of the eighteenth century, to provide a uniform code of law for Hungary. These endeavors were only partially successful, and many of them were undone following the death of the King-Emperor in 1790 . Only in the aftermath of the 1848 revolution was it possible for enduring institutions of modern government to be established. Zudel points out that the 1848 experience may be characterized as a ''conflict of popular sovereignty''. The Hungarian reyolutionary leader Lajos Kossuth sought to protect the jealously-guarded privileges of individual counties, while at the same time using them as instruments of Magyarization in Upper Hungary. By contrast, the more conservative Hungarian reformer Istvan Szechenyi considered the county structure as antiquated, yet he opposed forced Magyarization. The archival sources consulted by the author are listed at the end of the introductory section, and a more general bibliography is included at the conclusion of the text. Zudel's introduction is followed by a survey of each individual county. These surveys include a summary of the territorial boundaries of each administration, the patterns of settlement and habitation , agricultural conditions, and cultural traditions . In cases where a county has been inhabited by more than one ethnic group, an additional section concerning ethnic relations is added . Although Zudel's presentation summarizes the counties in alphabetical order, any attempts at comparison and contrast are best served by examining the counties from a regional perspective. Two of the counties - Bratislava and Abauj - contained Slovakia's major metropolitan centers . In the case of the western county Bratislava, Zudel stresses its strategic location at the point where the Morava and Danube rivers converge. This location guaranteed that Bratislava was affected by the Hussite invasion. The author also mentions the presence of a Croatian element since the time of the Turkish wars. In the case of Abauj, which contains the eastern metropolis, Zudel indicates that the city of Kosice 94 SLOVAKIA was noteworthy for its traditionally oligarchical form of government. The southern Slovak counties of Gerner, Hant , Komarno , and Novohrad had the common denominators of all being ethnically mixed areas, plus serving as frontier zones in the HabsburgOttoman wars. Much the same treatment is accorded to Ostrihom, although the author also cites the latter for its significance in the Catholic Counterreformation. In the case of northern counties the author mentions that Liptov had lingering anti-feudal traditions, and also served as a stronghold for Slovak nationalism. Orava, in spite of its close geographic proximity to Liptov, evolved in the more traditional feudal pattern. Among central counties Nitra is particularly noted for having had a state organization which pre-dated the kingdom of Hungary; Tekov and Trencin are treated in a similar manner. In the case of the latter, Zudel also mentions the importance of the city of Zilina as a center of Slovak trade with the Czech lands, Silesia, and Prussia. Zvolen is noteworthy for its strategic location in defense of the fertile lowlands of southern Slovakia; the author also· mentions the influence of the Czech immigration following the Thirty Years War. Turiec is especially noted for having separated itself from Rakoczi's rising in the early eighteenth century . The author might have given this event more than passing treatment had he chosen to do so . The eastern counties of Slovakia present some of the most noteworthy peculiarities of all. Mention is made of the fact that the Hungarian king Sigismund mortgaged certain cities of Spis to Poland in the fifteenth century; they were returned to Hungary in the eighteenth. In spite of the fact that Saris was a major focal point for the Magyarization campaign, Zudel points out that the native Slovak nobility played a prominent role in public life. In the case of Zemplin county , the author mentions that the nobles long maintained a sense of autonomy , and consequently supported the Transylvanian rebels in the latter's struggle against the Habsburgs . Zudel also briefly summarizes the history of less " traditional" Slovak countries . After World War II much of the territory of Uz SLOVAKIA 95 county was transferred to the Ukrainian S.S.R., and the population of the area is today classified as Ukrainian. Zudel, however, mentions the role of the Slovak element in siding with the Hungarian nobles against their Habsburg kings. Turn.a is treated as an extension of Abauj county (with which it was long affiliated) , although the influence of political patterns emanating from Gerner is also mentioned. In his concluding chapter Zudel summarizes administrative realignments dating from Bach's regime in the 1850s. Since the terms stolica and zupa are often used interchangeably, the author makes a distinction here between velzupa , containing more than one stolica, and zupa, constituting a single district. This distinction is an important one, and the author would hav~ served his readers better by mentioning it in the earlier portion of the text. Although the text conveys the ideological spirit common to contemporary Czechoslovakia, the historical facts are presented in a straightforward manner. Zudel points out that contemporary Hungarian Marxist historiography is more favorably disposed towards Slovak demographic claims in Upper Hungary, and he makes liberal use of Hungarian source materials. The major weakness of the book lies less in what is said than in what remains unsaid. In reference to Abauj county, Zudel cites the Mongol invasion as a determining factor in population distribution; he fails to mention that Kosice was temporarily transferred to the jurisdiction of Transylvania by the Treaty of Linz in 1645. One especially glaring contradiction is found in the case of Saris. The author mentions a "pestilental epidemic" in the eighteenth century, but no mention is made of the cholera epidemic which convulsed Saris and other eastern Slovak counties in 1831. Since the latter event was accompanied by a peasant rising which greatly undermined feudal society, the omission is a particularly serious one . For the student who is already well-grounded in Slovak history , Stolice presents little that is original. But is serves as an adequate text within the limits which have been mentioned , and is especially useful as a reference guide to the individual districts . 96 SLOVAKIA Tvorcovia noveho Slovenska/ The Shaping of Modern Slovakia. Festschrift to the Seventieth Birthday of Dr. Joseph A. Mikus . Edited by Joseph Stasko. Cambridge, Canada: Friends of Good Books, 1982 . xv . 271 pp . GEORGE VIRSIK Monash University Clayton, Australia This collection of articles by Imrich Kruzliak, Joseph Stasko , Joseph M. Kirschbaum, Frantisek Vnuk, and the celebrant can be looked upon from two different perspectives . The first is readily apparent . Kruzliak's interpretive account of Slovak history from 1918 to 1948; Stasko's soul-searching reflections on the meaning of the Slovak national heritage; Kirschbaum's examination of Slovak student organizations and their aims in the interwar period; and Vnuk's analysis of Slovak diplomacy before the Salzburg event of 1940 all have one common denominator: either the role played by, or the contemporary views held by , Joseph A. Mikus. Mikus's own article , "The International System in Transition,'' is a study of the moral and legal principles underlying the pre~ent system of (soverign or not) states and nations , as well as an application and projection into the future of his own ideas, summarized by the view that "not territorially defined states , particularly multinational structures or empires, but nations in the ethnic and cultural sense are the real members of the international community.'' The other perspective becomes more apparent only after one has finished reading the book. With the exception of Vnuk, the authors have all by now reached, or almost reached , their seventieth birthdays. They are all well-known emigre writers ; political commentators, and interpreters of the Slovak cultural heritage . And - again perhaps with the exception of Vnuk - all the contributions are representative of the particular author's " Slovak creed .' ' They read as a personal legacy to the generation to follow. No Slovak intellectual of the younger generation can afford to ignore what they have to say. Politically and territorially, of course, there is only one Slovakia. But spiritually and culturally there is SLOVAKIA 97 also an alternative Slovakia, a Slovakia that many of us in the West (as well as some non-conformists in Slovakia) are proud to belong to , a Slovakia that would be unthinkable without its pioneers, and now seniors, like Mikus and Stasko, Kirschbaum, and Kruzliak. Thus it seems to me that - at least from the point of view of the new generation - the title of the book should have been something like " The Shape of a Slovakia We are Inheriting," meaning the spiritual and cultural shape of unofficial Slovakia forced to ''live in exile.'' To summarize: If one cannot read Slovak, it might be preferable to obtain just a reprint of Mikus' s English article rather than buy the whole book. But if one can read Slovak and is interested in Slovak matters, this book is a must. Slovak Politics: Essays on Slovak History in honour of Joseph M . Kirschbaum. Edited by Stanislav J. Kirschbaum. ClevelandRome: Slovak Institute, 1983. xviii, 381 pp. GEORGE VIRSIK Monash University Clayton , Australia This Festschrift dedicated to Joseph M. Kirschbaum offers nine articles on various political themes from Slovak history ranging from 1882 to about 1948 . It includes a brief appraisal of the celebrant's life and his contribution to Slovak politics by Charles Murin and a " select bibliography" of Kirschbaum 's publications written in exile. In the first article Edita Bosak deals with Czech-Slovak relations from 1882 to 1914, focusing on the student organization Detvan in Prague. Bosak sees Detvan "as a springboard and nursery for the young Slovak inteligentsia" as opposed to the "conservative Martin leadership ." Although she admits that "the amount of co-operation between Detvan and the Czechs was limited,'' she recognizes the resulting journal Hlas as "progressive," giving "wide distribution to many of the ideas that the students had already worked out in the debates in Detvan, 98 SLOVAKIA especially the idea of Czech-Slovak reciprocity." A comprehensive and unbiased study of Milan Hodza and his original political thinking (contrasted by his often controversial political associations that ended so sadly) is still missing from Slovak political literature . The article by Susan Mikula comes a long way toward such a study, but unfortunately it does not go beyond the year 1914. Still, her account of Hodza's Belvedere orientation and his attitude toward Magyars and Czechs seems to support those political thinkers who see him as the harbinger of contemporary Slovak aspirations toward Central European, or Danubian, Confederation. The contribution by Manfred Alexander is based on a study of the reports from the German Mission in Prague to the Foreign Office of the German Reich from 1918 to 1921. It contains over fifty pages of original documents related to Slovakia, published for the first time. Somehow, the documents make more interesting reading then the article itself. At least in one place the author's conclusions are hard to follow: It is true that Document 13 illustrates in many details the fact that Czech anti-clericalism was at the core of early Czech-Slovak frictions; and that it was the Catholic priests in Slovakia who raised the alarm, and often overreacted. But it seems to be a rather sweeping statement to claim that this is ',!valuable information indicating that the efforts made by the Slovak people to obtain autonomy did not originate spontaneously but were stirred up through agitation.'' Stanislav J. Kirschbaum's study of Hlinka's Slovak People's Party should certainly be read in conjunction with the German documents referred to above, especially by a non-specialist. It throws light on some points raised in the preceding article, and its systematic and more detached account well complements the subjectiveness and immediacy of the documents. The constitution of the Slovak Republic is analyzed by Karin Schmid. She comes to some mixed conclusions, perhaps best expressed in her own words: "If we consider every aspect of the Slovak Constitution - especially the role of the party on one hand, and on the other the control of the government by Parliament (although Parliament itself, in turn, was composed of only one party) - a comparison with what is known as 'socialist democracy' SLOVAKIA 99 suggests itself. It is tempting, on the model of this concept, to coin the term 'fascist democracy.' However, if we wish to avoid jargon and if we bear in mind that fascism completely rejects the concept of democracy, then the Slovak system can be best described as an authoritarian system with rather surprising democratic features." Lisa Guarda Nardini examines President Tiso's political program. The person of Dr. Jozef Tiso, more so than the Slovak Republic as such, symbolizes the Slovak tragedy during and after World War II: After forty years, most Slovaks are by now resigned to the fact that, given all the circumstances, there was not much chance for the six years of the Slovak Republic to end' differently. But only a few will maintain that Dr. Tiso did not deserve a better fate, a fairer treatment and trial, and less prejudice connected with his place in Slovak history. The article and its discerningly apologetic tone have to be seen in this light. To a certain extent, the same atmosphere permeates the next article on the foreign policy of the Slovak Republic by Milan S. Durica. Of special interest is the section on relations with the Holy See. Durica does not hesitate to state explicitly that "the sharpest dispute between the Slovak Government and the Vatican arose over the Jewish question." Stanislav J. Kirschbaum tackles the extremely complicated and controversial Slovak revolt of 1944. He points out two options that the Slovaks faced by the end of World War II. The first was "to remain true to their state" not excluding "the taking of whatever means were necessary, including changing the regime and the political system'' and hoping that ''the victorious powers would realize that independence was indeed what the nation desired.'' The second option was to return to the Czechoslovak Republic. He is realistic enought to admit that the first option called for an acute sense of timing, exceptional diplomacy, faith on the part of people, and above all capable leadership at the top. But even given the second option, Kirschbaum observes that ''had Benes not been so prejudiced against the Slovaks, but rather had taken into account the evolution of the Slovak nation ... much of the tragedy that befell the Slovak people from 1944 on might have been avoided.'' 100 SLOVAKIA Frantisek Vnuk elaborates on this theme in his article on Slovak-Czech relations between 1945 and 1948. It describes the situation and events in Slovakia prior to February 1948, and it makes very sad reading. As one has come to expect from Vnuk, it is thoroughly documented. But it is also concise and comprehensive enough to be recommended to all - notably younger generation Slovaks, but also Czechs - who wish to understand the reasons behind Slovak resentments and political distrust of their Czech neighbors . In this reviewer's opinion, there is an increasing need for a comprehensive, critical study of Slovak political history from 1918 to 1968 written by a younger generation of scholars free of the compulsion either to fit that story into prescribed ideological frames or to justify a posteriori one's own role or moral position. The publication under review has perhaps so far come closest to fulfilling that need. Frantisek Vnuk. Zivotopis Konstantina Culena. Cleveland: Slovak Institute , 1984. 247 pp. OWEN V. JOHNSON Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana For several years I have been trying to persuade several important Slovak figures representing different political persuasions to write their memoirs, to give us an intimate perspective on their youth, their education, and the development of their careers. Each of the three has resisted , perhaps fearing that to write memoirs means to declare one's public life to be over. This is unfortunate because when I have stumbled onto memoir material , such as a dozen unpublished essays by as many interwar and wartime Slovak journalists, they have been a rich mine of information that their authors could never have realized would be so important. Other than oral interviews, the second best source of personal information is the biography . From that perspective, this book about Konstantin Culen is to be welcomed. Published with the SLOVAKIA 101 support of Slovak-American activist Jan Beliansky a dozen years after completion of the manuscript, it traces the career of the headstrong Slovak publicist, amateur historian, diplomat, government official and emigre journalist. The author draws on his twenty-year correspondence with Culen, Culen's autobiographical "Posedenia," published in the early 1960s, and 15 short chapters that were parts of Culen's various unsuccessful efforts to write an autobiography. Vnuk makes no claim that this is a careful , complete, or scholarly biography. Nor does he promise any neutral and objective point-of-view, stating in the opening pages his respect and admiration for Culen. Vnuk asserts that the heart of the work is the la.s t section which describes Culen's work in exile - because it is the period he knows best. The historian will disagree. It is the first part (describing his youth and education) and to a lesser degree the second part (describing his twenty-year career in Slovakia) that more effectively transport the reader into the life of the periods they describe. This is so because it is precisely for those periods that Culen provided more of his own testimony about his life and times. We are reminded, for instance, that even though their eventual political views became quite different , many members of the Slovak intelligentsia initially were good friends of each other. Among Culen's early friends were such a diverse group as Vladimir Clementis, Julius Sefranek, Jan Golian, Ferdinand Jurgia, and Florian Tomanek. There are several references, too, to how important connections - Slovak or Czech - were in finding gainful employment. Particularly interesting is Vnuk's description of Culen's short career as a writer and reporter for Slovak, the daily Hlinkist organ. As with other institutions of the Slovak People 's Party, the newspaper staff reflected the splits among the different wings of the party. Eventually the splits led to Culen's dismissal from the staff. It foreshadowed his later ouster from the Slovak Government in July , 1940. The tragedy of Culen is that these divisions continued in emigration, and because he continued to be first and foremost a publicist, he became their victim. Despite a decade of service to 102 SLOVAKIA the Slovak press in North America, he was eventually forced out of all fulltime work in that area. During the last few years, Vnuk reports , Culen struggled to find gainful employment, eventually winding up as superintendent of a Brooklyn apartment house. He died in 1964. Miroslav Kropilak a kolektiv. Dejiny Slovenska V {1918-1945). Bratislava: Veda , 1985 . 612 pp. JAMES R. FELAK Bloomington, Indiana It would be hard to find a quarter century in Slovak history more eventful than the period from 1918 to 1945 . These years saw the creation, destruction , and re-creation of the Czechoslovak Republic , the emergence and disappearance of an independent Slovak state , a great economic crisis , and a world war. In this fifth volume of the new Dejiny Slovenska, a team of Slovak Marxist scholars provides the most extensive and detailed discussion of this period available in any language. Dejiny Slovenska Vis composed of two parts. The first covers Slovakia within the interwar Czechoslovak Republic; the second deals with the Slovak state and World War II. Each part is divided into chronologically based chapters, which in turn contain subchapters on themes like politics, foreign affairs , economics, social unrest, and developments within the Communist Party. In analyzing the interwar period, the authors focus on the so-called Slovak Question, that is , the place of Slovakia and the Slovak nation in a Czechoslovak state. This question involves a complex of political, economic , social , and cultural factors that gave rise to tensions between Slovaks and Czechs. The Czechoslovak government's failure to ease these tensions contributed mightily to the shape that the First Republic's demise took in 1938-39. In discussing this failure , the authors contend that only the Communist Party was capable of solving the problems that caused social and national dissatisfaction in Slovakia. The authors consider Slovak discontent as essentially a product of the ''bourgeois-democratic , capitalist system'' of the First SLOVAKIA 103 Republic, with the Czech bourgeoisie as the main perpetrators of this discontent. This ruling class is accused of economically exploiting Slovakia, repressing manifestations of Slovak dissatisfaction, and ruling the country on the basis of centralism, with a complete disregard for Slovakia's special conditions and problems . To help rule Slovakia, this " ruling Czech bourgeoisie " fostered the idea of Czechoslovakism, that is, the notion that the Slovaks were not a distinct nation but rather members of a Czechdominated "Czechoslovak" nation. The authors sharply criticize Czechoslovakism, which they see as a reactionary ideology serving only to fan the flames of Slovak nationalism and to hamper Czechoslovak state unity in the face of the external threats of the 1930s. As allies of the ''ruling Czech bourgeoisie,' ' the so-called centralist parties in Slovakia, above all the Social Democrats and the Agrarians , come under attack in this volume. The Social Democrats are strongly criticized for their so-called reformist approach to Slovakia's social and economic ills , for placing the interests of the state ahead of the interests of the working class , and for staunchly supporting centralism and Czechoslovakism. The Agrarians are reproached for similar reasons, including an economic policy that favored the rural middle class of the expense of the working class and poorer peasants. The authors indeed point out that many Slovak Agrarians were lukewarm in their support for centralism and Czechoslovakism and tried to advance Slovakia's interests under the guise of "silent revision of centralism" or "regionalism." Nevertheless, the authors believe that by failing to distance themselves effectively from Prague and to solve Slovakia's economic problems, the centralist parties drove many Slovaks into the camp of Hlinka 's Slovak People 's Party (HSPP or L'udaks). The authors do not condemn the HSPP for its autonomist program and political opposition, but rather for " catering to the reactionary classes" at home and seeking ties with Czechoslovakia's enemies abroad. In their Marxist interpretation, the authors see the HSPP as the representative of those bourgeois elements that were dissatisfied with their political and economic position in Czechoslovakia. The fact that the HSPP had broad popular appeal 104 SLOVAKIA cutting across class boundaries is explained by the party's ability to exploit Slovakia's economic ills and national discontent demagogically in order to win votes. Although the authors condemn the HSPP's leadership, they are more lenient toward its rankand-file, whom they characterize as justly disaffected by the social and national situation in Slovakia but misled by L'udak propaganda. If the L'udaks were too reactionary to solve the Slovak Question, and the centralist parties too reformist and ''Czechoslovak,'' the Communist Party alone , according to this work, possessed the correct formula. In the authors' interpretation, the Communist Party was committed both to the distinctiveness of the Slovak nation and the integrity of the Czechoslovak state, which, after a socialist revolution and installation of a dictatorship of the proletariat, was to be set up on the basis of national equality and mutual respect between the Czech and Slovak nations. The party did not hold this position consistently from 1918 to 1945, but did take this stance during the Slovak National Uprising. The book depicts, although somewhat opaquely, the shifts in the party's nationality policy in the period under discussion and presents the party's position during the Uprising not as a mere tactical move but rather as the culmination of twenty-five years of Communist thinking al}d experience regarding the Slovak Question. Although the portrayal of the Communist Party in this volume is overwhelmingly positive , there is some criticism, especially of party centralism. The authors clearly side with those Slovak Communists, above all the Davists, who preferred a party that was more responsive to Slovak conditions to one that rigidly applied directives from the leadership in Prague. While centralism and "dogmatism" may be reproached, however, the authors never question the Communist Party's fundamental goals. The second part of this work deals with the Slovak state and World War II. This period is presented dichotomously. On the negative side is the Slovak state. Although the authors deem it "an acceptable alternative for the majority of the Slovak population in 1939-1941 from the constitutional point of view," they portray its L'udak leaders as fascists and opportunists, tools of German imperalism who tried but ultimately failed to win over the SLOVAKIA 105 Slovak population via social demagoguery and exaggerated nationalism. On the positive side is the Slovak resistance movement, manifested above all in the Slovak National Uprising. According to the authors, the Uprising represented the progressive majority of the Slovak population. They claim that the Uprising was never defeated politically or militarily, but rather won out as the first stage of a democratic and national revolution in Slovakia. Although the authors acknowledge the role played by nonCommunists in the Slovak resistance, they repeatedly assert that Communist influence was paramount. The party gets credit forsuccessfully helping bring down the L'udak regime while at the same time resisting efforts of the Benes government in London to restore the pre-Munich Republic on its old sociopolitical bases. Not surprisingly, the authors also credit the Soviet Union with greatly assisting the Uprising. The authors have considerable sympathy for the selfdetermination of the Slovak nation, as their condemnation of centralism and Czechoslovakism attests . However , when this sympathy comes into conflict with their orthodox Marxist-Leninst line, the latter wins out. For example, the occupation of Slovakia by Bela Kun's army in 1919 is portrayed as a totally positive event for the Slovak population, and any suggestions that they may have constituted a restoration of Hungarian rule over the Slovaks are dismissed as myth. To the volume's credit, it provides an informative survey of social and economic developments in Slovakia. In addition, it devotes much attention to cultural history, including discussions of the growth of Slovak education, literature, art, and even film and radio. It also treats the cultural affairs of Slovakia's German , Magyar, and Ukrainian minorities. On the debit side, there is very little biographical information offered regarding the key figures in Slovak political life , the subchapters on diplomatic developments are completely and unequivocally pro-Soviet, and several important Western publications are absent from the relatively lengthly bibliography. As a comprehensive survey of some of the most crucial years in Slovak history, this installment of Dejiny Slovenska should interest all scholars of twentieth-century Slovak history . Not only 106 SLOVAKIA is it a source of much information, but it also presents the most up-to-date official view on controversial issues such as the Slovak Question, the Slovak state, and the Slovak National Uprising. Yeshayahu A. Jelinek. The Lust for Power: Nationalism, Slovakia, and the Communists, 1918-1948. "East European Monographs, No. CXXX. " Boulder, CO: East European Monographs , 1983. xi , 185 pp. Distributed by Columbia University Press. ROBERT K. EVANSON University of Missouri-Kansas City Kansas City, Missouri Students of Slovak history are greatly indebted to Yeshayahu Jelinek for his painstaking dissection of the response of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC) to ''the Slovak Question'' during the 1918-1948 period. Jelinek trudges admirably through the bewildering zigs and zags and general confusion of Communist nationality policies during the First, Second, and Third Czechoslovak Republics and the wartime Slovak Republic. It is well known that the political tasks of Czechoslovak Communism have often been complicated by the subjection of the KSC to Soviet supervision and interference. Slovak Communists faced an even tougher road in their efforts to expand their base of popular support within Slovakia, in part because their mentors in Prague were even more overbearing and less sensitive to Slovak national aspirations than were the Soviets. Czech Communist leaders tended to view Slovak nationalism as either an obstacle or a vehicle to their achievement of pow~r in Prague, depending on the moment. Their lack of understanding or respect for Slovak feelings was, of course, (ypical of Czech politicians of almost all ideological stripes. Not that Slovak Communists possessed any clear idea of how to handle the national question. Pulled in different directions by nationalist feelings and a desire to win popular support on the one hand , and by loyalty to the KSC and Moscow on the other, they adopted an array of "solutions" which were, as Jelinek notes, testimony to the failure of Communist ideology to address effec- SLOVAKIA 107 tively the nationalist phenomenon. Different Slovak Communist spokesmen variously proposed the creation of a Slovak-Hungarian Soviet Republic, incorporation of Slovakia into the Soviet Union, complete independence, autonomous federative status within a unified Czechoslovakia, equality without autonomy , and extreme centralization under Prague 's control. Jelinek 's discussion provides essential background reading to Czech-Slovak tensions since 1948, including the tragic persecution of Slovak Communists during the 1950s and the renewal of Slovak demands for genuine federalism during the 1960s. Nationalism has been ·'a powerful force in Slovak Communism throughout the history of Czechoslovakia, and there is little reason to believe that the current quasi-federal formula will permanently sweep the issue of Slovak-Czech relations under the rug. Despite Jelinek 's yeoman service in delineating these matters , the book contains a number of typographical and some factual errors that should have been caught by the editor. Rudolf Slansky, for example, is twice identified as "Josef Slansky" (pp. 36, 72); and Viliam Siroky seems to be identified as a Czech - the language is ambiguous - on p . 40 , although later on he is characterized correctly as a Magyarized Slovak. On a more general level , this reviewer has two criticisms, one minor and one major. The period and events described by Jelinek are so complex that he could have helped the reader by more often stepping back to address the confusion and reorder the facts in summary form. Whenever such a broad overview is absent, the narrative unavoidably gets bogged down in the myraid of individuals, factions , and endless changes in party line that defined Communist nationality policies during the thirty years in question. When the author chooses to summarize , as in his excellent passage on the war years (pp. 40-41) and in his fine concluding chapter, the reader is greatly enlightened . More serious is Jelinek's tendency to lump all Communists together in his insistence that they regard nationalism as " a mere tool to achieve [power] " (p . 1). This is the author 's major thesis , but his book's evidence suggests rather that many Communists were confused about the Slovak issue and failed to reach a consensus about nationality policies . While Czech centralizers were 108 SLOVAKIA inclined to be cynical or fearful of Slovak nationalism, many Slovaks were genuine nationalists who took considerable risks to advocate their people's cause. Jelinek explicitly recognizes this fact on several occasions, as in his fascinating discussion of Communist cooperation with the rightwing L'udaks, and in his description of the Slovak National Uprising, neither of which can be regarded as a mere power tactic. The author's general thesis, therefore, is at odds with his narrative. Nonetheless, this book is a valuable and original contribution to the study of Slovak Communism. M. Mark Stolarik. Growing Up on the South Side: Three Generations of Slovaks in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1880-1976. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 1985. 147 pp. JUNE GRANATIR ALEXANDER The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio In the preface to this work, M . Mark Stolarik states "that it is the responsibility of professional historians to also write the histories of particular ethnic groups for those groups'' and warns his readers that Growing Up on the South Side was written "only incidentally for fellow academics" (p. 13). Indeed, his research was partially supported by funds bequeathed for the purpose of writing a history of Bethlehem Slovaks for Bethlehem Slovaks. Growing Up on the South Side is too brief to offer an in-depth analysis of the Bethlehem Slovak population over a lengthy ninetysix-year period. Still, Stolarik touches upon important aspects of the history of that ethnic communtiy . He relies extensively on material generated by the Slovak community: fraternal and church records and publications, newspapers, and short histories written by Slovaks . He skillfully blends these sources with oral interviews with second- and third-generation Slovaks. Stolarik overlooks, however , the newspapers Narodne noviny and, with one minor exception, Slovensky hlasnik. His bibliography is somewhat dated because he does not cite relevant works, including his own, published after 1981. SLOVAKIA 109 Although the author does not burden his narrative with statistics, tables, or theories , he generally succeeds in achieving his objective of writing for a more general , rather than an academic audience . On several occasions, either in the narrative or footnotes , he corrects factual errors that apparently heretofore have been accepted by Bethlehem Slovaks . However, by trying to avoid becoming bogged down in scholarly analysis , Stolarik, at times, forgets his responsibility to the general public as a professional historian. Indeed , he misses opportunities to use his scholarly expertise to investigate the veracity of some popularly-held beliefs or attitudes and is not always careful to use solid evidence to support some generalizations. For example , Stolarik rather nonchalantly refers to "the Irish police" as stopping fights at Slovak weddings (p. 82) . Were all the policemen in Bethlehem Irish , or were only Irish policemen sent to quiet down rowdy Slovak celebrations? Here statistics and footnotes are needed. Stolarik's nice composite picture of Slovak fraternal meetings drawn from the minutes of different lodges includes the suggestion that women disrupted meetings when they attended in their husbands' stead. This was a popular view held by Slovak males who opposed accepting females into lodges in the early twentieth century. How " often" did women actually delay meetings? Stolarik observes that secular lodges opened with the presidents warning '' all in attendance to behave themselves" (p . 40) . This presumably included both men and women present. Can women, then , be singled out as a particular problem? In both instances just cited , Stolarik's descriptions may be accurate, but statements by a professional historian that confirm ethnic and sexual stereotypes in the minds of a general audience require more concrete, explicit evidence . At times , Stolarik is also confusing because his discussion is too brief. For example , he relates that several factors gave rise to a large number of Slovak lodges in Bethlehem. Some lodges were formed on the basis of geographic origins, while the membership of others , he explains, reflected social standing in the Slovak community. Does this mean that Slovaks who joined the same lodge as fellow villagers but then subsequently attained a different social status in the community switched lodges? If this was the case, it has strong implications for further exploring the emergence 110 SLOVAKIA of class divisions within ethnic communities. The discussion of female occupations should also be expanded and clarified . It is not clear if the second- and third-generation working women he discusses (pp. 113, 115-17) were married or single . Did married women routinely work outside of the home? Such clarifications would have enhanced his discussion of the acculturation process among American-Slovaks. Also, since formal affiliation of the Slovak Evangelical Lutheran Church (founded in 1902) with the Missouri Synod did not occur until 1908, Stolarik's passing reference to 1902 as the date when Slovak Lutherans affiliated with that conservative body can create confusion. Finally, some Bethlehem Slovaks as well as scholars will surely disagree with some of Stolarik's generalizations about the Slovak experience in general and the Bethlehem experience in particular. Although Stolarik was concerned primarily with writing a history for Bethlehem Slovaks, his work does touch on issues of interest to professional scholars. His discussions of politics and social mobility support those scholars who suggest that social mobility in America can be gauged on different levels. While some Slovaks did not achieve social prominence in American society, they did achieve such prominence within their own ethnic community. His analysis of politics offers some insight into how immigrants dealt with, adjusted to, and influenced America's political structure. Overall, the author remains faithful to his objective of writing a history for Bethlehem Slovaks. In doing so, he avoids the trappings of filiopietism often evident in such ethnic histories. While careful not to offend their descendants, Stolarik, on occasion, provides critical judgments of individuals. Additionally, while he clearly regrets the ongoing demise of Slovak culture and the waning of ethnic identity that has taken place among Bethlehem Slovaks, he does not reduce his study to one of "Slovak contributions" and a celebration of Slovak culture in a propagan distic effort to stir ethnocentrism among second- and thirdgeneration Slovaks. Thus, w hile scholars will likely agree with Stolarik's own assessment that " traditional concerns of historians" generally remain beyond the scope of Growing Up on the South Side , Bethlehem Slovaks will find that Stolarik has done what he set out to do: write a readable English-language history for them. SLOVAKIA 111 Ferenc Feher and Agnes Heller Hungary 1956 Revisited: The Message of a Revolution - A Quarter of a Century After. London: George Allen & Unwin , 1983 . xviii, 174 pp. PETER R. HRUBY Western Australian Institute of Technology Bentley, Australia The authors of this book left Hungary in 1977. Since then they have published a remarkable series of books, especially (together with George Markus) Dictatorship over Needs: A Study of Soviet Societies, also in 1983 . The present volume is a well written and passionately argued attempt to interpret the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 from a leftist and socialist radical point of view. The authors' thesis on the revolution is divided into two parts: its impact on the world, and on Hungary. There is hardly any doubt that the revolution was felt all over the world. Equally correct is the writers' conviction that because no substantial help was offered to the revolutionaries from the West , "the result was a major loss of face for the Western powers, a second moral Munich" (p. 15) . More questionable is their often repeated affirmation that the Hungarians rebelled equally against the Soviets as against the West, because during World War II the latter allowed Central and Eastern Europe to be incorporated into the Soviet sphere of influence. Only Istvan Bib6 and his " Draft of a compromise solution of the Hungarian question'' can be quoted in support of such a surprising assertion. Sure enough, most Central and East Europeans did not like the overwhelming Soviets interest and the shocking Western lack of interest in their fate and territories, but it is stretching the point to claim that ''the Hungarian revolution was a revolt against all signatories of the Yalta and Potsdam agreements" (p. 16) . Feher and Heller are on safer grounds when they assert that in 1956 the Americans lost a great opportunity by not offering to the Soviets a compromise by which Hungary would have been granted neutrality and the Soviet Union an end to the Cold War. The Soviet leaders were for a few crucial days divided about how to deal with the crisis, and the authors believe that the Soviets would have considered such an offer. 112 SLOVAKIA There follows a good discussion of "national communism, " and in this context Yugoslav leaders are blamed for their opportunist attitude toward the Hungarian revolution. Western Communist parties lost many members, fellow-travellers, and prestige in the process: "The events of October 1956 [sounded] the deathknell of the Popular Front policy" (p. 44). In their review of other East European Communist parties' reaction to the revolution, the writers express their support for "the idea of a confederation between the free nations of the region" (p. 62). In the second part of the book the authors stress the lack of democratic and liberal traditions in their native country. Several times they point out that only in Czechoslovakia was there a successful marriage of nationalism with such progressive tendencies. Although they believe that after both the First and Second World Wars Hungary was treated too harshly by the victors, they contend that only during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was a democratic, liberal, and socialist model being created in their country. One of the major points of the message should be seen in that historical development. Ferenc Feher and Agnes Heller would also like their readers to believe that after a long series of failed heroes of Hungarian history Imre Nagy should be accepted as a genuine hero , "forger, arbiter , martyr and symbol of a murdered revolution" (pp . 15 7-8). What fascinated this reviewers most was the obvious learning process experienced by extreme leftist radicals about the real substance of 'Soviet Commu nism and of its betrayal of the working people. The authors castigate not only Lenin, Trotsky , and Stalin, but also Deutscher and Sartre , among others, for trusting professional revolutionaries and manipulators more than the masses. From the authors ' arguments it is also clear that they themselves had to be transformed from typical radical intellectuals' positions of misuse of the wage earners to admiration for their democratic and pluralist hopes . They admit that only several years after the revolution were some of the w ishes and actions of the Hungarian people understood and accepted by them (e.g ., p . 92). The last pages of the volume are devoted to an excellent analysis of Kadarism and of the modernized sophisticated terror which is also well known in Czechoslovakia. SLOVAKIA 113 Slovak readers will find occasional reference to Hungarian "bereft territories" (p. 149) and of the Hungarians expelled from Slovakia (pp. 50 -51). They might wonder who are the "Slovakians" (p . 51). Of much greater interest is the insight into the way leftist radical socialists inside of Hungary view the past and the future and what can be expected from them and their nation . Jozef Ciger-Hronsky. Jozef Mak. Translated by Andrew Cincura. Afterword by Peter Petro. Columbus: Slavica, 1984. 232 pp. WILLIAM E. HARKINS Columbia University New York, New York This volume is the first in a series of works of Slovak literature slated to be published by Slavica Publishers in Columbus, Ohio. Currently projected for publication are volumes by Hugolin Gavlovic and Bozena Timrava, as well as a volume of folk ballads. The project represents a notable break-through for the cause of Slovak literature in translation in this country . Jozef Ciger (1894-1960), who published under the pseudonym of Hronsky, is one of the great writers of Modern Slovak Literature, one comparatively neglected , presumably for ideological reasons. A village school teacher , Hronsky knew the Slovak peasants as perhaps no other Slovak writer did; in particular, he understood the mysticism of the peasantry and portrayed it in his works : During World War II he supported the nationalistic Tiso regime , and in 1945 emigrated to Argentina. Under the new Czechoslovak republic he was never mentioned, not to say published, along with a number of other nationalist writers . In 1970 his contemporary, the critic Alexander Matuska , published a monograph devoted to him. Jozef Mak was published in 1933. It is a novel of the Slovak village in the period of Hungarian oppression and the time of emigration to America. Maryarization and Emigration are portrayed as twin perils and twin temptations , for both seem to pro- 114 SLOVAKIA mise political or economic salvation to the poverty-ridden peasantry. The novel represents a unique blend of realism and symbolism, one hardly to be found among contemporary Czech writers, for instance, or even among other Slovak writers. Those aspects of the novel that pertain to individual characters and their fates are more symbolic, while the public and social facets of the story are realistic. The first are richer in metaphors , certainly while the latter are richer in metonyms. The blending of the two strains gave the author considerable difficulty , and it is the private, symbolic novel that is more memorable for the reader . The term "symbolic" is customarily used for fiction in the style of Jozef Mak , but the novel is actually as much mythic as symbolic. (Of course the two styles are closely interrelated.) The leading characters are archetypes who draw much of their being from an idealized metaphorical world close to folklore. Jozef Mak himself is an image of the alienated orphan, denied his inheritance, material as well as spiritual. The novel ends without his having found himself or his true destiny. Jozef Mak is born the illegitimate son of a poor peasant woman, to be ousted from the house and land by his worthless older, legitimate half brother. Still he grows up honest, hard working, and resourceful. He finally marries a crippled woman whom he seduces, a wife who provides a spiritual guide for him throughout his married life . But, exhausted from the weight of burdens, physical and spiritual, his wife Jula dies . Jozef is left alone at the end of the novel to endure and to plot his path through life alone. The wife Jula is certainly one of the great characters in Slovak literature. Her piety and meekness , and her endurance of her husband's deceptions, are entirely believable , as is the aura of spiritual beauty (in spite of physical deformity) with which the author invests her. The author's conception of such a character required great artistic imagination; Mak himself is hardly so successful. Perhaps his position as central character (and also as perceiving subject) in so much of the novel has precluded the writer from developing a firm, coherent image of him. Less sharp are the characters involved, positively or negative- SLOVAKIA 115 ly , in their nation's political struggle , and it is evident that Hronsky had difficulties with the realistic side of the novel , partly because the struggle in question corresponds to the time of his boyhood, when he hardly could have succeeded in grasping its meaning. Thus the mythic, symbolic , mystical side of the novel is the stronger, and makes a powerful nostalgic imprint on the reader. Pavol Stevcek. Contemporary Slovak Literature . Translated by Ol 'ga Horska. Bratislava: Obzor, 1980. 122 pp. GERALDJ. SABO John Carroll University University Heights , Ohio Contemporary Slovak literature is often an unfamiliar area even to Slavic literary specialists, whereas writings of contemporary Czech authors from the same country are internationally known. Perhaps it is true , as one Slovak specialist in North America has stated , that Slovak literature is a Cinderella among the literatures of Europe that awaits the discovery of her true worth. The study under review is an attempt to dispel some of this unfamiliarity for an English-reading audience. In this book Stevcek discusses twenty-three writers of the post-1945 era. Twenty-one men are presented as poets and writers of prose and children's literature, but only two women are discussed and that in the area of children 's literature. Among the poets are Pavol Horov, Jan Kostra, Ladislav Novomesky, Milan Rufus, Jan Smrek, and Miroslav Valek; among the prose writers are Alfonz Bednar, Peter Jaros , Vladimir Minac, Vincent Sikula, and Frantisek Svantner. The first of six chapters sets the context for appreciating the work of these writers. In describing the development of this modern era in literature Stevcek employs a Marxist interpretation and even discusses briefly the features of literature written according to such a viewpoint. (The English here is rather stilted and contrived; if the translation is at fault, it is probably because it is a literal rendition of the author's diction and style , which in Slovak may be appropriate for such a work but becomes at times opaque in English translation .) In the remaining five 116 SLOVAKIA chapters, Stevcek considers respectively writers of poetry, prose, children's literature, drama, and literary studies and theoretical presentations. At the end of the chapters on poetry and prose, the author presents brief commentary on a number of other such contemporary writers in order to round out the presentation for these areas . In the chapter on poetry Stevcek fails to include Masa Hal 'amova. Why? Does not a poet who was at the time of this study an "Artist of Merit" deserve mention? (At the present time, she holds the title "National Artist.") This is a significant omission, especially as consideration of Hal'amova would also have increased the number of women presented . In the chapter on children's literature Stevcek includes two women, one of whom, Klara Jarunkova, could just as well have been discussed in the prose chapter. Indeed, she could have been included in both chapters . Likewise , L'ubomir Feldek should have been discussed for more than his contribution to children's literature. Some commentary on or at least mention of L'udo Zubek and Dominik Tatarka would also have been quite justified. Such additions to this study would certainly not have increased its size by much, and yet would have definitely enhanced its benefit to Slavic scholars and anyone interested in Slovak literature. Contemporary Slovak Literature is a noteworthy contribution from Slovakia that provides some basic information on a large number of writers. Such a publication in English is crucial if Slovak literature is to be able to assume its proper place in modern world literature . Given the paucity of such publications , this study should be helpful not only to specialists but also libraries. Given also the excellent literary specialists now writing in Slovakia, more such publications as the one above, with style and English rendition improved , should be rightly expected and published in the future.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Book Reviews, Slovakia, Vol. 32 (No. 58-59) Description An account of the resource includes:<br /><ul><li><em>Historický časopis</em>, 33, 2 (1985), "K Veľkomoravskému výročiu," and Anna Hollá, <em>Metod - učiteľ Slovienov. K 1100 výročiu úmrtia (885-1985)</em> (Theodoric F. Zubek), p. 85</li> <li>Július Sopko, <em>Stredoveké latinské kódexy v slovenských knižniciach</em>, and <em>Stredoveké latinské kodexy slovenskej proveniencie v Maďarsku a v Rumunsku</em> (Gerald J. Sabo), p. 88</li> <li>Ľubomír Juck, ed., <em>Výsady miest a mestečiek na Slovensku</em>, and Richard Marsina, ed., <em>Národnostný vývoj miest na Slovensku</em> (David P. Daniel), p. 90</li> <li>Juraj Žudel, Stolice na Slovensku (R. Vladimir Baumgerten), p. 92</li> <li>Joseph Stasko, ed., <em>Tvorcovia nového Slovenskať - The Shaping of Modern Slovakia</em> (George Virsik), p. 96</li> <li>Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, ed., <em>Slovak Politics</em> (George Virsik), p. 97</li> <li>František Vnuk, <em>Životopis Konštantina Čulena</em> (Owen V. Johnson), p. 100</li> <li>Miroslav Kropilák a kolektív, <em>Dejiny Slovenska</em> V (James R. Felak), p. 102</li> <li>Yeshayahu A. Jelinek, <em>The Lust for Power</em> (Robert K. Evanson), p. 106</li> <li>M. Mark Stolarik, <em>Growing Up on the South Side</em> (June G. Alexander), p. 108</li> <li>Ferenc Féher &amp; Ágnes Heller, <em>Hungary 1956 Revisited</em> (Peter R. Hruby), p. 111</li> <li>Jozef Ciger-Hronský, <em>Jozef Mak</em> (William E. Harkins), p. 113</li> <li>Pavol Števček, <em>Contemporary Slovak Literature</em> (Gerald J. Sabo), p. 115</li> </ul> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexander, June Granatir, 1948- Baumgarten, R. Vladimir Daniel, David P., 1940-2020 Evanson, Robert Kent, 1944- Felak, James Ramon, 1957- Harkins, William Edward, 1921-2014 Hrubý, Petr, 1921-2017 Johnson, Owen V. Sabo, Gerald J., 1945–2020 Virsik, George Zúbek, Teodorik J., 1914-1988 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86 LCNAF LCNAF+dates name SNK https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/fefdf2fe65fb24a9917b93ddea621275.pdf 54e1381f4acdff07d80d6fa6302c06c6 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 9 Stefan Osusky's Attempts to Establish Contacts with Slovakia in 1939: A Personal Memoir JOSEPH STASKO The following is the recollection of my experiences as a young Slovak student in Paris during the critical years 1938-1939. Although this "first person narrative" is necessarily somewhat colored by subjective impressions, it should nonetheless shed light on some hithertofore undisclosed and/or unanalyzed information relating to events and personalities of the period. 1 On the international scene, Hitler's daring diplomatic moves, combined with military pressure , brought about not only the Munich Agreement (September 29/ 30 , 1938) but also the resignation of President Edvard Benes (October 5, 1938), followed by the Zilina Agreement (October 6, 1938), by virtue of which the Slovaks achieved political autonomy . For me , as a politically active federalist (autonomist), the Zilina Agreement represented the fulfillment of the Slovak political struggle , the federation of Czecho-Slovakia. In the second half of October, 1938 , I returned to Slovakia to witness the implementation of Slovak autonomy. The new autonomous government of Slovakia had commenced with enthusiasm, national pride , and hope . This euphoric atmosphere, however , did not last for long. The loss of a large part of Slovak territory to Hungary by the Vienna Award of November 2 , 1938 was a tragic blow to the promising beginnings of Slovak self-rule . The overall mood in Slovakia was overshadowed by national grief, anger , and a feeling of powerlessness. �10 SLOVAKIA In the official circles of the Slovak government and among the general public there was no serious talk of separating Slovakia from the Czech lands. Both the government and judicial public viewed the Munich Agreement and the Vienna Award as diplomatic safeguards against Hitler's further penetration in Central Europe and also as an international guaranty against Hungarian territorial rapacity. There were, however, radical elements grouped around Alexander Mach, Karol Murgas, Jozef Jostiak, Jan Farkas , and Jan Dafc':lk who fomented anti-Czech feeling by ascribing the loss of Slovak territory to Benes and his policy toward Slovakia. In November, 1938, I returned to France convinced that the Slovaks considered their autonomy the satisfactory solution of their national and political interests. Before I left I was offered the assignment of foreign correspondent for the newspapers Slovak and Slovenska pravda , which I gladly accepted. By the end of November the Czechoslovak ambassador in France, Dr. Stefan Osusky, was returning to Paris from his visit to the newlyTelected president of Czecho-Slovakia , Dr. Emil Hacha and to the new foreign minister, Dr. Frantisek Chvalkovsky. As a foreign correspondent for the newspaper Slovak, I asked Osusky for an interview regarding his impressions of Czecho-Slovakia. Prior to the interview, he gave me a copy of his aide-memoire submitted to the French Foreign Office as a supplement to his official report. The main topics, as I recall, were descriptions of his audiences with President Hacha and Foreign Minister Chvalkovsky and of the apathy of the Czech people toward the latest tragic dismemberment of Bohemia in the Munich Agreement. Included in it was also a statement concerning the Slovak autonomous government's assurances of its wholehearted support for the Czecho-Slovak state. In my subsequent interview with Osusky he maintained that the French government had pledged to guarantee the security of the new Czecho-Slovakia. This part of the interview _was later published in the newspaper Slovak. After this interview with Osusky, my contacts with him became more frequent and proved to be very useful to me as a student and as a journalist. He encouraged me to study the question of minorities in Central Europe , offered me access to the embassy 's library, and invited me to the "five o'clock tea" on a �SLOVAKIA 11 regular weekly basis. He also arranged for me contacts with the Havas Press Agency, as well as with the newspaper Epoque, L'Oeuvre, and Le Temps . 2 In December, 1938, I was back in Slovakia on a journalistic assignment from Osusky to report on the Slovak parliamentary elections , held on December 18, 1938. After the opening of the first session of the new Slovak Parliament on January 19, 1939, I returned the next day to France. At one of our ''five o'clock tea'' meetings, Osusky explained his political views not only on international questions but on the internal problems of Czecho-Slovakia as well. He told me that although his position as the envoy of Czecho-Slovakia in Paris precluded his interference in the internal affairs of the state, he kept close contacts with many prominent politicians and expressed his political views freely. However, since he was unable to make public his own views, he suggested that I should try to put them in writing . I interpreted this as a mandate and asked 'him to set up dates for interviews on his position regarding political developments in Europe with a special focus on Central Europe and Czecho-Slovakia. On the basis of these interviews I submitted to him in February, 1939, a draft of "Dr. Osusky's Views and Opinions on the European Crisis.'' He approved my draft and asked me to supplement it with philosophical statements from his acceptance speech, delivered on February 5, 1936, on the occasion of his receipt of an honorary doctorate in law at the University of Dijon. I complied with his request. The resulting paper was reproduced for his Slovak friends; later a part of it was included in his booklet Cesko-Slovensko a jeho buducnost', which appeared in 1939. After the crisis of March, 1939, Osusky was looked upon as the only representative of Czecho-Slovakia in the free world who could claim the authority of a co-founder of the state. Following his refusal to deliver the Czecho-Slovak embassy in Paris to the Germans, he espoused the so-called ambassadorial theory of continuity, according to which he was the only legal representative of Czechoslovakia . Osusky's theory conflicted with the " presidential theory of continuity" of Benes, who considered himself the victim of Hitler's brutality and the sacrificial lamb of �12 SLOVAKIA the military and psychological weakness of France and Great Britain. The French government confirmed Osusky's legal status and continued to recognize him as the diplomatic representative of Post-Munich Czecho-Slovakia. Osusky felt himself destined for the leading role in the resistance against Hitler. At this historical juncture , however, Osusky found himself isolated, without trustworthy collaborators at the embassy and with no close connections with the Slovaks and their organizations in France. His relations with his Slovak countrymen in France were sparse and those with the Czechs lacked mutual trust. The only employee at the embassy who devotedly served Osusky was Stefan Moncek, the treasurer. Other Slovaks at the embassy - Dr. Vladimir Palic, Dr. Alexander Kunosi, and later Dr. Fedor Hodza - either stayed there for only a short time or tendered their allegiance to others. All other personnel at the embassy espoused Benes' views and conspired against Osusky. This politically precarious situation necessitated an immediate remedy in two directions: Osusky's relations with the Slovaks and their organizations in France; and the reshaping of his staff at the embassy. In the first half of April, 1939 , Osusky inquired about my connections with Slovak organizations in France and in Slovakia. He needed broader support for his leadership. For this purpose he planned to secure the confidence of his Slovak co-nationals in France. In order to improve his image as the representative, not only of the Czechs, but also of the Slovaks (who now lived in the Slovak state), he intended to attract political friends from Slovakia. To help carry out the first part of his plan I offered my assistance in arranging a gathering of Slovaks in Argenteuil , near Paris. There Osusky would deliver his first campaign speech on political issues in general and on Czech-Slovak relations in particular. The timing was opportune. After March 14, 1939 , the majority of Slovaks in France, who expressed their trust in Prime Minister Jozef Tiso's government, were denounced by the Czechs as traitors and as such were reported to the French authorities who then persecuted them as pro-Nazis. The presence of Ambassador Osusky at the gathering was an occasion to present Slovak complaints to him and to ask for protection. �SLOVAKIA 13 The gathering of French Slovaks took place in April, 1939, and was quite successful. Osusky's speech was reproduced in special leaflets, and parts were published in his Cesko-Slovensko ajeho buducnost'. On the whole, Osusky's address was favorably accepted by the Slovaks, especially his promise to protect thqse Slovaks who did not spread anti-French or anti-Czech propaganda. 3 The daily influx into France of Czech political and military emigrants caused Osusky much concern because practically all of them supported Benes. This may have been one of the main reasons why he entrusted me with a secret mission to visit Slovakia to contact his friends, former political leaders, many government officials, and leading personalities in the cultural and economic life of the Slovak state. Osusky indicated that he would like me to bring personal messages to some of his friends and inquire into the possibility of having contacts with them through Budapest. He also suggested that I travel to Hungary to survey the situation of the Slovaks in occupied Southern Slovakia and contact their leaders. I accepted this mission as a sign of personal trust and asked for a few days to prepare a more detailed program for his approval. At the outset of our discussion Osusky had pointed out that this trip was supposed to appear as if it were my own undertaking, but he promised to inform the French authorities of my status and procure a diplomatic visa for me. He did so promptly. Among the persons I was to see and deliver messages to were: Dr. Anton Stefanek, Professor at the University of Bratislava; General Rudolf Viest, Inspector-General of the Slovak Army; Dr. Samuel Osusky, Lutheran Bishop and cousin of Osusky; Lutheran Bishop Fedor Ruppeldt; Dr. Matej Murtin at the Hypotecna a komunalna banka in Bratislava; the lawyer Dr. Ivan Pietor; economists Dr. Peter Zat'ko and Dr. Vladimir Fajnor; and the General Director of the Slovenska narodna banka, Dr. Imrich Karvas . My assignment included also contacts with Dr. Milos Vanco, Dr. Jan Spisiak, and Jan Teplansky. Osusky explained his wish to build communications with Bratislava through a liaison in Budapest to be funded half by him and the other half by the Slovak side . As for possible discussions with government officials, I could act in my name only. Osusky 's name could be mentioned in con- �14 SLOVAKIA nection with his warning about the risk of war and the need for the cooperation of Slovakia with the West. All other questions that Osusky gave me were for Prime Minister Tiso alone. Among them was the question of the Slovaks in France and their eventual mobilization in case of war in military units of a Czecho-Slovak Army. Another question of importance for both Slovakia and Osusky was the establishing of Slovak diplomatic missions in the West equipped with proper personalities and far-reaching political perspectives. He suggested also that I discuss some matters with Foreign Minister Ferdinand Durcansky . Before I left France on April 27 , 1939 , I helped to organize the participation of Slovaks at the Second Reunion of the Czechs and Slovaks in France, which was planned for April 29-30 at the Czechoslovak Colony in Paris . Benes 's adherents planned to declare him the leader of the '' Second Czechoslovak Struggle Abroad ,'' thus eliminating Osusky for good from any leading role in the exile movement. The outcome of that meeting was transmitted to me in Bratislava by Stefan Moncek, who had been given my telephone number. This information was important to my mission because success depended on Osusky 's retention of his leadership position abroad. In Bratislava I met freely with my friends and colleagues . Some of them already held high state offices and enjoyed their positions in the full swing of their zeal, devotion , and industry . They seemed to be unaware of the danger of war and believed that their happy days would have no end. To my surprise, some of them thought that Hitler was satisfied with his annexations and that the risk of war had been thus eliminated . This naive credulity was confirmed by my visits with Propaganda Chief Sano Mach, the Hlinka Guard leaders Karol Murgas and Jan Dafcik, and the majority of my own friends. The glorification of Hitler by Dr. Vojtech Tuka in his May 1, 1939, speech at Primizial Plaza in Bratislava was an ominous sign, as was the elimination of Karol Sidor from Slovak political affairs. The next day I was granted an audience with Prime Minister Tiso. It was arranged through Dr. Juraj Rajec , whom I knew when he was the educational counselor in the student residence Svoradov. I was admitted to Tiso as a reporter for the newspaper Slovak in France . �SLOVAKIA 15 Sitting in the corner of his office , overlooking the Danube, Tiso looked tired and somewhat restrained. He asked me about my studies and my journalistic experience in France. After I answered those questions I described the difficult position of the Slovaks in France as outlined earlier. This led me to Ambassador Osusky and his activities. I reported to Tiso the full details of Osusky 's speech in Argenteuil, handed him the leaflets of the Center of the Czechs and Slovaks Abroad concerning recruitment in the event of war, and finally submitted to him the document ' 'Dr. Osusky 's Views and Opinions on the European Crisis.'' With regard to the possibility of war, I indicated that there were about 50 ,000 Slovaks in France who could be recruited into a Czechoslovak Army and who would have to fight against the Slovak state for Benes' type of Czechoslovakia. I also told Tiso that Osusky favored a federated Czecho-Slovakia but faced the determined opposition of the Czechs and of some Slovak centralists, the so-called Czechoslovaks. Osusky had a few friends among the Czechs, and not many among the Slovaks. He was willing to set up separate Slovak military units in France, alongside the Czech ones, under a unified command, but there were no Slovak officers. Tiso listened to my briefing and then remarked that he did not consider Osusky to be the representative of the Slovak cause in the West because Osusky did not know Slovakia and the Slovaks did not know Osusky. Next I inquired whether it was true that the situation of Slovakia after the Treaty of Protection with Germany , which had been characterized in France as total dependence upon Germany, was similar to the situation in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. He rose from his chair, approached the window facing the Danube , and asked me if I could see the cannons on the other side of the Danube, which were aimed directly at his windows . This ''protection,'' he said, did not prevent the Slovaks from losing Petrzalka (part of Bratislava), but it was still preferable to their being divided between the Magyars and the Poles. To my querry about the limits of Slovak freedom in making foreign contacts, he responded that the new government expected to be recognized by most European states very quickly. This would make it difficult for the Germans to interfere and would provide �16 SLOVAKIA a legal basis for foreign contacts. Durcansky would give me more details on this point. I was curious about relations with the Magyars, for I had heard that there was no reaction from the Slovak side to the atrocities committed by the Magyars in Komjatice, Slovensky Meder, and Surany. Tiso replied that according to the Treaty of Protection with Germany, the Slovaks could not unilaterally decide on retaliatory measures against the Magyars in Slovakia; the Slovaks were thus denied the right of reprisal, he said . On the other hand , the Treaty provided for German protection of Slovak territory against constant Magyar incursions. And so the Slovak position toward Hungary was dictated by those factors. I inquired if it would be possible to use the Slovaks in France for some kind of support of a Slovak cause in the West in the event of war. Tiso said that that was not an immediate worry. First France would have to recognize the Slovak State , after which there would be more time for such discussions. I told him that Osusky would have no objection to the French government granting the Slovak state de facto recognition. He saw such circumstances as being favorable for building a bridge between France and Slovakia, provided that the proper person were appointed as head of the Slovak consulate. Tiso indicated that I would receive the answer to this question from f>urcansky. Tiso suggested publishing a Slovak-French bulletin in France and the possibility of a cultural exchange. He referred me to Dr. Vojtech Brestensky, Secretary General of Slovenska liga , who would take care of it. In summarizing our discussion, Tiso reiterated his views , stressed the confidentiality of some of his remarks , and asked me about my immediate and future plans . I mentioned that I intended to visit Hungary to speak with Slovak representatives. He asked me if this had already been planned in Paris, which I affirmed. He concluded the interview with an invitation to contact him again before I left for France. That same day, in the Cafe Carlton, I was introduced by Vlado Houdek to Peter Pares , the British consul in Bratislava. He expressed a keen interest in my studies in France and my evaluation of the French political scene. He was eager to see me the next day at the same place, and I gladly consented. �SLOVAKIA 17 Later that day I was invited for dinner by Foreign Minister Durcansky at his private residence. To my surprise, he had already been informed of the issues discussed with the prime minister. Our friendly personal relations, based on close cooperation in the autonomist movement, allowed us to be absolutely frank with each other. After giving him an overall picture of French public opinion, I touched on the question of the Slovaks in France and also on Ambassador Osusky's actions. To this Durcansky added his brief analysis of the Slovak situation on the international level and outlined Slovak diplomatic ambitions. The discussion that followed could be summarized in the following points: I said that according to what I knew from Osusky and from the Polish embassy in Paris , the French and the British were hurridly mobilizing raw materials, increasing production of military hardware , building up public opinion against Hitler; in short they were preparing for war. In the diplomatic field , the French were repeating their pledges to stand by their treaties with Poland and Romania. Durcansky accepted the possibility of war but not earlier than in two years. As for the Slovaks in France, I asked if it could f10t be possible to organize them into a Slovak Legion and have them fight against Hitler and for the preservation of the Slovak state. Osusky, I continued, was opposed to Benes. He recognized a federated Czecho-Slovakia as the best form of government which would guarantee Slovak self-rule . Durcansky replied that he did not believe that France would agree on the formation of a Slovak Legion with the proviso that it fight for the preservation of the Slovak state. He, therefore, would accept the organization of Czech and Slovak military units under a unified command. This reasoning was parallel in general terms with that of Osusky 's. One of the most difficult questions , however, was where to find and how to commission 20 to 30 Slovak officers for this duty . This would be a political question of unforseeable complications. According to Durcansky , this could be done under different pretexts , such as through a cultural delegation, correspondents , students, businessmen, and the like. Under the present conditions, two things were required immediately: official recognition of Slovakia by the French government and money . As for the first �18 SLOVAKIA condition, Durcansky said that he had been already told by the French consul that recognition was on its way. The question of money would be solved by creation of the Institute for Slovaks Abroad , which for the time being would be associated with the Foreign Ministry. The money could be put aside from the ministerial budget. To do so , it would be necessary to prepare the statutes of the proposed Institute . He instructed me to meet the next day with Dr. Jozef Cieker, Dr. Vojtech Brestensky, Emil Rusko , and their experts to prepare the final text of the statutes. After Durcansky had read "Osusky's Views and Opinions on the European Crisis" and gone through the material I had brought with me, he indicated that Osusky 's position might help the Slovak cause in the West if he would be willing to cooperate with the Slovak consul in Paris , using him as a liaison with Slovakia . I asked Durcansky if he already had in mind such a person for such a delicate mission; he mentioned the name of Ing. Milan Harminic. More explicitly than Tiso , Durcansky gave me details regarding his dealings with the Germans. This I later put in writing and sent to Ambassador Osusky through the French consulate in Bratislava. From the organizational point of view, Durcansky considered the existing Catholic mission in France an excellent focus for rallying the Slovaks , not only on religious, but also on cultural and political grounds. He knew the Reverend Jan Futak, the Head of the mission, vaguely but expressed confidence in him. He promised to send money to France from the planned Institute to help publish a periodical bulletin in French and Slovak. As the editor he planned to appoint the Reverend Vojtech Klein, a Catholic priest known for his work in the social field and in the publishing trade. Before taking leave of Durcansky I informed him of my trip to Hungary and asked for his advice as to whom I should contact and what concrete steps I should take to gather detailed information on the situation of the Slovaks there . He referred me to Dr. Ludovit Obtulovic , a lawyer in Nave Zamky who was the leader of the Slovaks in the occupied territory of Southern Slovakia, and to the Reverand Imrich Ko sec , a Catholic priest in the nearby village of Banovska Kesa . �SLOVAKIA 19 Durcansky planned to build a direct line of communication between Bratislava and Paris through an employee of the Slovak embassy in Budapest . During the discussion it became apparent to me that this communication was supposed to be rather a personal link between Durcansky and the Catholic mission in Argenteuil. Consequently, I did not mention at this point that Osusky too was looking for a liaison with Slovakia through a confidant in Budapest. While Durcansky hoped to build bridges to the West without the intermediary link of Osusky , the latter planned to use his contacts with Slovakia for bringing his political friends into exile. Before I left for Hungary I learned that on May 4, 1939 Great Britain had extended de facto recognition to the Slovak state and had confirmed the present British consul in Bratislava, Pares , as its official representative. This greatly furthered Slovak self-confidence. A special permit to cross the Slovak-Hungariaii border was given to me at the Hungarian consulate in Bratislava at the recommendation of Monsignor Augustin Hladik, Canon of the Cathedral of St. Martin in Bratislava, with whom I had been in contact for some years. He also made the arrangement for my travel to Hungary by car with Count Janos Eszterhazy, who was the official representative of the Hungarian minority in Slovakia, in which capacity he was also a member of the Slovak Parliament. My first stop was at Dr. Obtulovic's office in Nave Zamky . With Obtulovic we visited the Reverend Imrich Kasee in Banovska Kesa and then traveled to Slovensky Meder and Komjatice; the next day we called on the Director of the Slovak gymnazium, Professor Jozef Hudec , and his colleague Professor lgnac Safar in the town of Surany. In all these villages I interviewed the Slovaks regarding the alleged atrocities committed by the Hungarian gendarmes against them for singing the Slovak national anthem and holding cultural meetings. After two days in Budapest , where I met with Professor Stefan Buran and others in the administration of Slovenska jednota, the Slovak newspaper which we wanted to become the journal of all Slovaks abroad and as such to be distributed also in France, I returned with Obtulovic to Bratislava. �20 SLOVAKIA I telephoned Durcansky to congratulate him on the British recognition of Slovakia. He sounded optimistic and explored possible ways to prompt the French government to recognize Slovakia as early as possible and thus establish legal contact with one more Western state. He invited Obtulovic and myself to see him the same day . At this meeting Durcansky suggested that Obtulovic go to Paris to investigate the possibility of obtaining early recognition of Slovakia and the accreditation of a Slovak consul in Paris. Through the intercession of Moncek, for whom I had prepared a confidential personal note, Obtulovic was to see Osusky and discuss with him the following: 1) The legal position of the Slovaks in France then and in case of war . Would Slovaks in France be mobilized into a Czechoslovak Army, or would they be recruited under the banner of a Slovak Legion? 2) A Slovak consulate in Paris and its relations to Osusky. 3) Would Osusky agree to communicate with Slovakia through the Slovak consulate in Paris , or would he suggest some other manner? 4) Distribution of Slovenska jednota among the Slovaks in France and possible cooperation with the editors of Slovenska jednota in Budapest. 5) ,'Publication of a Slovak-French Bulletin, by a neutral body , which could develop into a cultural and political organ for all Slovaks in France. For the time being it could be issued as a supplement to (Nas] Krajan, the organ of the Catholic mission in France. 6) Consider closer working relations between Osusky and the leadership of the Slovaks in Hungary. Obtulovic should propose to gather documentary. material on the Hungarian-German secret alliance with subsequent reference to Hitler's consent of the occupation of Southern Slovakia by the Hungarians. At this time I met with the British consul , Peter Pares , at the Hotel Carlton in Bratislava . I congratulated him on his confirmation as the British representative to the Slovak government. In response he mentioned that his French colleague had enjoyed very �SLOVAKIA 21 much talking with me. I was really surprized how quickly newsgathering in Bratislava functioned, because I had hardly returned from the French consulate. 4 The British rightly conjectured that my visit with Tiso and my trip to Hungary were somewhat connected with my mission from Osusky. He wanted to know more about these undertakings. Because of the risk involved. I remained cautious. A few days later I was invited by Obtulovic to join a ''fishing party" organized by him for Pares. This was a pleasant car trip from Bratislava to my native Orava and to Oravice, the region with brooks full of trout, a real haven for such a passionate fisherman as Pares. The three-day party was kept secret. We discussed mainly Slovak relations with the West. I was impressed by Pares' knowledge of the Slovak internal political scene. He showed a full understanding of the difficult international position of Slovakia and promised to keep his government informed about the real anti-Nazi feelings of the Slovaks. In his characterization of the leading Slovak politicians, he disapproved of Durcansky's precipitous acts and evident endeavors to prove the independence of Slovak diplomacy. On the other hand, Pares appreciated Tiso's policy and skill as shown in his dealings with internal as well as external affairs of state. Two communications sent by Pares to his superiors in London indicate the British consul's acute perceptions of the situation at this time and are worth quoting. 5 The first is a letter dated May 23, 1939 and reads as follows: Dear Troutbeck, Certain information has reached me from a reliable source which will, I think, interest you, but nevertheless, does not seem suitable for inclusion in a formal dispatch. I have been told by Dr. Obtulovic , who apparently enjoys the confidence of Dr. Tiso , that the Slovak government is keeping in contact with the group of Slovak exiles in Paris who are led by Dr. Osusky. A young student named Josef Stasko, who is studying at the Ecole des Sciences Politiques, has recently been in Bratislava and had an interview with Dr. Tiso. He has now returned to Paris and I understand that he is a bearer of a message �22 SLOVAKIA from the Slovak government. My French colleague knows that the young man is in touch with Slovaks in Paris, but I doubt if he is aware of his connection with the Slovak government. I understand that Dr. Tiso has given formal approval to the formation of a Slovak Legion in France and that this is the message conveyed by Stasko to Paris . The object of these maneuvers seems to be to maintain contact with the Western powers whilst pursuing a policy of co-operation with the Germans for as long as is necessary - in other words, the policy of the Czechs before and during the Great War. The Slovaks are growing very apprehensive now about the possibility of war. They do not expect Germany to win, but realize that they are powerless to refuse anything she might ask in the event of war. So they are trying to ensure the good will of the Western powers in advance by secretly approving the plans of the exiles. That this is not a policy favoured by a small group, but rather the concerted action of the Slovak leaders as a whole is, I think , shown by the fact that the persons concerned in it are not only Dr. Tiso , but also Dr. Obtulovic, the official Slovak minority leader in Hungary, and the partisan of Sidor. My knowledge of Slovak is not very reliable, but from something said in a convention at which I was present, I gained the impression that Dr. Durcansky, the proGerman Foreign Minister, also knows of Stasko's mission. There have been reports that Durcansky is dissatisfied with Germany's treatment of Slovakia so it is possible that my impression may be correct. Yours ever, P. Pares A few comments on Pares ' report are in order. First, the French consul could not tell his British colleague the full story about my connection with the Slovak government because I was warned by Osusky that he was in the service of Benes , and �SLOVAKIA 23 therefore, there could have been a risk of political intrigue . Second, in my talks with Pares I never mentioned to him the essence of my discussion with Tiso, so I presume Obtulovic had informed him about it. It is also true that Tiso did not give formal approval to the formation of a Slovak Legion in France; but it had been my personal feeling that he considered the possibility of such a need later, and that is why he had referred me to Durcansky for more discussion about this matter. The following telegram by the British consul in Bratislava to his superiors in London presumes a discrete and confidential discussion of Pares with Obtulovic and clearly confirms that the Paris-Bratislava connection was still alive. The two-hour conversation of Obtulovic with the French consul also suggests the importance of the issues discussed. Here is the full text of the telegram: Telegram (en clair) from His Majesty's Consul (Bratislava) 3rd June , 1939. Dr. Obtulovic , who accompanied Stasko to Paris (see my porvate [sic] letter to Mr. Troutbeck, dated 23rd May, a copy of which was sent to the Foreign Office under cover of my dispatch No. 39 of 23rd May) has just returned to Bratislava. He had an interview with Osusky, who appears to have succeeded in convincing him that the French treatment of Czecho-Slovakia last autumn was not a betrayal, but the result of the pressure of circumstances. Dr. Obtulovic seems to have returned a Francophil and his report will no doubt influence the Slovak Government in favour of the Western Powers. Osusky's arguments have also convinced him that Germany is not strong enough to break the forces confronting her and he is therefore concerned for the future of Slovakia in the event of a German collapse. He says that he is to return to Paris once more and will visit also Belgium. I presume that he will make contact with the Slovak colony in that country which is fairly numerous. Today he had a conversation lasting two hours with the French consul here, in the course of which it must be �24 SLOVAKIA assumed that he discussed the standpoint of the Slovak Government to the Slovak exiles in Paris . Copy sent to Paris. I have to add that Obtulovic traveled to Paris alone , because I still expected an audience with Prime Minister Tiso and a meeting with Foreign Minister Durcansky. It is not true that Obtulovic returned from Paris a Francophil, thanks to Osusky . Obtulovic was a Francophil before his trip. The same could be said about the statement that only Osusky's arguments had convinced Obtulovic of the possible German defeat. It was precisely this presumption of the Slovak government - that in the event of war, Germany would not win - which had prompted Obtulovic's trip to Paris. The plan was that Obtulovic would return to Paris and would visit his countrymen in Belgium. This did not take place , however , because the Germans took notice of his travels, tracked his whereabouts , and inquired about his motives at the Slovak Foreign Ministry. The details of the German intervention in this matter were sent to me by the Reverend Kasee at my address at the Slovak Catholic mission in Argenteuil. A few days later Obtul6vic and Kasee were expelled from Hungary and returned to Bratislava. Back in Bratislava, after the fishing trip , I contacted Dr. Anton Stefanek, for whom I had a letter and an oral message from Osusky. He seemed to have little confidence in Osusky and was totally dismayed by Benes . Concerning the situation in Slovakia , it was his view that for the time being Slovakia was thriving and was much better off than the Czech lands . Of course , all this was relative to Hitler's plans . In the event of war, Slovakia would be eradicated as a state and much damage would be done to the nation . He confessed that he did not intend to go into exile and that he had no advice as to what course of action to take. He did not believe that the future form of life in Central Europe would be the same as before and stated that even Czecho-Slovakia would have to be restructured if it wished to survive. He asked me about Hodza, who he expected to come forward with his idea of a Central European Federation. �SLOVAKIA 25 My message from Osusky concerned the possibility of a mutual exchange of reports on international and domestic developments. To this Stefanek did not react. He wanted me to meet his colleagues at the university, and he set up a date for this meeting in his office . As I recall, this took place two days later. At that meeting only four of these colleagues were present: Dr. Peter Gula, Dr. Branislav Varsik, Dr. Jan Stanislav, and Dr. J. K. (still living in Bratislava). The only positive suggestion made at that meeting was to organize an exchange of professors and students with France and then to create a clearing-house at the Institut Slave in Paris for Slovak literature. All those present considered the war inevitable; all believed that Hitler would not win; and all were willing to accept the Czecho-Slovak state only in a federal form. My report from this meeting was sent in a diplomatic pouch to Osusky through the French consulate . Another letter and message I delivered was to General Rudolf Viest, who was Inspector-General of the Slovak Army. He asked me first for my credentials, then told me to see him the next day. At our subsequent meeting I informed him that Ambassador Osusky would be glad to see him in Paris in order to organize a Czecho-Slovak Army. To this General Viest answered that he did not believe war would break out and that he would stay where he was. (I did not know at that time that he had already promised Benes that he would soon join him). 6 In the remaining days I busied myself seeing personalities from Slovak political, cultural, and economic life . Among others , I visited Dr. Vojtech Brestensky, Secretary General of Slovenska liga in Bratislava, who promised to send books, periodicals , films, pictures, and other cultural items to Paris. He also gave me some financial help and asked me to work in France for the Slovenska liga, represented then by Klement Sichmak. In Trnava I visited Monsignor Jan Pi:istenyi , the Director of the Spolok Sv. Vojtecha, who warmly received me. He gave me two packages of books for the Reverend Jan Futak in Argenteuil and also some financial assistance for lecturing among the Slovaks in France on behalf of Slovak religious awareness. At the "Slovensky klub" in the Cafe Redoute in Bratislava I met with the Minister of Economy , Dr. Gejza Medricky; Dr. Peter �26 SLOVAKIA Zat'ko of the Centrale of Slovak Industry; Dr. Alexander Hrncar of the Ministry of Finance; Dr. Imrich Karvas of the Slovak National Bank, and other economists. The invitation of this meeting had come from Medricky, whom I had known for some years in connection with autonomist political actions. The discussion concerned mostly the economy but also touched on politics. I included the main points of this debate in the report for Osusky. One of the most interesting, and at the same time most informative, meetings I had had in Bratislava was in the student residence Svoradov, where I met many of my colleagues. In their discussions they portrayed the events of March 14, 1939 with the utmost frankness. Most of them were adherents of Sidor and only a few supported the radical wing headed by Mach and Murgas. From their heated debate I learned that they did not consider Hitler to be a culprit but rather a ruthless politician. They expressed their doubts about the Western concept of European order. The West, they argued, had lost cultural preeminence, failed in political initiative , and)acked overall vitality. They dismissed the immediate danger of war and were quite philosophical about the future. To my outline of the Western mood of the public and a resolute resistance toward further concessions to Hitler, they offered a picture of Slovakia built on Christian principles and rallied politically around Tiso a·s the best safeguard against the eventualities of an armed peace. In sum, I was struck by two elements in Slovak political life: one was a real ambition to build the Slovak state as if it were an independent entity outside of the complexities of the European theater; the other was the unbelievable credulity in a simplified version of their capability for survival. There was an almost palpable feeling of nationalistic fervor everywhere . Listening to Foreign Minister Durcansky 's self-confidence and to his broadlybased diplomatic ambitions , I could not believe that he had taken the Treaty of Protection with Germany seriously. The German minority in Slovakia was small, their Nazism in most localities questionable, and as a political factor they did not play as yet a visible role. The overall mood of rural Slovakia was optimistic , almost careless in its disregard of international embroglios . �SLOVAKIA 27 Based on these experiences, it was difficult for me to draw a gloomy picture of the future, especially among those who achieved personal and material satisfaction, e.g., young Slovak intellectuals or businessmen who exploited fully the occasion of the revolutionary change. The Jewish question had been in the minds of the radicals in their newspapers or speeches , but their zealotry was tamed by the government's promotion of constructive primary economic projects . Prime Minister Tiso was considered a man of moral integrity , wise , and moderate. Sidor, on the other hand , was severely judged by both radicals for his lack of courage and by the '' old guard" for his indecisiveness. Durcansky was a "political technician,'' whose ideological armory supplied the energy for the running of the state machinery. He had a few followers and even fewer personal friends . Alexander Mach, Karol Murgas , Jan Farkas, Jozef Jostiak , Jan Dafcik, and others had some credit in the nation and among the students for their sacrifices in the past, but in this stage of rebuilding the Slovak society they represented a group of malcontents - radicals whose fighting spirit was not out of focus. Their pro-German leanings pushed them to the margin of the political stream. After Obtulovic left for Paris I remained a few more days in Slovakia for my second audience with Tiso and a meeting with Durcansky . In his monologue Tiso talked about the preservation of the Slovak state and believed that the West would concur with him in the self-determination principle , which, in his opinion, would respect the will of the people. He did not believe that Osusky would be willing to accept the existence of the Slovak state , but his struggle for a federal Czecho-Slovakia underlined the principle of self-determination. Tiso saw my point in stressing the political importance of the Slovak soldiers in France fighting against Hitler, but he hastened to add " and for the Slovak state .'' He repeated his original wish to send a '' cultural delegation " to France and advised me to remain in touch w ith the Slovak League in America , especially with Monsignor Francis Dubas . With these recommendations my audience with the prime minister ended. �28 SLOVAKIA With Foreign Minister Durcansky I discussed all the issues that had arisen during my visit to Slovakia. Durcansky planned to remain in contact with Paris through an employee of the Slovak embassy in Budapest, whose official assignment would be to communicate with the Slovak consulate in Paris. For the time being he intended to send some literature and messages to the Catholic mission in Argenteuil for the Reverend Futak. We also discussed at length the question of a Slovak Legion in France . Durcansky envisaged such a possible development . To this end he promised to send 15 to 20 ''students'' to Paris for the fall semester who could eventually become available for action in organizing the Slovaks as an independent military unit. The main object of my "mission" was to contact Osusky's friends and eventually to encourage them to go into exile. I talked with many of those whom Osusky suggested ! but none of them was willing to emigrate. This was the case with Emil Boleslav Lukac , Dr. Milos Vanco, Jan Teplansky, Dr. Martin Micura, Dr. Anton Stefanek, Dr. Peter Zat'ko, Dr. Alexander Hrncar , and Dr. Imrich Karvas. When asked to prepare and send to Osusky a statement on the situation in Slovakia and on plans for the future , not a single one of these individuals manifested any interest. I did not meet Bishops Osusky or Ruppeldt and those persons listed in the letters which they had picked up at the French consulate in Bratislava. I gathered all possible documents from Slovakia and sent them to Osusky in a diplomatic pouch through the French consul. Among the documents were a copy of the Schutzvertrag and the secret Protocols concerning the German claims in the territorial , economic, financial, or military field . Also included were my diary, packages for the Reverend Futak, photographs from occupied Southern Slovakia, brochures, proclamations, pamphlets , Hlinka Guard "orders," and various books and clippings from the daily press . Although I had planned to see Karol Sidor, I had no opportunity to do so. My message to him from Osusky was oral and involved a request for his comments on the March 14th events along with an invitation to join him in Paris. Sidor kept himself aloof from the public , and I was told that his movements were �SLOVAKIA 29 being monitored by the Gestapo. He therefore would not welcome my visit or interview. I had my passport restamped with the stamp of the Slovak Republic and returned safely to France. There I met Obtulovic, who had already spoken to the officials of the French Foreign Office and also with Osusky. The next day I gave Osusky a full report of my experiences in Slovakia and Hungary and also described my meetings with Osusky's friends and acquaintances. Osusky did not accept the idea that the Slovak consulate in Paris should be the communication link between him and Bratislava. He also was not in favor of a Slovak office in Paris, like Slovakotour, which could be used as a cover for the contacts with Bratislava. He did not make any qualified statement on mobilizing Slovaks in France into an independent Slovak military unit , but promised to fight for the right of the Slovaks to form their own units under Slovak officers in the framework of a CzechoSlovak Army. He touched vaguely on the question of the Slovaks in Hungary, postponing diplomatic steps for the postwar reshaping of Europe. Osusky was totally disappointed that there were no political leaders in Slovakia, especially from among the former officials of Czechoslo~akia, who manifested any interest of cooperation with the West and with him . Together with Obtulovic I visited Osusky the next evening. After repeating what he had told me, he openly asked Obtulovic if one of the leading Slovaks would be willing to join him. He stressed the diplomatic realities: the British and also the French might differentiate the fate of the Czechs and the Slovaks ; once war was declared, they would fight for the restoration of CzechoSlovakia. It was necessary, he said, on the part of the Slovak government to prepare an official memorandum indicating that the Slovaks had been acting under German pressure and that the Slovak state had been forced upon the Slovaks. Such a document could be interpreted as proof that whatever it did was justified to save the nation. He repeated again and again that he was resolutely opposed to the centralized form of Czechoslovakia and that his concept for the future was favorable to the Slovaks and acceptable to the West. This concept included the return of the occupied Southern Slovakia to the homeland. �30 SLOVAKIA Obtulovic responded with a more detailed explanation of the Slovak position and asked for time to reevaluate all aspects of the discussions with Tiso and Durcansky. It was agreed that Osusky would not hinder the work of the Slovak consul in Paris and that the Slovak government would send to Paris a persona grata to Osusky. Obtulovic stressed the question of the Slovaks in France in case of war, considering them to be an outpost of the Slovaks' true anti-Nazis feelings . He indicated that the Slovak government would send a "cultural delegation" and some " students" to France who would be advised to cooperate with the Slovaks in the United States organized in the Slovak League of America. Osusky did not reject the idea, but he claimed the allegiance of the Slovaks in the event of war to the leadership of the resistance. The contacts with Bratislava would continue, and Obtulovic would return to Paris as soon as the Slovak government , or rather Tiso and Durcansky, would consider it useful. There was a tacit understand.ing that Obtulovic would talk to Sidor and that both would meet Osusky's emissary in Budapest. There were, of course, differences in positions, but they were not insurmountable. One of them was the choice and location of the Slovak diplomatic personnel in the West, the other the insistence of Tiso on the preservation of the Slovak state . The surprisingly rapid development of the international crisis , however, prevented both the Slovak government and Osusky from establishing any direct contacts. Although France recognized the Slovak government de facto on July 14 , 1939, no Slovak consul in Paris was accredited. The contemplated candidate for this position, Ing . Milan Harminc , who presented himself personally at the French Foreign Office and was considered a leading pretender, had been in the meantime accredited as Slovak consul in London. Suggested for the Slovak consul in Paris was Dr. Bohdan Galvanek, whose proGerman leanings were generally known and who was flatly rejected by the French Foreign Office. Time lost in the protection of the accreditation process had been sufficiently long for the successful negative intervention of Czech politicians at the French Foreign Office . �SLOVAKIA 31 Gradually, with the arrival of more pro-Benes exiles in Paris, Osusky was losing hold of the leadership. By the end of August, 1939, after his discussion with Benes in London (August 24), he abandoned his firm Slovak stand on the independent Slovak military units and was instrumental in reaching an agreement with the French government (August 28) on the creation of a Czechoslovak Army in France with no independent Slovak units. The political consequences of this development buried Osusky as the leader of the Slovaks abroad and abolished all possible contacts with Slovakia. At this point my "mission" and my efforts to demonstrate Slovak anti-Nazi feelings to the West lost all meaning. NOTES 1 A more detailed discussion of this period will follow in further personal memoirs to be published by the author. 2 Dr. Stefan Osusky was born in Brezova pod Bradlom, Slovakia, on March 31, 1889 into a distinguished Lutheran family . After some harassment by the Magyars while in secondary school, he emigrated to the United States in 1906. He joined his sister in Chicago, where in 1915 he earned a doctorate in law from the University of Chicago . In 1916 he was named, together with Gustav Kosik, as a special delegate of the Slovak League of America to the CzechoSlovak Committee in Paris , headed by Dr. Edvard Benes. Next to Dr. Milan R. Stefanik, Osusky was the second leading Slovak who participated in winning recognition for the new state of Czecho-Slovakia. After the war Osusky represented Czechoslovakia at different international committees in Europe and eventually became the Czechoslovak ambassador in France (1921-1940) . His political views echoed in large part those of the first President of Czechoslovakia, Tomas G. Masaryk , whom Osusky greatly admired. He differed with Masaryk , however, on the question of the Czech and Slovak constitutional arrangement. Osusky was proud of his Slovak nationality and was sympathetic toward the Slovak movement for national self-determination . When Benes became president in 1935, Osusky expected to replace him as foreign minister. Benes, who disliked Osusky, named instead Dr. Kami! Krofta. Osusky remained in Paris bitterly resenting this " injustice. " Part of Osusky's political action in Paris after March , 1939 , is described in this memoir. While in Paris he enjoyed the political support of the French government, especially in his antagonism toward Benes. In London , however, he became totally isolated . His altercations with Benes in the London Czechoslovak exile government ended with a total break and animosity. After �32 SLOVAKIA the war Osusky emigrated to the United States , where he lectured occasionally and wrote an analysis of the democratic process in a thinking society entitled The Way of the Free (New York , 1951) . Among his earlier publications are Les Magyars et Pangermanistes (Paris , 1918) and George D. Herron , d6vernik Wilsonov pocas vojny (Brno, 1925) . While in Great Britain during World War II Osusky wrote political pamphlets - Pravda vit'azi (1942). "Rizena demokracie" pri praci (1942), Benes a Slovensko (1943). and Triedenie duchov nastalo (1943) - in which he sharply criticized Benes for his stubborn insistence on adhering to the old, centralized structure of Czechoslovakia . 3 The pertinent passage from Osusky's speech in Argenteuil reads as follows : '' . .. I hereby declare that a policy depriving the Slovak nation of its inalienable rights will never get my consent. Those Czechs and Slovaks who pursued such excessive centralism must publicly admit that their political conception has failed , is dead and rests in a tomb. Otherwise, the Slovaks will face similar ambitions for Czechoslovak unity with justified resistance . What matters now is the existence and future of Czecho-Slovakia . He who would threaten the Slovaks with centralism and persecution is the enemy of the restoration of the Republic , because without Slovakia there could nor would be Czecho-Slovakia. Finally, I must say to the Slovaks that the French authorities will tolerate no propaganda against France and for Nazism. As for myself, as an official representative of the Czecho-Slovak Republic , I will not protect those Slovaks who calumniate the Czechs, the Czecho-Slovak authorities and CzechoSlovakia. The Slovaks who look for the salvation of Slovakia in Hitler, should address themselves to him for livelihood and protection. They will fall into slavery instead of remaining free citizens . Only the Czecho-Slovak Republic will bring b.;ick freedom , independence, and the right to a dignified life to the Czechs and 'Slovaks. This is our conviction and our national belief.'' As quoted in Stefan Osusky, Cesko-Slovensko ajeho buducnost' (Paris , 1939). pp. 50-51 . 4 At the French consulate I picked up the mail sent to me from Paris . Osusky sent several personal letters to be delivered to Bishop Samuel Osusky , Bishop Fedor Ruppeldt , and Dr. Anton Stefanek, and a thick envelope of letters to be picked up later by someone mentioned in the delivered letters. There were also two reports: one , official from the embassy, dealing with the international situation; the other, a sketchy outline of the planned communication between Paris and Bratislava. 5 Documents FO 371 /22903 /338-39 and FO 371 /22903 /341 , British Foreign Office Files, Public Record Office, London. Copies of these documents were made available to me by Frantisek Vnuk . A Slovak translation of them can be found in Vnuk's Slovenska otazka na Zapade v rokoch 1939-1940 (Cleveland , 1974). pp. 54-56. 6 I met General Viest in Paris in the late summer of 1939 . He visited the " Political Club" Madame Sis. Once a week she received at her home invited guests of different political affiliations for open discussion. At such a friendly meeting General Viest made known his political allegiance to Benes . �SLOVAKIA 33 My next meeting with General Viest was in Beziers in Southern France at the Headquarters of the Czechoslovak Army. As a soldier at the nearby Czechoslovak Army Camp in Agde, I visited the Headquarters to plead for the Slovaks in the military prison, because they refused to fight for Benes's type of Czechoslovakia. (the "Fryvaldovsky Case"). General Viest did not allow me to see Fryvaldovsky and dismissed me without any answer. I submitted the complaint to the French Military Command . Although the outcome of this intervention was never revealed to me, Fryvaldovsky was repatriated to Slovakia in 1941. � SLOVAKIA 9 Stefan Osusky's Attempts to Establish Contacts with Slovakia in 1939: A Personal Memoir JOSEPH STASKO The following is the recollection of my experiences as a young Slovak student in Paris during the critical years 1938-1939. Although this "first person narrative" is necessarily somewhat colored by subjective impressions, it should nonetheless shed light on some hithertofore undisclosed and/or unanalyzed information relating to events and personalities of the period. 1 On the international scene, Hitler's daring diplomatic moves, combined with military pressure , brought about not only the Munich Agreement (September 29/ 30 , 1938) but also the resignation of President Edvard Benes (October 5, 1938), followed by the Zilina Agreement (October 6, 1938), by virtue of which the Slovaks achieved political autonomy . For me , as a politically active federalist (autonomist), the Zilina Agreement represented the fulfillment of the Slovak political struggle , the federation of Czecho-Slovakia. In the second half of October, 1938 , I returned to Slovakia to witness the implementation of Slovak autonomy. The new autonomous government of Slovakia had commenced with enthusiasm, national pride , and hope . This euphoric atmosphere, however , did not last for long. The loss of a large part of Slovak territory to Hungary by the Vienna Award of November 2 , 1938 was a tragic blow to the promising beginnings of Slovak self-rule . The overall mood in Slovakia was overshadowed by national grief, anger , and a feeling of powerlessness. �10 SLOVAKIA In the official circles of the Slovak government and among the general public there was no serious talk of separating Slovakia from the Czech lands. Both the government and judicial public viewed the Munich Agreement and the Vienna Award as diplomatic safeguards against Hitler's further penetration in Central Europe and also as an international guaranty against Hungarian territorial rapacity. There were, however, radical elements grouped around Alexander Mach, Karol Murgas, Jozef Jostiak, Jan Farkas , and Jan Dafc':lk who fomented anti-Czech feeling by ascribing the loss of Slovak territory to Benes and his policy toward Slovakia. In November, 1938, I returned to France convinced that the Slovaks considered their autonomy the satisfactory solution of their national and political interests. Before I left I was offered the assignment of foreign correspondent for the newspapers Slovak and Slovenska pravda , which I gladly accepted. By the end of November the Czechoslovak ambassador in France, Dr. Stefan Osusky, was returning to Paris from his visit to the newlyTelected president of Czecho-Slovakia , Dr. Emil Hacha and to the new foreign minister, Dr. Frantisek Chvalkovsky. As a foreign correspondent for the newspaper Slovak, I asked Osusky for an interview regarding his impressions of Czecho-Slovakia. Prior to the interview, he gave me a copy of his aide-memoire submitted to the French Foreign Office as a supplement to his official report. The main topics, as I recall, were descriptions of his audiences with President Hacha and Foreign Minister Chvalkovsky and of the apathy of the Czech people toward the latest tragic dismemberment of Bohemia in the Munich Agreement. Included in it was also a statement concerning the Slovak autonomous government's assurances of its wholehearted support for the Czecho-Slovak state. In my subsequent interview with Osusky he maintained that the French government had pledged to guarantee the security of the new Czecho-Slovakia. This part of the interview _was later published in the newspaper Slovak. After this interview with Osusky, my contacts with him became more frequent and proved to be very useful to me as a student and as a journalist. He encouraged me to study the question of minorities in Central Europe , offered me access to the embassy 's library, and invited me to the "five o'clock tea" on a �SLOVAKIA 11 regular weekly basis. He also arranged for me contacts with the Havas Press Agency, as well as with the newspaper Epoque, L'Oeuvre, and Le Temps . 2 In December, 1938, I was back in Slovakia on a journalistic assignment from Osusky to report on the Slovak parliamentary elections , held on December 18, 1938. After the opening of the first session of the new Slovak Parliament on January 19, 1939, I returned the next day to France. At one of our ''five o'clock tea'' meetings, Osusky explained his political views not only on international questions but on the internal problems of Czecho-Slovakia as well. He told me that although his position as the envoy of Czecho-Slovakia in Paris precluded his interference in the internal affairs of the state, he kept close contacts with many prominent politicians and expressed his political views freely. However, since he was unable to make public his own views, he suggested that I should try to put them in writing . I interpreted this as a mandate and asked 'him to set up dates for interviews on his position regarding political developments in Europe with a special focus on Central Europe and Czecho-Slovakia. On the basis of these interviews I submitted to him in February, 1939, a draft of "Dr. Osusky's Views and Opinions on the European Crisis.'' He approved my draft and asked me to supplement it with philosophical statements from his acceptance speech, delivered on February 5, 1936, on the occasion of his receipt of an honorary doctorate in law at the University of Dijon. I complied with his request. The resulting paper was reproduced for his Slovak friends; later a part of it was included in his booklet Cesko-Slovensko a jeho buducnost', which appeared in 1939. After the crisis of March, 1939, Osusky was looked upon as the only representative of Czecho-Slovakia in the free world who could claim the authority of a co-founder of the state. Following his refusal to deliver the Czecho-Slovak embassy in Paris to the Germans, he espoused the so-called ambassadorial theory of continuity, according to which he was the only legal representative of Czechoslovakia . Osusky's theory conflicted with the " presidential theory of continuity" of Benes, who considered himself the victim of Hitler's brutality and the sacrificial lamb of �12 SLOVAKIA the military and psychological weakness of France and Great Britain. The French government confirmed Osusky's legal status and continued to recognize him as the diplomatic representative of Post-Munich Czecho-Slovakia. Osusky felt himself destined for the leading role in the resistance against Hitler. At this historical juncture , however, Osusky found himself isolated, without trustworthy collaborators at the embassy and with no close connections with the Slovaks and their organizations in France. His relations with his Slovak countrymen in France were sparse and those with the Czechs lacked mutual trust. The only employee at the embassy who devotedly served Osusky was Stefan Moncek, the treasurer. Other Slovaks at the embassy - Dr. Vladimir Palic, Dr. Alexander Kunosi, and later Dr. Fedor Hodza - either stayed there for only a short time or tendered their allegiance to others. All other personnel at the embassy espoused Benes' views and conspired against Osusky. This politically precarious situation necessitated an immediate remedy in two directions: Osusky's relations with the Slovaks and their organizations in France; and the reshaping of his staff at the embassy. In the first half of April, 1939 , Osusky inquired about my connections with Slovak organizations in France and in Slovakia. He needed broader support for his leadership. For this purpose he planned to secure the confidence of his Slovak co-nationals in France. In order to improve his image as the representative, not only of the Czechs, but also of the Slovaks (who now lived in the Slovak state), he intended to attract political friends from Slovakia. To help carry out the first part of his plan I offered my assistance in arranging a gathering of Slovaks in Argenteuil , near Paris. There Osusky would deliver his first campaign speech on political issues in general and on Czech-Slovak relations in particular. The timing was opportune. After March 14, 1939 , the majority of Slovaks in France, who expressed their trust in Prime Minister Jozef Tiso's government, were denounced by the Czechs as traitors and as such were reported to the French authorities who then persecuted them as pro-Nazis. The presence of Ambassador Osusky at the gathering was an occasion to present Slovak complaints to him and to ask for protection. �SLOVAKIA 13 The gathering of French Slovaks took place in April, 1939, and was quite successful. Osusky's speech was reproduced in special leaflets, and parts were published in his Cesko-Slovensko ajeho buducnost'. On the whole, Osusky's address was favorably accepted by the Slovaks, especially his promise to protect thqse Slovaks who did not spread anti-French or anti-Czech propaganda. 3 The daily influx into France of Czech political and military emigrants caused Osusky much concern because practically all of them supported Benes. This may have been one of the main reasons why he entrusted me with a secret mission to visit Slovakia to contact his friends, former political leaders, many government officials, and leading personalities in the cultural and economic life of the Slovak state. Osusky indicated that he would like me to bring personal messages to some of his friends and inquire into the possibility of having contacts with them through Budapest. He also suggested that I travel to Hungary to survey the situation of the Slovaks in occupied Southern Slovakia and contact their leaders. I accepted this mission as a sign of personal trust and asked for a few days to prepare a more detailed program for his approval. At the outset of our discussion Osusky had pointed out that this trip was supposed to appear as if it were my own undertaking, but he promised to inform the French authorities of my status and procure a diplomatic visa for me. He did so promptly. Among the persons I was to see and deliver messages to were: Dr. Anton Stefanek, Professor at the University of Bratislava; General Rudolf Viest, Inspector-General of the Slovak Army; Dr. Samuel Osusky, Lutheran Bishop and cousin of Osusky; Lutheran Bishop Fedor Ruppeldt; Dr. Matej Murtin at the Hypotecna a komunalna banka in Bratislava; the lawyer Dr. Ivan Pietor; economists Dr. Peter Zat'ko and Dr. Vladimir Fajnor; and the General Director of the Slovenska narodna banka, Dr. Imrich Karvas . My assignment included also contacts with Dr. Milos Vanco, Dr. Jan Spisiak, and Jan Teplansky. Osusky explained his wish to build communications with Bratislava through a liaison in Budapest to be funded half by him and the other half by the Slovak side . As for possible discussions with government officials, I could act in my name only. Osusky 's name could be mentioned in con- �14 SLOVAKIA nection with his warning about the risk of war and the need for the cooperation of Slovakia with the West. All other questions that Osusky gave me were for Prime Minister Tiso alone. Among them was the question of the Slovaks in France and their eventual mobilization in case of war in military units of a Czecho-Slovak Army. Another question of importance for both Slovakia and Osusky was the establishing of Slovak diplomatic missions in the West equipped with proper personalities and far-reaching political perspectives. He suggested also that I discuss some matters with Foreign Minister Ferdinand Durcansky . Before I left France on April 27 , 1939 , I helped to organize the participation of Slovaks at the Second Reunion of the Czechs and Slovaks in France, which was planned for April 29-30 at the Czechoslovak Colony in Paris . Benes 's adherents planned to declare him the leader of the '' Second Czechoslovak Struggle Abroad ,'' thus eliminating Osusky for good from any leading role in the exile movement. The outcome of that meeting was transmitted to me in Bratislava by Stefan Moncek, who had been given my telephone number. This information was important to my mission because success depended on Osusky 's retention of his leadership position abroad. In Bratislava I met freely with my friends and colleagues . Some of them already held high state offices and enjoyed their positions in the full swing of their zeal, devotion , and industry . They seemed to be unaware of the danger of war and believed that their happy days would have no end. To my surprise, some of them thought that Hitler was satisfied with his annexations and that the risk of war had been thus eliminated . This naive credulity was confirmed by my visits with Propaganda Chief Sano Mach, the Hlinka Guard leaders Karol Murgas and Jan Dafcik, and the majority of my own friends. The glorification of Hitler by Dr. Vojtech Tuka in his May 1, 1939, speech at Primizial Plaza in Bratislava was an ominous sign, as was the elimination of Karol Sidor from Slovak political affairs. The next day I was granted an audience with Prime Minister Tiso. It was arranged through Dr. Juraj Rajec , whom I knew when he was the educational counselor in the student residence Svoradov. I was admitted to Tiso as a reporter for the newspaper Slovak in France . �SLOVAKIA 15 Sitting in the corner of his office , overlooking the Danube, Tiso looked tired and somewhat restrained. He asked me about my studies and my journalistic experience in France. After I answered those questions I described the difficult position of the Slovaks in France as outlined earlier. This led me to Ambassador Osusky and his activities. I reported to Tiso the full details of Osusky 's speech in Argenteuil, handed him the leaflets of the Center of the Czechs and Slovaks Abroad concerning recruitment in the event of war, and finally submitted to him the document ' 'Dr. Osusky 's Views and Opinions on the European Crisis.'' With regard to the possibility of war, I indicated that there were about 50 ,000 Slovaks in France who could be recruited into a Czechoslovak Army and who would have to fight against the Slovak state for Benes' type of Czechoslovakia. I also told Tiso that Osusky favored a federated Czecho-Slovakia but faced the determined opposition of the Czechs and of some Slovak centralists, the so-called Czechoslovaks. Osusky had a few friends among the Czechs, and not many among the Slovaks. He was willing to set up separate Slovak military units in France, alongside the Czech ones, under a unified command, but there were no Slovak officers. Tiso listened to my briefing and then remarked that he did not consider Osusky to be the representative of the Slovak cause in the West because Osusky did not know Slovakia and the Slovaks did not know Osusky. Next I inquired whether it was true that the situation of Slovakia after the Treaty of Protection with Germany , which had been characterized in France as total dependence upon Germany, was similar to the situation in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. He rose from his chair, approached the window facing the Danube , and asked me if I could see the cannons on the other side of the Danube, which were aimed directly at his windows . This ''protection,'' he said, did not prevent the Slovaks from losing Petrzalka (part of Bratislava), but it was still preferable to their being divided between the Magyars and the Poles. To my querry about the limits of Slovak freedom in making foreign contacts, he responded that the new government expected to be recognized by most European states very quickly. This would make it difficult for the Germans to interfere and would provide �16 SLOVAKIA a legal basis for foreign contacts. Durcansky would give me more details on this point. I was curious about relations with the Magyars, for I had heard that there was no reaction from the Slovak side to the atrocities committed by the Magyars in Komjatice, Slovensky Meder, and Surany. Tiso replied that according to the Treaty of Protection with Germany, the Slovaks could not unilaterally decide on retaliatory measures against the Magyars in Slovakia; the Slovaks were thus denied the right of reprisal, he said . On the other hand , the Treaty provided for German protection of Slovak territory against constant Magyar incursions. And so the Slovak position toward Hungary was dictated by those factors. I inquired if it would be possible to use the Slovaks in France for some kind of support of a Slovak cause in the West in the event of war. Tiso said that that was not an immediate worry. First France would have to recognize the Slovak State , after which there would be more time for such discussions. I told him that Osusky would have no objection to the French government granting the Slovak state de facto recognition. He saw such circumstances as being favorable for building a bridge between France and Slovakia, provided that the proper person were appointed as head of the Slovak consulate. Tiso indicated that I would receive the answer to this question from f>urcansky. Tiso suggested publishing a Slovak-French bulletin in France and the possibility of a cultural exchange. He referred me to Dr. Vojtech Brestensky, Secretary General of Slovenska liga , who would take care of it. In summarizing our discussion, Tiso reiterated his views , stressed the confidentiality of some of his remarks , and asked me about my immediate and future plans . I mentioned that I intended to visit Hungary to speak with Slovak representatives. He asked me if this had already been planned in Paris, which I affirmed. He concluded the interview with an invitation to contact him again before I left for France. That same day, in the Cafe Carlton, I was introduced by Vlado Houdek to Peter Pares , the British consul in Bratislava. He expressed a keen interest in my studies in France and my evaluation of the French political scene. He was eager to see me the next day at the same place, and I gladly consented. �SLOVAKIA 17 Later that day I was invited for dinner by Foreign Minister Durcansky at his private residence. To my surprise, he had already been informed of the issues discussed with the prime minister. Our friendly personal relations, based on close cooperation in the autonomist movement, allowed us to be absolutely frank with each other. After giving him an overall picture of French public opinion, I touched on the question of the Slovaks in France and also on Ambassador Osusky's actions. To this Durcansky added his brief analysis of the Slovak situation on the international level and outlined Slovak diplomatic ambitions. The discussion that followed could be summarized in the following points: I said that according to what I knew from Osusky and from the Polish embassy in Paris , the French and the British were hurridly mobilizing raw materials, increasing production of military hardware , building up public opinion against Hitler; in short they were preparing for war. In the diplomatic field , the French were repeating their pledges to stand by their treaties with Poland and Romania. Durcansky accepted the possibility of war but not earlier than in two years. As for the Slovaks in France, I asked if it could f10t be possible to organize them into a Slovak Legion and have them fight against Hitler and for the preservation of the Slovak state. Osusky, I continued, was opposed to Benes. He recognized a federated Czecho-Slovakia as the best form of government which would guarantee Slovak self-rule . Durcansky replied that he did not believe that France would agree on the formation of a Slovak Legion with the proviso that it fight for the preservation of the Slovak state. He, therefore, would accept the organization of Czech and Slovak military units under a unified command. This reasoning was parallel in general terms with that of Osusky 's. One of the most difficult questions , however, was where to find and how to commission 20 to 30 Slovak officers for this duty . This would be a political question of unforseeable complications. According to Durcansky , this could be done under different pretexts , such as through a cultural delegation, correspondents , students, businessmen, and the like. Under the present conditions, two things were required immediately: official recognition of Slovakia by the French government and money . As for the first �18 SLOVAKIA condition, Durcansky said that he had been already told by the French consul that recognition was on its way. The question of money would be solved by creation of the Institute for Slovaks Abroad , which for the time being would be associated with the Foreign Ministry. The money could be put aside from the ministerial budget. To do so , it would be necessary to prepare the statutes of the proposed Institute . He instructed me to meet the next day with Dr. Jozef Cieker, Dr. Vojtech Brestensky, Emil Rusko , and their experts to prepare the final text of the statutes. After Durcansky had read "Osusky's Views and Opinions on the European Crisis" and gone through the material I had brought with me, he indicated that Osusky 's position might help the Slovak cause in the West if he would be willing to cooperate with the Slovak consul in Paris , using him as a liaison with Slovakia . I asked Durcansky if he already had in mind such a person for such a delicate mission; he mentioned the name of Ing. Milan Harminic. More explicitly than Tiso , Durcansky gave me details regarding his dealings with the Germans. This I later put in writing and sent to Ambassador Osusky through the French consulate in Bratislava. From the organizational point of view, Durcansky considered the existing Catholic mission in France an excellent focus for rallying the Slovaks , not only on religious, but also on cultural and political grounds. He knew the Reverend Jan Futak, the Head of the mission, vaguely but expressed confidence in him. He promised to send money to France from the planned Institute to help publish a periodical bulletin in French and Slovak. As the editor he planned to appoint the Reverend Vojtech Klein, a Catholic priest known for his work in the social field and in the publishing trade. Before taking leave of Durcansky I informed him of my trip to Hungary and asked for his advice as to whom I should contact and what concrete steps I should take to gather detailed information on the situation of the Slovaks there . He referred me to Dr. Ludovit Obtulovic , a lawyer in Nave Zamky who was the leader of the Slovaks in the occupied territory of Southern Slovakia, and to the Reverand Imrich Ko sec , a Catholic priest in the nearby village of Banovska Kesa . �SLOVAKIA 19 Durcansky planned to build a direct line of communication between Bratislava and Paris through an employee of the Slovak embassy in Budapest . During the discussion it became apparent to me that this communication was supposed to be rather a personal link between Durcansky and the Catholic mission in Argenteuil. Consequently, I did not mention at this point that Osusky too was looking for a liaison with Slovakia through a confidant in Budapest. While Durcansky hoped to build bridges to the West without the intermediary link of Osusky , the latter planned to use his contacts with Slovakia for bringing his political friends into exile. Before I left for Hungary I learned that on May 4, 1939 Great Britain had extended de facto recognition to the Slovak state and had confirmed the present British consul in Bratislava, Pares , as its official representative. This greatly furthered Slovak self-confidence. A special permit to cross the Slovak-Hungariaii border was given to me at the Hungarian consulate in Bratislava at the recommendation of Monsignor Augustin Hladik, Canon of the Cathedral of St. Martin in Bratislava, with whom I had been in contact for some years. He also made the arrangement for my travel to Hungary by car with Count Janos Eszterhazy, who was the official representative of the Hungarian minority in Slovakia, in which capacity he was also a member of the Slovak Parliament. My first stop was at Dr. Obtulovic's office in Nave Zamky . With Obtulovic we visited the Reverend Imrich Kasee in Banovska Kesa and then traveled to Slovensky Meder and Komjatice; the next day we called on the Director of the Slovak gymnazium, Professor Jozef Hudec , and his colleague Professor lgnac Safar in the town of Surany. In all these villages I interviewed the Slovaks regarding the alleged atrocities committed by the Hungarian gendarmes against them for singing the Slovak national anthem and holding cultural meetings. After two days in Budapest , where I met with Professor Stefan Buran and others in the administration of Slovenska jednota, the Slovak newspaper which we wanted to become the journal of all Slovaks abroad and as such to be distributed also in France, I returned with Obtulovic to Bratislava. �20 SLOVAKIA I telephoned Durcansky to congratulate him on the British recognition of Slovakia. He sounded optimistic and explored possible ways to prompt the French government to recognize Slovakia as early as possible and thus establish legal contact with one more Western state. He invited Obtulovic and myself to see him the same day . At this meeting Durcansky suggested that Obtulovic go to Paris to investigate the possibility of obtaining early recognition of Slovakia and the accreditation of a Slovak consul in Paris. Through the intercession of Moncek, for whom I had prepared a confidential personal note, Obtulovic was to see Osusky and discuss with him the following: 1) The legal position of the Slovaks in France then and in case of war . Would Slovaks in France be mobilized into a Czechoslovak Army, or would they be recruited under the banner of a Slovak Legion? 2) A Slovak consulate in Paris and its relations to Osusky. 3) Would Osusky agree to communicate with Slovakia through the Slovak consulate in Paris , or would he suggest some other manner? 4) Distribution of Slovenska jednota among the Slovaks in France and possible cooperation with the editors of Slovenska jednota in Budapest. 5) ,'Publication of a Slovak-French Bulletin, by a neutral body , which could develop into a cultural and political organ for all Slovaks in France. For the time being it could be issued as a supplement to (Nas] Krajan, the organ of the Catholic mission in France. 6) Consider closer working relations between Osusky and the leadership of the Slovaks in Hungary. Obtulovic should propose to gather documentary. material on the Hungarian-German secret alliance with subsequent reference to Hitler's consent of the occupation of Southern Slovakia by the Hungarians. At this time I met with the British consul , Peter Pares , at the Hotel Carlton in Bratislava . I congratulated him on his confirmation as the British representative to the Slovak government. In response he mentioned that his French colleague had enjoyed very �SLOVAKIA 21 much talking with me. I was really surprized how quickly newsgathering in Bratislava functioned, because I had hardly returned from the French consulate. 4 The British rightly conjectured that my visit with Tiso and my trip to Hungary were somewhat connected with my mission from Osusky. He wanted to know more about these undertakings. Because of the risk involved. I remained cautious. A few days later I was invited by Obtulovic to join a ''fishing party" organized by him for Pares. This was a pleasant car trip from Bratislava to my native Orava and to Oravice, the region with brooks full of trout, a real haven for such a passionate fisherman as Pares. The three-day party was kept secret. We discussed mainly Slovak relations with the West. I was impressed by Pares' knowledge of the Slovak internal political scene. He showed a full understanding of the difficult international position of Slovakia and promised to keep his government informed about the real anti-Nazi feelings of the Slovaks. In his characterization of the leading Slovak politicians, he disapproved of Durcansky's precipitous acts and evident endeavors to prove the independence of Slovak diplomacy. On the other hand, Pares appreciated Tiso's policy and skill as shown in his dealings with internal as well as external affairs of state. Two communications sent by Pares to his superiors in London indicate the British consul's acute perceptions of the situation at this time and are worth quoting. 5 The first is a letter dated May 23, 1939 and reads as follows: Dear Troutbeck, Certain information has reached me from a reliable source which will, I think, interest you, but nevertheless, does not seem suitable for inclusion in a formal dispatch. I have been told by Dr. Obtulovic , who apparently enjoys the confidence of Dr. Tiso , that the Slovak government is keeping in contact with the group of Slovak exiles in Paris who are led by Dr. Osusky. A young student named Josef Stasko, who is studying at the Ecole des Sciences Politiques, has recently been in Bratislava and had an interview with Dr. Tiso. He has now returned to Paris and I understand that he is a bearer of a message �22 SLOVAKIA from the Slovak government. My French colleague knows that the young man is in touch with Slovaks in Paris, but I doubt if he is aware of his connection with the Slovak government. I understand that Dr. Tiso has given formal approval to the formation of a Slovak Legion in France and that this is the message conveyed by Stasko to Paris . The object of these maneuvers seems to be to maintain contact with the Western powers whilst pursuing a policy of co-operation with the Germans for as long as is necessary - in other words, the policy of the Czechs before and during the Great War. The Slovaks are growing very apprehensive now about the possibility of war. They do not expect Germany to win, but realize that they are powerless to refuse anything she might ask in the event of war. So they are trying to ensure the good will of the Western powers in advance by secretly approving the plans of the exiles. That this is not a policy favoured by a small group, but rather the concerted action of the Slovak leaders as a whole is, I think , shown by the fact that the persons concerned in it are not only Dr. Tiso , but also Dr. Obtulovic, the official Slovak minority leader in Hungary, and the partisan of Sidor. My knowledge of Slovak is not very reliable, but from something said in a convention at which I was present, I gained the impression that Dr. Durcansky, the proGerman Foreign Minister, also knows of Stasko's mission. There have been reports that Durcansky is dissatisfied with Germany's treatment of Slovakia so it is possible that my impression may be correct. Yours ever, P. Pares A few comments on Pares ' report are in order. First, the French consul could not tell his British colleague the full story about my connection with the Slovak government because I was warned by Osusky that he was in the service of Benes , and �SLOVAKIA 23 therefore, there could have been a risk of political intrigue . Second, in my talks with Pares I never mentioned to him the essence of my discussion with Tiso, so I presume Obtulovic had informed him about it. It is also true that Tiso did not give formal approval to the formation of a Slovak Legion in France; but it had been my personal feeling that he considered the possibility of such a need later, and that is why he had referred me to Durcansky for more discussion about this matter. The following telegram by the British consul in Bratislava to his superiors in London presumes a discrete and confidential discussion of Pares with Obtulovic and clearly confirms that the Paris-Bratislava connection was still alive. The two-hour conversation of Obtulovic with the French consul also suggests the importance of the issues discussed. Here is the full text of the telegram: Telegram (en clair) from His Majesty's Consul (Bratislava) 3rd June , 1939. Dr. Obtulovic , who accompanied Stasko to Paris (see my porvate [sic] letter to Mr. Troutbeck, dated 23rd May, a copy of which was sent to the Foreign Office under cover of my dispatch No. 39 of 23rd May) has just returned to Bratislava. He had an interview with Osusky, who appears to have succeeded in convincing him that the French treatment of Czecho-Slovakia last autumn was not a betrayal, but the result of the pressure of circumstances. Dr. Obtulovic seems to have returned a Francophil and his report will no doubt influence the Slovak Government in favour of the Western Powers. Osusky's arguments have also convinced him that Germany is not strong enough to break the forces confronting her and he is therefore concerned for the future of Slovakia in the event of a German collapse. He says that he is to return to Paris once more and will visit also Belgium. I presume that he will make contact with the Slovak colony in that country which is fairly numerous. Today he had a conversation lasting two hours with the French consul here, in the course of which it must be �24 SLOVAKIA assumed that he discussed the standpoint of the Slovak Government to the Slovak exiles in Paris . Copy sent to Paris. I have to add that Obtulovic traveled to Paris alone , because I still expected an audience with Prime Minister Tiso and a meeting with Foreign Minister Durcansky. It is not true that Obtulovic returned from Paris a Francophil, thanks to Osusky . Obtulovic was a Francophil before his trip. The same could be said about the statement that only Osusky's arguments had convinced Obtulovic of the possible German defeat. It was precisely this presumption of the Slovak government - that in the event of war, Germany would not win - which had prompted Obtulovic's trip to Paris. The plan was that Obtulovic would return to Paris and would visit his countrymen in Belgium. This did not take place , however , because the Germans took notice of his travels, tracked his whereabouts , and inquired about his motives at the Slovak Foreign Ministry. The details of the German intervention in this matter were sent to me by the Reverend Kasee at my address at the Slovak Catholic mission in Argenteuil. A few days later Obtul6vic and Kasee were expelled from Hungary and returned to Bratislava. Back in Bratislava, after the fishing trip , I contacted Dr. Anton Stefanek, for whom I had a letter and an oral message from Osusky. He seemed to have little confidence in Osusky and was totally dismayed by Benes . Concerning the situation in Slovakia , it was his view that for the time being Slovakia was thriving and was much better off than the Czech lands . Of course , all this was relative to Hitler's plans . In the event of war, Slovakia would be eradicated as a state and much damage would be done to the nation . He confessed that he did not intend to go into exile and that he had no advice as to what course of action to take. He did not believe that the future form of life in Central Europe would be the same as before and stated that even Czecho-Slovakia would have to be restructured if it wished to survive. He asked me about Hodza, who he expected to come forward with his idea of a Central European Federation. �SLOVAKIA 25 My message from Osusky concerned the possibility of a mutual exchange of reports on international and domestic developments. To this Stefanek did not react. He wanted me to meet his colleagues at the university, and he set up a date for this meeting in his office . As I recall, this took place two days later. At that meeting only four of these colleagues were present: Dr. Peter Gula, Dr. Branislav Varsik, Dr. Jan Stanislav, and Dr. J. K. (still living in Bratislava). The only positive suggestion made at that meeting was to organize an exchange of professors and students with France and then to create a clearing-house at the Institut Slave in Paris for Slovak literature. All those present considered the war inevitable; all believed that Hitler would not win; and all were willing to accept the Czecho-Slovak state only in a federal form. My report from this meeting was sent in a diplomatic pouch to Osusky through the French consulate . Another letter and message I delivered was to General Rudolf Viest, who was Inspector-General of the Slovak Army. He asked me first for my credentials, then told me to see him the next day. At our subsequent meeting I informed him that Ambassador Osusky would be glad to see him in Paris in order to organize a Czecho-Slovak Army. To this General Viest answered that he did not believe war would break out and that he would stay where he was. (I did not know at that time that he had already promised Benes that he would soon join him). 6 In the remaining days I busied myself seeing personalities from Slovak political, cultural, and economic life . Among others , I visited Dr. Vojtech Brestensky, Secretary General of Slovenska liga in Bratislava, who promised to send books, periodicals , films, pictures, and other cultural items to Paris. He also gave me some financial help and asked me to work in France for the Slovenska liga, represented then by Klement Sichmak. In Trnava I visited Monsignor Jan Pi:istenyi , the Director of the Spolok Sv. Vojtecha, who warmly received me. He gave me two packages of books for the Reverend Jan Futak in Argenteuil and also some financial assistance for lecturing among the Slovaks in France on behalf of Slovak religious awareness. At the "Slovensky klub" in the Cafe Redoute in Bratislava I met with the Minister of Economy , Dr. Gejza Medricky; Dr. Peter �26 SLOVAKIA Zat'ko of the Centrale of Slovak Industry; Dr. Alexander Hrncar of the Ministry of Finance; Dr. Imrich Karvas of the Slovak National Bank, and other economists. The invitation of this meeting had come from Medricky, whom I had known for some years in connection with autonomist political actions. The discussion concerned mostly the economy but also touched on politics. I included the main points of this debate in the report for Osusky. One of the most interesting, and at the same time most informative, meetings I had had in Bratislava was in the student residence Svoradov, where I met many of my colleagues. In their discussions they portrayed the events of March 14, 1939 with the utmost frankness. Most of them were adherents of Sidor and only a few supported the radical wing headed by Mach and Murgas. From their heated debate I learned that they did not consider Hitler to be a culprit but rather a ruthless politician. They expressed their doubts about the Western concept of European order. The West, they argued, had lost cultural preeminence, failed in political initiative , and)acked overall vitality. They dismissed the immediate danger of war and were quite philosophical about the future. To my outline of the Western mood of the public and a resolute resistance toward further concessions to Hitler, they offered a picture of Slovakia built on Christian principles and rallied politically around Tiso a·s the best safeguard against the eventualities of an armed peace. In sum, I was struck by two elements in Slovak political life: one was a real ambition to build the Slovak state as if it were an independent entity outside of the complexities of the European theater; the other was the unbelievable credulity in a simplified version of their capability for survival. There was an almost palpable feeling of nationalistic fervor everywhere . Listening to Foreign Minister Durcansky 's self-confidence and to his broadlybased diplomatic ambitions , I could not believe that he had taken the Treaty of Protection with Germany seriously. The German minority in Slovakia was small, their Nazism in most localities questionable, and as a political factor they did not play as yet a visible role. The overall mood of rural Slovakia was optimistic , almost careless in its disregard of international embroglios . �SLOVAKIA 27 Based on these experiences, it was difficult for me to draw a gloomy picture of the future, especially among those who achieved personal and material satisfaction, e.g., young Slovak intellectuals or businessmen who exploited fully the occasion of the revolutionary change. The Jewish question had been in the minds of the radicals in their newspapers or speeches , but their zealotry was tamed by the government's promotion of constructive primary economic projects . Prime Minister Tiso was considered a man of moral integrity , wise , and moderate. Sidor, on the other hand , was severely judged by both radicals for his lack of courage and by the '' old guard" for his indecisiveness. Durcansky was a "political technician,'' whose ideological armory supplied the energy for the running of the state machinery. He had a few followers and even fewer personal friends . Alexander Mach, Karol Murgas , Jan Farkas, Jozef Jostiak , Jan Dafcik, and others had some credit in the nation and among the students for their sacrifices in the past, but in this stage of rebuilding the Slovak society they represented a group of malcontents - radicals whose fighting spirit was not out of focus. Their pro-German leanings pushed them to the margin of the political stream. After Obtulovic left for Paris I remained a few more days in Slovakia for my second audience with Tiso and a meeting with Durcansky . In his monologue Tiso talked about the preservation of the Slovak state and believed that the West would concur with him in the self-determination principle , which, in his opinion, would respect the will of the people. He did not believe that Osusky would be willing to accept the existence of the Slovak state , but his struggle for a federal Czecho-Slovakia underlined the principle of self-determination. Tiso saw my point in stressing the political importance of the Slovak soldiers in France fighting against Hitler, but he hastened to add " and for the Slovak state .'' He repeated his original wish to send a '' cultural delegation " to France and advised me to remain in touch w ith the Slovak League in America , especially with Monsignor Francis Dubas . With these recommendations my audience with the prime minister ended. �28 SLOVAKIA With Foreign Minister Durcansky I discussed all the issues that had arisen during my visit to Slovakia. Durcansky planned to remain in contact with Paris through an employee of the Slovak embassy in Budapest, whose official assignment would be to communicate with the Slovak consulate in Paris. For the time being he intended to send some literature and messages to the Catholic mission in Argenteuil for the Reverend Futak. We also discussed at length the question of a Slovak Legion in France . Durcansky envisaged such a possible development . To this end he promised to send 15 to 20 ''students'' to Paris for the fall semester who could eventually become available for action in organizing the Slovaks as an independent military unit. The main object of my "mission" was to contact Osusky's friends and eventually to encourage them to go into exile. I talked with many of those whom Osusky suggested ! but none of them was willing to emigrate. This was the case with Emil Boleslav Lukac , Dr. Milos Vanco, Jan Teplansky, Dr. Martin Micura, Dr. Anton Stefanek, Dr. Peter Zat'ko, Dr. Alexander Hrncar , and Dr. Imrich Karvas. When asked to prepare and send to Osusky a statement on the situation in Slovakia and on plans for the future , not a single one of these individuals manifested any interest. I did not meet Bishops Osusky or Ruppeldt and those persons listed in the letters which they had picked up at the French consulate in Bratislava. I gathered all possible documents from Slovakia and sent them to Osusky in a diplomatic pouch through the French consul. Among the documents were a copy of the Schutzvertrag and the secret Protocols concerning the German claims in the territorial , economic, financial, or military field . Also included were my diary, packages for the Reverend Futak, photographs from occupied Southern Slovakia, brochures, proclamations, pamphlets , Hlinka Guard "orders," and various books and clippings from the daily press . Although I had planned to see Karol Sidor, I had no opportunity to do so. My message to him from Osusky was oral and involved a request for his comments on the March 14th events along with an invitation to join him in Paris. Sidor kept himself aloof from the public , and I was told that his movements were �SLOVAKIA 29 being monitored by the Gestapo. He therefore would not welcome my visit or interview. I had my passport restamped with the stamp of the Slovak Republic and returned safely to France. There I met Obtulovic, who had already spoken to the officials of the French Foreign Office and also with Osusky. The next day I gave Osusky a full report of my experiences in Slovakia and Hungary and also described my meetings with Osusky's friends and acquaintances. Osusky did not accept the idea that the Slovak consulate in Paris should be the communication link between him and Bratislava. He also was not in favor of a Slovak office in Paris, like Slovakotour, which could be used as a cover for the contacts with Bratislava. He did not make any qualified statement on mobilizing Slovaks in France into an independent Slovak military unit , but promised to fight for the right of the Slovaks to form their own units under Slovak officers in the framework of a CzechoSlovak Army. He touched vaguely on the question of the Slovaks in Hungary, postponing diplomatic steps for the postwar reshaping of Europe. Osusky was totally disappointed that there were no political leaders in Slovakia, especially from among the former officials of Czechoslo~akia, who manifested any interest of cooperation with the West and with him . Together with Obtulovic I visited Osusky the next evening. After repeating what he had told me, he openly asked Obtulovic if one of the leading Slovaks would be willing to join him. He stressed the diplomatic realities: the British and also the French might differentiate the fate of the Czechs and the Slovaks ; once war was declared, they would fight for the restoration of CzechoSlovakia. It was necessary, he said, on the part of the Slovak government to prepare an official memorandum indicating that the Slovaks had been acting under German pressure and that the Slovak state had been forced upon the Slovaks. Such a document could be interpreted as proof that whatever it did was justified to save the nation. He repeated again and again that he was resolutely opposed to the centralized form of Czechoslovakia and that his concept for the future was favorable to the Slovaks and acceptable to the West. This concept included the return of the occupied Southern Slovakia to the homeland. �30 SLOVAKIA Obtulovic responded with a more detailed explanation of the Slovak position and asked for time to reevaluate all aspects of the discussions with Tiso and Durcansky. It was agreed that Osusky would not hinder the work of the Slovak consul in Paris and that the Slovak government would send to Paris a persona grata to Osusky. Obtulovic stressed the question of the Slovaks in France in case of war, considering them to be an outpost of the Slovaks' true anti-Nazis feelings . He indicated that the Slovak government would send a "cultural delegation" and some " students" to France who would be advised to cooperate with the Slovaks in the United States organized in the Slovak League of America. Osusky did not reject the idea, but he claimed the allegiance of the Slovaks in the event of war to the leadership of the resistance. The contacts with Bratislava would continue, and Obtulovic would return to Paris as soon as the Slovak government , or rather Tiso and Durcansky, would consider it useful. There was a tacit understand.ing that Obtulovic would talk to Sidor and that both would meet Osusky's emissary in Budapest. There were, of course, differences in positions, but they were not insurmountable. One of them was the choice and location of the Slovak diplomatic personnel in the West, the other the insistence of Tiso on the preservation of the Slovak state . The surprisingly rapid development of the international crisis , however, prevented both the Slovak government and Osusky from establishing any direct contacts. Although France recognized the Slovak government de facto on July 14 , 1939, no Slovak consul in Paris was accredited. The contemplated candidate for this position, Ing . Milan Harminc , who presented himself personally at the French Foreign Office and was considered a leading pretender, had been in the meantime accredited as Slovak consul in London. Suggested for the Slovak consul in Paris was Dr. Bohdan Galvanek, whose proGerman leanings were generally known and who was flatly rejected by the French Foreign Office. Time lost in the protection of the accreditation process had been sufficiently long for the successful negative intervention of Czech politicians at the French Foreign Office . �SLOVAKIA 31 Gradually, with the arrival of more pro-Benes exiles in Paris, Osusky was losing hold of the leadership. By the end of August, 1939, after his discussion with Benes in London (August 24), he abandoned his firm Slovak stand on the independent Slovak military units and was instrumental in reaching an agreement with the French government (August 28) on the creation of a Czechoslovak Army in France with no independent Slovak units. The political consequences of this development buried Osusky as the leader of the Slovaks abroad and abolished all possible contacts with Slovakia. At this point my "mission" and my efforts to demonstrate Slovak anti-Nazi feelings to the West lost all meaning. NOTES 1 A more detailed discussion of this period will follow in further personal memoirs to be published by the author. 2 Dr. Stefan Osusky was born in Brezova pod Bradlom, Slovakia, on March 31, 1889 into a distinguished Lutheran family . After some harassment by the Magyars while in secondary school, he emigrated to the United States in 1906. He joined his sister in Chicago, where in 1915 he earned a doctorate in law from the University of Chicago . In 1916 he was named, together with Gustav Kosik, as a special delegate of the Slovak League of America to the CzechoSlovak Committee in Paris , headed by Dr. Edvard Benes. Next to Dr. Milan R. Stefanik, Osusky was the second leading Slovak who participated in winning recognition for the new state of Czecho-Slovakia. After the war Osusky represented Czechoslovakia at different international committees in Europe and eventually became the Czechoslovak ambassador in France (1921-1940) . His political views echoed in large part those of the first President of Czechoslovakia, Tomas G. Masaryk , whom Osusky greatly admired. He differed with Masaryk , however, on the question of the Czech and Slovak constitutional arrangement. Osusky was proud of his Slovak nationality and was sympathetic toward the Slovak movement for national self-determination . When Benes became president in 1935, Osusky expected to replace him as foreign minister. Benes, who disliked Osusky, named instead Dr. Kami! Krofta. Osusky remained in Paris bitterly resenting this " injustice. " Part of Osusky's political action in Paris after March , 1939 , is described in this memoir. While in Paris he enjoyed the political support of the French government, especially in his antagonism toward Benes. In London , however, he became totally isolated . His altercations with Benes in the London Czechoslovak exile government ended with a total break and animosity. After �32 SLOVAKIA the war Osusky emigrated to the United States , where he lectured occasionally and wrote an analysis of the democratic process in a thinking society entitled The Way of the Free (New York , 1951) . Among his earlier publications are Les Magyars et Pangermanistes (Paris , 1918) and George D. Herron , d6vernik Wilsonov pocas vojny (Brno, 1925) . While in Great Britain during World War II Osusky wrote political pamphlets - Pravda vit'azi (1942). "Rizena demokracie" pri praci (1942), Benes a Slovensko (1943). and Triedenie duchov nastalo (1943) - in which he sharply criticized Benes for his stubborn insistence on adhering to the old, centralized structure of Czechoslovakia . 3 The pertinent passage from Osusky's speech in Argenteuil reads as follows : '' . .. I hereby declare that a policy depriving the Slovak nation of its inalienable rights will never get my consent. Those Czechs and Slovaks who pursued such excessive centralism must publicly admit that their political conception has failed , is dead and rests in a tomb. Otherwise, the Slovaks will face similar ambitions for Czechoslovak unity with justified resistance . What matters now is the existence and future of Czecho-Slovakia . He who would threaten the Slovaks with centralism and persecution is the enemy of the restoration of the Republic , because without Slovakia there could nor would be Czecho-Slovakia. Finally, I must say to the Slovaks that the French authorities will tolerate no propaganda against France and for Nazism. As for myself, as an official representative of the Czecho-Slovak Republic , I will not protect those Slovaks who calumniate the Czechs, the Czecho-Slovak authorities and CzechoSlovakia. The Slovaks who look for the salvation of Slovakia in Hitler, should address themselves to him for livelihood and protection. They will fall into slavery instead of remaining free citizens . Only the Czecho-Slovak Republic will bring b.;ick freedom , independence, and the right to a dignified life to the Czechs and 'Slovaks. This is our conviction and our national belief.'' As quoted in Stefan Osusky, Cesko-Slovensko ajeho buducnost' (Paris , 1939). pp. 50-51 . 4 At the French consulate I picked up the mail sent to me from Paris . Osusky sent several personal letters to be delivered to Bishop Samuel Osusky , Bishop Fedor Ruppeldt , and Dr. Anton Stefanek, and a thick envelope of letters to be picked up later by someone mentioned in the delivered letters. There were also two reports: one , official from the embassy, dealing with the international situation; the other, a sketchy outline of the planned communication between Paris and Bratislava. 5 Documents FO 371 /22903 /338-39 and FO 371 /22903 /341 , British Foreign Office Files, Public Record Office, London. Copies of these documents were made available to me by Frantisek Vnuk . A Slovak translation of them can be found in Vnuk's Slovenska otazka na Zapade v rokoch 1939-1940 (Cleveland , 1974). pp. 54-56. 6 I met General Viest in Paris in the late summer of 1939 . He visited the " Political Club" Madame Sis. Once a week she received at her home invited guests of different political affiliations for open discussion. At such a friendly meeting General Viest made known his political allegiance to Benes . �SLOVAKIA 33 My next meeting with General Viest was in Beziers in Southern France at the Headquarters of the Czechoslovak Army. As a soldier at the nearby Czechoslovak Army Camp in Agde, I visited the Headquarters to plead for the Slovaks in the military prison, because they refused to fight for Benes's type of Czechoslovakia. (the "Fryvaldovsky Case"). General Viest did not allow me to see Fryvaldovsky and dismissed me without any answer. I submitted the complaint to the French Military Command . Although the outcome of this intervention was never revealed to me, Fryvaldovsky was repatriated to Slovakia in 1941. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1985-86, Vol. 32 Description An account of the resource Vol. 32 (No. 58-59), 1985-86. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 9 Stefan Osusky's Attempts to Establish Contacts with Slovakia in 1939: A Personal Memoir JOSEPH STASKO The following is the recollection of my experiences as a young Slovak student in Paris during the critical years 1938-1939. Although this "first person narrative" is necessarily somewhat colored by subjective impressions, it should nonetheless shed light on some hithertofore undisclosed and/or unanalyzed information relating to events and personalities of the period. 1 On the international scene, Hitler's daring diplomatic moves, combined with military pressure , brought about not only the Munich Agreement (September 29/ 30 , 1938) but also the resignation of President Edvard Benes (October 5, 1938), followed by the Zilina Agreement (October 6, 1938), by virtue of which the Slovaks achieved political autonomy . For me , as a politically active federalist (autonomist), the Zilina Agreement represented the fulfillment of the Slovak political struggle , the federation of Czecho-Slovakia. In the second half of October, 1938 , I returned to Slovakia to witness the implementation of Slovak autonomy. The new autonomous government of Slovakia had commenced with enthusiasm, national pride , and hope . This euphoric atmosphere, however , did not last for long. The loss of a large part of Slovak territory to Hungary by the Vienna Award of November 2 , 1938 was a tragic blow to the promising beginnings of Slovak self-rule . The overall mood in Slovakia was overshadowed by national grief, anger , and a feeling of powerlessness. 10 SLOVAKIA In the official circles of the Slovak government and among the general public there was no serious talk of separating Slovakia from the Czech lands. Both the government and judicial public viewed the Munich Agreement and the Vienna Award as diplomatic safeguards against Hitler's further penetration in Central Europe and also as an international guaranty against Hungarian territorial rapacity. There were, however, radical elements grouped around Alexander Mach, Karol Murgas, Jozef Jostiak, Jan Farkas , and Jan Dafc':lk who fomented anti-Czech feeling by ascribing the loss of Slovak territory to Benes and his policy toward Slovakia. In November, 1938, I returned to France convinced that the Slovaks considered their autonomy the satisfactory solution of their national and political interests. Before I left I was offered the assignment of foreign correspondent for the newspapers Slovak and Slovenska pravda , which I gladly accepted. By the end of November the Czechoslovak ambassador in France, Dr. Stefan Osusky, was returning to Paris from his visit to the newlyTelected president of Czecho-Slovakia , Dr. Emil Hacha and to the new foreign minister, Dr. Frantisek Chvalkovsky. As a foreign correspondent for the newspaper Slovak, I asked Osusky for an interview regarding his impressions of Czecho-Slovakia. Prior to the interview, he gave me a copy of his aide-memoire submitted to the French Foreign Office as a supplement to his official report. The main topics, as I recall, were descriptions of his audiences with President Hacha and Foreign Minister Chvalkovsky and of the apathy of the Czech people toward the latest tragic dismemberment of Bohemia in the Munich Agreement. Included in it was also a statement concerning the Slovak autonomous government's assurances of its wholehearted support for the Czecho-Slovak state. In my subsequent interview with Osusky he maintained that the French government had pledged to guarantee the security of the new Czecho-Slovakia. This part of the interview _was later published in the newspaper Slovak. After this interview with Osusky, my contacts with him became more frequent and proved to be very useful to me as a student and as a journalist. He encouraged me to study the question of minorities in Central Europe , offered me access to the embassy 's library, and invited me to the "five o'clock tea" on a SLOVAKIA 11 regular weekly basis. He also arranged for me contacts with the Havas Press Agency, as well as with the newspaper Epoque, L'Oeuvre, and Le Temps . 2 In December, 1938, I was back in Slovakia on a journalistic assignment from Osusky to report on the Slovak parliamentary elections , held on December 18, 1938. After the opening of the first session of the new Slovak Parliament on January 19, 1939, I returned the next day to France. At one of our ''five o'clock tea'' meetings, Osusky explained his political views not only on international questions but on the internal problems of Czecho-Slovakia as well. He told me that although his position as the envoy of Czecho-Slovakia in Paris precluded his interference in the internal affairs of the state, he kept close contacts with many prominent politicians and expressed his political views freely. However, since he was unable to make public his own views, he suggested that I should try to put them in writing . I interpreted this as a mandate and asked 'him to set up dates for interviews on his position regarding political developments in Europe with a special focus on Central Europe and Czecho-Slovakia. On the basis of these interviews I submitted to him in February, 1939, a draft of "Dr. Osusky's Views and Opinions on the European Crisis.'' He approved my draft and asked me to supplement it with philosophical statements from his acceptance speech, delivered on February 5, 1936, on the occasion of his receipt of an honorary doctorate in law at the University of Dijon. I complied with his request. The resulting paper was reproduced for his Slovak friends; later a part of it was included in his booklet Cesko-Slovensko a jeho buducnost', which appeared in 1939. After the crisis of March, 1939, Osusky was looked upon as the only representative of Czecho-Slovakia in the free world who could claim the authority of a co-founder of the state. Following his refusal to deliver the Czecho-Slovak embassy in Paris to the Germans, he espoused the so-called ambassadorial theory of continuity, according to which he was the only legal representative of Czechoslovakia . Osusky's theory conflicted with the " presidential theory of continuity" of Benes, who considered himself the victim of Hitler's brutality and the sacrificial lamb of 12 SLOVAKIA the military and psychological weakness of France and Great Britain. The French government confirmed Osusky's legal status and continued to recognize him as the diplomatic representative of Post-Munich Czecho-Slovakia. Osusky felt himself destined for the leading role in the resistance against Hitler. At this historical juncture , however, Osusky found himself isolated, without trustworthy collaborators at the embassy and with no close connections with the Slovaks and their organizations in France. His relations with his Slovak countrymen in France were sparse and those with the Czechs lacked mutual trust. The only employee at the embassy who devotedly served Osusky was Stefan Moncek, the treasurer. Other Slovaks at the embassy - Dr. Vladimir Palic, Dr. Alexander Kunosi, and later Dr. Fedor Hodza - either stayed there for only a short time or tendered their allegiance to others. All other personnel at the embassy espoused Benes' views and conspired against Osusky. This politically precarious situation necessitated an immediate remedy in two directions: Osusky's relations with the Slovaks and their organizations in France; and the reshaping of his staff at the embassy. In the first half of April, 1939 , Osusky inquired about my connections with Slovak organizations in France and in Slovakia. He needed broader support for his leadership. For this purpose he planned to secure the confidence of his Slovak co-nationals in France. In order to improve his image as the representative, not only of the Czechs, but also of the Slovaks (who now lived in the Slovak state), he intended to attract political friends from Slovakia. To help carry out the first part of his plan I offered my assistance in arranging a gathering of Slovaks in Argenteuil , near Paris. There Osusky would deliver his first campaign speech on political issues in general and on Czech-Slovak relations in particular. The timing was opportune. After March 14, 1939 , the majority of Slovaks in France, who expressed their trust in Prime Minister Jozef Tiso's government, were denounced by the Czechs as traitors and as such were reported to the French authorities who then persecuted them as pro-Nazis. The presence of Ambassador Osusky at the gathering was an occasion to present Slovak complaints to him and to ask for protection. SLOVAKIA 13 The gathering of French Slovaks took place in April, 1939, and was quite successful. Osusky's speech was reproduced in special leaflets, and parts were published in his Cesko-Slovensko ajeho buducnost'. On the whole, Osusky's address was favorably accepted by the Slovaks, especially his promise to protect thqse Slovaks who did not spread anti-French or anti-Czech propaganda. 3 The daily influx into France of Czech political and military emigrants caused Osusky much concern because practically all of them supported Benes. This may have been one of the main reasons why he entrusted me with a secret mission to visit Slovakia to contact his friends, former political leaders, many government officials, and leading personalities in the cultural and economic life of the Slovak state. Osusky indicated that he would like me to bring personal messages to some of his friends and inquire into the possibility of having contacts with them through Budapest. He also suggested that I travel to Hungary to survey the situation of the Slovaks in occupied Southern Slovakia and contact their leaders. I accepted this mission as a sign of personal trust and asked for a few days to prepare a more detailed program for his approval. At the outset of our discussion Osusky had pointed out that this trip was supposed to appear as if it were my own undertaking, but he promised to inform the French authorities of my status and procure a diplomatic visa for me. He did so promptly. Among the persons I was to see and deliver messages to were: Dr. Anton Stefanek, Professor at the University of Bratislava; General Rudolf Viest, Inspector-General of the Slovak Army; Dr. Samuel Osusky, Lutheran Bishop and cousin of Osusky; Lutheran Bishop Fedor Ruppeldt; Dr. Matej Murtin at the Hypotecna a komunalna banka in Bratislava; the lawyer Dr. Ivan Pietor; economists Dr. Peter Zat'ko and Dr. Vladimir Fajnor; and the General Director of the Slovenska narodna banka, Dr. Imrich Karvas . My assignment included also contacts with Dr. Milos Vanco, Dr. Jan Spisiak, and Jan Teplansky. Osusky explained his wish to build communications with Bratislava through a liaison in Budapest to be funded half by him and the other half by the Slovak side . As for possible discussions with government officials, I could act in my name only. Osusky 's name could be mentioned in con- 14 SLOVAKIA nection with his warning about the risk of war and the need for the cooperation of Slovakia with the West. All other questions that Osusky gave me were for Prime Minister Tiso alone. Among them was the question of the Slovaks in France and their eventual mobilization in case of war in military units of a Czecho-Slovak Army. Another question of importance for both Slovakia and Osusky was the establishing of Slovak diplomatic missions in the West equipped with proper personalities and far-reaching political perspectives. He suggested also that I discuss some matters with Foreign Minister Ferdinand Durcansky . Before I left France on April 27 , 1939 , I helped to organize the participation of Slovaks at the Second Reunion of the Czechs and Slovaks in France, which was planned for April 29-30 at the Czechoslovak Colony in Paris . Benes 's adherents planned to declare him the leader of the '' Second Czechoslovak Struggle Abroad ,'' thus eliminating Osusky for good from any leading role in the exile movement. The outcome of that meeting was transmitted to me in Bratislava by Stefan Moncek, who had been given my telephone number. This information was important to my mission because success depended on Osusky 's retention of his leadership position abroad. In Bratislava I met freely with my friends and colleagues . Some of them already held high state offices and enjoyed their positions in the full swing of their zeal, devotion , and industry . They seemed to be unaware of the danger of war and believed that their happy days would have no end. To my surprise, some of them thought that Hitler was satisfied with his annexations and that the risk of war had been thus eliminated . This naive credulity was confirmed by my visits with Propaganda Chief Sano Mach, the Hlinka Guard leaders Karol Murgas and Jan Dafcik, and the majority of my own friends. The glorification of Hitler by Dr. Vojtech Tuka in his May 1, 1939, speech at Primizial Plaza in Bratislava was an ominous sign, as was the elimination of Karol Sidor from Slovak political affairs. The next day I was granted an audience with Prime Minister Tiso. It was arranged through Dr. Juraj Rajec , whom I knew when he was the educational counselor in the student residence Svoradov. I was admitted to Tiso as a reporter for the newspaper Slovak in France . SLOVAKIA 15 Sitting in the corner of his office , overlooking the Danube, Tiso looked tired and somewhat restrained. He asked me about my studies and my journalistic experience in France. After I answered those questions I described the difficult position of the Slovaks in France as outlined earlier. This led me to Ambassador Osusky and his activities. I reported to Tiso the full details of Osusky 's speech in Argenteuil, handed him the leaflets of the Center of the Czechs and Slovaks Abroad concerning recruitment in the event of war, and finally submitted to him the document ' 'Dr. Osusky 's Views and Opinions on the European Crisis.'' With regard to the possibility of war, I indicated that there were about 50 ,000 Slovaks in France who could be recruited into a Czechoslovak Army and who would have to fight against the Slovak state for Benes' type of Czechoslovakia. I also told Tiso that Osusky favored a federated Czecho-Slovakia but faced the determined opposition of the Czechs and of some Slovak centralists, the so-called Czechoslovaks. Osusky had a few friends among the Czechs, and not many among the Slovaks. He was willing to set up separate Slovak military units in France, alongside the Czech ones, under a unified command, but there were no Slovak officers. Tiso listened to my briefing and then remarked that he did not consider Osusky to be the representative of the Slovak cause in the West because Osusky did not know Slovakia and the Slovaks did not know Osusky. Next I inquired whether it was true that the situation of Slovakia after the Treaty of Protection with Germany , which had been characterized in France as total dependence upon Germany, was similar to the situation in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. He rose from his chair, approached the window facing the Danube , and asked me if I could see the cannons on the other side of the Danube, which were aimed directly at his windows . This ''protection,'' he said, did not prevent the Slovaks from losing Petrzalka (part of Bratislava), but it was still preferable to their being divided between the Magyars and the Poles. To my querry about the limits of Slovak freedom in making foreign contacts, he responded that the new government expected to be recognized by most European states very quickly. This would make it difficult for the Germans to interfere and would provide 16 SLOVAKIA a legal basis for foreign contacts. Durcansky would give me more details on this point. I was curious about relations with the Magyars, for I had heard that there was no reaction from the Slovak side to the atrocities committed by the Magyars in Komjatice, Slovensky Meder, and Surany. Tiso replied that according to the Treaty of Protection with Germany, the Slovaks could not unilaterally decide on retaliatory measures against the Magyars in Slovakia; the Slovaks were thus denied the right of reprisal, he said . On the other hand , the Treaty provided for German protection of Slovak territory against constant Magyar incursions. And so the Slovak position toward Hungary was dictated by those factors. I inquired if it would be possible to use the Slovaks in France for some kind of support of a Slovak cause in the West in the event of war. Tiso said that that was not an immediate worry. First France would have to recognize the Slovak State , after which there would be more time for such discussions. I told him that Osusky would have no objection to the French government granting the Slovak state de facto recognition. He saw such circumstances as being favorable for building a bridge between France and Slovakia, provided that the proper person were appointed as head of the Slovak consulate. Tiso indicated that I would receive the answer to this question from f>urcansky. Tiso suggested publishing a Slovak-French bulletin in France and the possibility of a cultural exchange. He referred me to Dr. Vojtech Brestensky, Secretary General of Slovenska liga , who would take care of it. In summarizing our discussion, Tiso reiterated his views , stressed the confidentiality of some of his remarks , and asked me about my immediate and future plans . I mentioned that I intended to visit Hungary to speak with Slovak representatives. He asked me if this had already been planned in Paris, which I affirmed. He concluded the interview with an invitation to contact him again before I left for France. That same day, in the Cafe Carlton, I was introduced by Vlado Houdek to Peter Pares , the British consul in Bratislava. He expressed a keen interest in my studies in France and my evaluation of the French political scene. He was eager to see me the next day at the same place, and I gladly consented. SLOVAKIA 17 Later that day I was invited for dinner by Foreign Minister Durcansky at his private residence. To my surprise, he had already been informed of the issues discussed with the prime minister. Our friendly personal relations, based on close cooperation in the autonomist movement, allowed us to be absolutely frank with each other. After giving him an overall picture of French public opinion, I touched on the question of the Slovaks in France and also on Ambassador Osusky's actions. To this Durcansky added his brief analysis of the Slovak situation on the international level and outlined Slovak diplomatic ambitions. The discussion that followed could be summarized in the following points: I said that according to what I knew from Osusky and from the Polish embassy in Paris , the French and the British were hurridly mobilizing raw materials, increasing production of military hardware , building up public opinion against Hitler; in short they were preparing for war. In the diplomatic field , the French were repeating their pledges to stand by their treaties with Poland and Romania. Durcansky accepted the possibility of war but not earlier than in two years. As for the Slovaks in France, I asked if it could f10t be possible to organize them into a Slovak Legion and have them fight against Hitler and for the preservation of the Slovak state. Osusky, I continued, was opposed to Benes. He recognized a federated Czecho-Slovakia as the best form of government which would guarantee Slovak self-rule . Durcansky replied that he did not believe that France would agree on the formation of a Slovak Legion with the proviso that it fight for the preservation of the Slovak state. He, therefore, would accept the organization of Czech and Slovak military units under a unified command. This reasoning was parallel in general terms with that of Osusky 's. One of the most difficult questions , however, was where to find and how to commission 20 to 30 Slovak officers for this duty . This would be a political question of unforseeable complications. According to Durcansky , this could be done under different pretexts , such as through a cultural delegation, correspondents , students, businessmen, and the like. Under the present conditions, two things were required immediately: official recognition of Slovakia by the French government and money . As for the first 18 SLOVAKIA condition, Durcansky said that he had been already told by the French consul that recognition was on its way. The question of money would be solved by creation of the Institute for Slovaks Abroad , which for the time being would be associated with the Foreign Ministry. The money could be put aside from the ministerial budget. To do so , it would be necessary to prepare the statutes of the proposed Institute . He instructed me to meet the next day with Dr. Jozef Cieker, Dr. Vojtech Brestensky, Emil Rusko , and their experts to prepare the final text of the statutes. After Durcansky had read "Osusky's Views and Opinions on the European Crisis" and gone through the material I had brought with me, he indicated that Osusky 's position might help the Slovak cause in the West if he would be willing to cooperate with the Slovak consul in Paris , using him as a liaison with Slovakia . I asked Durcansky if he already had in mind such a person for such a delicate mission; he mentioned the name of Ing. Milan Harminic. More explicitly than Tiso , Durcansky gave me details regarding his dealings with the Germans. This I later put in writing and sent to Ambassador Osusky through the French consulate in Bratislava. From the organizational point of view, Durcansky considered the existing Catholic mission in France an excellent focus for rallying the Slovaks , not only on religious, but also on cultural and political grounds. He knew the Reverend Jan Futak, the Head of the mission, vaguely but expressed confidence in him. He promised to send money to France from the planned Institute to help publish a periodical bulletin in French and Slovak. As the editor he planned to appoint the Reverend Vojtech Klein, a Catholic priest known for his work in the social field and in the publishing trade. Before taking leave of Durcansky I informed him of my trip to Hungary and asked for his advice as to whom I should contact and what concrete steps I should take to gather detailed information on the situation of the Slovaks there . He referred me to Dr. Ludovit Obtulovic , a lawyer in Nave Zamky who was the leader of the Slovaks in the occupied territory of Southern Slovakia, and to the Reverand Imrich Ko sec , a Catholic priest in the nearby village of Banovska Kesa . SLOVAKIA 19 Durcansky planned to build a direct line of communication between Bratislava and Paris through an employee of the Slovak embassy in Budapest . During the discussion it became apparent to me that this communication was supposed to be rather a personal link between Durcansky and the Catholic mission in Argenteuil. Consequently, I did not mention at this point that Osusky too was looking for a liaison with Slovakia through a confidant in Budapest. While Durcansky hoped to build bridges to the West without the intermediary link of Osusky , the latter planned to use his contacts with Slovakia for bringing his political friends into exile. Before I left for Hungary I learned that on May 4, 1939 Great Britain had extended de facto recognition to the Slovak state and had confirmed the present British consul in Bratislava, Pares , as its official representative. This greatly furthered Slovak self-confidence. A special permit to cross the Slovak-Hungariaii border was given to me at the Hungarian consulate in Bratislava at the recommendation of Monsignor Augustin Hladik, Canon of the Cathedral of St. Martin in Bratislava, with whom I had been in contact for some years. He also made the arrangement for my travel to Hungary by car with Count Janos Eszterhazy, who was the official representative of the Hungarian minority in Slovakia, in which capacity he was also a member of the Slovak Parliament. My first stop was at Dr. Obtulovic's office in Nave Zamky . With Obtulovic we visited the Reverend Imrich Kasee in Banovska Kesa and then traveled to Slovensky Meder and Komjatice; the next day we called on the Director of the Slovak gymnazium, Professor Jozef Hudec , and his colleague Professor lgnac Safar in the town of Surany. In all these villages I interviewed the Slovaks regarding the alleged atrocities committed by the Hungarian gendarmes against them for singing the Slovak national anthem and holding cultural meetings. After two days in Budapest , where I met with Professor Stefan Buran and others in the administration of Slovenska jednota, the Slovak newspaper which we wanted to become the journal of all Slovaks abroad and as such to be distributed also in France, I returned with Obtulovic to Bratislava. 20 SLOVAKIA I telephoned Durcansky to congratulate him on the British recognition of Slovakia. He sounded optimistic and explored possible ways to prompt the French government to recognize Slovakia as early as possible and thus establish legal contact with one more Western state. He invited Obtulovic and myself to see him the same day . At this meeting Durcansky suggested that Obtulovic go to Paris to investigate the possibility of obtaining early recognition of Slovakia and the accreditation of a Slovak consul in Paris. Through the intercession of Moncek, for whom I had prepared a confidential personal note, Obtulovic was to see Osusky and discuss with him the following: 1) The legal position of the Slovaks in France then and in case of war . Would Slovaks in France be mobilized into a Czechoslovak Army, or would they be recruited under the banner of a Slovak Legion? 2) A Slovak consulate in Paris and its relations to Osusky. 3) Would Osusky agree to communicate with Slovakia through the Slovak consulate in Paris , or would he suggest some other manner? 4) Distribution of Slovenska jednota among the Slovaks in France and possible cooperation with the editors of Slovenska jednota in Budapest. 5) ,'Publication of a Slovak-French Bulletin, by a neutral body , which could develop into a cultural and political organ for all Slovaks in France. For the time being it could be issued as a supplement to (Nas] Krajan, the organ of the Catholic mission in France. 6) Consider closer working relations between Osusky and the leadership of the Slovaks in Hungary. Obtulovic should propose to gather documentary. material on the Hungarian-German secret alliance with subsequent reference to Hitler's consent of the occupation of Southern Slovakia by the Hungarians. At this time I met with the British consul , Peter Pares , at the Hotel Carlton in Bratislava . I congratulated him on his confirmation as the British representative to the Slovak government. In response he mentioned that his French colleague had enjoyed very SLOVAKIA 21 much talking with me. I was really surprized how quickly newsgathering in Bratislava functioned, because I had hardly returned from the French consulate. 4 The British rightly conjectured that my visit with Tiso and my trip to Hungary were somewhat connected with my mission from Osusky. He wanted to know more about these undertakings. Because of the risk involved. I remained cautious. A few days later I was invited by Obtulovic to join a ''fishing party" organized by him for Pares. This was a pleasant car trip from Bratislava to my native Orava and to Oravice, the region with brooks full of trout, a real haven for such a passionate fisherman as Pares. The three-day party was kept secret. We discussed mainly Slovak relations with the West. I was impressed by Pares' knowledge of the Slovak internal political scene. He showed a full understanding of the difficult international position of Slovakia and promised to keep his government informed about the real anti-Nazi feelings of the Slovaks. In his characterization of the leading Slovak politicians, he disapproved of Durcansky's precipitous acts and evident endeavors to prove the independence of Slovak diplomacy. On the other hand, Pares appreciated Tiso's policy and skill as shown in his dealings with internal as well as external affairs of state. Two communications sent by Pares to his superiors in London indicate the British consul's acute perceptions of the situation at this time and are worth quoting. 5 The first is a letter dated May 23, 1939 and reads as follows: Dear Troutbeck, Certain information has reached me from a reliable source which will, I think, interest you, but nevertheless, does not seem suitable for inclusion in a formal dispatch. I have been told by Dr. Obtulovic , who apparently enjoys the confidence of Dr. Tiso , that the Slovak government is keeping in contact with the group of Slovak exiles in Paris who are led by Dr. Osusky. A young student named Josef Stasko, who is studying at the Ecole des Sciences Politiques, has recently been in Bratislava and had an interview with Dr. Tiso. He has now returned to Paris and I understand that he is a bearer of a message 22 SLOVAKIA from the Slovak government. My French colleague knows that the young man is in touch with Slovaks in Paris, but I doubt if he is aware of his connection with the Slovak government. I understand that Dr. Tiso has given formal approval to the formation of a Slovak Legion in France and that this is the message conveyed by Stasko to Paris . The object of these maneuvers seems to be to maintain contact with the Western powers whilst pursuing a policy of co-operation with the Germans for as long as is necessary - in other words, the policy of the Czechs before and during the Great War. The Slovaks are growing very apprehensive now about the possibility of war. They do not expect Germany to win, but realize that they are powerless to refuse anything she might ask in the event of war. So they are trying to ensure the good will of the Western powers in advance by secretly approving the plans of the exiles. That this is not a policy favoured by a small group, but rather the concerted action of the Slovak leaders as a whole is, I think , shown by the fact that the persons concerned in it are not only Dr. Tiso , but also Dr. Obtulovic, the official Slovak minority leader in Hungary, and the partisan of Sidor. My knowledge of Slovak is not very reliable, but from something said in a convention at which I was present, I gained the impression that Dr. Durcansky, the proGerman Foreign Minister, also knows of Stasko's mission. There have been reports that Durcansky is dissatisfied with Germany's treatment of Slovakia so it is possible that my impression may be correct. Yours ever, P. Pares A few comments on Pares ' report are in order. First, the French consul could not tell his British colleague the full story about my connection with the Slovak government because I was warned by Osusky that he was in the service of Benes , and SLOVAKIA 23 therefore, there could have been a risk of political intrigue . Second, in my talks with Pares I never mentioned to him the essence of my discussion with Tiso, so I presume Obtulovic had informed him about it. It is also true that Tiso did not give formal approval to the formation of a Slovak Legion in France; but it had been my personal feeling that he considered the possibility of such a need later, and that is why he had referred me to Durcansky for more discussion about this matter. The following telegram by the British consul in Bratislava to his superiors in London presumes a discrete and confidential discussion of Pares with Obtulovic and clearly confirms that the Paris-Bratislava connection was still alive. The two-hour conversation of Obtulovic with the French consul also suggests the importance of the issues discussed. Here is the full text of the telegram: Telegram (en clair) from His Majesty's Consul (Bratislava) 3rd June , 1939. Dr. Obtulovic , who accompanied Stasko to Paris (see my porvate [sic] letter to Mr. Troutbeck, dated 23rd May, a copy of which was sent to the Foreign Office under cover of my dispatch No. 39 of 23rd May) has just returned to Bratislava. He had an interview with Osusky, who appears to have succeeded in convincing him that the French treatment of Czecho-Slovakia last autumn was not a betrayal, but the result of the pressure of circumstances. Dr. Obtulovic seems to have returned a Francophil and his report will no doubt influence the Slovak Government in favour of the Western Powers. Osusky's arguments have also convinced him that Germany is not strong enough to break the forces confronting her and he is therefore concerned for the future of Slovakia in the event of a German collapse. He says that he is to return to Paris once more and will visit also Belgium. I presume that he will make contact with the Slovak colony in that country which is fairly numerous. Today he had a conversation lasting two hours with the French consul here, in the course of which it must be 24 SLOVAKIA assumed that he discussed the standpoint of the Slovak Government to the Slovak exiles in Paris . Copy sent to Paris. I have to add that Obtulovic traveled to Paris alone , because I still expected an audience with Prime Minister Tiso and a meeting with Foreign Minister Durcansky. It is not true that Obtulovic returned from Paris a Francophil, thanks to Osusky . Obtulovic was a Francophil before his trip. The same could be said about the statement that only Osusky's arguments had convinced Obtulovic of the possible German defeat. It was precisely this presumption of the Slovak government - that in the event of war, Germany would not win - which had prompted Obtulovic's trip to Paris. The plan was that Obtulovic would return to Paris and would visit his countrymen in Belgium. This did not take place , however , because the Germans took notice of his travels, tracked his whereabouts , and inquired about his motives at the Slovak Foreign Ministry. The details of the German intervention in this matter were sent to me by the Reverend Kasee at my address at the Slovak Catholic mission in Argenteuil. A few days later Obtul6vic and Kasee were expelled from Hungary and returned to Bratislava. Back in Bratislava, after the fishing trip , I contacted Dr. Anton Stefanek, for whom I had a letter and an oral message from Osusky. He seemed to have little confidence in Osusky and was totally dismayed by Benes . Concerning the situation in Slovakia , it was his view that for the time being Slovakia was thriving and was much better off than the Czech lands . Of course , all this was relative to Hitler's plans . In the event of war, Slovakia would be eradicated as a state and much damage would be done to the nation . He confessed that he did not intend to go into exile and that he had no advice as to what course of action to take. He did not believe that the future form of life in Central Europe would be the same as before and stated that even Czecho-Slovakia would have to be restructured if it wished to survive. He asked me about Hodza, who he expected to come forward with his idea of a Central European Federation. SLOVAKIA 25 My message from Osusky concerned the possibility of a mutual exchange of reports on international and domestic developments. To this Stefanek did not react. He wanted me to meet his colleagues at the university, and he set up a date for this meeting in his office . As I recall, this took place two days later. At that meeting only four of these colleagues were present: Dr. Peter Gula, Dr. Branislav Varsik, Dr. Jan Stanislav, and Dr. J. K. (still living in Bratislava). The only positive suggestion made at that meeting was to organize an exchange of professors and students with France and then to create a clearing-house at the Institut Slave in Paris for Slovak literature. All those present considered the war inevitable; all believed that Hitler would not win; and all were willing to accept the Czecho-Slovak state only in a federal form. My report from this meeting was sent in a diplomatic pouch to Osusky through the French consulate . Another letter and message I delivered was to General Rudolf Viest, who was Inspector-General of the Slovak Army. He asked me first for my credentials, then told me to see him the next day. At our subsequent meeting I informed him that Ambassador Osusky would be glad to see him in Paris in order to organize a Czecho-Slovak Army. To this General Viest answered that he did not believe war would break out and that he would stay where he was. (I did not know at that time that he had already promised Benes that he would soon join him). 6 In the remaining days I busied myself seeing personalities from Slovak political, cultural, and economic life . Among others , I visited Dr. Vojtech Brestensky, Secretary General of Slovenska liga in Bratislava, who promised to send books, periodicals , films, pictures, and other cultural items to Paris. He also gave me some financial help and asked me to work in France for the Slovenska liga, represented then by Klement Sichmak. In Trnava I visited Monsignor Jan Pi:istenyi , the Director of the Spolok Sv. Vojtecha, who warmly received me. He gave me two packages of books for the Reverend Jan Futak in Argenteuil and also some financial assistance for lecturing among the Slovaks in France on behalf of Slovak religious awareness. At the "Slovensky klub" in the Cafe Redoute in Bratislava I met with the Minister of Economy , Dr. Gejza Medricky; Dr. Peter 26 SLOVAKIA Zat'ko of the Centrale of Slovak Industry; Dr. Alexander Hrncar of the Ministry of Finance; Dr. Imrich Karvas of the Slovak National Bank, and other economists. The invitation of this meeting had come from Medricky, whom I had known for some years in connection with autonomist political actions. The discussion concerned mostly the economy but also touched on politics. I included the main points of this debate in the report for Osusky. One of the most interesting, and at the same time most informative, meetings I had had in Bratislava was in the student residence Svoradov, where I met many of my colleagues. In their discussions they portrayed the events of March 14, 1939 with the utmost frankness. Most of them were adherents of Sidor and only a few supported the radical wing headed by Mach and Murgas. From their heated debate I learned that they did not consider Hitler to be a culprit but rather a ruthless politician. They expressed their doubts about the Western concept of European order. The West, they argued, had lost cultural preeminence, failed in political initiative , and)acked overall vitality. They dismissed the immediate danger of war and were quite philosophical about the future. To my outline of the Western mood of the public and a resolute resistance toward further concessions to Hitler, they offered a picture of Slovakia built on Christian principles and rallied politically around Tiso a·s the best safeguard against the eventualities of an armed peace. In sum, I was struck by two elements in Slovak political life: one was a real ambition to build the Slovak state as if it were an independent entity outside of the complexities of the European theater; the other was the unbelievable credulity in a simplified version of their capability for survival. There was an almost palpable feeling of nationalistic fervor everywhere . Listening to Foreign Minister Durcansky 's self-confidence and to his broadlybased diplomatic ambitions , I could not believe that he had taken the Treaty of Protection with Germany seriously. The German minority in Slovakia was small, their Nazism in most localities questionable, and as a political factor they did not play as yet a visible role. The overall mood of rural Slovakia was optimistic , almost careless in its disregard of international embroglios . SLOVAKIA 27 Based on these experiences, it was difficult for me to draw a gloomy picture of the future, especially among those who achieved personal and material satisfaction, e.g., young Slovak intellectuals or businessmen who exploited fully the occasion of the revolutionary change. The Jewish question had been in the minds of the radicals in their newspapers or speeches , but their zealotry was tamed by the government's promotion of constructive primary economic projects . Prime Minister Tiso was considered a man of moral integrity , wise , and moderate. Sidor, on the other hand , was severely judged by both radicals for his lack of courage and by the '' old guard" for his indecisiveness. Durcansky was a "political technician,'' whose ideological armory supplied the energy for the running of the state machinery. He had a few followers and even fewer personal friends . Alexander Mach, Karol Murgas , Jan Farkas, Jozef Jostiak , Jan Dafcik, and others had some credit in the nation and among the students for their sacrifices in the past, but in this stage of rebuilding the Slovak society they represented a group of malcontents - radicals whose fighting spirit was not out of focus. Their pro-German leanings pushed them to the margin of the political stream. After Obtulovic left for Paris I remained a few more days in Slovakia for my second audience with Tiso and a meeting with Durcansky . In his monologue Tiso talked about the preservation of the Slovak state and believed that the West would concur with him in the self-determination principle , which, in his opinion, would respect the will of the people. He did not believe that Osusky would be willing to accept the existence of the Slovak state , but his struggle for a federal Czecho-Slovakia underlined the principle of self-determination. Tiso saw my point in stressing the political importance of the Slovak soldiers in France fighting against Hitler, but he hastened to add " and for the Slovak state .'' He repeated his original wish to send a '' cultural delegation " to France and advised me to remain in touch w ith the Slovak League in America , especially with Monsignor Francis Dubas . With these recommendations my audience with the prime minister ended. 28 SLOVAKIA With Foreign Minister Durcansky I discussed all the issues that had arisen during my visit to Slovakia. Durcansky planned to remain in contact with Paris through an employee of the Slovak embassy in Budapest, whose official assignment would be to communicate with the Slovak consulate in Paris. For the time being he intended to send some literature and messages to the Catholic mission in Argenteuil for the Reverend Futak. We also discussed at length the question of a Slovak Legion in France . Durcansky envisaged such a possible development . To this end he promised to send 15 to 20 ''students'' to Paris for the fall semester who could eventually become available for action in organizing the Slovaks as an independent military unit. The main object of my "mission" was to contact Osusky's friends and eventually to encourage them to go into exile. I talked with many of those whom Osusky suggested ! but none of them was willing to emigrate. This was the case with Emil Boleslav Lukac , Dr. Milos Vanco, Jan Teplansky, Dr. Martin Micura, Dr. Anton Stefanek, Dr. Peter Zat'ko, Dr. Alexander Hrncar , and Dr. Imrich Karvas. When asked to prepare and send to Osusky a statement on the situation in Slovakia and on plans for the future , not a single one of these individuals manifested any interest. I did not meet Bishops Osusky or Ruppeldt and those persons listed in the letters which they had picked up at the French consulate in Bratislava. I gathered all possible documents from Slovakia and sent them to Osusky in a diplomatic pouch through the French consul. Among the documents were a copy of the Schutzvertrag and the secret Protocols concerning the German claims in the territorial , economic, financial, or military field . Also included were my diary, packages for the Reverend Futak, photographs from occupied Southern Slovakia, brochures, proclamations, pamphlets , Hlinka Guard "orders," and various books and clippings from the daily press . Although I had planned to see Karol Sidor, I had no opportunity to do so. My message to him from Osusky was oral and involved a request for his comments on the March 14th events along with an invitation to join him in Paris. Sidor kept himself aloof from the public , and I was told that his movements were SLOVAKIA 29 being monitored by the Gestapo. He therefore would not welcome my visit or interview. I had my passport restamped with the stamp of the Slovak Republic and returned safely to France. There I met Obtulovic, who had already spoken to the officials of the French Foreign Office and also with Osusky. The next day I gave Osusky a full report of my experiences in Slovakia and Hungary and also described my meetings with Osusky's friends and acquaintances. Osusky did not accept the idea that the Slovak consulate in Paris should be the communication link between him and Bratislava. He also was not in favor of a Slovak office in Paris, like Slovakotour, which could be used as a cover for the contacts with Bratislava. He did not make any qualified statement on mobilizing Slovaks in France into an independent Slovak military unit , but promised to fight for the right of the Slovaks to form their own units under Slovak officers in the framework of a CzechoSlovak Army. He touched vaguely on the question of the Slovaks in Hungary, postponing diplomatic steps for the postwar reshaping of Europe. Osusky was totally disappointed that there were no political leaders in Slovakia, especially from among the former officials of Czechoslo~akia, who manifested any interest of cooperation with the West and with him . Together with Obtulovic I visited Osusky the next evening. After repeating what he had told me, he openly asked Obtulovic if one of the leading Slovaks would be willing to join him. He stressed the diplomatic realities: the British and also the French might differentiate the fate of the Czechs and the Slovaks ; once war was declared, they would fight for the restoration of CzechoSlovakia. It was necessary, he said, on the part of the Slovak government to prepare an official memorandum indicating that the Slovaks had been acting under German pressure and that the Slovak state had been forced upon the Slovaks. Such a document could be interpreted as proof that whatever it did was justified to save the nation. He repeated again and again that he was resolutely opposed to the centralized form of Czechoslovakia and that his concept for the future was favorable to the Slovaks and acceptable to the West. This concept included the return of the occupied Southern Slovakia to the homeland. 30 SLOVAKIA Obtulovic responded with a more detailed explanation of the Slovak position and asked for time to reevaluate all aspects of the discussions with Tiso and Durcansky. It was agreed that Osusky would not hinder the work of the Slovak consul in Paris and that the Slovak government would send to Paris a persona grata to Osusky. Obtulovic stressed the question of the Slovaks in France in case of war, considering them to be an outpost of the Slovaks' true anti-Nazis feelings . He indicated that the Slovak government would send a "cultural delegation" and some " students" to France who would be advised to cooperate with the Slovaks in the United States organized in the Slovak League of America. Osusky did not reject the idea, but he claimed the allegiance of the Slovaks in the event of war to the leadership of the resistance. The contacts with Bratislava would continue, and Obtulovic would return to Paris as soon as the Slovak government , or rather Tiso and Durcansky, would consider it useful. There was a tacit understand.ing that Obtulovic would talk to Sidor and that both would meet Osusky's emissary in Budapest. There were, of course, differences in positions, but they were not insurmountable. One of them was the choice and location of the Slovak diplomatic personnel in the West, the other the insistence of Tiso on the preservation of the Slovak state . The surprisingly rapid development of the international crisis , however, prevented both the Slovak government and Osusky from establishing any direct contacts. Although France recognized the Slovak government de facto on July 14 , 1939, no Slovak consul in Paris was accredited. The contemplated candidate for this position, Ing . Milan Harminc , who presented himself personally at the French Foreign Office and was considered a leading pretender, had been in the meantime accredited as Slovak consul in London. Suggested for the Slovak consul in Paris was Dr. Bohdan Galvanek, whose proGerman leanings were generally known and who was flatly rejected by the French Foreign Office. Time lost in the protection of the accreditation process had been sufficiently long for the successful negative intervention of Czech politicians at the French Foreign Office . SLOVAKIA 31 Gradually, with the arrival of more pro-Benes exiles in Paris, Osusky was losing hold of the leadership. By the end of August, 1939, after his discussion with Benes in London (August 24), he abandoned his firm Slovak stand on the independent Slovak military units and was instrumental in reaching an agreement with the French government (August 28) on the creation of a Czechoslovak Army in France with no independent Slovak units. The political consequences of this development buried Osusky as the leader of the Slovaks abroad and abolished all possible contacts with Slovakia. At this point my "mission" and my efforts to demonstrate Slovak anti-Nazi feelings to the West lost all meaning. NOTES 1 A more detailed discussion of this period will follow in further personal memoirs to be published by the author. 2 Dr. Stefan Osusky was born in Brezova pod Bradlom, Slovakia, on March 31, 1889 into a distinguished Lutheran family . After some harassment by the Magyars while in secondary school, he emigrated to the United States in 1906. He joined his sister in Chicago, where in 1915 he earned a doctorate in law from the University of Chicago . In 1916 he was named, together with Gustav Kosik, as a special delegate of the Slovak League of America to the CzechoSlovak Committee in Paris , headed by Dr. Edvard Benes. Next to Dr. Milan R. Stefanik, Osusky was the second leading Slovak who participated in winning recognition for the new state of Czecho-Slovakia. After the war Osusky represented Czechoslovakia at different international committees in Europe and eventually became the Czechoslovak ambassador in France (1921-1940) . His political views echoed in large part those of the first President of Czechoslovakia, Tomas G. Masaryk , whom Osusky greatly admired. He differed with Masaryk , however, on the question of the Czech and Slovak constitutional arrangement. Osusky was proud of his Slovak nationality and was sympathetic toward the Slovak movement for national self-determination . When Benes became president in 1935, Osusky expected to replace him as foreign minister. Benes, who disliked Osusky, named instead Dr. Kami! Krofta. Osusky remained in Paris bitterly resenting this " injustice. " Part of Osusky's political action in Paris after March , 1939 , is described in this memoir. While in Paris he enjoyed the political support of the French government, especially in his antagonism toward Benes. In London , however, he became totally isolated . His altercations with Benes in the London Czechoslovak exile government ended with a total break and animosity. After 32 SLOVAKIA the war Osusky emigrated to the United States , where he lectured occasionally and wrote an analysis of the democratic process in a thinking society entitled The Way of the Free (New York , 1951) . Among his earlier publications are Les Magyars et Pangermanistes (Paris , 1918) and George D. Herron , d6vernik Wilsonov pocas vojny (Brno, 1925) . While in Great Britain during World War II Osusky wrote political pamphlets - Pravda vit'azi (1942). "Rizena demokracie" pri praci (1942), Benes a Slovensko (1943). and Triedenie duchov nastalo (1943) - in which he sharply criticized Benes for his stubborn insistence on adhering to the old, centralized structure of Czechoslovakia . 3 The pertinent passage from Osusky's speech in Argenteuil reads as follows : '' . .. I hereby declare that a policy depriving the Slovak nation of its inalienable rights will never get my consent. Those Czechs and Slovaks who pursued such excessive centralism must publicly admit that their political conception has failed , is dead and rests in a tomb. Otherwise, the Slovaks will face similar ambitions for Czechoslovak unity with justified resistance . What matters now is the existence and future of Czecho-Slovakia . He who would threaten the Slovaks with centralism and persecution is the enemy of the restoration of the Republic , because without Slovakia there could nor would be Czecho-Slovakia. Finally, I must say to the Slovaks that the French authorities will tolerate no propaganda against France and for Nazism. As for myself, as an official representative of the Czecho-Slovak Republic , I will not protect those Slovaks who calumniate the Czechs, the Czecho-Slovak authorities and CzechoSlovakia. The Slovaks who look for the salvation of Slovakia in Hitler, should address themselves to him for livelihood and protection. They will fall into slavery instead of remaining free citizens . Only the Czecho-Slovak Republic will bring b.;ick freedom , independence, and the right to a dignified life to the Czechs and 'Slovaks. This is our conviction and our national belief.'' As quoted in Stefan Osusky, Cesko-Slovensko ajeho buducnost' (Paris , 1939). pp. 50-51 . 4 At the French consulate I picked up the mail sent to me from Paris . Osusky sent several personal letters to be delivered to Bishop Samuel Osusky , Bishop Fedor Ruppeldt , and Dr. Anton Stefanek, and a thick envelope of letters to be picked up later by someone mentioned in the delivered letters. There were also two reports: one , official from the embassy, dealing with the international situation; the other, a sketchy outline of the planned communication between Paris and Bratislava. 5 Documents FO 371 /22903 /338-39 and FO 371 /22903 /341 , British Foreign Office Files, Public Record Office, London. Copies of these documents were made available to me by Frantisek Vnuk . A Slovak translation of them can be found in Vnuk's Slovenska otazka na Zapade v rokoch 1939-1940 (Cleveland , 1974). pp. 54-56. 6 I met General Viest in Paris in the late summer of 1939 . He visited the " Political Club" Madame Sis. Once a week she received at her home invited guests of different political affiliations for open discussion. At such a friendly meeting General Viest made known his political allegiance to Benes . SLOVAKIA 33 My next meeting with General Viest was in Beziers in Southern France at the Headquarters of the Czechoslovak Army. As a soldier at the nearby Czechoslovak Army Camp in Agde, I visited the Headquarters to plead for the Slovaks in the military prison, because they refused to fight for Benes's type of Czechoslovakia. (the "Fryvaldovsky Case"). General Viest did not allow me to see Fryvaldovsky and dismissed me without any answer. I submitted the complaint to the French Military Command . Although the outcome of this intervention was never revealed to me, Fryvaldovsky was repatriated to Slovakia in 1941.  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Štefan Osuský's Attempts to Establish Contacts with Slovakia in 1939: A Personal Memoir Description An account of the resource Joseph Stasko Slovakia, Vol. 32 (No. 58-59), 1985-86 pp. 9-33 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Staško, Jozef, 1917-1999 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86 SNK https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/162cb2b35c1f7f1f59fdec97e143349b.pdf a4e333c84d5e20423e0ad2235c253997 PDF Text Text 34 SLOVAKIA Slovak-American Newspapers, 1885-1975: A Preliminary Listing M. MARK STOLARIK In 1983, as the centennial of the Slovak-American press approached , I decided to re-work Konstantin Culen's annotated bibliography Slovenske casopisy v Amerike (Cleveland: First Catholic Slovak Union , 1970) and tell the story as he would have had he not died prematurely in 1964 . Therefore , I literally took his book apart and put it back together again with the aid of a computer. This resulted in two analytical essays and the listing I am about to publish. The essays were: " The Slovak-American Press," [1885-1984] in Sally M. Miller ed., The Ethnic Press in the United States: A Historical Analy sis and Handbook (Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1987), and "At Home Abroad: The SlovakAmerican Press, 1885-1918 , " which is slated to appear in Owen V. Johnson 's edited volume entitled Mobilizing the Mobilized: The Role and Functions of the Mass Media in Eastern Europe. The list of Slovak-American newspapers published between 1885 and 1975 which follows is based upon Culen's book , cited above , and the late Michal Lacko's Slovak Bibliography Abroad, 1945-1965, and 1966-1975 published in Slovak Studies VII and XVII, Bibliografica 1 and 2 (Rome: Slovak Institute, 1967 and 1977) . Culen listed 246 titles in his book, but, upon close inspection, I discovered 39 titles that he could not verify or which should not have been listed because they were not Slovak newspapers. I subtracted these from the list. Furthermore, Lacko discovered 13 titles that Culen had missed and I added these, coming up with a grand total of 220 for the period 1885-1975 . There have probably �SLOVAKIA 35 been more than 220 Slovak-American newspapers in the period 1885-1975, but they remain to be discovered and verified. Also, Jozef Rydlo, who has taken over the duties of editor of Slovak Studies, is presently working on a Slovak Bibliography Abroad, 1976-1985 and his work will allow me, or someone else, to update the list to 1985. Meanwhile, here is how I prepared the list. I carefully read Culen's annotated bibliography and kept his definition of a newspaper as one that appeared at least quarterly. I then listed the title, the date and city it first appeared in, and also major subsequent cities if it moved, and the date it folded. This list (plus my analytical articles, cited abov~) supplements the work of Michal Potemra who published a Bibliografia slovenskych novin a casopisov do roku 1918 (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1958) and Maria Kipsova et. al . Bibliografia slovenskych a inorecovy ch novin a casopisov z rokov 1919-1938 (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1968) . I hope that students of SlovakAmerican history will find it useful. Slovak-American Newspapers, 1885-1975 1885 Bulletin (Pittsburgh , 1885-1886) 1886 Bulletin Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny (Pittsburgh, 1886-1922) 1887 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny 1888 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Nova vlast' (Streator , Ill ., 1888) Slovak v Amerike (Plymouth & New York , 1889) Zastava (Plymouth , Pa ., 1889) 1890 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Katolicke noviny Slovak v Amerike 1891 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Jednota (Cleveland , 1891) Katolicke noviny Slovak v Amerike 1889 1892 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Katolicke noviny (Hazleton , Pa ., 1889-1891) Robotnik (Connellsville , Pa ., 1889) Americky Slovak (Cleveland, 1892-1894) Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Jednota �36 SLOVAKIA Slovak v Amerike Slovenske listy (Jersey City, N .J., 1892) 1893 Americky Slovak Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Jednota Slovak v Amerike Slovenska svornost' (Connellsville , Pa., 1893-1897) 1894 Americky Slovak Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Cirkevne listy (Cleveland, 1894-1899) Fakla (New York City, 1894) Jednota Majak (Pittsburgh, 1894) Pravda (Connellsville , Pa., 1894-1896) Slovak v Arilerike Slovenska pravda (Freeland, Pa., 1984-1904) Slovenska svornost' Slovensky hlas (Pittsburgh, 1894-1898) 1895 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Cas (Nanticoke, Pa., 1895-1899) Cirkevne listy Jednota Katolik (Freeland , Pa., 1895-1898) Pravda Rodina (Cleveland, 1895) Slovak (New York City , 1895) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenska svornost' Slovensky hlas 1896 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Cas Cirkevne listy Jednota Katolik Pravda Rarasek (Pittsburgh, 1896-1912) Sasok (Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 1896-1898) Slovak v Amerike Slovaktownske hlasy (Pittsburgh, 1896) Slovenska pravda Slovenska svornost' Slovensky hlas 1897 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Carodejnik (Cleveland, 1897-1898) Cas Cirkevne listy The Emmigrant (Pittsburgh , 1897) Jednota Katolik Mydlo (Wilkes-Barre , Pa., 1897-1898) Rarasek Sasok Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenska svornost' Slovenske noviny (Hazleton , Pa., 1897-1911) Slovensky hlas 1898 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Carodejnik Cas Cirkevne listy Jednota Katolik Mydlo Rarasek �SLOVAKIA Sasok Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlas 1899 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo (Wilkes-Barre, Pa ., 1899-1941 ; 1945) Cas Cirkevne listy Jednota Novy Cernoknaznik (Cleveland , 1899) Rarasek Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny 1900 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Cas Jednota Lutheran (Cleveland , 1900-1902) Rarasek Slaboda (Chicago, 1900-1901) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik (Pittsburgh, 1900-1962) Slovensky Lutheran (Philadelphia, 1900) 1901 37 Slebodny Orel (New York, N.Y., 1901-1904) Slaboda Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky dennik (Pittsburgh, 1901-1915) Slovensky hlasnik Viera (Cleveland , 1901-1902) 1902 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Jednota Lutheran Rarasek Slebodny ore! Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky American (Pittsburgh, 1902-1903) Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky obcan (Bridgeport, Conn., 1902) Viera 1903 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Jednota Rarasek Slebodny ore! Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky American Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Jednota Lutheran Naso novini (New York , N.Y., 1901) 1904 Rarasek Sip (Cleveland, 1901) Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny �38 SLOVAKIA Bratstvo Jednota Rarasek Robotnik (New York, N.Y., 1904) Slebodny V Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky sokol Slovensky tyzdennik Svedok (Pittsburgh , 1906Zornicka (Wilkes-Barre, Pa. , 1906-1907) 1907 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Hlas (Cleveland, 1907-1947) 1905 Jednota Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Katolicke Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Nasa zastava Rarasek Jednota Rovnost' l'udu Rarasek Slovak v Amerike Slovak v Amerike Slovenske noviny Slovenske noviny Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensko-Americky zabavnik (Chicago , 1905-1912) Slovensky dennik Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin (Pittsburgh, Slovensky sokol (Perth Amboy , N .J., 1907-1962) 1905-1966) Slovensky pokrok Slovensky tyzdenmk (New York, Slovensky sokol N.Y ., 1905-1906) Svedok Sokol a narod (1905) Zensky svet (New York, N.Y., 1907-1908) Zornicka 1906 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny 1908 Bratstvo Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Jednota Bratstvo Katolicke Slovenske noviny Hlas (Chicago, 1906-1926) Nasa zastava (Bridgeport , Conn. , Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny 1906-1907) Krajan (Hazleton , Pa. , 1908) Rarasek Rovnost' l'udu (Chicago, 1906-1935) Rarasek Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Skola reci anglickej (Pittsburgh, Slovenske noviny 1908-1909) Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovak v Amerike Slovensky dennik Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky pokrok (New York , N.Y ., Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensky dennik 1906-1911) �SLOVAKIA Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky narod (Cudahy , Wisc., 1908) Slovensky pokrok Slovensky sokol Svetlak Zensky svet Zivena (Pittsburgh, 19081909 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Hlas Jednota Katolfcke Slovenske noviny Rarasek Rovnost' l'udu Skala reci anglickej Slovak v Amerike Slovenske noviny Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky pokrok Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet (Clarksburg , W.Va ., 1909-1910) Svetlak Zivena 1910 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Hlas Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Kometa (Passaic, N.J. , 1910) Mladez (Pittsburgh , 1910-1911) Narodne noviny (Pittsburgh, 1910) Niva (Homestead, Pa., 1910-1911) Rarasek 39 Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovenske listy (Chicago, 1910) Slovenske noviny Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky pokrok Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Svetlak Youngstow nske Slovenske noviny (Youngstown, Ohio, 1910-1938) Zivena 1911 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Evanjelicky obzor (Cleveland, 1911-1912) Hlas Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol (Passaic , N.J., 1911) I.'.udovy dennik (Chicago , 1911-1917) Mladez Narodne noviny Niva Nova vlast' (Scranton, Pa ., 1911) Priatel' dietok (Passaic, N.J. , 1911) Rarasek Rovnost' l'udu Slovak a Amerike Slovenske noviny Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obzor (Passaic, N.J., 1911) Slovensky pokrok Slovensky soko l �40 SLOVAKIA Svedok Svornost' (Pittsburgh, 1911-1970} Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zivena 1912 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Evanjelicky obzor Hlas Jednota Juhozapadne noviny (Deslego , Mo. , 1912} Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an (Uniontown , Pa., 1912-1932} I.:udovy dennik Narodne noviny Narodny dennik (Chicago, 1912} Priatel' dietok Rarasek Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan (Hazleton , Pa ., 1912-1947} Slovensky sokol Slovensky tyzdenmk (Cleveland, 1912} Svedok Svornost' Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zivena 1913 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Hlas Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan (New York, N.Y ., 1913-1921} Krest'an I.:udovy dennik Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik (New York, N .Y., 1913-1975) Osveta (Cleveland, 1913) Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovenske slovo (Chicago , 1913-1914) Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Viestnik (Chicago, 1913) Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zivena 1914 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Hlas Hlas svobody (New York, N.Y., 1914-1917) Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kritika (Cleveland, 1914-1915) I.:udovy dennik Narodne noviny Narodny dennik (Pittsburgh, 1914-1916) Narodny Slovensky dennik (Chicago, 1914-1916) New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok �SLOVAKIA Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovenske slovo Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Oplna zdrzanlivost' (Hazleton , Pa ., 1914) Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota (Cleveland, 1914-1975) Zivena 1915 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Amerikansko-Slovensky bulletin (Pittsburgh , 1915) Amerikansko-Slovensky svet (Pittsburgh , 1915-1916) Besedy l'udu (New York, 1915-1917) Bratstvo Denny hlas (Cleveland, 1915-1925) Farnik (Monessen, Pa. , 1915-1916) Hlas Hlas svobody Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kritika Kruh mladeze (Pittsburgh , 1915-1934) l.:udovy dennik Narodne noviny Narodny dennik Narodny Slovensky dennik New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena 1916 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Amerikansko-Slovensky svet Besedy l'udu Bratstvo Certik (Pittsburgh, 1916-1917) Denny hlas Farnik Hlas Hlas svobody Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kruh mladeze l.:udovy dennik Narod (Pittsburgh, 1916) Narodne noviny Narodny dennik Narodny dennik (Pittsburgh, 1916-1924) Narodny slovensky dennik Nedel'a (Hazelton , Pa ., 1916) New Yorsky dennik Prehl'ad Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana (Scranton, Pa ., 1916-1972) Slovensky hlasnik 41 �42 SLOVAKIA Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky tyzdennik (Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 1916) Svetlak Svornost' Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena 1917 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria (Cleveland, 1917Besedy l'udu (New York, N.Y., 1915-1917) Bratstvo Certik Chicagsky dennik (Chicago, 1917) Chicagsky Slovensky dennik (Chicago, 1917) Denny hlas Hlas Hlas svobody Jednota . Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kruh mladeze I.:udovy dennik Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Prehl'ad Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovenska mladez (Pittsburgh , 1917-1918) Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor (Chicago , 1917-1922) Svetlak Svornost' Tatran (Chicago, 1917-1937) Udalosti sveta (Hazleton, Pa., 1917-1919) Uradny organ (Braddock, Pa., 1917-1918) Vatra (Pittsburgh, 1917) Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena 1918 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa (Bridgeport , Conn., 1918-1952) Bratstvo Denny hlas Hlas Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran (Streator, Ill., 1918-1941) Mudron district (Chicago , 1918) Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nave easy (Chicago, 1918-1945) Nave Slovensko (Pittsburgh, 1918-1922) Obzor Slovenskeho robotnickeho spolku (Chicago, 1918-1920) Osadnik (Cleveland , 1918) Prehl'ad Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike �SLOVAKIA Slovenska mladez Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor Svedok Svornost' Tatran Udalosti sveta Oradny organ Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zurnal spojenych majnerov (Indianapolis , Ind., 1918) 1919 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Denny hlas . Dobry pastier (Munhall, Pa. , 1919) Hlas Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Nave Slovensko Obzor Slovenskeho robotnickeho spolku Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike 43 Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor Svetlak Svornost' Tatran Udalosti sveta Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1920 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoknaznik (Cleveland , 1920-1927) Ceskoslovensky legionar (Pittsburgh , 1920-1926) Clevelandska Slovenska jednota (Cleveland , 1920-1945) Denny hlas Dobry pastier Hlas Hlas Sv. Emanuela (Minneapolis , 1920) Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky Slovak (Chicago, 1920-1921) Katolicky sokol Krajan Krajan dzennik (New York, 1920-1921) Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran Narodne bratstvo (Cleveland , 1920) Narodne noviny �44 SLOVAKIA Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Nave Slovensko Obzor Slovenskeho robotnickeho spolku Priatel' dietok Proletar (Cleveland, 1920-1921) Rovnost' l'udu Sion (Pittsburgh, 1920Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 192 1 Amerikansk6-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoknaznik Ceskoslovensky legionar Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Denny hlas Dobry pastier Hlas Host' (Chicago , 1921-1922) Jednota Jara (Middletown, Pa ., 1921-1964) Katolfcke Slovenske noviny Katolfcky Slovak Katolfcky sokol Krajan Krajan dzennik Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nave easy (Chicago, 1918-1945) Nave Slovensko Priatel' dietok Proletar Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor Svedok Svornost' Tatran Telegraf (Bridgeport, Conn., 1921-1923) Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1922 Americky Slovak (Pittsburgh , 1922) Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoknaznik Ceskoslovensky legionar Chicagsky Slovensky dennik (Chicago , 1922) Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Denny hlas Dobry pastier Hlas Host' �SLOVAKIA Jednota Jara Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Nave Slovensko Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor Studentska horlivost' (Lisle, Ill. , 1922-1923) Svedok Svornost' Tatran Telegraf Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nova vlast' (Pittsburgh, 1923) Nave easy Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Studentska horlivost' Svedok Svornost' Tatran Telegraf Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1923 1924 Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoki\.aznik Ceskoslovensky legionar Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Denny hlas Dobry pastier Fialky (Danville, Pa., 1923-1970) Furdek (Middletown, Pa., Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoki\.aznik Caskoslovensky legionar Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica (Pittsburgh , 1924-1962) Denny hlas Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek 1923-1941) 45 �46 SLOVAKIA Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv. Frantiska (Pittsburgh, 1924) Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny Narodny dennik Narodny tyzdennik (Pittsburgh , 1924) Nasa mladez (Chicago , 1924) New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Pokrokova jednota (McKees Rocks, Pa ., 1924-1935) Priatet' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska oqrana Slovensky bulletin (Bethlehem , Pa ., 1924-1929) Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1925 Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Denny hlas Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv. Frantiska Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske slovo (Cleveland , 1925) Slovensky bulletin Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky narod (Schenectady, N.Y ., 1925) Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoknaznik Ceskoslovensky legionar Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo 1926 �SLOVAKIA Cernoknaznik Ceskoslovensky legiona.r Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv. Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky bulletin Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet (Pittsburgh, Cernoknaznik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv. Frantiska Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Pok.rokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sdruzeniar (Youngstown, Ohio, 1927) Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska ozvena (Cleveland, 1927-1931) 1927 Slovensky bulletin Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svetlak Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Ave Maria 1926-1940) Slovo (Pittsburgh, 1926-19 37) Svetlak Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1928 47 �48 SLOVAKIA Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Li sty Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska ozvena Slovensky bulletin Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky K,alvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1929 Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostatnost' (McKeesport, Pa ., 1929-1939) Sion Slovak Manor obzor (Long Island, N.Y ., 1929) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska ozvena Slovenske noviny (New York , N.Y. , 1929-1943) Slovensky bulletin Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo �SLOVAKIA 1930 Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet (Cleveland, 1930-1962) Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostatnost' Sion Slovak Orol (New York, N.Y., 1930) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska ozvena Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Sokolska straz (Pittsburgh, 1930-1931) Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zapadne hlasy (Milwaukee , 1930) Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1931 Ave Maria The Benedictine (Cleveland, 1931-1976) Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladze Listy Sv. Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny The Narrator (Milwaukee , 1931-1932) Nas svet (Chicago, 1931-1940) Nasa straz (Pittsburgh, 1931) New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska ozvena Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin 49 �SLOVAKIA 50 Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Sokolska straz Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1932 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske Srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik (Riverside , Ill. , 1932- ) Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jed no ta Jara Kadel Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Lampas (Cleveland, 1932) Listy Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny The Narrator Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske slovenske noviny Zenska jed nota Zivena Zrkadlo 1933 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Kruh mladeze Listy Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennlk Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota �SLOVAKIA Pravda (Chicago , 193 3-1945} Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostatnost' Sion Slovak Democrat (New York , N.Y., 1933} Slovak V Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky soko l Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Wiconsinsky Slovak (Milwaukee, 1933-1936} Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1934 Americky Slovak (Cleveland , 1934-35} Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Detroitsky Slovak (Detroit, 1934} Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Kruh mladeze Listy Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Pravda Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostalnost' Sion Slovak (New York , N.Y ., 1934) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska revizia (Detriot , 1934} Slovenske novin y Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Wisconsinsky Slovak Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1935 Americky Slovak Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Bulletin Slovenskej ligy v Amerike (Pittsburgh, 1935-1937} Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota 51 �52 SLOVAKIA Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv . Frantiska I.:udovy dennik (Chicago, 1935-1945) Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Pravda Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Rozsieva/'.: (Gaines , Mich., 1935-1936) Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky ob/'.:an Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Wisconsinsky Slovak Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zahradka (Pittsburgh, 1935-1937) Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1936 Ave Maria The Benedictine Besiedky , Listy Americkych Slovakov (New York , N.Y., 1936) Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Bulletin Slovenskej ligy v Amerike Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota The Courier (Granite City, Ill ., 1936-1937) Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pravda a slavna nadej (Chicago, 1936) Pravda Priatel' dietok Rozsieva/'.: Rozsievac pravdy (Akron, Ohio , 1936) Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky ob/'.:an �SLOVAKIA Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Wisconsinsky Slovak Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zahradka Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1937 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Bulletin Slovenskej ligy v Amerike Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota The Courier Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Hlasnik (Akron , Ohio , 1937) Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zahradka Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1938 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok 53 �54 SLOVAKIA Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Straz (Palmyra , Pa. , 1938) Svedok Svornost' Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1939 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1940 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky soko l Listy Sv . Frantiska I.:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok Roduverny Slovak (Chicago, 1940-1942) �SLOVAKIA Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenka (Chicago , 1940) Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obi':an Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1941 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I..:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok Roduverny Slovak Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovanske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka (Pittsburgh , 1941Zrkadlo 1942 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jez isa Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas mladeze (New York , N.Y., 1942-1968) Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska Ludovy dennik Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pennsylvanska Slovenska jednota (Wilkes-Barre, 1942-1944) Pravda Priatel' dietok Roduvern y Slovak Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny 55 �56 SLOVAKIA Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornieka Zrkadlo 1943 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy denn'ik Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pennsylvanska Slovenska jednota Pravda Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Record (Pittsburgh, 1943) Slaboda (New York , N.Y., 1943) Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornieka Zrkadlo 1944 Ave Maria The Benedictine Boske srdce Jezisa Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy dennik The Lutheran Beacon (Pittsburgh, 1944-1970) Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pennsylvanska Slovenska jednota Pravda Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota �SLOVAKIA Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo Zornicka Zrkadlo 1945 1946 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo (Wilkes-Barre , Pa. , 1954) Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska Cudove noviny (Chicago , 1945-1984) Cudovy dennik The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Za tu nasu slovencinu (Scranton , Pa., 1945) Zenska jednota Zivena Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas mladeze Hlas slovenskej slobody (WilkesBarre , Pa ., 1946) Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv . Frantiska Cudove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Digest (Pittsburgh , 1946) Slovak Review (Middletown , Pa., 1946-1947) Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 57 �58 1947 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas ml adeze Jednota Jara Kadel Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I..:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Arnerike Slovak Review Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1948 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Dennica SLOVAKIA Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I..:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Naradny Slovensky tyzdennik (Chicago , 1948) New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak Bulletin (Pittsburgh, 1948) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska liga (Passaic , 1948) Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1949 Ave Maria The Benedictin e Bozske srdce Jez isa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Denni ca Dobry past ier Fialky Hla s ml adeze Jed nota Jara Kad et Katolicky sokol �SLOVAKIA Listy Sv. Frantiska l.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Newsletter (Middletown , Pa .. 1949-1958) Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny (Cleveland, 1949-1959) Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornii':ka Zrkadlo 1950 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cas (Washington , D.C., 1950-1959) Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas mladeze Jed no ta Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska l.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky' dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1951 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas mladeze Jed no ta Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv . Frantiska l.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Naradne novin y New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagl e (Bridgeport, Conn .. 1951) Slovak Newsletter 59 �60 Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornii'.:ka Zrkadlo 1952 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky so!<ol Listy Sv. Frantiska 1'.udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky soko l Svetlak SLOVAKIA Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1953 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad (Middletown, Pa., 1953-1958) Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak (Maitland, Fla., 1953) Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska l'.udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota �SLOVAKIA Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1954 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Kadel Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska l.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most (Cleveland, 1954Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jed nota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1955 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska l.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter . Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1956 Ave Maria The Benedictine 61 �62 SLOVAKIA Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Rozhl'ady (New York , N .Y., 1956-1959) Sion Slovak V Am'e rike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo The Benedictine Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Rozhl'ady Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1957 1958 Amerikansko-Slovensky kocur (Cleveland , 1957-1958) Ave Maria Amerikansko-Slovensky kocur Ave Maria The Benedictine �SLOVAKIA Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska l'.udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Rozhl'ady Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1959 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Li sty Sv. Frantiska l'.udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Rozhl'lady Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1960 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze 63 �64 Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Li sty Sv . Fran ti ska Ludove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1961 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most SLOVAKIA Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1962 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Calvin (Pittsburgh , 1962Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv . Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle �SLOVAKIA Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' United Lutheran (Pittsburgh, 1962- ) Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1963 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Katolicky sokol Listy Sv . Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' United Luthera n Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1964 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Nardone noviny New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1965 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky 65 �66 Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy (Chicago, 1965Nase snahy (Chicago, 1965New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenske obrana Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1966 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine··Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Ciekevmk Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny SLOVAKIA ) ) Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1967 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Sokol Times (Perth Amboy, N.J ., 1967) �SLOVAKIA Svetlak Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1968 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska LUdove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest (New York , N.Y., 1968-1975) Sl~venska obrana Sokol Times Svetlak Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1969 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Li sty Sv . Frantiska Ludove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Slovenska obrana Sokol Times Svedok Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1970 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky 67 �68 Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Slovenska obrana Sokol times Svetlak Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota .Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1971 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik SLOVAKIA Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Slovak a Svet (Chicago, 1971-72) Slovenska obrana Sokol Times Svetlak United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1972 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Fran ti ska I.:udove noviny Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slobodna tribuna (New York, N. Y. , 1972) Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Slovak a Svet Slovenska obrana Sokol Times Svetlak �SLOVAKIA United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1973 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slobodna tribuna Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Sokol Times Svedok United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1974 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Li sty Sv. Fran ti ska I.:udove noviny Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slobodna Tribuna Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Sokol Times Svedok United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1975 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik 69 �70 Priatel' dietok Sion Slobodna tribuna Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Heritage (Detroit , 1975Slovak Press Digest SLOVAKIA Sokol Times Svetlak United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo �SLOVAKIA LITERATURE 71 �� 34 SLOVAKIA Slovak-American Newspapers, 1885-1975: A Preliminary Listing M. MARK STOLARIK In 1983, as the centennial of the Slovak-American press approached , I decided to re-work Konstantin Culen's annotated bibliography Slovenske casopisy v Amerike (Cleveland: First Catholic Slovak Union , 1970) and tell the story as he would have had he not died prematurely in 1964 . Therefore , I literally took his book apart and put it back together again with the aid of a computer. This resulted in two analytical essays and the listing I am about to publish. The essays were: " The Slovak-American Press," [1885-1984] in Sally M. Miller ed., The Ethnic Press in the United States: A Historical Analy sis and Handbook (Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1987), and "At Home Abroad: The SlovakAmerican Press, 1885-1918 , " which is slated to appear in Owen V. Johnson 's edited volume entitled Mobilizing the Mobilized: The Role and Functions of the Mass Media in Eastern Europe. The list of Slovak-American newspapers published between 1885 and 1975 which follows is based upon Culen's book , cited above , and the late Michal Lacko's Slovak Bibliography Abroad, 1945-1965, and 1966-1975 published in Slovak Studies VII and XVII, Bibliografica 1 and 2 (Rome: Slovak Institute, 1967 and 1977) . Culen listed 246 titles in his book, but, upon close inspection, I discovered 39 titles that he could not verify or which should not have been listed because they were not Slovak newspapers. I subtracted these from the list. Furthermore, Lacko discovered 13 titles that Culen had missed and I added these, coming up with a grand total of 220 for the period 1885-1975 . There have probably �SLOVAKIA 35 been more than 220 Slovak-American newspapers in the period 1885-1975, but they remain to be discovered and verified. Also, Jozef Rydlo, who has taken over the duties of editor of Slovak Studies, is presently working on a Slovak Bibliography Abroad, 1976-1985 and his work will allow me, or someone else, to update the list to 1985. Meanwhile, here is how I prepared the list. I carefully read Culen's annotated bibliography and kept his definition of a newspaper as one that appeared at least quarterly. I then listed the title, the date and city it first appeared in, and also major subsequent cities if it moved, and the date it folded. This list (plus my analytical articles, cited abov~) supplements the work of Michal Potemra who published a Bibliografia slovenskych novin a casopisov do roku 1918 (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1958) and Maria Kipsova et. al . Bibliografia slovenskych a inorecovy ch novin a casopisov z rokov 1919-1938 (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1968) . I hope that students of SlovakAmerican history will find it useful. Slovak-American Newspapers, 1885-1975 1885 Bulletin (Pittsburgh , 1885-1886) 1886 Bulletin Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny (Pittsburgh, 1886-1922) 1887 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny 1888 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Nova vlast' (Streator , Ill ., 1888) Slovak v Amerike (Plymouth & New York , 1889) Zastava (Plymouth , Pa ., 1889) 1890 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Katolicke noviny Slovak v Amerike 1891 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Jednota (Cleveland , 1891) Katolicke noviny Slovak v Amerike 1889 1892 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Katolicke noviny (Hazleton , Pa ., 1889-1891) Robotnik (Connellsville , Pa ., 1889) Americky Slovak (Cleveland, 1892-1894) Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Jednota �36 SLOVAKIA Slovak v Amerike Slovenske listy (Jersey City, N .J., 1892) 1893 Americky Slovak Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Jednota Slovak v Amerike Slovenska svornost' (Connellsville , Pa., 1893-1897) 1894 Americky Slovak Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Cirkevne listy (Cleveland, 1894-1899) Fakla (New York City, 1894) Jednota Majak (Pittsburgh, 1894) Pravda (Connellsville , Pa., 1894-1896) Slovak v Arilerike Slovenska pravda (Freeland, Pa., 1984-1904) Slovenska svornost' Slovensky hlas (Pittsburgh, 1894-1898) 1895 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Cas (Nanticoke, Pa., 1895-1899) Cirkevne listy Jednota Katolik (Freeland , Pa., 1895-1898) Pravda Rodina (Cleveland, 1895) Slovak (New York City , 1895) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenska svornost' Slovensky hlas 1896 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Cas Cirkevne listy Jednota Katolik Pravda Rarasek (Pittsburgh, 1896-1912) Sasok (Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 1896-1898) Slovak v Amerike Slovaktownske hlasy (Pittsburgh, 1896) Slovenska pravda Slovenska svornost' Slovensky hlas 1897 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Carodejnik (Cleveland, 1897-1898) Cas Cirkevne listy The Emmigrant (Pittsburgh , 1897) Jednota Katolik Mydlo (Wilkes-Barre , Pa., 1897-1898) Rarasek Sasok Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenska svornost' Slovenske noviny (Hazleton , Pa., 1897-1911) Slovensky hlas 1898 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Carodejnik Cas Cirkevne listy Jednota Katolik Mydlo Rarasek �SLOVAKIA Sasok Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlas 1899 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo (Wilkes-Barre, Pa ., 1899-1941 ; 1945) Cas Cirkevne listy Jednota Novy Cernoknaznik (Cleveland , 1899) Rarasek Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny 1900 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Cas Jednota Lutheran (Cleveland , 1900-1902) Rarasek Slaboda (Chicago, 1900-1901) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik (Pittsburgh, 1900-1962) Slovensky Lutheran (Philadelphia, 1900) 1901 37 Slebodny Orel (New York, N.Y., 1901-1904) Slaboda Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky dennik (Pittsburgh, 1901-1915) Slovensky hlasnik Viera (Cleveland , 1901-1902) 1902 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Jednota Lutheran Rarasek Slebodny ore! Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky American (Pittsburgh, 1902-1903) Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky obcan (Bridgeport, Conn., 1902) Viera 1903 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Jednota Rarasek Slebodny ore! Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky American Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Jednota Lutheran Naso novini (New York , N.Y., 1901) 1904 Rarasek Sip (Cleveland, 1901) Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny �38 SLOVAKIA Bratstvo Jednota Rarasek Robotnik (New York, N.Y., 1904) Slebodny V Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky sokol Slovensky tyzdennik Svedok (Pittsburgh , 1906Zornicka (Wilkes-Barre, Pa. , 1906-1907) 1907 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Hlas (Cleveland, 1907-1947) 1905 Jednota Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Katolicke Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Nasa zastava Rarasek Jednota Rovnost' l'udu Rarasek Slovak v Amerike Slovak v Amerike Slovenske noviny Slovenske noviny Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensko-Americky zabavnik (Chicago , 1905-1912) Slovensky dennik Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin (Pittsburgh, Slovensky sokol (Perth Amboy , N .J., 1907-1962) 1905-1966) Slovensky pokrok Slovensky tyzdenmk (New York, Slovensky sokol N.Y ., 1905-1906) Svedok Sokol a narod (1905) Zensky svet (New York, N.Y., 1907-1908) Zornicka 1906 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny 1908 Bratstvo Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Jednota Bratstvo Katolicke Slovenske noviny Hlas (Chicago, 1906-1926) Nasa zastava (Bridgeport , Conn. , Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny 1906-1907) Krajan (Hazleton , Pa. , 1908) Rarasek Rovnost' l'udu (Chicago, 1906-1935) Rarasek Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Skola reci anglickej (Pittsburgh, Slovenske noviny 1908-1909) Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovak v Amerike Slovensky dennik Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky pokrok (New York , N.Y ., Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensky dennik 1906-1911) �SLOVAKIA Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky narod (Cudahy , Wisc., 1908) Slovensky pokrok Slovensky sokol Svetlak Zensky svet Zivena (Pittsburgh, 19081909 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Hlas Jednota Katolfcke Slovenske noviny Rarasek Rovnost' l'udu Skala reci anglickej Slovak v Amerike Slovenske noviny Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky pokrok Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet (Clarksburg , W.Va ., 1909-1910) Svetlak Zivena 1910 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Hlas Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Kometa (Passaic, N.J. , 1910) Mladez (Pittsburgh , 1910-1911) Narodne noviny (Pittsburgh, 1910) Niva (Homestead, Pa., 1910-1911) Rarasek 39 Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovenske listy (Chicago, 1910) Slovenske noviny Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky pokrok Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Svetlak Youngstow nske Slovenske noviny (Youngstown, Ohio, 1910-1938) Zivena 1911 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Evanjelicky obzor (Cleveland, 1911-1912) Hlas Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol (Passaic , N.J., 1911) I.'.udovy dennik (Chicago , 1911-1917) Mladez Narodne noviny Niva Nova vlast' (Scranton, Pa ., 1911) Priatel' dietok (Passaic, N.J. , 1911) Rarasek Rovnost' l'udu Slovak a Amerike Slovenske noviny Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obzor (Passaic, N.J., 1911) Slovensky pokrok Slovensky soko l �40 SLOVAKIA Svedok Svornost' (Pittsburgh, 1911-1970} Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zivena 1912 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Evanjelicky obzor Hlas Jednota Juhozapadne noviny (Deslego , Mo. , 1912} Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an (Uniontown , Pa., 1912-1932} I.:udovy dennik Narodne noviny Narodny dennik (Chicago, 1912} Priatel' dietok Rarasek Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan (Hazleton , Pa ., 1912-1947} Slovensky sokol Slovensky tyzdenmk (Cleveland, 1912} Svedok Svornost' Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zivena 1913 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Hlas Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan (New York, N.Y ., 1913-1921} Krest'an I.:udovy dennik Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik (New York, N .Y., 1913-1975) Osveta (Cleveland, 1913) Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovenske slovo (Chicago , 1913-1914) Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Viestnik (Chicago, 1913) Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zivena 1914 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Hlas Hlas svobody (New York, N.Y., 1914-1917) Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kritika (Cleveland, 1914-1915) I.:udovy dennik Narodne noviny Narodny dennik (Pittsburgh, 1914-1916) Narodny Slovensky dennik (Chicago, 1914-1916) New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok �SLOVAKIA Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovenske slovo Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Oplna zdrzanlivost' (Hazleton , Pa ., 1914) Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota (Cleveland, 1914-1975) Zivena 1915 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Amerikansko-Slovensky bulletin (Pittsburgh , 1915) Amerikansko-Slovensky svet (Pittsburgh , 1915-1916) Besedy l'udu (New York, 1915-1917) Bratstvo Denny hlas (Cleveland, 1915-1925) Farnik (Monessen, Pa. , 1915-1916) Hlas Hlas svobody Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kritika Kruh mladeze (Pittsburgh , 1915-1934) l.:udovy dennik Narodne noviny Narodny dennik Narodny Slovensky dennik New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena 1916 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Amerikansko-Slovensky svet Besedy l'udu Bratstvo Certik (Pittsburgh, 1916-1917) Denny hlas Farnik Hlas Hlas svobody Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kruh mladeze l.:udovy dennik Narod (Pittsburgh, 1916) Narodne noviny Narodny dennik Narodny dennik (Pittsburgh, 1916-1924) Narodny slovensky dennik Nedel'a (Hazelton , Pa ., 1916) New Yorsky dennik Prehl'ad Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana (Scranton, Pa ., 1916-1972) Slovensky hlasnik 41 �42 SLOVAKIA Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky tyzdennik (Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 1916) Svetlak Svornost' Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena 1917 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria (Cleveland, 1917Besedy l'udu (New York, N.Y., 1915-1917) Bratstvo Certik Chicagsky dennik (Chicago, 1917) Chicagsky Slovensky dennik (Chicago, 1917) Denny hlas Hlas Hlas svobody Jednota . Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kruh mladeze I.:udovy dennik Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Prehl'ad Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovenska mladez (Pittsburgh , 1917-1918) Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor (Chicago , 1917-1922) Svetlak Svornost' Tatran (Chicago, 1917-1937) Udalosti sveta (Hazleton, Pa., 1917-1919) Uradny organ (Braddock, Pa., 1917-1918) Vatra (Pittsburgh, 1917) Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena 1918 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa (Bridgeport , Conn., 1918-1952) Bratstvo Denny hlas Hlas Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran (Streator, Ill., 1918-1941) Mudron district (Chicago , 1918) Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nave easy (Chicago, 1918-1945) Nave Slovensko (Pittsburgh, 1918-1922) Obzor Slovenskeho robotnickeho spolku (Chicago, 1918-1920) Osadnik (Cleveland , 1918) Prehl'ad Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike �SLOVAKIA Slovenska mladez Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor Svedok Svornost' Tatran Udalosti sveta Oradny organ Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zurnal spojenych majnerov (Indianapolis , Ind., 1918) 1919 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Denny hlas . Dobry pastier (Munhall, Pa. , 1919) Hlas Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Nave Slovensko Obzor Slovenskeho robotnickeho spolku Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike 43 Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor Svetlak Svornost' Tatran Udalosti sveta Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1920 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoknaznik (Cleveland , 1920-1927) Ceskoslovensky legionar (Pittsburgh , 1920-1926) Clevelandska Slovenska jednota (Cleveland , 1920-1945) Denny hlas Dobry pastier Hlas Hlas Sv. Emanuela (Minneapolis , 1920) Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky Slovak (Chicago, 1920-1921) Katolicky sokol Krajan Krajan dzennik (New York, 1920-1921) Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran Narodne bratstvo (Cleveland , 1920) Narodne noviny �44 SLOVAKIA Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Nave Slovensko Obzor Slovenskeho robotnickeho spolku Priatel' dietok Proletar (Cleveland, 1920-1921) Rovnost' l'udu Sion (Pittsburgh, 1920Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 192 1 Amerikansk6-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoknaznik Ceskoslovensky legionar Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Denny hlas Dobry pastier Hlas Host' (Chicago , 1921-1922) Jednota Jara (Middletown, Pa ., 1921-1964) Katolfcke Slovenske noviny Katolfcky Slovak Katolfcky sokol Krajan Krajan dzennik Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nave easy (Chicago, 1918-1945) Nave Slovensko Priatel' dietok Proletar Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor Svedok Svornost' Tatran Telegraf (Bridgeport, Conn., 1921-1923) Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1922 Americky Slovak (Pittsburgh , 1922) Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoknaznik Ceskoslovensky legionar Chicagsky Slovensky dennik (Chicago , 1922) Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Denny hlas Dobry pastier Hlas Host' �SLOVAKIA Jednota Jara Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Nave Slovensko Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor Studentska horlivost' (Lisle, Ill. , 1922-1923) Svedok Svornost' Tatran Telegraf Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nova vlast' (Pittsburgh, 1923) Nave easy Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Studentska horlivost' Svedok Svornost' Tatran Telegraf Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1923 1924 Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoki\.aznik Ceskoslovensky legionar Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Denny hlas Dobry pastier Fialky (Danville, Pa., 1923-1970) Furdek (Middletown, Pa., Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoki\.aznik Caskoslovensky legionar Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica (Pittsburgh , 1924-1962) Denny hlas Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek 1923-1941) 45 �46 SLOVAKIA Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv. Frantiska (Pittsburgh, 1924) Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny Narodny dennik Narodny tyzdennik (Pittsburgh , 1924) Nasa mladez (Chicago , 1924) New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Pokrokova jednota (McKees Rocks, Pa ., 1924-1935) Priatet' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska oqrana Slovensky bulletin (Bethlehem , Pa ., 1924-1929) Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1925 Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Denny hlas Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv. Frantiska Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske slovo (Cleveland , 1925) Slovensky bulletin Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky narod (Schenectady, N.Y ., 1925) Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoknaznik Ceskoslovensky legionar Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo 1926 �SLOVAKIA Cernoknaznik Ceskoslovensky legiona.r Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv. Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky bulletin Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet (Pittsburgh, Cernoknaznik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv. Frantiska Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Pok.rokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sdruzeniar (Youngstown, Ohio, 1927) Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska ozvena (Cleveland, 1927-1931) 1927 Slovensky bulletin Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svetlak Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Ave Maria 1926-1940) Slovo (Pittsburgh, 1926-19 37) Svetlak Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1928 47 �48 SLOVAKIA Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Li sty Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska ozvena Slovensky bulletin Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky K,alvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1929 Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostatnost' (McKeesport, Pa ., 1929-1939) Sion Slovak Manor obzor (Long Island, N.Y ., 1929) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska ozvena Slovenske noviny (New York , N.Y. , 1929-1943) Slovensky bulletin Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo �SLOVAKIA 1930 Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet (Cleveland, 1930-1962) Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostatnost' Sion Slovak Orol (New York, N.Y., 1930) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska ozvena Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Sokolska straz (Pittsburgh, 1930-1931) Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zapadne hlasy (Milwaukee , 1930) Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1931 Ave Maria The Benedictine (Cleveland, 1931-1976) Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladze Listy Sv. Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny The Narrator (Milwaukee , 1931-1932) Nas svet (Chicago, 1931-1940) Nasa straz (Pittsburgh, 1931) New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska ozvena Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin 49 �SLOVAKIA 50 Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Sokolska straz Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1932 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske Srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik (Riverside , Ill. , 1932- ) Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jed no ta Jara Kadel Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Lampas (Cleveland, 1932) Listy Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny The Narrator Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske slovenske noviny Zenska jed nota Zivena Zrkadlo 1933 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Kruh mladeze Listy Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennlk Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota �SLOVAKIA Pravda (Chicago , 193 3-1945} Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostatnost' Sion Slovak Democrat (New York , N.Y., 1933} Slovak V Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky soko l Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Wiconsinsky Slovak (Milwaukee, 1933-1936} Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1934 Americky Slovak (Cleveland , 1934-35} Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Detroitsky Slovak (Detroit, 1934} Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Kruh mladeze Listy Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Pravda Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostalnost' Sion Slovak (New York , N.Y ., 1934) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska revizia (Detriot , 1934} Slovenske novin y Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Wisconsinsky Slovak Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1935 Americky Slovak Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Bulletin Slovenskej ligy v Amerike (Pittsburgh, 1935-1937} Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota 51 �52 SLOVAKIA Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv . Frantiska I.:udovy dennik (Chicago, 1935-1945) Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Pravda Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Rozsieva/'.: (Gaines , Mich., 1935-1936) Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky ob/'.:an Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Wisconsinsky Slovak Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zahradka (Pittsburgh, 1935-1937) Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1936 Ave Maria The Benedictine Besiedky , Listy Americkych Slovakov (New York , N.Y., 1936) Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Bulletin Slovenskej ligy v Amerike Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota The Courier (Granite City, Ill ., 1936-1937) Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pravda a slavna nadej (Chicago, 1936) Pravda Priatel' dietok Rozsieva/'.: Rozsievac pravdy (Akron, Ohio , 1936) Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky ob/'.:an �SLOVAKIA Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Wisconsinsky Slovak Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zahradka Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1937 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Bulletin Slovenskej ligy v Amerike Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota The Courier Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Hlasnik (Akron , Ohio , 1937) Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zahradka Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1938 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok 53 �54 SLOVAKIA Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Straz (Palmyra , Pa. , 1938) Svedok Svornost' Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1939 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1940 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky soko l Listy Sv . Frantiska I.:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok Roduverny Slovak (Chicago, 1940-1942) �SLOVAKIA Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenka (Chicago , 1940) Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obi':an Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1941 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I..:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok Roduverny Slovak Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovanske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka (Pittsburgh , 1941Zrkadlo 1942 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jez isa Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas mladeze (New York , N.Y., 1942-1968) Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska Ludovy dennik Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pennsylvanska Slovenska jednota (Wilkes-Barre, 1942-1944) Pravda Priatel' dietok Roduvern y Slovak Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny 55 �56 SLOVAKIA Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornieka Zrkadlo 1943 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy denn'ik Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pennsylvanska Slovenska jednota Pravda Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Record (Pittsburgh, 1943) Slaboda (New York , N.Y., 1943) Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornieka Zrkadlo 1944 Ave Maria The Benedictine Boske srdce Jezisa Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy dennik The Lutheran Beacon (Pittsburgh, 1944-1970) Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pennsylvanska Slovenska jednota Pravda Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota �SLOVAKIA Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo Zornicka Zrkadlo 1945 1946 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo (Wilkes-Barre , Pa. , 1954) Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska Cudove noviny (Chicago , 1945-1984) Cudovy dennik The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Za tu nasu slovencinu (Scranton , Pa., 1945) Zenska jednota Zivena Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas mladeze Hlas slovenskej slobody (WilkesBarre , Pa ., 1946) Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv . Frantiska Cudove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Digest (Pittsburgh , 1946) Slovak Review (Middletown , Pa., 1946-1947) Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 57 �58 1947 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas ml adeze Jednota Jara Kadel Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I..:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Arnerike Slovak Review Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1948 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Dennica SLOVAKIA Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I..:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Naradny Slovensky tyzdennik (Chicago , 1948) New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak Bulletin (Pittsburgh, 1948) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska liga (Passaic , 1948) Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1949 Ave Maria The Benedictin e Bozske srdce Jez isa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Denni ca Dobry past ier Fialky Hla s ml adeze Jed nota Jara Kad et Katolicky sokol �SLOVAKIA Listy Sv. Frantiska l.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Newsletter (Middletown , Pa .. 1949-1958) Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny (Cleveland, 1949-1959) Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornii':ka Zrkadlo 1950 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cas (Washington , D.C., 1950-1959) Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas mladeze Jed no ta Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska l.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky' dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1951 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas mladeze Jed no ta Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv . Frantiska l.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Naradne novin y New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagl e (Bridgeport, Conn .. 1951) Slovak Newsletter 59 �60 Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornii'.:ka Zrkadlo 1952 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky so!<ol Listy Sv. Frantiska 1'.udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky soko l Svetlak SLOVAKIA Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1953 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad (Middletown, Pa., 1953-1958) Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak (Maitland, Fla., 1953) Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska l'.udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota �SLOVAKIA Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1954 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Kadel Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska l.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most (Cleveland, 1954Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jed nota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1955 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska l.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter . Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1956 Ave Maria The Benedictine 61 �62 SLOVAKIA Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Rozhl'ady (New York , N .Y., 1956-1959) Sion Slovak V Am'e rike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo The Benedictine Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Rozhl'ady Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1957 1958 Amerikansko-Slovensky kocur (Cleveland , 1957-1958) Ave Maria Amerikansko-Slovensky kocur Ave Maria The Benedictine �SLOVAKIA Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska l'.udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Rozhl'ady Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1959 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Li sty Sv. Frantiska l'.udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Rozhl'lady Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1960 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze 63 �64 Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Li sty Sv . Fran ti ska Ludove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1961 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most SLOVAKIA Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1962 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Calvin (Pittsburgh , 1962Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv . Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle �SLOVAKIA Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' United Lutheran (Pittsburgh, 1962- ) Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1963 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Katolicky sokol Listy Sv . Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' United Luthera n Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1964 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Nardone noviny New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1965 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky 65 �66 Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy (Chicago, 1965Nase snahy (Chicago, 1965New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenske obrana Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1966 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine··Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Ciekevmk Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny SLOVAKIA ) ) Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1967 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Sokol Times (Perth Amboy, N.J ., 1967) �SLOVAKIA Svetlak Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1968 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska LUdove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest (New York , N.Y., 1968-1975) Sl~venska obrana Sokol Times Svetlak Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1969 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Li sty Sv . Frantiska Ludove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Slovenska obrana Sokol Times Svedok Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1970 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky 67 �68 Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Slovenska obrana Sokol times Svetlak Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota .Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1971 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik SLOVAKIA Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Slovak a Svet (Chicago, 1971-72) Slovenska obrana Sokol Times Svetlak United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1972 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Fran ti ska I.:udove noviny Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slobodna tribuna (New York, N. Y. , 1972) Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Slovak a Svet Slovenska obrana Sokol Times Svetlak �SLOVAKIA United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1973 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slobodna tribuna Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Sokol Times Svedok United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1974 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Li sty Sv. Fran ti ska I.:udove noviny Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slobodna Tribuna Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Sokol Times Svedok United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1975 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik 69 �70 Priatel' dietok Sion Slobodna tribuna Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Heritage (Detroit , 1975Slovak Press Digest SLOVAKIA Sokol Times Svetlak United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo �SLOVAKIA LITERATURE 71 �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1985-86, Vol. 32 Description An account of the resource Vol. 32 (No. 58-59), 1985-86. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document 34 SLOVAKIA Slovak-American Newspapers, 1885-1975: A Preliminary Listing M. MARK STOLARIK In 1983, as the centennial of the Slovak-American press approached , I decided to re-work Konstantin Culen's annotated bibliography Slovenske casopisy v Amerike (Cleveland: First Catholic Slovak Union , 1970) and tell the story as he would have had he not died prematurely in 1964 . Therefore , I literally took his book apart and put it back together again with the aid of a computer. This resulted in two analytical essays and the listing I am about to publish. The essays were: " The Slovak-American Press," [1885-1984] in Sally M. Miller ed., The Ethnic Press in the United States: A Historical Analy sis and Handbook (Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, 1987), and "At Home Abroad: The SlovakAmerican Press, 1885-1918 , " which is slated to appear in Owen V. Johnson 's edited volume entitled Mobilizing the Mobilized: The Role and Functions of the Mass Media in Eastern Europe. The list of Slovak-American newspapers published between 1885 and 1975 which follows is based upon Culen's book , cited above , and the late Michal Lacko's Slovak Bibliography Abroad, 1945-1965, and 1966-1975 published in Slovak Studies VII and XVII, Bibliografica 1 and 2 (Rome: Slovak Institute, 1967 and 1977) . Culen listed 246 titles in his book, but, upon close inspection, I discovered 39 titles that he could not verify or which should not have been listed because they were not Slovak newspapers. I subtracted these from the list. Furthermore, Lacko discovered 13 titles that Culen had missed and I added these, coming up with a grand total of 220 for the period 1885-1975 . There have probably SLOVAKIA 35 been more than 220 Slovak-American newspapers in the period 1885-1975, but they remain to be discovered and verified. Also, Jozef Rydlo, who has taken over the duties of editor of Slovak Studies, is presently working on a Slovak Bibliography Abroad, 1976-1985 and his work will allow me, or someone else, to update the list to 1985. Meanwhile, here is how I prepared the list. I carefully read Culen's annotated bibliography and kept his definition of a newspaper as one that appeared at least quarterly. I then listed the title, the date and city it first appeared in, and also major subsequent cities if it moved, and the date it folded. This list (plus my analytical articles, cited abov~) supplements the work of Michal Potemra who published a Bibliografia slovenskych novin a casopisov do roku 1918 (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1958) and Maria Kipsova et. al . Bibliografia slovenskych a inorecovy ch novin a casopisov z rokov 1919-1938 (Martin: Matica slovenska, 1968) . I hope that students of SlovakAmerican history will find it useful. Slovak-American Newspapers, 1885-1975 1885 Bulletin (Pittsburgh , 1885-1886) 1886 Bulletin Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny (Pittsburgh, 1886-1922) 1887 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny 1888 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Nova vlast' (Streator , Ill ., 1888) Slovak v Amerike (Plymouth & New York , 1889) Zastava (Plymouth , Pa ., 1889) 1890 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Katolicke noviny Slovak v Amerike 1891 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Jednota (Cleveland , 1891) Katolicke noviny Slovak v Amerike 1889 1892 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Katolicke noviny (Hazleton , Pa ., 1889-1891) Robotnik (Connellsville , Pa ., 1889) Americky Slovak (Cleveland, 1892-1894) Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Jednota 36 SLOVAKIA Slovak v Amerike Slovenske listy (Jersey City, N .J., 1892) 1893 Americky Slovak Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Jednota Slovak v Amerike Slovenska svornost' (Connellsville , Pa., 1893-1897) 1894 Americky Slovak Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Cirkevne listy (Cleveland, 1894-1899) Fakla (New York City, 1894) Jednota Majak (Pittsburgh, 1894) Pravda (Connellsville , Pa., 1894-1896) Slovak v Arilerike Slovenska pravda (Freeland, Pa., 1984-1904) Slovenska svornost' Slovensky hlas (Pittsburgh, 1894-1898) 1895 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Cas (Nanticoke, Pa., 1895-1899) Cirkevne listy Jednota Katolik (Freeland , Pa., 1895-1898) Pravda Rodina (Cleveland, 1895) Slovak (New York City , 1895) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenska svornost' Slovensky hlas 1896 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Cas Cirkevne listy Jednota Katolik Pravda Rarasek (Pittsburgh, 1896-1912) Sasok (Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 1896-1898) Slovak v Amerike Slovaktownske hlasy (Pittsburgh, 1896) Slovenska pravda Slovenska svornost' Slovensky hlas 1897 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Carodejnik (Cleveland, 1897-1898) Cas Cirkevne listy The Emmigrant (Pittsburgh , 1897) Jednota Katolik Mydlo (Wilkes-Barre , Pa., 1897-1898) Rarasek Sasok Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenska svornost' Slovenske noviny (Hazleton , Pa., 1897-1911) Slovensky hlas 1898 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Carodejnik Cas Cirkevne listy Jednota Katolik Mydlo Rarasek SLOVAKIA Sasok Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlas 1899 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo (Wilkes-Barre, Pa ., 1899-1941 ; 1945) Cas Cirkevne listy Jednota Novy Cernoknaznik (Cleveland , 1899) Rarasek Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny 1900 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Cas Jednota Lutheran (Cleveland , 1900-1902) Rarasek Slaboda (Chicago, 1900-1901) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik (Pittsburgh, 1900-1962) Slovensky Lutheran (Philadelphia, 1900) 1901 37 Slebodny Orel (New York, N.Y., 1901-1904) Slaboda Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky dennik (Pittsburgh, 1901-1915) Slovensky hlasnik Viera (Cleveland , 1901-1902) 1902 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Jednota Lutheran Rarasek Slebodny ore! Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky American (Pittsburgh, 1902-1903) Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky obcan (Bridgeport, Conn., 1902) Viera 1903 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Jednota Rarasek Slebodny ore! Slovak v Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky American Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Jednota Lutheran Naso novini (New York , N.Y., 1901) 1904 Rarasek Sip (Cleveland, 1901) Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny 38 SLOVAKIA Bratstvo Jednota Rarasek Robotnik (New York, N.Y., 1904) Slebodny V Amerike Slovenska pravda Slovenske noviny Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky sokol Slovensky tyzdennik Svedok (Pittsburgh , 1906Zornicka (Wilkes-Barre, Pa. , 1906-1907) 1907 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Hlas (Cleveland, 1907-1947) 1905 Jednota Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Katolicke Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Nasa zastava Rarasek Jednota Rovnost' l'udu Rarasek Slovak v Amerike Slovak v Amerike Slovenske noviny Slovenske noviny Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensko-Americky zabavnik (Chicago , 1905-1912) Slovensky dennik Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin (Pittsburgh, Slovensky sokol (Perth Amboy , N .J., 1907-1962) 1905-1966) Slovensky pokrok Slovensky tyzdenmk (New York, Slovensky sokol N.Y ., 1905-1906) Svedok Sokol a narod (1905) Zensky svet (New York, N.Y., 1907-1908) Zornicka 1906 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny 1908 Bratstvo Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Jednota Bratstvo Katolicke Slovenske noviny Hlas (Chicago, 1906-1926) Nasa zastava (Bridgeport , Conn. , Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny 1906-1907) Krajan (Hazleton , Pa. , 1908) Rarasek Rovnost' l'udu (Chicago, 1906-1935) Rarasek Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Skola reci anglickej (Pittsburgh, Slovenske noviny 1908-1909) Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovak v Amerike Slovensky dennik Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky pokrok (New York , N.Y ., Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensky dennik 1906-1911) SLOVAKIA Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky narod (Cudahy , Wisc., 1908) Slovensky pokrok Slovensky sokol Svetlak Zensky svet Zivena (Pittsburgh, 19081909 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Hlas Jednota Katolfcke Slovenske noviny Rarasek Rovnost' l'udu Skala reci anglickej Slovak v Amerike Slovenske noviny Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky pokrok Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet (Clarksburg , W.Va ., 1909-1910) Svetlak Zivena 1910 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Hlas Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Kometa (Passaic, N.J. , 1910) Mladez (Pittsburgh , 1910-1911) Narodne noviny (Pittsburgh, 1910) Niva (Homestead, Pa., 1910-1911) Rarasek 39 Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovenske listy (Chicago, 1910) Slovenske noviny Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky pokrok Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Svetlak Youngstow nske Slovenske noviny (Youngstown, Ohio, 1910-1938) Zivena 1911 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Evanjelicky obzor (Cleveland, 1911-1912) Hlas Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol (Passaic , N.J., 1911) I.'.udovy dennik (Chicago , 1911-1917) Mladez Narodne noviny Niva Nova vlast' (Scranton, Pa ., 1911) Priatel' dietok (Passaic, N.J. , 1911) Rarasek Rovnost' l'udu Slovak a Amerike Slovenske noviny Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obzor (Passaic, N.J., 1911) Slovensky pokrok Slovensky soko l 40 SLOVAKIA Svedok Svornost' (Pittsburgh, 1911-1970} Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zivena 1912 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Evanjelicky obzor Hlas Jednota Juhozapadne noviny (Deslego , Mo. , 1912} Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an (Uniontown , Pa., 1912-1932} I.:udovy dennik Narodne noviny Narodny dennik (Chicago, 1912} Priatel' dietok Rarasek Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovensko-Americky zabavnik Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan (Hazleton , Pa ., 1912-1947} Slovensky sokol Slovensky tyzdenmk (Cleveland, 1912} Svedok Svornost' Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zivena 1913 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Hlas Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan (New York, N.Y ., 1913-1921} Krest'an I.:udovy dennik Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik (New York, N .Y., 1913-1975) Osveta (Cleveland, 1913) Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovenske slovo (Chicago , 1913-1914) Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Viestnik (Chicago, 1913) Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zivena 1914 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Bratstvo Hlas Hlas svobody (New York, N.Y., 1914-1917) Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kritika (Cleveland, 1914-1915) I.:udovy dennik Narodne noviny Narodny dennik (Pittsburgh, 1914-1916) Narodny Slovensky dennik (Chicago, 1914-1916) New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok SLOVAKIA Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovenske slovo Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Oplna zdrzanlivost' (Hazleton , Pa ., 1914) Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota (Cleveland, 1914-1975) Zivena 1915 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Amerikansko-Slovensky bulletin (Pittsburgh , 1915) Amerikansko-Slovensky svet (Pittsburgh , 1915-1916) Besedy l'udu (New York, 1915-1917) Bratstvo Denny hlas (Cleveland, 1915-1925) Farnik (Monessen, Pa. , 1915-1916) Hlas Hlas svobody Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kritika Kruh mladeze (Pittsburgh , 1915-1934) l.:udovy dennik Narodne noviny Narodny dennik Narodny Slovensky dennik New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovensky dennik Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena 1916 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Amerikansko-Slovensky svet Besedy l'udu Bratstvo Certik (Pittsburgh, 1916-1917) Denny hlas Farnik Hlas Hlas svobody Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kruh mladeze l.:udovy dennik Narod (Pittsburgh, 1916) Narodne noviny Narodny dennik Narodny dennik (Pittsburgh, 1916-1924) Narodny slovensky dennik Nedel'a (Hazelton , Pa ., 1916) New Yorsky dennik Prehl'ad Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana (Scranton, Pa ., 1916-1972) Slovensky hlasnik 41 42 SLOVAKIA Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky tyzdennik (Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 1916) Svetlak Svornost' Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena 1917 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria (Cleveland, 1917Besedy l'udu (New York, N.Y., 1915-1917) Bratstvo Certik Chicagsky dennik (Chicago, 1917) Chicagsky Slovensky dennik (Chicago, 1917) Denny hlas Hlas Hlas svobody Jednota . Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kruh mladeze I.:udovy dennik Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Prehl'ad Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike Slovenska mladez (Pittsburgh , 1917-1918) Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor (Chicago , 1917-1922) Svetlak Svornost' Tatran (Chicago, 1917-1937) Udalosti sveta (Hazleton, Pa., 1917-1919) Uradny organ (Braddock, Pa., 1917-1918) Vatra (Pittsburgh, 1917) Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena 1918 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa (Bridgeport , Conn., 1918-1952) Bratstvo Denny hlas Hlas Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran (Streator, Ill., 1918-1941) Mudron district (Chicago , 1918) Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nave easy (Chicago, 1918-1945) Nave Slovensko (Pittsburgh, 1918-1922) Obzor Slovenskeho robotnickeho spolku (Chicago, 1918-1920) Osadnik (Cleveland , 1918) Prehl'ad Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike SLOVAKIA Slovenska mladez Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor Svedok Svornost' Tatran Udalosti sveta Oradny organ Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zurnal spojenych majnerov (Indianapolis , Ind., 1918) 1919 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Denny hlas . Dobry pastier (Munhall, Pa. , 1919) Hlas Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krajan Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Nave Slovensko Obzor Slovenskeho robotnickeho spolku Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Slovak v Amerike 43 Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor Svetlak Svornost' Tatran Udalosti sveta Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1920 Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoknaznik (Cleveland , 1920-1927) Ceskoslovensky legionar (Pittsburgh , 1920-1926) Clevelandska Slovenska jednota (Cleveland , 1920-1945) Denny hlas Dobry pastier Hlas Hlas Sv. Emanuela (Minneapolis , 1920) Jednota Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky Slovak (Chicago, 1920-1921) Katolicky sokol Krajan Krajan dzennik (New York, 1920-1921) Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran Narodne bratstvo (Cleveland , 1920) Narodne noviny 44 SLOVAKIA Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Nave Slovensko Obzor Slovenskeho robotnickeho spolku Priatel' dietok Proletar (Cleveland, 1920-1921) Rovnost' l'udu Sion (Pittsburgh, 1920Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 192 1 Amerikansk6-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoknaznik Ceskoslovensky legionar Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Denny hlas Dobry pastier Hlas Host' (Chicago , 1921-1922) Jednota Jara (Middletown, Pa ., 1921-1964) Katolfcke Slovenske noviny Katolfcky Slovak Katolfcky sokol Krajan Krajan dzennik Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nave easy (Chicago, 1918-1945) Nave Slovensko Priatel' dietok Proletar Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor Svedok Svornost' Tatran Telegraf (Bridgeport, Conn., 1921-1923) Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1922 Americky Slovak (Pittsburgh , 1922) Amerikansko-Slovenske noviny Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoknaznik Ceskoslovensky legionar Chicagsky Slovensky dennik (Chicago , 1922) Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Denny hlas Dobry pastier Hlas Host' SLOVAKIA Jednota Jara Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Nave Slovensko Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Sokolsky obzor Studentska horlivost' (Lisle, Ill. , 1922-1923) Svedok Svornost' Tatran Telegraf Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Narodny dennik New Yorsky dennik Nova vlast' (Pittsburgh, 1923) Nave easy Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Studentska horlivost' Svedok Svornost' Tatran Telegraf Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1923 1924 Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoki\.aznik Ceskoslovensky legionar Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Denny hlas Dobry pastier Fialky (Danville, Pa., 1923-1970) Furdek (Middletown, Pa., Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoki\.aznik Caskoslovensky legionar Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica (Pittsburgh , 1924-1962) Denny hlas Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek 1923-1941) 45 46 SLOVAKIA Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv. Frantiska (Pittsburgh, 1924) Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny Narodny dennik Narodny tyzdennik (Pittsburgh , 1924) Nasa mladez (Chicago , 1924) New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Pokrokova jednota (McKees Rocks, Pa ., 1924-1935) Priatet' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska oqrana Slovensky bulletin (Bethlehem , Pa ., 1924-1929) Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1925 Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Denny hlas Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv. Frantiska Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske slovo (Cleveland , 1925) Slovensky bulletin Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky narod (Schenectady, N.Y ., 1925) Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cernoknaznik Ceskoslovensky legionar Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo 1926 SLOVAKIA Cernoknaznik Ceskoslovensky legiona.r Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicke Slovenske noviny Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv. Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky bulletin Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet (Pittsburgh, Cernoknaznik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv. Frantiska Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Pok.rokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sdruzeniar (Youngstown, Ohio, 1927) Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska ozvena (Cleveland, 1927-1931) 1927 Slovensky bulletin Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svetlak Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Ave Maria 1926-1940) Slovo (Pittsburgh, 1926-19 37) Svetlak Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1928 47 48 SLOVAKIA Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Li sty Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska ozvena Slovensky bulletin Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky K,alvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1929 Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostatnost' (McKeesport, Pa ., 1929-1939) Sion Slovak Manor obzor (Long Island, N.Y ., 1929) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska ozvena Slovenske noviny (New York , N.Y. , 1929-1943) Slovensky bulletin Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo SLOVAKIA 1930 Ave Maria Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet (Cleveland, 1930-1962) Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Listy Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostatnost' Sion Slovak Orol (New York, N.Y., 1930) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska ozvena Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Sokolska straz (Pittsburgh, 1930-1931) Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zapadne hlasy (Milwaukee , 1930) Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1931 Ave Maria The Benedictine (Cleveland, 1931-1976) Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladze Listy Sv. Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny The Narrator (Milwaukee , 1931-1932) Nas svet (Chicago, 1931-1940) Nasa straz (Pittsburgh, 1931) New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska ozvena Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin 49 SLOVAKIA 50 Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Sokolska straz Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1932 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske Srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik (Riverside , Ill. , 1932- ) Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jed no ta Jara Kadel Katolicky sokol Krest'an Kruh mladeze Lampas (Cleveland, 1932) Listy Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny The Narrator Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske slovenske noviny Zenska jed nota Zivena Zrkadlo 1933 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Kruh mladeze Listy Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennlk Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota SLOVAKIA Pravda (Chicago , 193 3-1945} Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostatnost' Sion Slovak Democrat (New York , N.Y., 1933} Slovak V Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky soko l Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Wiconsinsky Slovak (Milwaukee, 1933-1936} Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1934 Americky Slovak (Cleveland , 1934-35} Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Detroitsky Slovak (Detroit, 1934} Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Kruh mladeze Listy Sv . Frantiska Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Pravda Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Samostalnost' Sion Slovak (New York , N.Y ., 1934) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenska revizia (Detriot , 1934} Slovenske novin y Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Wisconsinsky Slovak Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1935 Americky Slovak Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Bulletin Slovenskej ligy v Amerike (Pittsburgh, 1935-1937} Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota 51 52 SLOVAKIA Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv . Frantiska I.:udovy dennik (Chicago, 1935-1945) Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pokrokova jednota Pravda Priatel' dietok Rovnost' l'udu Rozsieva/'.: (Gaines , Mich., 1935-1936) Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky ob/'.:an Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Wisconsinsky Slovak Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zahradka (Pittsburgh, 1935-1937) Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1936 Ave Maria The Benedictine Besiedky , Listy Americkych Slovakov (New York , N.Y., 1936) Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Bulletin Slovenskej ligy v Amerike Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota The Courier (Granite City, Ill ., 1936-1937) Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pravda a slavna nadej (Chicago, 1936) Pravda Priatel' dietok Rozsieva/'.: Rozsievac pravdy (Akron, Ohio , 1936) Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky ob/'.:an SLOVAKIA Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Wisconsinsky Slovak Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zahradka Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1937 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Bulletin Slovenskej ligy v Amerike Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota The Courier Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Hlasnik (Akron , Ohio , 1937) Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Slovo Svedok Svornost' Tatran Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zahradka Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1938 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Naradne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok 53 54 SLOVAKIA Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Straz (Palmyra , Pa. , 1938) Svedok Svornost' Youngstownske Slovenske noviny Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1939 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok Samostatnost' Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1940 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky soko l Listy Sv . Frantiska I.:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny Nas svet New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok Roduverny Slovak (Chicago, 1940-1942) SLOVAKIA Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenka (Chicago , 1940) Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obi':an Slovensky sokol Slovensky svet Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zrkadlo 1941 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Furdek Hlas Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I..:udovy dennik Mlady Luteran Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok Roduverny Slovak Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovanske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka (Pittsburgh , 1941Zrkadlo 1942 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jez isa Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas mladeze (New York , N.Y., 1942-1968) Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska Ludovy dennik Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pennsylvanska Slovenska jednota (Wilkes-Barre, 1942-1944) Pravda Priatel' dietok Roduvern y Slovak Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny 55 56 SLOVAKIA Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornieka Zrkadlo 1943 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy denn'ik Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pennsylvanska Slovenska jednota Pravda Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Record (Pittsburgh, 1943) Slaboda (New York , N.Y., 1943) Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornieka Zrkadlo 1944 Ave Maria The Benedictine Boske srdce Jezisa Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udovy dennik The Lutheran Beacon (Pittsburgh, 1944-1970) Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nave easy Osadne hlasy Pennsylvanska Slovenska jednota Pravda Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obean Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota SLOVAKIA Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo Zornicka Zrkadlo 1945 1946 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo (Wilkes-Barre , Pa. , 1954) Cirkevnik Clevelandska Slovenska jednota Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska Cudove noviny (Chicago , 1945-1984) Cudovy dennik The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Nove easy Osadne hlasy Pravda Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Za tu nasu slovencinu (Scranton , Pa., 1945) Zenska jednota Zivena Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas mladeze Hlas slovenskej slobody (WilkesBarre , Pa ., 1946) Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv . Frantiska Cudove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Digest (Pittsburgh , 1946) Slovak Review (Middletown , Pa., 1946-1947) Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 57 58 1947 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas Hlas ml adeze Jednota Jara Kadel Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I..:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Arnerike Slovak Review Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky obcan Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1948 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Dennica SLOVAKIA Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I..:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Naradny Slovensky tyzdennik (Chicago , 1948) New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak Bulletin (Pittsburgh, 1948) Slovak v Amerike Slovenska liga (Passaic , 1948) Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1949 Ave Maria The Benedictin e Bozske srdce Jez isa Bratstvo Cirkevnik Denni ca Dobry past ier Fialky Hla s ml adeze Jed nota Jara Kad et Katolicky sokol SLOVAKIA Listy Sv. Frantiska l.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Newsletter (Middletown , Pa .. 1949-1958) Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny (Cleveland, 1949-1959) Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornii':ka Zrkadlo 1950 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cas (Washington , D.C., 1950-1959) Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas mladeze Jed no ta Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska l.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky' dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1951 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas mladeze Jed no ta Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv . Frantiska l.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Naradne novin y New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagl e (Bridgeport, Conn .. 1951) Slovak Newsletter 59 60 Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornii'.:ka Zrkadlo 1952 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bozske srdce Jezisa Bratstvo Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky so!<ol Listy Sv. Frantiska 1'.udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky soko l Svetlak SLOVAKIA Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1953 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad (Middletown, Pa., 1953-1958) Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak (Maitland, Fla., 1953) Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska l'.udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota SLOVAKIA Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1954 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Kadel Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska l.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most (Cleveland, 1954Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jed nota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1955 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska l.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter . Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1956 Ave Maria The Benedictine 61 62 SLOVAKIA Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Rozhl'ady (New York , N .Y., 1956-1959) Sion Slovak V Am'e rike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo The Benedictine Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Rozhl'ady Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1957 1958 Amerikansko-Slovensky kocur (Cleveland , 1957-1958) Ave Maria Amerikansko-Slovensky kocur Ave Maria The Benedictine SLOVAKIA Bratstvo Bulletin of the Slovak National Council Abroad Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska l'.udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Rozhl'ady Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Newsletter Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1959 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Cas Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Kadet Katolicky sokol Li sty Sv. Frantiska l'.udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Rozhl'lady Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovenske noviny Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1960 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze 63 64 Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Li sty Sv . Fran ti ska Ludove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1961 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most SLOVAKIA Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svetlak Svornost' Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1962 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Calvin (Pittsburgh , 1962Cirkevnik Dennica Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Kadet Katolicky sokol Listy Sv . Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Naradne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle SLOVAKIA Slovenska obrana Slovensky hlasnik Slovensky Kalvin Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' United Lutheran (Pittsburgh, 1962- ) Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1963 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jaro Katolicky sokol Listy Sv . Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny New Yorsky dennik Osadne hlasy Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' United Luthera n Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1964 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Jara Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Nardone noviny New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1965 Ave Maria The Benedictine Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky 65 66 Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy (Chicago, 1965Nase snahy (Chicago, 1965New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenske obrana Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1966 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine··Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Ciekevmk Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny SLOVAKIA ) ) Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Slovensky sokol Svedok Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1967 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovenska obrana Sokol Times (Perth Amboy, N.J ., 1967) SLOVAKIA Svetlak Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1968 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Hlas mladeze Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska LUdove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest (New York , N.Y., 1968-1975) Sl~venska obrana Sokol Times Svetlak Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1969 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Li sty Sv . Frantiska Ludove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Slovenska obrana Sokol Times Svedok Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1970 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Fialky 67 68 Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny The Lutheran Beacon Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Slovenska obrana Sokol times Svetlak Svornost' United Lutheran Zenska jednota .Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1971 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik SLOVAKIA Priatel' dietok Sion Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Slovak a Svet (Chicago, 1971-72) Slovenska obrana Sokol Times Svetlak United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1972 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Fran ti ska I.:udove noviny Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slobodna tribuna (New York, N. Y. , 1972) Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Slovak a Svet Slovenska obrana Sokol Times Svetlak SLOVAKIA United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1973 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slobodna tribuna Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Sokol Times Svedok United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1974 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Li sty Sv. Fran ti ska I.:udove noviny Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik Priatel' dietok Sion Slobodna Tribuna Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Press Digest Sokol Times Svedok United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo 1975 Ave Maria The Benedictine Benedictine Bulletin Bratstvo Calvin Cirkevnik Dobry pastier Floridsky Slovak Jednota Katolicky sokol Listy Sv. Frantiska I.:udove noviny Most Narodne noviny Nase hlasy Nase snahy New Yorsky dennik 69 70 Priatel' dietok Sion Slobodna tribuna Slovak v Amerike Slovak Eagle Slovak Heritage (Detroit , 1975Slovak Press Digest SLOVAKIA Sokol Times Svetlak United Lutheran Zenska jednota Zivena Zornicka Zrkadlo SLOVAKIA LITERATURE 71  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Slovak-American Newspapers, 1885-1975: A Preliminary Listing Description An account of the resource M. Mark Stolarik Slovakia, Vol. 32 (No. 58-59), 1985-86 pp. 34-70 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stolarik, M. Mark, 1943- Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86 LCNAF https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/d97f04d4aa6e3f519fd92cf2286ee0a5.pdf f8110f0be2bce5adf4ef7afe7f8764af PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXII 1985-1986 NUMBERS 58-59 A scholarly annua l devoted to the history, literature , and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies Associate Editor THOMAS D. MARZIK Saint Joseph's University Editorial Board GEORGE J. DEMKO U.S. Department of State MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute DAVID P. DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary STANLEY Z. PECH University of British Columbia OWEN V. JOHNSON Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. TANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A . HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher The Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson , NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $6 .00 Manuscripts for poss ible publication and books for review should be se nt to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 700 Penfield Ave., Havertown , PA 19083. �Printed by JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown , Pennsylvania 17057 U.S .A. �SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents A Message from the President Daniel F. Tanzone .......... . ............... . ...... .. .. . . 5 HISTORY Stefan Osusky's Attempts to Establish Contacts with Slovakia in 1939: A Personal Memoir Joseph Stasko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Slovak-American Newspapers , 1885-1975: A Preliminary Listing M . Mark Stolarik ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 LITERATURE Excerpt from "In Due Season" (II) Paul Wilkes .... ... .. . ... . ..... .. . .......... . 73 REVIEWS Historicky tasopis , 33 , 2 (1985), "K Vel 'komoravskemu vyrociu," and Anna Holla , Metod - utitel' Slovienov. K 1100 vyrotiu umrtia {885-1985} Theodoric f. Zubek . 85 Julius Sopko , Stredoveke latinske k6dexy v slovenskych knizniciach, and Stredoveke latinskekodexy slovenskej proveniencie v Mad 'arsku av Rumunsku Gerald f. Sabo .................... 88 L'ubomir Juck , ed ., Vysady miest a mestetiek na Slovensku, and Richard Marsina, ed., Narodnostny vyvoj miest na Slovensku David P. Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Juraj Zudel, Stolice na Slovensku R. Vladimir Baumgerten 92 �4 SLOVAKIA Joseph Stasko , ed., Tvorcovia noveho Slovenskat' - The Shaping of Modern Slovakia 96 George Virsik Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, ed., Slovak Politics George Virsik 97 Frantisek Vnuk, Zivotopis Konstantrna Culena Owen V. Johnson 100 Miroslav Kropilak a kolektlv , Dejiny Slovenska V James R. Felak 102 Yeshayahu A. Jelinek, The Lust for Power Robert K. Evanson . . . . . . . . .. . ... . 106 M. Mark Stolarik , Growing Up on the South Side June G. Alexander 108 Ferenc Feher & Agnes Heller , Hungary 1956 Revisited Peter R . Hruby 111 Jozef Ciger-Hronsky, Jozef Mak William E. Harkins 113 Pavol Stevcek, Contemporary Slovak Literature Gerald J. Sabo 115 Contributors 11 7 Guidelines for Manuscripts 119 �SLOVAKIA 5 A Message from the President It is a distinct pleasure to introduce another excellent volume of Slovakia, a scholarly annual of the Slovak League of America, an organization founded in Cleveland in 1907 as the voice of most Slovak-American fraternals. Since its creation in 1951 by the late Philip Hrobak, editor of Jednota and President of the Slovak League of America, Slovakia has presented to the English-speaking world the often-neglected history and culture of one of Europe 's oldest nations . This 1985-1986 double issue offers the reader the opportunity to gain yet another glimpse of the life of the Slovaks, both at home and in diaspora . It honors the centennial of the Slovak press in America because our first newspaper arose in Pittsburgh in 1885. The 220 newspapers that followed (listed as they appeared each year by our editor, Dr. Stolarik) , testify to the vibrant and important chapter that the Slovak-American press played in the life of the Slovak nation. In diaspora the aspirations and ideals of the Slovaks received the necessary spark to ignite a movement for selfdetermination , the likes of which had not been seen for a thousand years. It is providential that in 1987 we celebrate the bicentennial of the United States Constitution. This document has had a farreaching impact on countries and peoples all over the world . In many ways the Constitution legitimized revolutions which brought freedom to numerous nations in various parts of the world . The Slovaks, too, learned from this document that they also had the right to seek their just and God-given rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. They were inspired by this document to seek for their brothers and sisters in Slovakia the same freedom which belongs to all peoples . In conclusion, the Slovak League of America is pleased to publish such a wonderful volume of history and culture in the hope that Slovaks and non-Slovaks, free or not, may learn something of the rich heritage and culture of Slovakia and how its people contributed to the American cultural mosaic. DANIEL F. TANZONE , President Slovak League of America ��SLOVAKIA HISTORY 7 �� SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA ��SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXII 1985-1986 NUMBERS 58-59 A scholarly annua l devoted to the history, literature , and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies Associate Editor THOMAS D. MARZIK Saint Joseph's University Editorial Board GEORGE J. DEMKO U.S. Department of State MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute DAVID P. DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary STANLEY Z. PECH University of British Columbia OWEN V. JOHNSON Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. TANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A . HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher The Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson , NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $6 .00 Manuscripts for poss ible publication and books for review should be se nt to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 700 Penfield Ave., Havertown , PA 19083. �Printed by JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown , Pennsylvania 17057 U.S .A. �SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents A Message from the President Daniel F. Tanzone .......... . ............... . ...... .. .. . . 5 HISTORY Stefan Osusky's Attempts to Establish Contacts with Slovakia in 1939: A Personal Memoir Joseph Stasko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Slovak-American Newspapers , 1885-1975: A Preliminary Listing M . Mark Stolarik ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 LITERATURE Excerpt from "In Due Season" (II) Paul Wilkes .... ... .. . ... . ..... .. . .......... . 73 REVIEWS Historicky tasopis , 33 , 2 (1985), "K Vel 'komoravskemu vyrociu," and Anna Holla , Metod - utitel' Slovienov. K 1100 vyrotiu umrtia {885-1985} Theodoric f. Zubek . 85 Julius Sopko , Stredoveke latinske k6dexy v slovenskych knizniciach, and Stredoveke latinskekodexy slovenskej proveniencie v Mad 'arsku av Rumunsku Gerald f. Sabo .................... 88 L'ubomir Juck , ed ., Vysady miest a mestetiek na Slovensku, and Richard Marsina, ed., Narodnostny vyvoj miest na Slovensku David P. Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Juraj Zudel, Stolice na Slovensku R. Vladimir Baumgerten 92 �4 SLOVAKIA Joseph Stasko , ed., Tvorcovia noveho Slovenskat' - The Shaping of Modern Slovakia 96 George Virsik Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, ed., Slovak Politics George Virsik 97 Frantisek Vnuk, Zivotopis Konstantrna Culena Owen V. Johnson 100 Miroslav Kropilak a kolektlv , Dejiny Slovenska V James R. Felak 102 Yeshayahu A. Jelinek, The Lust for Power Robert K. Evanson . . . . . . . . .. . ... . 106 M. Mark Stolarik , Growing Up on the South Side June G. Alexander 108 Ferenc Feher & Agnes Heller , Hungary 1956 Revisited Peter R . Hruby 111 Jozef Ciger-Hronsky, Jozef Mak William E. Harkins 113 Pavol Stevcek, Contemporary Slovak Literature Gerald J. Sabo 115 Contributors 11 7 Guidelines for Manuscripts 119 �SLOVAKIA 5 A Message from the President It is a distinct pleasure to introduce another excellent volume of Slovakia, a scholarly annual of the Slovak League of America, an organization founded in Cleveland in 1907 as the voice of most Slovak-American fraternals. Since its creation in 1951 by the late Philip Hrobak, editor of Jednota and President of the Slovak League of America, Slovakia has presented to the English-speaking world the often-neglected history and culture of one of Europe 's oldest nations . This 1985-1986 double issue offers the reader the opportunity to gain yet another glimpse of the life of the Slovaks, both at home and in diaspora . It honors the centennial of the Slovak press in America because our first newspaper arose in Pittsburgh in 1885. The 220 newspapers that followed (listed as they appeared each year by our editor, Dr. Stolarik) , testify to the vibrant and important chapter that the Slovak-American press played in the life of the Slovak nation. In diaspora the aspirations and ideals of the Slovaks received the necessary spark to ignite a movement for selfdetermination , the likes of which had not been seen for a thousand years. It is providential that in 1987 we celebrate the bicentennial of the United States Constitution. This document has had a farreaching impact on countries and peoples all over the world . In many ways the Constitution legitimized revolutions which brought freedom to numerous nations in various parts of the world . The Slovaks, too, learned from this document that they also had the right to seek their just and God-given rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. They were inspired by this document to seek for their brothers and sisters in Slovakia the same freedom which belongs to all peoples . In conclusion, the Slovak League of America is pleased to publish such a wonderful volume of history and culture in the hope that Slovaks and non-Slovaks, free or not, may learn something of the rich heritage and culture of Slovakia and how its people contributed to the American cultural mosaic. DANIEL F. TANZONE , President Slovak League of America ��SLOVAKIA HISTORY 7 �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1985-86, Vol. 32 Description An account of the resource Vol. 32 (No. 58-59), 1985-86. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA Published By THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA SLOVAKIA VOLUME XXXII 1985-1986 NUMBERS 58-59 A scholarly annua l devoted to the history, literature , and culture of the Slovaks the world over. Editor M. MARK STOLARIK The Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies Associate Editor THOMAS D. MARZIK Saint Joseph's University Editorial Board GEORGE J. DEMKO U.S. Department of State MICHAEL NOV AK American Enterprise Institute DAVID P. DANIEL Concordia Theological Seminary STANLEY Z. PECH University of British Columbia OWEN V. JOHNSON Indiana University NORMAL. RUDINSKY Oregon State University Slovak League Advisory Board DANIEL F. TANZONE EDWARD J. BEHUNCIK DRAGA DIVINSKA JOHN A . HOLY JOSEPH C. KRAJSA Publisher The Slovak League of America 870 Rifle Camp Road West Paterson , NJ 07424 Inquiries regarding subscriptions should be sent to the above address. The cost of a single issue is U.S. $6 .00 Manuscripts for poss ible publication and books for review should be se nt to M. Mark Stolarik, Editor, Slovakia, 700 Penfield Ave., Havertown , PA 19083. Printed by JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown , Pennsylvania 17057 U.S .A. SLOVAKIA 3 Table of Contents A Message from the President Daniel F. Tanzone .......... . ............... . ...... .. .. . . 5 HISTORY Stefan Osusky's Attempts to Establish Contacts with Slovakia in 1939: A Personal Memoir Joseph Stasko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Slovak-American Newspapers , 1885-1975: A Preliminary Listing M . Mark Stolarik ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 LITERATURE Excerpt from "In Due Season" (II) Paul Wilkes .... ... .. . ... . ..... .. . .......... . 73 REVIEWS Historicky tasopis , 33 , 2 (1985), "K Vel 'komoravskemu vyrociu," and Anna Holla , Metod - utitel' Slovienov. K 1100 vyrotiu umrtia {885-1985} Theodoric f. Zubek . 85 Julius Sopko , Stredoveke latinske k6dexy v slovenskych knizniciach, and Stredoveke latinskekodexy slovenskej proveniencie v Mad 'arsku av Rumunsku Gerald f. Sabo .................... 88 L'ubomir Juck , ed ., Vysady miest a mestetiek na Slovensku, and Richard Marsina, ed., Narodnostny vyvoj miest na Slovensku David P. Daniel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Juraj Zudel, Stolice na Slovensku R. Vladimir Baumgerten 92 4 SLOVAKIA Joseph Stasko , ed., Tvorcovia noveho Slovenskat' - The Shaping of Modern Slovakia 96 George Virsik Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, ed., Slovak Politics George Virsik 97 Frantisek Vnuk, Zivotopis Konstantrna Culena Owen V. Johnson 100 Miroslav Kropilak a kolektlv , Dejiny Slovenska V James R. Felak 102 Yeshayahu A. Jelinek, The Lust for Power Robert K. Evanson . . . . . . . . .. . ... . 106 M. Mark Stolarik , Growing Up on the South Side June G. Alexander 108 Ferenc Feher & Agnes Heller , Hungary 1956 Revisited Peter R . Hruby 111 Jozef Ciger-Hronsky, Jozef Mak William E. Harkins 113 Pavol Stevcek, Contemporary Slovak Literature Gerald J. Sabo 115 Contributors 11 7 Guidelines for Manuscripts 119 SLOVAKIA 5 A Message from the President It is a distinct pleasure to introduce another excellent volume of Slovakia, a scholarly annual of the Slovak League of America, an organization founded in Cleveland in 1907 as the voice of most Slovak-American fraternals. Since its creation in 1951 by the late Philip Hrobak, editor of Jednota and President of the Slovak League of America, Slovakia has presented to the English-speaking world the often-neglected history and culture of one of Europe 's oldest nations . This 1985-1986 double issue offers the reader the opportunity to gain yet another glimpse of the life of the Slovaks, both at home and in diaspora . It honors the centennial of the Slovak press in America because our first newspaper arose in Pittsburgh in 1885. The 220 newspapers that followed (listed as they appeared each year by our editor, Dr. Stolarik) , testify to the vibrant and important chapter that the Slovak-American press played in the life of the Slovak nation. In diaspora the aspirations and ideals of the Slovaks received the necessary spark to ignite a movement for selfdetermination , the likes of which had not been seen for a thousand years. It is providential that in 1987 we celebrate the bicentennial of the United States Constitution. This document has had a farreaching impact on countries and peoples all over the world . In many ways the Constitution legitimized revolutions which brought freedom to numerous nations in various parts of the world . The Slovaks, too, learned from this document that they also had the right to seek their just and God-given rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. They were inspired by this document to seek for their brothers and sisters in Slovakia the same freedom which belongs to all peoples . In conclusion, the Slovak League of America is pleased to publish such a wonderful volume of history and culture in the hope that Slovaks and non-Slovaks, free or not, may learn something of the rich heritage and culture of Slovakia and how its people contributed to the American cultural mosaic. DANIEL F. TANZONE , President Slovak League of America SLOVAKIA HISTORY 7  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Front Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 32 (No. 58-59) Description An account of the resource includes A Message from the President (Daniel F. Tanzone) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tanzone, Daniel F. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86 name https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/a086bddb4a2d2ec3a4e99a8e97533558.pdf e57a8aff85949ef83f5a4101189c6652 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 73 Excerpt from In Due Season (II) BY PAUL WILKES (Author's note: The year is 1899, the setting is a tiny, poor village in Eastern Slovakia.) ©Copyright, 1985 Paul Wilkes Metod burst through the door. "Mama, Papa, Pan .. . Pan .. Pan Vadasz. He's dead! I saw it right through the window." he said breathlessly. "Quiet, son!" Kubo said, his finger in front of his mouth, "your brother is sleeping ." "Papa, Papa," the boy whispered , "Rezso said Pan Vadasz just got up from his bed and lay down on the floor . . . " "I want no t~lk of death in this house ," Kubo said sternly. "None!" In those days , Vadasz was not the only one in the village of Zbudza to " lie between the beams ," showing that they no longer hoped to be cured. They, who had come from the earth, in their fevered and aching state, wished to return, knowing that every day they lived they were a burden to those who hoped to survive. Every day they required tending - and there was precious little time for this - and they needed nourishment. In many houses the bread was already crumbly from too much bark. In the next five days the somber bells of St. Joseph's tolled nine times; on one day three times, as the twins of Pani Gasparoyicova 's daughters died , one with the sunrise, the other just after the Angelus had rung . And before the sun set, Banik fell from his stool at the front of his house, blood running from his mouth . �74 SLOVAKIA Although the villagers were not sure if Banik had died from the cholera, he was buried along with the others in a shallow gully, far to the side of the cemetery. It had been set aside not for any health reason but for fear that the curse would somehow seep through the ground to infect the souls of villagers who now slept in peace. In those five days Belo ate no food, drank no water, his eyes grew dry and sunken in his face, and his every breath was a struggle, as if some great hand were pressing on his chest. Kubo did not leave the boy's side and barely ate himself. Only on the sixth day, when Belo was too weak even to cry did Kubo leave , returning a short while later. He had borrowed Loebl's horse and was going to take the boy to the nearest doctor, in Plavnica , a trip of some ten hours. Loebl had a friend there, a rabbi, who kept the special medicines that Jews used, and he asked Kubo to bring something for someone in his house, sick with the croup . Dusan, clenched teeth holding his pipe, fixed his eyes on Kubo. "You don't even know the way. What is this 'doktor' business? What do they know that we don't?" The old woman moved her head slowly in assent. ''When God calls, sinful humans must not hold on; it is His will. And that little one could die outside his own house ... it is not right.'' Zuzka said nothing. She pulled down another worn lambswool guba from the shelf above the bed and then her extra shawl. Into a small hemp sack she placed half a loaf of bread and an apple she had hidden away for the day that Belo would be well enough to eat it. Still without saying a word, she helped her husband bundle the child into the first guba , then the second, and tied the shawl into a sling around his shoulders . Neither Dusan nor Helena , nor the old woman , would help him, nor even look in his direction . About to leave, he said to their turned backs , " I ask for your prayers. Because if this child dies , I die .'' Zuzka gasped , putting her hand to her mouth, and his mother made a sign of the cross, here eyes turned toward the heaven her son had just challenged . As the first pellets of a freezing rain rattled against the windowpanes, Kubo rode into the black, moonless night. At first he �SLOVAKIA 75 went slowly, to be sure the child was secure on his back, then he kicked at the sides of the brown mare. The rain stung his face, blinding him at times. In the cold damp air of the night he could smell the child, the sickly sour brown odor that covered Belo each time another issue of water gurgled from his trembling bottom. Kubo could barely hear his breathing, and once when he looked over his shoulder into the dark bundle, he could hear nothing. He pulled the horse to a halt and listened for the breathing . After ·a painful pause, Belo drew in some air. By the time they reached the turnoff beyond the village of Svinne, the horse 's nostrils were flared, its gait slowed to little more than a walk. On both sides of Kubo's neck the shawl had worn against his skin, leaving an angry red bruise , beginning to weep droplets of blood. As the first gray light of morning began to outline the foothills and mighty Tatras beyond Kubo could see that he was approaching a town , for houses were closer and closer together. In the pale light he could see a low, sand-colored wall , covered with red tiles. At an opening in the wall a huge gateway marked with wrought iron twisted into the shapes of huge pheasants and flying geese , Kubo saw the town's vartas. ''Plavnica?'' " Yes ." "Doktor Stofcik?" One of the old man's eyes was frosted over, sightless , but the other eye regarded this strange rider with a huge bundle at his back, the collar of his jacket now soaked with blood. " Past the church, on the right. " Kubo looked over his shoulder and finally, as faint as the whisper of a summer wind on a hot day , came the breath of the child. " Sick one? " "Yes ," said Kubo , urging the horse over the cobblestones. " From where ?" the man called after him . ' 'Zbudza. '' ''Jesus and Mary! Go away!'' he screamed. Zbudza! Oh my God!" Waving his hands , the man ran after the slowly moving horse . �76 SLOVAKIA He caught up with Kubo and ran alongside. " Go! Get out! You bring the plague. OUT!" Kubo kicked at the sides of the horse, but the mare would not move faster. The old man grabbed at the horse 's tail and yanked, ending up on the cobblestones with a handful of long hairs. Howling like a wounded animal, he rose and grabbed again, this time holding on as the horse pulled him along the bumpy street. Shutters banged open along the square and heads popped out into the damp morning air. The old horse plodded on, slowed still more by his additional burden, past the church, past a row of houses the same color as the walls, each with a red-tile roof, and some with wooden signs hanging from wrought-iron posts. The old man let go of the tail and ran ahead to a house where a sign hung, stating: "Doktor Stofcik." He stabbed at the air in Kubo's direction. " ZBUDZA! CHOLERA! '' His voice resounded with stark terror down the narrow alley. A man appeared, rubbed his eyes, then put a tiny pair of okuliare on his nose. His wife, a bonnet over her hair, a single long braid tumbling over her shoulders, tied to pull him back in. ''My son is ill,'' Kubo said calmly and with respect. ' ' Some say it is the fever." Lather dripped from the horse's mouth and steam rose from its back. Kubo , his wet hair plastered askew on his forehead, his hands trembling on the reins, painfully moved his neck to peer into the bundle and to listen once more . "Haven't you heard , you fool?" the doctor shouted down to him. " Your village is infected. Epidemia! It 's cholera! No one is to leave. Help is on the way, yes, go home. Get out, immediately.'' "Go away! Leave us! Plague!" Other voices rained down upon the rider whose face was turned from them , transfixed on the dark opening in the guba . The shouting became even louder, the curses stronger as the head of the rider slowly turned and looked up toward the doctor's window. It was only when the doctor put up his hands. "Quiet, everyone, stop it! Now you, go back; I cannot treat your child. You will spread the epidemia if you stay one instant longer. " �SLOVAKIA 77 Kubo's hands trembled uncontrollably. He dropped the reins and buried his face in the rain-soaked sleeve of his jacket. When he looked up to the window once again tears were streaming down his face. "There is no need ," he said , "any longer." Kubo did not take the bundle from his back when he knocked on the door of the Jew Teitlebaum, nor did he say what it contained. He took the small vial of liquid, tucked it into his trousers, and mounted the horse. The Jew asked him if he wanted food or some dry clothes , but Kubo shook his head , paid him with Loebl's money , and turned the horse toward the village gate. When Pani Spisakova came to the Vlasek house,,to prepare the child for burial , Kubo would not let her touch him . He asked for the special bowl used for bathing the dead and told her she could leave . His family watched in stunned silence as Kubo, saying no more, heated the water and with a soft linen cloth careful1y washed the emaciated body. He took the small door from the grain bin and laid it between two benches and made a mattress of dry, fragrant straw. He dressed Belo in a fine white linen shirt, whose cuffs and collar Zuzka had embroidered in swirls of reds and yellows and blues, and laid him upon the straw. He worked throughout the day and until the morning light to make the coffin, and when he brought it into the house the black lacquer and the dozens of tiny painted rosebuds and linden blossoms were still wet. He gently lifted the child, as if Belo were sleeping, and placed him within. He draped the fine lace coverlet, which had been made by his great-grandmother, over the boy, leaving only his arms and face , with neatly combed hair, showing. In the coffin, Kubo carefully arranged the animals he had carved for Belo . Near the boy' s face, three proud roosters , a pig, then a cow, a horse , a vag6nik. The plow with a tiny piece of metal for a blade was pulled by the muscular ox and from its halter Kubo led the piece of twine under the coverlet, and wrapped it around the boy' s cold, stiff hands . His task completed, Kubo pulled up a chair beside the coffin and sat, the flickering candle lighting his face. Mourners came and touched him on the shoulder and offered their sympathies , �78 SLOVAKIA but he neither looked up from the still form in the black casket, nor did he talk. When Father Slobodnik entered on the morning of the third day, Kubo rose , genuflected before the priest and kissed his hand . Then he stood back, chin and cheeks dark with four days of growth, his eyes red but dry, his face so stricken with grief that not even his wife stood close to him as the old priest intoned the Latin prayers . There was a soft rustle of wood against wood. Then the sharp metallic sound of Kubo's hammer on the iron nails pierced the silence. Again and again the hammer came down, sure and true , and the green wood squeaked as the nails penetrated it. Sniffles became sobs and sobs soon aching moans before the high-pitched wails of the women of Zbudza filled the room, mourning the child and venting the fear each had for his own life and soul. Kubo carried the coffin in his arms toward the door, where he placed it on the doorstep three times before hoisting it to his shoulder. Then, as tradition dictated , Belo Vlasek, aged 18 months , left his house for the last time , feet first. As Kubo had asked, Franko Hruscak had dug the grave at the farthest end of the area that had been marked off for the victims of the plague. Under a young linden tree , a freshly turned mound of the dark, damp soil, studded with the stones and rocks that were -the bane of farmers, sat waiting to be returned to its rightful place. The ropes slid on the muddy ground, barely leaving a mark as the slight, small box, no larger or heavier than a baby 's cradle , was lowered into the hole. And one by one the people of Zbudza, from the smallest child to the eldest stara matka took handfulls of the moist dirt and threw it upon the coffin, each with the same ancient farewell: " That the earth will be light on you." The last was Kubo. His hand reached to the mound and taking but a few granules of the soil , he stood above the dark hole. His hand trembled as it hovered over the grave, and slowly balled into a tight fist. The gumless lips of old mouths moved in prayer, sending puffs of white into the damp air, and children shuffled restlessly , looking at their parents for a sign they could leave. Zuzka's face was buried in her handkerchief, her muffled sobs closer and closer together, her shoulders shuddering. �SLOVAKIA 79 Kubo's hand slowly tilted forward, and the dirt trickled through his fingers, falling soundlessly in to the grave. He stood there as if carved from stone, his open hand pleadingly outstretched as the mourners turned and began to walk back toward the village. Soon everyone had left except Kubo and his family. Dusan placed his hands on his son's shoulder. "Come, they'll all be waiting at the krcma for us . Loebl's very thankful for what you, did. He pays for the wake." "Soon, Father," Kubo said in a hoarse voice, his first words in three days. "Don't linger, son, the soul must depart. If you stand here, it becomes as grief-stricken as you; the box will fill up with the child's tears and the ghost will return. The dead m~st bury the dead and life must go on. '' ''I want to be with him for just a little while yet.'' "He's in a better place than us; you should be celebrating. Just think, he is well and pink and warm with Jesus and ... '' Kubo looked up to his father with the bloodshot eyes , from which no more tears could be wrung, his face like ashes in the blacksmith's forge . Dusan gathered the family and started down the hill . By the time Kubo walked through the door of the krcma, voices were already loud and thick with palenka, and old adversaries had found a new battle to wage. "We must send word to Bardejov, to Presov; we need medicine , a doktor immediately," the rich tar said, his finger stabbing at the smoky air. "Soon we'll all be dead of this thing, snuffed out like a hill of ants in a forest fire." "We pay our taxes to you, you thief, and what the hell do we get when we need help?" said Dusan, as he downed a large glass of beer. " You go! Now!" "Don't call me a thief, Vlasek. If you . . . " "Father, I want to speak to you." Kubo's voice was firm and strong , louder then he normally spoke , and the men who were talking at the tables turned toward him. "Well, speak, son, we have no secrets here ." �80 SLOVAKIA Kubo's eyes moved from man to man, then rested on his father. " I made a decision at my son's grave. No more of my children are going to be buried on that hill. Belo is the last. '' " For generations this is our resting place; where else is there , son? Please, don't speak now , your heart is still top heavy. " "I'm going to Amerika." As if a gong had been sounded, silence descended on the krcma. Dusan rose to his feet. " Don't confront your father as you are doing , not even on a day so sad as this one." Kubo's eyes did not blink. He did not look down. " You 're my son, my heir, you share my roof. You will do my bidding.'' ' 'I'm an heir to sickness and death and hunger and I want none of them." A low murmur of voices rippled through the room. " This isn't the time, son; besides, there is a tax and they mean to collect it these days. And fare . They don't take you for free on the boat. " "There's no better time, Father. I'll get the money somehow. " " I, who gave you life; this is my thanks? To spit in my face in front of the whole village , to take away my pride like this?" " I thank you for my life and I thank all of you for every kindness to me , -to Zuzka, my children. I'm not going to this Amerika forever; I'll come back someday and we'll again have land and food and live like humans , not some animals scraping for every morsel of food.' ' "To Amerika, eh? " A bitter smile tugged at the corners of Dusan 's mouth. " Just like you went to Perun 's Wood with the cows. Reaching for too much. Remember what happened then?" Kubo's large brown eyes blinked. For an instant he had to turn from his father 's hard stare. " You hit below the belt, Father." He fingered the rim of his klobuk , which he held in his hands . "But I have to try ," he said, returning his father's look. Dusan 's body sagged, his chest heaved, and he sighed aloud. ''I asked but one thing , son, all my life, and that is for you to bury me on that hill. This is too much? As you loved your Belicko I loved you. And now, this , this . . . " �SLOVAKIA 81 "It's not too much to ask, but I have to go ." "Then who's going to bury me? Who is going to tend the graves of your children?' ' In the back of the krcma Anastazia's eyes were bright, expectant. She leaned forward on the bench so as not to miss a single word. " I must live, my family must live. In your own words and the words of the Holy Scripture, God will tend to the graves. And the dead will bury the dead. '' �� SLOVAKIA 73 Excerpt from In Due Season (II) BY PAUL WILKES (Author's note: The year is 1899, the setting is a tiny, poor village in Eastern Slovakia.) ©Copyright, 1985 Paul Wilkes Metod burst through the door. "Mama, Papa, Pan .. . Pan .. Pan Vadasz. He's dead! I saw it right through the window." he said breathlessly. "Quiet, son!" Kubo said, his finger in front of his mouth, "your brother is sleeping ." "Papa, Papa," the boy whispered , "Rezso said Pan Vadasz just got up from his bed and lay down on the floor . . . " "I want no t~lk of death in this house ," Kubo said sternly. "None!" In those days , Vadasz was not the only one in the village of Zbudza to " lie between the beams ," showing that they no longer hoped to be cured. They, who had come from the earth, in their fevered and aching state, wished to return, knowing that every day they lived they were a burden to those who hoped to survive. Every day they required tending - and there was precious little time for this - and they needed nourishment. In many houses the bread was already crumbly from too much bark. In the next five days the somber bells of St. Joseph's tolled nine times; on one day three times, as the twins of Pani Gasparoyicova 's daughters died , one with the sunrise, the other just after the Angelus had rung . And before the sun set, Banik fell from his stool at the front of his house, blood running from his mouth . �74 SLOVAKIA Although the villagers were not sure if Banik had died from the cholera, he was buried along with the others in a shallow gully, far to the side of the cemetery. It had been set aside not for any health reason but for fear that the curse would somehow seep through the ground to infect the souls of villagers who now slept in peace. In those five days Belo ate no food, drank no water, his eyes grew dry and sunken in his face, and his every breath was a struggle, as if some great hand were pressing on his chest. Kubo did not leave the boy's side and barely ate himself. Only on the sixth day, when Belo was too weak even to cry did Kubo leave , returning a short while later. He had borrowed Loebl's horse and was going to take the boy to the nearest doctor, in Plavnica , a trip of some ten hours. Loebl had a friend there, a rabbi, who kept the special medicines that Jews used, and he asked Kubo to bring something for someone in his house, sick with the croup . Dusan, clenched teeth holding his pipe, fixed his eyes on Kubo. "You don't even know the way. What is this 'doktor' business? What do they know that we don't?" The old woman moved her head slowly in assent. ''When God calls, sinful humans must not hold on; it is His will. And that little one could die outside his own house ... it is not right.'' Zuzka said nothing. She pulled down another worn lambswool guba from the shelf above the bed and then her extra shawl. Into a small hemp sack she placed half a loaf of bread and an apple she had hidden away for the day that Belo would be well enough to eat it. Still without saying a word, she helped her husband bundle the child into the first guba , then the second, and tied the shawl into a sling around his shoulders . Neither Dusan nor Helena , nor the old woman , would help him, nor even look in his direction . About to leave, he said to their turned backs , " I ask for your prayers. Because if this child dies , I die .'' Zuzka gasped , putting her hand to her mouth, and his mother made a sign of the cross, here eyes turned toward the heaven her son had just challenged . As the first pellets of a freezing rain rattled against the windowpanes, Kubo rode into the black, moonless night. At first he �SLOVAKIA 75 went slowly, to be sure the child was secure on his back, then he kicked at the sides of the brown mare. The rain stung his face, blinding him at times. In the cold damp air of the night he could smell the child, the sickly sour brown odor that covered Belo each time another issue of water gurgled from his trembling bottom. Kubo could barely hear his breathing, and once when he looked over his shoulder into the dark bundle, he could hear nothing. He pulled the horse to a halt and listened for the breathing . After ·a painful pause, Belo drew in some air. By the time they reached the turnoff beyond the village of Svinne, the horse 's nostrils were flared, its gait slowed to little more than a walk. On both sides of Kubo's neck the shawl had worn against his skin, leaving an angry red bruise , beginning to weep droplets of blood. As the first gray light of morning began to outline the foothills and mighty Tatras beyond Kubo could see that he was approaching a town , for houses were closer and closer together. In the pale light he could see a low, sand-colored wall , covered with red tiles. At an opening in the wall a huge gateway marked with wrought iron twisted into the shapes of huge pheasants and flying geese , Kubo saw the town's vartas. ''Plavnica?'' " Yes ." "Doktor Stofcik?" One of the old man's eyes was frosted over, sightless , but the other eye regarded this strange rider with a huge bundle at his back, the collar of his jacket now soaked with blood. " Past the church, on the right. " Kubo looked over his shoulder and finally, as faint as the whisper of a summer wind on a hot day , came the breath of the child. " Sick one? " "Yes ," said Kubo , urging the horse over the cobblestones. " From where ?" the man called after him . ' 'Zbudza. '' ''Jesus and Mary! Go away!'' he screamed. Zbudza! Oh my God!" Waving his hands , the man ran after the slowly moving horse . �76 SLOVAKIA He caught up with Kubo and ran alongside. " Go! Get out! You bring the plague. OUT!" Kubo kicked at the sides of the horse, but the mare would not move faster. The old man grabbed at the horse 's tail and yanked, ending up on the cobblestones with a handful of long hairs. Howling like a wounded animal, he rose and grabbed again, this time holding on as the horse pulled him along the bumpy street. Shutters banged open along the square and heads popped out into the damp morning air. The old horse plodded on, slowed still more by his additional burden, past the church, past a row of houses the same color as the walls, each with a red-tile roof, and some with wooden signs hanging from wrought-iron posts. The old man let go of the tail and ran ahead to a house where a sign hung, stating: "Doktor Stofcik." He stabbed at the air in Kubo's direction. " ZBUDZA! CHOLERA! '' His voice resounded with stark terror down the narrow alley. A man appeared, rubbed his eyes, then put a tiny pair of okuliare on his nose. His wife, a bonnet over her hair, a single long braid tumbling over her shoulders, tied to pull him back in. ''My son is ill,'' Kubo said calmly and with respect. ' ' Some say it is the fever." Lather dripped from the horse's mouth and steam rose from its back. Kubo , his wet hair plastered askew on his forehead, his hands trembling on the reins, painfully moved his neck to peer into the bundle and to listen once more . "Haven't you heard , you fool?" the doctor shouted down to him. " Your village is infected. Epidemia! It 's cholera! No one is to leave. Help is on the way, yes, go home. Get out, immediately.'' "Go away! Leave us! Plague!" Other voices rained down upon the rider whose face was turned from them , transfixed on the dark opening in the guba . The shouting became even louder, the curses stronger as the head of the rider slowly turned and looked up toward the doctor's window. It was only when the doctor put up his hands. "Quiet, everyone, stop it! Now you, go back; I cannot treat your child. You will spread the epidemia if you stay one instant longer. " �SLOVAKIA 77 Kubo's hands trembled uncontrollably. He dropped the reins and buried his face in the rain-soaked sleeve of his jacket. When he looked up to the window once again tears were streaming down his face. "There is no need ," he said , "any longer." Kubo did not take the bundle from his back when he knocked on the door of the Jew Teitlebaum, nor did he say what it contained. He took the small vial of liquid, tucked it into his trousers, and mounted the horse. The Jew asked him if he wanted food or some dry clothes , but Kubo shook his head , paid him with Loebl's money , and turned the horse toward the village gate. When Pani Spisakova came to the Vlasek house,,to prepare the child for burial , Kubo would not let her touch him . He asked for the special bowl used for bathing the dead and told her she could leave . His family watched in stunned silence as Kubo, saying no more, heated the water and with a soft linen cloth careful1y washed the emaciated body. He took the small door from the grain bin and laid it between two benches and made a mattress of dry, fragrant straw. He dressed Belo in a fine white linen shirt, whose cuffs and collar Zuzka had embroidered in swirls of reds and yellows and blues, and laid him upon the straw. He worked throughout the day and until the morning light to make the coffin, and when he brought it into the house the black lacquer and the dozens of tiny painted rosebuds and linden blossoms were still wet. He gently lifted the child, as if Belo were sleeping, and placed him within. He draped the fine lace coverlet, which had been made by his great-grandmother, over the boy, leaving only his arms and face , with neatly combed hair, showing. In the coffin, Kubo carefully arranged the animals he had carved for Belo . Near the boy' s face, three proud roosters , a pig, then a cow, a horse , a vag6nik. The plow with a tiny piece of metal for a blade was pulled by the muscular ox and from its halter Kubo led the piece of twine under the coverlet, and wrapped it around the boy' s cold, stiff hands . His task completed, Kubo pulled up a chair beside the coffin and sat, the flickering candle lighting his face. Mourners came and touched him on the shoulder and offered their sympathies , �78 SLOVAKIA but he neither looked up from the still form in the black casket, nor did he talk. When Father Slobodnik entered on the morning of the third day, Kubo rose , genuflected before the priest and kissed his hand . Then he stood back, chin and cheeks dark with four days of growth, his eyes red but dry, his face so stricken with grief that not even his wife stood close to him as the old priest intoned the Latin prayers . There was a soft rustle of wood against wood. Then the sharp metallic sound of Kubo's hammer on the iron nails pierced the silence. Again and again the hammer came down, sure and true , and the green wood squeaked as the nails penetrated it. Sniffles became sobs and sobs soon aching moans before the high-pitched wails of the women of Zbudza filled the room, mourning the child and venting the fear each had for his own life and soul. Kubo carried the coffin in his arms toward the door, where he placed it on the doorstep three times before hoisting it to his shoulder. Then, as tradition dictated , Belo Vlasek, aged 18 months , left his house for the last time , feet first. As Kubo had asked, Franko Hruscak had dug the grave at the farthest end of the area that had been marked off for the victims of the plague. Under a young linden tree , a freshly turned mound of the dark, damp soil, studded with the stones and rocks that were -the bane of farmers, sat waiting to be returned to its rightful place. The ropes slid on the muddy ground, barely leaving a mark as the slight, small box, no larger or heavier than a baby 's cradle , was lowered into the hole. And one by one the people of Zbudza, from the smallest child to the eldest stara matka took handfulls of the moist dirt and threw it upon the coffin, each with the same ancient farewell: " That the earth will be light on you." The last was Kubo. His hand reached to the mound and taking but a few granules of the soil , he stood above the dark hole. His hand trembled as it hovered over the grave, and slowly balled into a tight fist. The gumless lips of old mouths moved in prayer, sending puffs of white into the damp air, and children shuffled restlessly , looking at their parents for a sign they could leave. Zuzka's face was buried in her handkerchief, her muffled sobs closer and closer together, her shoulders shuddering. �SLOVAKIA 79 Kubo's hand slowly tilted forward, and the dirt trickled through his fingers, falling soundlessly in to the grave. He stood there as if carved from stone, his open hand pleadingly outstretched as the mourners turned and began to walk back toward the village. Soon everyone had left except Kubo and his family. Dusan placed his hands on his son's shoulder. "Come, they'll all be waiting at the krcma for us . Loebl's very thankful for what you, did. He pays for the wake." "Soon, Father," Kubo said in a hoarse voice, his first words in three days. "Don't linger, son, the soul must depart. If you stand here, it becomes as grief-stricken as you; the box will fill up with the child's tears and the ghost will return. The dead m~st bury the dead and life must go on. '' ''I want to be with him for just a little while yet.'' "He's in a better place than us; you should be celebrating. Just think, he is well and pink and warm with Jesus and ... '' Kubo looked up to his father with the bloodshot eyes , from which no more tears could be wrung, his face like ashes in the blacksmith's forge . Dusan gathered the family and started down the hill . By the time Kubo walked through the door of the krcma, voices were already loud and thick with palenka, and old adversaries had found a new battle to wage. "We must send word to Bardejov, to Presov; we need medicine , a doktor immediately," the rich tar said, his finger stabbing at the smoky air. "Soon we'll all be dead of this thing, snuffed out like a hill of ants in a forest fire." "We pay our taxes to you, you thief, and what the hell do we get when we need help?" said Dusan, as he downed a large glass of beer. " You go! Now!" "Don't call me a thief, Vlasek. If you . . . " "Father, I want to speak to you." Kubo's voice was firm and strong , louder then he normally spoke , and the men who were talking at the tables turned toward him. "Well, speak, son, we have no secrets here ." �80 SLOVAKIA Kubo's eyes moved from man to man, then rested on his father. " I made a decision at my son's grave. No more of my children are going to be buried on that hill. Belo is the last. '' " For generations this is our resting place; where else is there , son? Please, don't speak now , your heart is still top heavy. " "I'm going to Amerika." As if a gong had been sounded, silence descended on the krcma. Dusan rose to his feet. " Don't confront your father as you are doing , not even on a day so sad as this one." Kubo's eyes did not blink. He did not look down. " You 're my son, my heir, you share my roof. You will do my bidding.'' ' 'I'm an heir to sickness and death and hunger and I want none of them." A low murmur of voices rippled through the room. " This isn't the time, son; besides, there is a tax and they mean to collect it these days. And fare . They don't take you for free on the boat. " "There's no better time, Father. I'll get the money somehow. " " I, who gave you life; this is my thanks? To spit in my face in front of the whole village , to take away my pride like this?" " I thank you for my life and I thank all of you for every kindness to me , -to Zuzka, my children. I'm not going to this Amerika forever; I'll come back someday and we'll again have land and food and live like humans , not some animals scraping for every morsel of food.' ' "To Amerika, eh? " A bitter smile tugged at the corners of Dusan 's mouth. " Just like you went to Perun 's Wood with the cows. Reaching for too much. Remember what happened then?" Kubo's large brown eyes blinked. For an instant he had to turn from his father 's hard stare. " You hit below the belt, Father." He fingered the rim of his klobuk , which he held in his hands . "But I have to try ," he said, returning his father's look. Dusan 's body sagged, his chest heaved, and he sighed aloud. ''I asked but one thing , son, all my life, and that is for you to bury me on that hill. This is too much? As you loved your Belicko I loved you. And now, this , this . . . " �SLOVAKIA 81 "It's not too much to ask, but I have to go ." "Then who's going to bury me? Who is going to tend the graves of your children?' ' In the back of the krcma Anastazia's eyes were bright, expectant. She leaned forward on the bench so as not to miss a single word. " I must live, my family must live. In your own words and the words of the Holy Scripture, God will tend to the graves. And the dead will bury the dead. '' �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1985-86, Vol. 32 Description An account of the resource Vol. 32 (No. 58-59), 1985-86. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 73 Excerpt from In Due Season (II) BY PAUL WILKES (Author's note: The year is 1899, the setting is a tiny, poor village in Eastern Slovakia.) ©Copyright, 1985 Paul Wilkes Metod burst through the door. "Mama, Papa, Pan .. . Pan .. Pan Vadasz. He's dead! I saw it right through the window." he said breathlessly. "Quiet, son!" Kubo said, his finger in front of his mouth, "your brother is sleeping ." "Papa, Papa," the boy whispered , "Rezso said Pan Vadasz just got up from his bed and lay down on the floor . . . " "I want no t~lk of death in this house ," Kubo said sternly. "None!" In those days , Vadasz was not the only one in the village of Zbudza to " lie between the beams ," showing that they no longer hoped to be cured. They, who had come from the earth, in their fevered and aching state, wished to return, knowing that every day they lived they were a burden to those who hoped to survive. Every day they required tending - and there was precious little time for this - and they needed nourishment. In many houses the bread was already crumbly from too much bark. In the next five days the somber bells of St. Joseph's tolled nine times; on one day three times, as the twins of Pani Gasparoyicova 's daughters died , one with the sunrise, the other just after the Angelus had rung . And before the sun set, Banik fell from his stool at the front of his house, blood running from his mouth . 74 SLOVAKIA Although the villagers were not sure if Banik had died from the cholera, he was buried along with the others in a shallow gully, far to the side of the cemetery. It had been set aside not for any health reason but for fear that the curse would somehow seep through the ground to infect the souls of villagers who now slept in peace. In those five days Belo ate no food, drank no water, his eyes grew dry and sunken in his face, and his every breath was a struggle, as if some great hand were pressing on his chest. Kubo did not leave the boy's side and barely ate himself. Only on the sixth day, when Belo was too weak even to cry did Kubo leave , returning a short while later. He had borrowed Loebl's horse and was going to take the boy to the nearest doctor, in Plavnica , a trip of some ten hours. Loebl had a friend there, a rabbi, who kept the special medicines that Jews used, and he asked Kubo to bring something for someone in his house, sick with the croup . Dusan, clenched teeth holding his pipe, fixed his eyes on Kubo. "You don't even know the way. What is this 'doktor' business? What do they know that we don't?" The old woman moved her head slowly in assent. ''When God calls, sinful humans must not hold on; it is His will. And that little one could die outside his own house ... it is not right.'' Zuzka said nothing. She pulled down another worn lambswool guba from the shelf above the bed and then her extra shawl. Into a small hemp sack she placed half a loaf of bread and an apple she had hidden away for the day that Belo would be well enough to eat it. Still without saying a word, she helped her husband bundle the child into the first guba , then the second, and tied the shawl into a sling around his shoulders . Neither Dusan nor Helena , nor the old woman , would help him, nor even look in his direction . About to leave, he said to their turned backs , " I ask for your prayers. Because if this child dies , I die .'' Zuzka gasped , putting her hand to her mouth, and his mother made a sign of the cross, here eyes turned toward the heaven her son had just challenged . As the first pellets of a freezing rain rattled against the windowpanes, Kubo rode into the black, moonless night. At first he SLOVAKIA 75 went slowly, to be sure the child was secure on his back, then he kicked at the sides of the brown mare. The rain stung his face, blinding him at times. In the cold damp air of the night he could smell the child, the sickly sour brown odor that covered Belo each time another issue of water gurgled from his trembling bottom. Kubo could barely hear his breathing, and once when he looked over his shoulder into the dark bundle, he could hear nothing. He pulled the horse to a halt and listened for the breathing . After ·a painful pause, Belo drew in some air. By the time they reached the turnoff beyond the village of Svinne, the horse 's nostrils were flared, its gait slowed to little more than a walk. On both sides of Kubo's neck the shawl had worn against his skin, leaving an angry red bruise , beginning to weep droplets of blood. As the first gray light of morning began to outline the foothills and mighty Tatras beyond Kubo could see that he was approaching a town , for houses were closer and closer together. In the pale light he could see a low, sand-colored wall , covered with red tiles. At an opening in the wall a huge gateway marked with wrought iron twisted into the shapes of huge pheasants and flying geese , Kubo saw the town's vartas. ''Plavnica?'' " Yes ." "Doktor Stofcik?" One of the old man's eyes was frosted over, sightless , but the other eye regarded this strange rider with a huge bundle at his back, the collar of his jacket now soaked with blood. " Past the church, on the right. " Kubo looked over his shoulder and finally, as faint as the whisper of a summer wind on a hot day , came the breath of the child. " Sick one? " "Yes ," said Kubo , urging the horse over the cobblestones. " From where ?" the man called after him . ' 'Zbudza. '' ''Jesus and Mary! Go away!'' he screamed. Zbudza! Oh my God!" Waving his hands , the man ran after the slowly moving horse . 76 SLOVAKIA He caught up with Kubo and ran alongside. " Go! Get out! You bring the plague. OUT!" Kubo kicked at the sides of the horse, but the mare would not move faster. The old man grabbed at the horse 's tail and yanked, ending up on the cobblestones with a handful of long hairs. Howling like a wounded animal, he rose and grabbed again, this time holding on as the horse pulled him along the bumpy street. Shutters banged open along the square and heads popped out into the damp morning air. The old horse plodded on, slowed still more by his additional burden, past the church, past a row of houses the same color as the walls, each with a red-tile roof, and some with wooden signs hanging from wrought-iron posts. The old man let go of the tail and ran ahead to a house where a sign hung, stating: "Doktor Stofcik." He stabbed at the air in Kubo's direction. " ZBUDZA! CHOLERA! '' His voice resounded with stark terror down the narrow alley. A man appeared, rubbed his eyes, then put a tiny pair of okuliare on his nose. His wife, a bonnet over her hair, a single long braid tumbling over her shoulders, tied to pull him back in. ''My son is ill,'' Kubo said calmly and with respect. ' ' Some say it is the fever." Lather dripped from the horse's mouth and steam rose from its back. Kubo , his wet hair plastered askew on his forehead, his hands trembling on the reins, painfully moved his neck to peer into the bundle and to listen once more . "Haven't you heard , you fool?" the doctor shouted down to him. " Your village is infected. Epidemia! It 's cholera! No one is to leave. Help is on the way, yes, go home. Get out, immediately.'' "Go away! Leave us! Plague!" Other voices rained down upon the rider whose face was turned from them , transfixed on the dark opening in the guba . The shouting became even louder, the curses stronger as the head of the rider slowly turned and looked up toward the doctor's window. It was only when the doctor put up his hands. "Quiet, everyone, stop it! Now you, go back; I cannot treat your child. You will spread the epidemia if you stay one instant longer. " SLOVAKIA 77 Kubo's hands trembled uncontrollably. He dropped the reins and buried his face in the rain-soaked sleeve of his jacket. When he looked up to the window once again tears were streaming down his face. "There is no need ," he said , "any longer." Kubo did not take the bundle from his back when he knocked on the door of the Jew Teitlebaum, nor did he say what it contained. He took the small vial of liquid, tucked it into his trousers, and mounted the horse. The Jew asked him if he wanted food or some dry clothes , but Kubo shook his head , paid him with Loebl's money , and turned the horse toward the village gate. When Pani Spisakova came to the Vlasek house,,to prepare the child for burial , Kubo would not let her touch him . He asked for the special bowl used for bathing the dead and told her she could leave . His family watched in stunned silence as Kubo, saying no more, heated the water and with a soft linen cloth careful1y washed the emaciated body. He took the small door from the grain bin and laid it between two benches and made a mattress of dry, fragrant straw. He dressed Belo in a fine white linen shirt, whose cuffs and collar Zuzka had embroidered in swirls of reds and yellows and blues, and laid him upon the straw. He worked throughout the day and until the morning light to make the coffin, and when he brought it into the house the black lacquer and the dozens of tiny painted rosebuds and linden blossoms were still wet. He gently lifted the child, as if Belo were sleeping, and placed him within. He draped the fine lace coverlet, which had been made by his great-grandmother, over the boy, leaving only his arms and face , with neatly combed hair, showing. In the coffin, Kubo carefully arranged the animals he had carved for Belo . Near the boy' s face, three proud roosters , a pig, then a cow, a horse , a vag6nik. The plow with a tiny piece of metal for a blade was pulled by the muscular ox and from its halter Kubo led the piece of twine under the coverlet, and wrapped it around the boy' s cold, stiff hands . His task completed, Kubo pulled up a chair beside the coffin and sat, the flickering candle lighting his face. Mourners came and touched him on the shoulder and offered their sympathies , 78 SLOVAKIA but he neither looked up from the still form in the black casket, nor did he talk. When Father Slobodnik entered on the morning of the third day, Kubo rose , genuflected before the priest and kissed his hand . Then he stood back, chin and cheeks dark with four days of growth, his eyes red but dry, his face so stricken with grief that not even his wife stood close to him as the old priest intoned the Latin prayers . There was a soft rustle of wood against wood. Then the sharp metallic sound of Kubo's hammer on the iron nails pierced the silence. Again and again the hammer came down, sure and true , and the green wood squeaked as the nails penetrated it. Sniffles became sobs and sobs soon aching moans before the high-pitched wails of the women of Zbudza filled the room, mourning the child and venting the fear each had for his own life and soul. Kubo carried the coffin in his arms toward the door, where he placed it on the doorstep three times before hoisting it to his shoulder. Then, as tradition dictated , Belo Vlasek, aged 18 months , left his house for the last time , feet first. As Kubo had asked, Franko Hruscak had dug the grave at the farthest end of the area that had been marked off for the victims of the plague. Under a young linden tree , a freshly turned mound of the dark, damp soil, studded with the stones and rocks that were -the bane of farmers, sat waiting to be returned to its rightful place. The ropes slid on the muddy ground, barely leaving a mark as the slight, small box, no larger or heavier than a baby 's cradle , was lowered into the hole. And one by one the people of Zbudza, from the smallest child to the eldest stara matka took handfulls of the moist dirt and threw it upon the coffin, each with the same ancient farewell: " That the earth will be light on you." The last was Kubo. His hand reached to the mound and taking but a few granules of the soil , he stood above the dark hole. His hand trembled as it hovered over the grave, and slowly balled into a tight fist. The gumless lips of old mouths moved in prayer, sending puffs of white into the damp air, and children shuffled restlessly , looking at their parents for a sign they could leave. Zuzka's face was buried in her handkerchief, her muffled sobs closer and closer together, her shoulders shuddering. SLOVAKIA 79 Kubo's hand slowly tilted forward, and the dirt trickled through his fingers, falling soundlessly in to the grave. He stood there as if carved from stone, his open hand pleadingly outstretched as the mourners turned and began to walk back toward the village. Soon everyone had left except Kubo and his family. Dusan placed his hands on his son's shoulder. "Come, they'll all be waiting at the krcma for us . Loebl's very thankful for what you, did. He pays for the wake." "Soon, Father," Kubo said in a hoarse voice, his first words in three days. "Don't linger, son, the soul must depart. If you stand here, it becomes as grief-stricken as you; the box will fill up with the child's tears and the ghost will return. The dead m~st bury the dead and life must go on. '' ''I want to be with him for just a little while yet.'' "He's in a better place than us; you should be celebrating. Just think, he is well and pink and warm with Jesus and ... '' Kubo looked up to his father with the bloodshot eyes , from which no more tears could be wrung, his face like ashes in the blacksmith's forge . Dusan gathered the family and started down the hill . By the time Kubo walked through the door of the krcma, voices were already loud and thick with palenka, and old adversaries had found a new battle to wage. "We must send word to Bardejov, to Presov; we need medicine , a doktor immediately," the rich tar said, his finger stabbing at the smoky air. "Soon we'll all be dead of this thing, snuffed out like a hill of ants in a forest fire." "We pay our taxes to you, you thief, and what the hell do we get when we need help?" said Dusan, as he downed a large glass of beer. " You go! Now!" "Don't call me a thief, Vlasek. If you . . . " "Father, I want to speak to you." Kubo's voice was firm and strong , louder then he normally spoke , and the men who were talking at the tables turned toward him. "Well, speak, son, we have no secrets here ." 80 SLOVAKIA Kubo's eyes moved from man to man, then rested on his father. " I made a decision at my son's grave. No more of my children are going to be buried on that hill. Belo is the last. '' " For generations this is our resting place; where else is there , son? Please, don't speak now , your heart is still top heavy. " "I'm going to Amerika." As if a gong had been sounded, silence descended on the krcma. Dusan rose to his feet. " Don't confront your father as you are doing , not even on a day so sad as this one." Kubo's eyes did not blink. He did not look down. " You 're my son, my heir, you share my roof. You will do my bidding.'' ' 'I'm an heir to sickness and death and hunger and I want none of them." A low murmur of voices rippled through the room. " This isn't the time, son; besides, there is a tax and they mean to collect it these days. And fare . They don't take you for free on the boat. " "There's no better time, Father. I'll get the money somehow. " " I, who gave you life; this is my thanks? To spit in my face in front of the whole village , to take away my pride like this?" " I thank you for my life and I thank all of you for every kindness to me , -to Zuzka, my children. I'm not going to this Amerika forever; I'll come back someday and we'll again have land and food and live like humans , not some animals scraping for every morsel of food.' ' "To Amerika, eh? " A bitter smile tugged at the corners of Dusan 's mouth. " Just like you went to Perun 's Wood with the cows. Reaching for too much. Remember what happened then?" Kubo's large brown eyes blinked. For an instant he had to turn from his father 's hard stare. " You hit below the belt, Father." He fingered the rim of his klobuk , which he held in his hands . "But I have to try ," he said, returning his father's look. Dusan 's body sagged, his chest heaved, and he sighed aloud. ''I asked but one thing , son, all my life, and that is for you to bury me on that hill. This is too much? As you loved your Belicko I loved you. And now, this , this . . . " SLOVAKIA 81 "It's not too much to ask, but I have to go ." "Then who's going to bury me? Who is going to tend the graves of your children?' ' In the back of the krcma Anastazia's eyes were bright, expectant. She leaned forward on the bench so as not to miss a single word. " I must live, my family must live. In your own words and the words of the Holy Scripture, God will tend to the graves. And the dead will bury the dead. ''  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Excerpt from "In Due Season" (II) Description An account of the resource Paul Wilkes Slovakia, Vol. 32 (No. 58-59), 1985-86 pp. 73-81 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wilkes, Paul, 1938- Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86 LCNAF https://slovakia.wordsofpassage.net/files/original/1c17ef71283f4c9efb36646c6d397886.pdf 36f63d872dbf453b0747d1ca88e982b0 PDF Text Text SLOVAKIA 117 CONTRIBUTORS JOSEPH STASKO (Ph.D., Comenius University; MLS Columbia), is an emigre Slovak politican and retired librarian. While pursuing post-graduate studies in Paris in 1939 he became a friend of Czechoslovak Ambassador Stefan Osusky and tried to get the Slovak government to establish contacts with him, as Stasko reminisces in this issue of Slovakia. While he avoided politics during the existence of the Slovak State , Stasko did join the post-war Democratic Party and won election to the Prague Parliament from his native Orava in May of 1946. However, because he was an uncompromising autonomist who made it clear that he would not vote for Edvard Benes as the post-war President of Czechoslovakia, the Democratic Party turned its back on him and allowed the "people's" courts to try him on trumped-up charges. From 1946 to 1953 he was imprisoned in Leopoldov and in the Jachymov uranium mines where, ironically, he came to know such rightwing Slovak politicians as Sano Mach and Communist luminaries like Gustav Husak. From 1953 to 1961 he worked as a manual laborer in various factories and then managed to escape to the West. After he received his degree in library science from Columbia University , he found employment at the New York Public Library. He became Chief of the Periodicals Department and retired in that capacity in 1983 . Since then he has been collecting SlovakAmerican archival materials and writing his memoirs. M. MARK STOLARJK (Ph.D ., Minnesota) is a historian and President of the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies in Philadelphia. Author of four books and over twenty articles , as well as a film , he is editor of the Slovak Studies Newsletter and the scholarly annual Slovakia. He recently edited , with Murray Friedman, Making It in America: The Role of Ethnicity in Business Enterprise, Education and Work Choices (1986). �118 SLOVAKIA PAUL WILKES (M.A., Columbia) is Writer-in-Residence at the University of Pittsburgh. Author of six books and many articles in intellectual journals , Wilkes wrote the PBS television series Six American Families (1978) and Merton (1984). He has received awards from his 'alma mater ' Marquette University and from Columbia as one of their most distinguished alumnae. Recently he finished his saga of Slovak immigration to America entitled In Due Season, a chapter of which we have published in this issue of Slovakia, while the rest awaits publication. �SLOVAKIA 119 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles for publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed doublespaced, with generous margins for copyediting . Footnotes should also be double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. ���THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK, K.S .G., Honorary President DANIEL F. TANZONE President EMANUEL KVASSAY Vice-President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President MICHAEL BUCKO Vice-President Executive Committee Daniel F. Tanzone, Edward J. Behuncik, John A . Holy, Anna S. Granchay Joseph R. Kristofik, Steve J . Hruska , Cecilia Sarocky, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr. , Joseph Stefka, Stephen J. Kavulich , Margaret Pilosi, George N. Kantor, Albert Misik, Edward A . Zelenak Anna M . Vizza, President, Ladies Auxiliary Auditors Joseph Valencik Mary Jacko Patrick Zelenak SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland , Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J . NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A . Pittsburgh , Pa . LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn . SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN 'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa , K.S .G., President THE SLOVAK GARDEN , INC. Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., President Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $6.00 per issue Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A . � SLOVAKIA 117 CONTRIBUTORS JOSEPH STASKO (Ph.D., Comenius University; MLS Columbia), is an emigre Slovak politican and retired librarian. While pursuing post-graduate studies in Paris in 1939 he became a friend of Czechoslovak Ambassador Stefan Osusky and tried to get the Slovak government to establish contacts with him, as Stasko reminisces in this issue of Slovakia. While he avoided politics during the existence of the Slovak State , Stasko did join the post-war Democratic Party and won election to the Prague Parliament from his native Orava in May of 1946. However, because he was an uncompromising autonomist who made it clear that he would not vote for Edvard Benes as the post-war President of Czechoslovakia, the Democratic Party turned its back on him and allowed the "people's" courts to try him on trumped-up charges. From 1946 to 1953 he was imprisoned in Leopoldov and in the Jachymov uranium mines where, ironically, he came to know such rightwing Slovak politicians as Sano Mach and Communist luminaries like Gustav Husak. From 1953 to 1961 he worked as a manual laborer in various factories and then managed to escape to the West. After he received his degree in library science from Columbia University , he found employment at the New York Public Library. He became Chief of the Periodicals Department and retired in that capacity in 1983 . Since then he has been collecting SlovakAmerican archival materials and writing his memoirs. M. MARK STOLARJK (Ph.D ., Minnesota) is a historian and President of the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies in Philadelphia. Author of four books and over twenty articles , as well as a film , he is editor of the Slovak Studies Newsletter and the scholarly annual Slovakia. He recently edited , with Murray Friedman, Making It in America: The Role of Ethnicity in Business Enterprise, Education and Work Choices (1986). �118 SLOVAKIA PAUL WILKES (M.A., Columbia) is Writer-in-Residence at the University of Pittsburgh. Author of six books and many articles in intellectual journals , Wilkes wrote the PBS television series Six American Families (1978) and Merton (1984). He has received awards from his 'alma mater ' Marquette University and from Columbia as one of their most distinguished alumnae. Recently he finished his saga of Slovak immigration to America entitled In Due Season, a chapter of which we have published in this issue of Slovakia, while the rest awaits publication. �SLOVAKIA 119 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles for publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed doublespaced, with generous margins for copyediting . Footnotes should also be double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. ���THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK, K.S .G., Honorary President DANIEL F. TANZONE President EMANUEL KVASSAY Vice-President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President MICHAEL BUCKO Vice-President Executive Committee Daniel F. Tanzone, Edward J. Behuncik, John A . Holy, Anna S. Granchay Joseph R. Kristofik, Steve J . Hruska , Cecilia Sarocky, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr. , Joseph Stefka, Stephen J. Kavulich , Margaret Pilosi, George N. Kantor, Albert Misik, Edward A . Zelenak Anna M . Vizza, President, Ladies Auxiliary Auditors Joseph Valencik Mary Jacko Patrick Zelenak SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland , Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J . NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A . Pittsburgh , Pa . LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn . SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN 'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa , K.S .G., President THE SLOVAK GARDEN , INC. Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., President Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $6.00 per issue Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1985-86, Vol. 32 Description An account of the resource Vol. 32 (No. 58-59), 1985-86. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Slovak League of America Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document SLOVAKIA 117 CONTRIBUTORS JOSEPH STASKO (Ph.D., Comenius University; MLS Columbia), is an emigre Slovak politican and retired librarian. While pursuing post-graduate studies in Paris in 1939 he became a friend of Czechoslovak Ambassador Stefan Osusky and tried to get the Slovak government to establish contacts with him, as Stasko reminisces in this issue of Slovakia. While he avoided politics during the existence of the Slovak State , Stasko did join the post-war Democratic Party and won election to the Prague Parliament from his native Orava in May of 1946. However, because he was an uncompromising autonomist who made it clear that he would not vote for Edvard Benes as the post-war President of Czechoslovakia, the Democratic Party turned its back on him and allowed the "people's" courts to try him on trumped-up charges. From 1946 to 1953 he was imprisoned in Leopoldov and in the Jachymov uranium mines where, ironically, he came to know such rightwing Slovak politicians as Sano Mach and Communist luminaries like Gustav Husak. From 1953 to 1961 he worked as a manual laborer in various factories and then managed to escape to the West. After he received his degree in library science from Columbia University , he found employment at the New York Public Library. He became Chief of the Periodicals Department and retired in that capacity in 1983 . Since then he has been collecting SlovakAmerican archival materials and writing his memoirs. M. MARK STOLARJK (Ph.D ., Minnesota) is a historian and President of the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies in Philadelphia. Author of four books and over twenty articles , as well as a film , he is editor of the Slovak Studies Newsletter and the scholarly annual Slovakia. He recently edited , with Murray Friedman, Making It in America: The Role of Ethnicity in Business Enterprise, Education and Work Choices (1986). 118 SLOVAKIA PAUL WILKES (M.A., Columbia) is Writer-in-Residence at the University of Pittsburgh. Author of six books and many articles in intellectual journals , Wilkes wrote the PBS television series Six American Families (1978) and Merton (1984). He has received awards from his 'alma mater ' Marquette University and from Columbia as one of their most distinguished alumnae. Recently he finished his saga of Slovak immigration to America entitled In Due Season, a chapter of which we have published in this issue of Slovakia, while the rest awaits publication. SLOVAKIA 119 GUIDELINES FOR MANUSCRIPTS Manuscripts of articles for publication should be sent to the editor. Articles should normally not exceed twenty-five pages in length, and should be submitted in triplicate, typed doublespaced, with generous margins for copyediting . Footnotes should also be double-spaced, numbered, and placed at the end of the paper. Text and format should adhere to the style outlined in Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers. Proper orthography and diacritical marks must be supplied for all foreign words. Manuscripts will not be returned unless specifically requested and postage is provided. Books for review are to be sent to the editor. Unsolicited book reviews are not encouraged. Individuals who wish to review books should request them from the editor. They should send a 'curriculum vitae' with their request. THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA Organized in 1907 EDWARD J . BEHUNCIK, K.S .G., Honorary President DANIEL F. TANZONE President EMANUEL KVASSAY Vice-President JOHN A. HOLY Secretary-Treasurer ANNE Z. SAROSY Vice-President MICHAEL BUCKO Vice-President Executive Committee Daniel F. Tanzone, Edward J. Behuncik, John A . Holy, Anna S. Granchay Joseph R. Kristofik, Steve J . Hruska , Cecilia Sarocky, Andrew F. Hudak, Jr. , Joseph Stefka, Stephen J. Kavulich , Margaret Pilosi, George N. Kantor, Albert Misik, Edward A . Zelenak Anna M . Vizza, President, Ladies Auxiliary Auditors Joseph Valencik Mary Jacko Patrick Zelenak SLOVAK FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIATED WITH THE SLOVAK LEAGUE OF AMERICA FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK LADIES ASSOCIATION Cleveland, Ohio FIRST CATHOLIC SLOVAK UNION OF THE U.S. AND CANADA Cleveland , Ohio SLOVAK CATHOLIC SOKOL Passaic, N.J . NATIONAL SLOVAK SOCIETY OF THE U.S.A . Pittsburgh , Pa . LADIES PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . PENNSYLVANIA SLOVAK CATHOLIC UNION Wilkes-Barre, Pa . FIRST SLOVAK WREATH OF THE FREE EAGLE Bridgeport, Conn . SLOVAK NEWSPAPERMEN 'S ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA Joseph C. Krajsa , K.S .G., President THE SLOVAK GARDEN , INC. Andrew F. Hudak, Jr., President Winter Park, Florida SLOVAKIA $6.00 per issue Printed By JEDNOTA PRESS A Division of Jednota Communications, Inc. Middletown, Pennsylvania 17057 U.S.A .  Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Back Matter, Slovakia, Vol. 32 (No. 58-59) Description An account of the resource includes Contributors; Guidelines for Manuscripts Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1985-86